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Κριτικό σημείωμα GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification Μαυρ. ΠΑΝΟΥΡΓΙΑΣ: Η Συμβολή της Αυτοδιοίκησης Concerns

στην Τοπική Ανάπτυξη Μελέτη Περίπτωσης: Δήμος Μαραθώνος

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student,

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Της κυρίας Αρτ. Δ. ΣΑΒΒΙΔΟΥ Student of the School of Architecture Υποψ. Διδ., Μέλους Ειδ. Ειδ. Προσ.

Technical University of Crete

Πανεπ. ΝΕΑΠΟΛΙΣ, Πάφος, Δικηγόρου

1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Η Introductory the concept κρινομένηapproach: διπλωματική, η οποία βαθμολογήθηκε καιBC, μεAthens), άριστα ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, Athens), (10), other εκπονήθηκε και he παρουσιάστηκε τον Ιούνιο από τον among wise heritage left us, he established a great2016 “principle”: the among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a great acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content of“principle”: concepts. the Φοιτητή κ. Μαυρίκιο ΠΑΝΟΥΡΓΙΑ, στο πλαίσιο του Μεταπτυχιακού acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term Προγράμματος Σπουδών «Εφηρμοσμένων Οικονομικών και 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης» του Τμήματος Οικονομικής και 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) gentrification (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης, τουofΠαντείου Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών με Sociology as well), as the “refining” a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, επιβλέποντα τον Καθηγητή κ. Ιωάννη και regardless Μέλη της ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andΨΥΧΑΡΗ thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there of Επιτροπής την Επίκουρη κ.also Βασιλική και τον the operation ofconsequences art galleries, Καθηγήτρια restaurants, etc.

However “change”, regardless whatever other has, results risingthis ofΔΕΛΗΘΕΟΥ land prices (and theof Αναπλ. Καθηγητή κ. Αντώνιο ΡΟΒΟΛΗ. whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). συγκεκριμένη μια and προσπάθεια TheΗterm gentrificationδιπλωματική is found at firstεργασία, in the UK συνιστά in early 1960s it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first inπου the UK in 1960s and itareas refers the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor ofto συνδυασμένης μεθοδολογικής έρευνας έχει ωςearly απώτερο σκοπό την the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are διερεύνηση της σχέσης της τοπικής αυτοδιοίκησης με την διαδικασίαof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. της τοπικής ανάπτυξης. being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the workσυνδυάζοντας of Sociologist Ruth ολοκλήρωση της έρευνας γεφυρώνεται, το AΗ description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major θεωρητικό σκέλος βασισμένο σε πρωτογενείς πηγές (βιβλιογραφικές GLASS at the same period, situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, bywhile othersimilar Researchers. αναφορές, νομικά κείμενα κ.α), με το εμπειρικό μέρος. Για εμπειρικό cities in Western countries, by other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars andτοfor its more Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more μέρος, ο συγγραφέας εκμεταλλεύτηκε καταρχήν, το εργαλείο της comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various «μελέτης περίπτωσης» (σ.σ Δήμος Μαραθώνα), και στη συνέχεια interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: εξειδίκευσε με of ποιοτικές (ημι-δομημένες ανοιχτού In a sense, the phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trendσυνεντεύξεις of a new of socialτύπου) groups to “return” to the city,(ανάλυση leaving the purlieus for severalέκδοση reasons: high costs in money και ποσοτικές ισολογισμών, αριθμοδεικτών) and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the μεθόδους.

The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.of safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, ακριβής δομή διαρθρώνεται ως εξής:study Berlin,Ηwhere she made herτης firstδιπλωματικής studies. In 1932 she published an important entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly) YouthΣτο Unemployment.

The same year she left Germanyηand after continuous πρώτο κεφάλαιο, προσεγγίζεται έννοια της αυτοδιοίκησηςfor lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, και ο βαθμός της στο σύστημα διοικητικής οργάνωσης in According 1943 she published studies regarding city planning.

In 1950 sheto became teacher της in the toσυμμετοχής another approach, the phenomenon is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and Ελλάδας. long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Το δεύτερο κεφάλαιο στον ρόλο τηςof αυτοδιοίκησης. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theαναφέρεται depreciation initially of part the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: οι αρμοδιότητες δήμου και περιφέρειας, καθώς και οι Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aΠαρουσιάζονται variety of ways, in order to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

βασικές πηγές εσόδων των δύο βαθμών, όπως έχουν καθοριστεί με βάση το Ν.3852/2010. Ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον παρουσιάζει το τρίτο κεφάλαιο, όπου ορίζεται η έννοια της ενδογενούς – τοπικής ανάπτυξης, και αναλύεται το πλαίσιο του περιφερειακού προγραμματισμού. Αυτό που εξάγεται ως σημαντικό συμπέρασμα είναι ότι ο προγραμματισμός αποτελεί το

By Mr. ATHANASOPOULOS βασικό εργαλείο της αυτοδιοίκησης πουGeorge-Sp. την βοηθάC.να εκπληρώνει τους Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, στόχους της, στα πλαίσια των πολιτικών τοπικής ανάπτυξης.

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Το τέταρτο κεφάλαιο, αποτελεί την εισαγωγή στο δεύτερο και Student of the School of Architecture εμπειρικό μέρος της έρευνας. Παρουσιάζεται η φυσιογνωμία του Δήμου Technical University of Crete Μαραθώνα και παρατίθενται ορισμένα βασικά στοιχεία (οικονομικά, 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept μία πρώτη γνωριμία του κοινωνικά, γεωγραφικά κ.ά.) που επιδιώκουν 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, αναγνώστη με το περιβάλλον του δήμου.

ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), amongΣτο otherπέμπτο wise heritage he left us, established(444 a great the κεφάλαιο, ο he συγγραφέας προβαίνει σε μια among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. επισκόπηση διάρθρωσης τουthe διοικητικού σχήματος του Δήμου και acquisition ofτης knowledge starts with the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term αναφέρεται συντομία στα νομικά is πρόσωπα 1εν Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if αυτού. notthe final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 Στο έκτο κεφάλαιο, εξειδικεύει την έρευνά του μέσα από μία gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal from this, (in various σειρά βασικών χρηματοοικονομικών αναλύσεων. Η προσπάθεια αυτή, Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement of artists, αφενός αποτελεί σχετική καινοτομία, καθώς σε there γενικότερο the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever otherπλαίσιο consequences has, results also of land prices (andδεν theof ακαδημαϊκό και αναφορικά με rising ισολογισμούς δήμων whatever otherspeculation). consequences has,ανάλυσης results alsoμέσω risingαριθμοδεικτών of land prices (and the potential relative υπάρχει εκτεταμένη χρήση της στην potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found first in the UK in earlyμία 1960s and it refers to αντίστοιχη βιβλιογραφία και atαφετέρου συνιστά ενδιαφέρουσα The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor διαδικασία, μέσα trend από τηνwealthy οποία people προκύπτουν σαφή συμπεράσματα the then observed to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof αναφορικά με them, τα stay επίπεδα ρευστότητας, και London, upgrade themselves sometimes thereαποδοτικότητας and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. φερεγγυότητας του δήμου. being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth κεφάλαιο, της AΤο description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included την inwere theποιοτική work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at έβδομο the same while περιλαμβάνει similar recorded inέρευνα other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major μελέτης. Ο συγγραφέας τον πίνακα συνεντεύξεων με cities in Western countries, byαφού other συνέθεσε Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has several scholarsσε and forανάλυση its more ανοιχτού τύπου ερωτήματα, κατέληξε εν συνεχεία, μία Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various τύπου stakeholder analysis. Επέλεξε ένα δείγμα δέκα πληροφορητών, οι comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: απαντήσεις των οποίων διαμόρφωσαν ουσιαστικά την ενότητα αυτή. interpretations the phenomenon gentrification, thecategory following: In aτελευταία sense, theof phenomenon dueof to a trend ofκεφαλαίου, a new of social groups Στην παράγραφοis του εβδόμου παρουσιάζονται to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money οι βασικοί άξονες προτεραιότητας του νέου ΕΣΠΑ 2014-2020, and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the προσπαθώντας συνδέσουμε πιθανές προοπτικές τον δήμο 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruthγια GLASS wasbetter born in sense safety theνα distributed residencies outside town centres, search for Berlin, where she made her τις firstχρηματοδοτικές studies. In 1932 she ευκαιρίες published anπου important study entitled: Μαραθώνα, μέσα από προσφέρονται services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for στην τρέχουσα προγραμματική περίοδο. lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In παραθέτει 1950 sheto became teacher in the Σεsheτελικό στάδιο, ο the συγγραφέας μία σειρά to another approach, is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying συμπερασμάτων σε ένα δομημένο κείμενο, που συνδέουν το θεωρητικό her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit.

Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: με το εμπειρικό σκέλος της μελέτης.

G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Παρουσιάζοντας συνοπτικά τα βασικά συμπεράσματα Concerns έρευνας, προκύπτουν τα παρακάτω σημεία:

της

Αν και δεν είναι λίγες οι μεταρρυθμιστικές προσπάθειες σε Mr.τα George-Sp. C.μεταπολίτευσης ATHANASOPOULOS επίπεδο διοικητικής οργάνωσης, By από χρόνια της ως Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, και σήμερα, βασικά προβλήματα παραμένουν αδιόρθωτα. Καταρχήν,

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect διατηρείται ο υψηλός βαθμός οικονομικής εξάρτησης της Student of the School of Architecture αυτοδιοίκησης από την κεντρική διοίκηση. Το Technical γεγονός University αυτό, εντείνει of Crete την ανάγκη επιτάχυνσης πολιτικών φορολογικής αποκέντρωσης.

1. Introductory the concept είναι σχεδόν βέβαιο ότι Ασκώνταςapproach: κριτική Defining στον Καλλικράτη, 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, έχει προκαλέσει σειρά χωροταξικών προβλημάτων στην πλειονότητα ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great των πρωτοβάθμιων Ο.Τ.Α. Αποδείχθηκε προχειρότητα ως προς the τα among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. κριτήρια συνένωσης των νέων δήμων, κάτι που συνέβη και στην acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term περίπτωση του Καλλικρατικού Δήμου Μαραθώνα. Συνεπώς, απαιτείται 1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term urban gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 επαναξιολόγηση του Ν.3852/2010, ώστε να δώσει μια gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in ανάσα various ελευθερίας στη διοίκηση των δήμων.

Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), groups, usually of low-income and έρευνας, thethis placement there of artists, Ωςof social προς το εμπειρικό σκέλος της ο συγγραφέας the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other επισημαίνει τα consequences παρακάτω: has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices the potential speculation). Ηrelative ανάλυση των οικονομικών καταστάσεων του (and Δήμου potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found first in the UK in2013), early 1960s and it refers to Μαραθώνα (οικονομικά έτη at2011, 2012, εμφάνισε μια The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor ικανοποιητική οικονομική βάση για τον to δήμο, πουinσημαίνει ότιof the then observed trend wealthy people buy κάτι property poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are ενδεχόμενες αναπτυξιακές δράσεις δύναται να υλοποιηθούν (Όλα London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. αυτά, πάντα με“squeezed”. που συναντάμε συχνά στην οικονομική being indirectly A description ofτην thisπαραδοχή phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth επιστήμη -ceteris paribusότι οι λοιπές μεταβλητές του GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in ευρύτερου other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major οικονομικού περιβάλλοντος να παραμένουν cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. σταθερές). cities inΑπό Western countries, by other Researchers.

Since then, issue has preoccupied several scholars andσυμπέρασμα for its more τηνthe ανάλυση του ερωτηματολογίου, εξήχθη το Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from ότι υπάρχει διάθεση από την πλευρά των φορέων της σημερινής comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: διοίκησης του Δήμου για ανάληψη πρωτοβουλιών αναπτυξιακού interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups χαρακτήρα. Ωστόσο, επικαλούνται ανεπάρκεια πόρων και δυσκολία to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money πρόσβασης σε δανεισμό. and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Όσον αφορά στις προοπτικές για τον Δήμο του search Μαραθώνα, termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth GLASS wasbetter bornηin sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where she made her first studies.

In 1932 she published an important study entitled: αλήθειαofείναι ότιeducation, το ΕΣΠΑentertainment 2014-2020 συνιστά σημαντική ευκαιρία για services health, “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc. την σημερινή διοίκηση. Ουτοπικά, θα μπορούσε να εντάξει studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning.

In 1950 sheto became teacher in the toδράσεις another approach, the is due aκενά, systematic and αναπτυξιακές που θα κάλυπταν τα υφιστάμενα εξαιτίας University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying της αδράνειας τωνby aπροηγούμενων ως προς την her work are characterized passion for justice. Seeδιοικήσεων also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling real estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit.

Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: ολοκλήρωση βασικών υποδομών.

G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually

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