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Ο Καμβάς Επιχειρηματικού Μοντέλου GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, και η σύγχρονη Επιχειρηματικότητα Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification Του κ. Δημ. ΚΟΛΛΙΑ Concerns Φοιτ. Παντείου Πανεπιστημίου
Κοιν. και Πολ. Επιστ.
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Πρακτικές εφαρμογές του Καμβά, άλλες προσεγγίσεις Student of the School of Architecture Ο Καμβάς Επιχειρηματικού Μοντέλου (στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία ως Technical of Crete Business Model Canvas) αποτελεί ένα μοντέλο το οποίο δεν University έχει τις βάσεις
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του1.σε πλήρως μετρημένα συγκεκριμενοποιημένα (specific) Introductory approach:(measured) Defining theκαι concept στοιχεία, γεγονότα και δεδομένα, στα πλαίσια της αβεβαιότητας που 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, BC - 370 BC, Athens), χαρακτηρίζει τον τρόπο με τον οποίο αναπτύσσεται μία- 370 τέτοιου είδους ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the επιχείρηση among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of. knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the Ωστόσο, δεν είναι λίγες οιwith περιπτώσεις οποίες μετά την εμφάνιση acquisition of knowledge starts theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first,στις if of not final, approach, the term του εν λόγω μοντέλου ξεκίνησαν οι ενδιαφερόμενοι, στην αρχή με ιδιαίτερη 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban επιφυλακτικότητα, να “refining” εφαρμόζουν μέρος ή Planning) ακόμα και gentrification gentrification) indicated (inμοντέλου thefrom areathis, of (or Sociology as well), as the of a ένα cityisarea, theτου removal (in various ολόκληρο το μοντέλο, συμβάλλοντας μάλιστα και στην ανάπτυξή του σε πιο Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, αναλυτικές και ολιστικές μορφές και προσεγγίσεις. Αυτό there φυσικά δεν ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless περιορίστηκε στον ιδιωτικό τομέα, αλλά επιχειρήθηκε να εφαρμοστεί και στο whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherαν consequences has, results also rising of land prices the δημόσιο τομέα και εκεί οι δυσκολίες οι οποίες συναντώνται όσον (and αφορά potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). τηνThe ευελιξία που χαρακτηρίζει το μοντέλο μεγάλες. term gentrification is found at first inείναι the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found first in the UKκράτος in early 1960s and itareas refers Άλλωστε, ο δημόσιος τομέαςatpeople ποικίλει σεinκράτος και σε the then observed trend ofiswealthy toαπό buy property poor ofto the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas γενικές γραμμές χαρακτηρίζεται απόsometimes μία σημαντική δυσκολία στην άμεση London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are υιοθέτηση και διαχείριση των αλλαγών, πόσο μάλλον αν αναλογιστεί κανείς being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. το A γραφειοκρατικό (bureaucratie) κατά κόρον description of this phenomenon- is«βεμπεριανό» included in theμοντέλο work ofπου Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this ήπειρο phenomenon is situations included the recorded workστους of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while και similar in νόμους, other major διέπει την ευρωπαϊκή έχει ισχυράinwere θεμέλια τις GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western other Researchers. εγκυκλίους, τηνcountries, αυστηρή by ιεραρχική διοικητική διάρθρωση και τη λήψη των cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then,από the issueκορυφή has several scholars and its more αποφάσεων την προς τη βάση (top-down) τηςfor ιεραρχικής Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from πυραμίδας1. comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations theμελέτης phenomenon of thecategory following: In aΗsense, theof phenomenon is due togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups περίπτωση της Ryanair to “return” to the είναι city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons:χαμηλού high costs in money H Ryanair μια ιρλανδική αεροπορική εταιρεία κόστους, η and time to travelτο from theκαι purlieus to στο downtown, work placeτης is, lack of the οποία ιδρύθηκε 1984 εδρεύει Swordswhere του Δουβλίνου Ιρλανδίας 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, Ruth search wasbetter born in sense safety theβάσεις distributed outside town centres, for με επιχειρησιακές στο residencies αεροδρόμιο του 1912-1940. Δουβλίνου και GLASS το αεροδρόμιο Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services ofτου health, education, entertainment “atήταν the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Stansted Λονδίνου. Το 2016, η left Ryanair μεγαλύτερη Youth Unemployment. The same year she Germany andηafter continuous ευρωπαϊκή lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, αεροπορική εταιρεία σχεδιάζοντας τακτικές αεροπορικές πτήσεις in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of of the urban web, in Το Wil. παρόν αποτελεί τμήμα εκτενούς εργασίας τουpart Συγγραφέα. 10th edit. SONS AND Ltd.συναφούς London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 1 Κτιστάκη Στ., Εισαγωγή στη Διοικητική Επιστήμη, Αθήνα 2009, σελ. 62, Εκδόσεις G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually Παπαζήση,
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
αποκτώντας περισσότερους διεθνείς επιβάτες από οποιαδήποτε άλλη αεροπορική εταιρεία. Όμως η πορεία της δεν ήταν πάντοτε θετική. Η νέα στρατηγική που επέλεξε βάσει της οργάνωσης και του τρόπου δημιουργίας και καταγραφής της αξίας των ενδιαφερομένων μερών αποτέλεσαν τον ακρογωνιαίο λίθο του νέου επιχειρηματικού μοντέλου της. Σήμερα η Ryanair αποτελεί μία από τις πλέον επιτυχημένες αεροπορικές εταιρίες στο χώρο των Low-Cost εταιριών αερομεταφορών με πάνω από By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS 13.000 υπαλλήλους. Σε αυτό συνέβαλε η υιοθέτηση ενός νέου μοντέλου Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, μείωσης του κόστους με στόχο ναBy καλύψει την ανάγκη των επιβατών για Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect οικονομικότερα αεροπορικά εισιτήρια, τοStudent οποίοof the βοήθησε στην ολική School of Architecture αναδιάρθρωση των επιχειρησιακών δραστηριοτήτων τηςUniversity εταιρίας. Αν Technical of Crete κάποιος, λοιπόν, ρίξει μία ματιά στον τρόπο που η εταιρία αυτή διαχειρίζεται 1. Introductory Defining concept τους πόρους, τουςapproach: εργαζομένους και the τους συνεργάτες της στα πλαίσια του 1. Introductory approach: Defining the στρατηγικού της σχεδιασμού θαGreek έβλεπε το concept εξής μοντέλο: ANTISTHENIS, the ancient philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups Πίνακας 1. Ιδιότυπο Business Model Canvas της Ryanair. to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Το φαινομενικά αυτό περίπλοκο δυσνόητο The termat comes from Sociologist Ruthκαι GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruthχρησιμοποιείται GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.of safety the distributed residencies outside townμοντέλο centres, search Berlin, where she made herμορφή first studies. In 1932 sheModel published an important study entitled: ως μία προσαρμοσμένη του Business Canvas και εδράζεται στα services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for εξής βασικά χαρακτηριστικά: lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, • Χαμηλό εισιτηρίων. in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the toκόστος another approach, the is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and • Χρήση μικρών περιφερειακών αεροδρομίων. long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. • Λιγότερες ακυρώσεις/καθυστερήσεις δρομολογίων. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm • Λιγότερες απώλειες αποσκευών. a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification ξυστό). Concerns • Διαπραγμάτευση με αρχές για επίτευξη προνομίων.
• Χαμηλό λειτουργικό κόστος. • Internet booking system, μέσω του website της εταιρίας. • Υψηλό ποσοστό παράλληλων εσόδων (φαγητό, αναψυκτικά, tax free,
• Εξτρά χρεώσεις για catering, μεταφορά από και προς πόλεις. • Μη συνδικαλισμένο εργατικό δυναμικό. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS • Ομοιόμορφος στόλος Boeing 737. Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, To Business Model CanvasByεπέτρεψε μία C. περισσότερο ολιστική Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect θεώρηση του επιχειρηματικού μοντέλου της Student Ryanairofμεthe γνώμονα τις ανάγκες School of Architecture του πελατειακού κοινού. Αυτό που αποδεικνύει την επιτυχίαUniversity του μοντέλου Technical of Crete
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δεν είναι απλώς η απήχηση που έχει η εταιρία στο εξωτερικό της περιβάλλον. 1. Introductory approach: Defining theτηconcept Ακόμη πιο σημαντικό είναι να στηρίζει βιωσιμότητα των επιχειρησιακών 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC -κύκλων δραστηριοτήτων τηςthe εταιρίας ANTISTHENIS, ancientβάσει Greekανατροφοδοτούμενων philosopher, 370 BC,(virtuous Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370χαμηλότερο BC, Athens), among other wiseπερίπτωση heritage heτης left us, he established a great the cycles) που στην Ryanair έχουν ως (444 αποτέλεσμα among που other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition ofεπιτρέπει knowledge startshe with the content concepts. κόστος, ακόμη χαμηλότερες τιμές,ofπου αυξάνουν τις πωλήσεις acquisition ofτης knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. 2 “principle” Based, therefore, on this a first, if of not final, approach, the term και τα κέρδη εταιρίας. 1 (and urban Based, therefore, onείναι this “principle” inindicated a first, ifμοντέλο notthe final, approach, the στη term gentrification) is (in area ofεπιτρέπει Planning) (or gentrification Το αποτέλεσμα ένα επιχειρηματικό που 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Ryanair να προσφέρει ένα αξιοπρεπές επίπεδο εξυπηρέτησης με χαμηλό Sociology as well), as the “refining” ofπροθυμία a city area, the removal from this, of (inartists, various ways), ofχωρίς social groups, usually low-income and the placement there κόστος να μειώσει ριζικάofτην των πελατών να πληρώσουν τα ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, However this “change”, regardless of εισιτήριά τους. Ταυτόχρονα, όμως, δενetc. παρουσιάζει μειωμένα έσοδα, καθώς the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the χρεώσεις για παροχές όπως επιβίβαση με βαρύτερες αποσκευές, αγορές κατάof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative τη διάρκεια της πτήσης και σχετικά κόστη δεν περιλαμβάνονται στην τιμή potential relative speculation). term gentrification is found first in the UK in earlyαπό 1960s and it refersτης to τουThe εισιτηρίου. Ως συνέπεια των atπαραπάνω επιλογών την πλευρά The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor εταιρίας δημιουργήθηκαν εναρμονισμένοι κύκλοι οι οποίοι ενισχύουν the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof συνεχώς το επιχειρηματικό μοντέλο. sometimes Καθώς οι κύκλοι «περιστρέφονται», London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residentsτα are being indirectly “squeezed”. αποθέματα των“squeezed”. βασικών περιουσιακών στοιχείων (ή των πόρων) της being indirectly A description of this phenomenon included in the work of Sociologist Ruth εταιρείας αυξάνονται, ενισχύονταςisisτο ανταγωνιστικό της A description ofperiod, this phenomenon included inwere the recorded workπλεονέκτημα of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar situations in other major επιχείρησης. GLASS at the same period, situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, bywhile othersimilar Researchers. Οι βασικοί countries, ανατροφοδοτούμενοι κύκλοι της Ryanair διακρίνονται σε cities in Western by other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more τρειςSince σχέσεις αλληλοεπίδρασης και παρουσιάζουν δύο σημαντικά στοιχείο ως then, the issue has several scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from αφετηρία και ως αποτέλεσμα ή επιδιωκόμενο στόχο. Από τη from μία κάθε κύκλος comprehensive approach are being summarized below, the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: ξεκινά από το χαμηλό και άκρως ανταγωνιστικό κόστος αεροπορικών interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups εισιτηρίων που παρέχει. Στο τέλος κάθε σχέσης, ο ίδιος στόχος to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs inγίνεται money σκοπός, καθώς να ακολουθηθεί έχει place ή επιδιώκεται να and time to travelκάθε from διαδικασία the purlieus και to downtown, where work is, lack of the έχει 1.ως αποτέλεσμα τηνSociologist ακόμα μεγαλύτερη μείωση των τιμών εισιτηρίου. termat comes from Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS wasbetter born in sense ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Έτσι, καταλήγουμε στους εξής τρεις κύκλους: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 2 Παξιμάδης and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in Δημήτρης, Καμβάς Επιχειρηματικού Μοντέλου (Business Model Canvas)10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Παράδειγμα σύγκρισης δύο εκ διαμέτρου αντίθετων Επιχειρηματικών Μοντέλων, Κέντρο G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually Εθελοντών Μάνατζερ Ελλάδος (Κ.Ε.Μ.ΕΛ.), Αθήνα, Οκτώβριος, 2014.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof Πίνακας 2: Τρεις βασικοί ανατροφοδοτούμενοι Ryanair. whatever other consequences has, results also κύκλοι rising της of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to Παρά τα οφέλη που στηinλειτουργία της 1960s επιχείρησης μέσω The term gentrification found atpeople first the UK in early and itareas refers the then observed trend ofisεπιφέρουν wealthy to buy property in poor ofto της αύξησης των εσόδων που προσφέρουν, δεν είναι λίγες οι περιπτώσεις the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof στις οποίες οι“squeezed”. κύκλοι φτάνουν σε sometimes ένα όριο και κύκλους London, upgrade them, stay themselves thereενεργοποιούν and thus old residents are being indirectly αντιστάθμισης ή επιβραδύνουν λόγω των αλληλεπιδράσεων τους με άλλα being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth επιχειρηματικά μοντέλα. Για παράδειγμα, ένας από τους κύκλους Ryanair A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar recorded inτης other major θα μπορούσε να γίνει επιζήμιος εάν ανταγωνιστικές εταιρίες έρχονται να GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. μειώσουν το κόστος ανά εισιτήριο συμπεριλαμβανομένου του κόστους των Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andαεροπλάνων for various its more αποσκευών, αλλά σε συνδυασμό καλύτερες καμπίνες comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being με summarized from the comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various ποικίλων μορφών. Αυτό θα είχε ωςofαποτέλεσμα τηthe μείωση των επιβατών που interpretations of the phenomenon gentrification, following: interpretations of the phenomenon thecategory following: επιλέγουν τηνthe εταιρία εξαιτίαςisτων πακέτων των ανταγωνιστών In a sense, phenomenon dueof togentrification, a trend προσφορών of a new of social groups της. Αυτό θέτει μεγαλύτερη δυσκολία στη μεταβολή της costs τιμήςinη money οποία to “return” to theακόμα city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high είναι ήδη μειωμένη. Έτσι, δεδομένου ότι η επένδυση της Ryanair στον στόλο and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born in της 1. αναλαμβάνει ένα πολύ υψηλό ποσοστό χρησιμοποίησης, η αλλαγή αυτή sense ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: στο εξωτερικό περιβάλλον θαentertainment έχει μεγάλη επίδραση στηνofκερδοφορία της.3 services of health, education, “at the heart the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and Συνεχίζεται… University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 3 Casadesus-Masanell Ramon, Ricart Joan E., How to Design a Winning Business Model, G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually Harvard Business Review, January-February 2011 ISSUE.
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