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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Το ΕργασιακόTypes άγχος καιof οι Intervention, επιπτώσεις του στην εργασιακή απόδοση Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification Concerns Των Βασιλ. ΠΑΠΑΓΙΑΝΝΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ,
Οδυσ. ΔΗΜΗΤΡΑΚΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ, Αναστ. ΚΟΣΜΑ, Μελ. - Αριστ. ΜΑΤΖΑΝΑ, Διον. ΠΑΠΑΤΩΛΙΟΥ By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Φοιτητών Τμήμ. School Οικονομικών Επιστημών Harvard University, Graduate of Design, Student, Αριστοτελείου Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλονίκης By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture
ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ Technical University of Crete Κατά γενική παραδοχή στη σύγχρονη εποχή έχουν συντελεστεί 1. Introductory concept σημαντικά βήματαapproach: προόδουDefining σε όλουςthe τους τομείς, (κοινωνικό, πολιτικό και 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, theέχουν ancient Greek philosopher, οικονομικό), τα οποία αναβαθμίσει το βιοτικό και πολιτισμικό επίπεδο the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BCότι -“principle”: 370 Athens), among other wise κοινωνιών. heritage heΘα left us, he established a great the των ANTISTHENIS, προηγμένων πρέπει να επισημάνουμε, τοBC, κυριότερο among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. μέσο του Ανθρώπου για κοινωνική και οικονομική ανέλιξη αποτελεί the η acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based,ηtherefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term εργασία, οποία εκτός των προειρημένων προσφέρει ηθική ανταμοιβή και 1 (and urban Based,καταξίωση. therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification κοινωνική 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Έτσι ο άνθρωπος από πολύ νωρίς προσπαθεί με ποικίλους τρόπους να Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of και low-income andthe theremoval placement γίνει όσο πιο αποτελεσματικός ανταγωνίσιμος δύναται στον εργασιακό ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of τομέα λαμβάνοντας αφ΄ενός πολύπλευρη και συστηματική γνώση και the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the αφ΄ετέρου προσπαθώντας να δημιουργήσει τις ιδανικές εργασιακές σχέσεις whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). και συνθήκες, στοχεύοντας στην αύξηση της παραγωγικότητας του. potential relative speculation). TheΌλα term gentrification is found at first in the σε UKμια in early 1960sπου andοι it refers to αυτά όμως για να επιτευχθούν εποχή, ρυθμοί The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor εργασίας είναι καταιγιστικοί και συνεχόμενα αυξανόμενοι σε in συνδυασμό με the then observed trend wealthy people to buy property poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof τα αυξημένα εργασιακά καθήκοντα, την έλλειψη ουσιαστικής επαφής, καθώς London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. και την έκρυθμη κοινωνικο-οικονομική κατάσταση, δημιουργούν στους being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth εργαζόμενους άγχος. Φυσικό επακόλουθο μιας τέτοιας κατάστασης είναι,Ruth να A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist GLASS at the same while similar in other major εκδηλώνονται σ΄αυτούς ψυχοσυναισθηματικές, σωματικές και GLASS at the same period, situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, bywhile othersimilar Researchers. ψυχοσωματικές διαταραχές, τις οποίες προσπαθούν πολλέςand φορές cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars for -μάταιαits more να υπερνικήσουν με τη χρήση ψυχοτρόπων ουσιών, (καφείνη/ αγχολυτικά/ Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the αλκοόλ/ κάπνισμα/ χρήση ναρκωτικών ουσιών). Θα πρέπει να αναφέρουμε comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: πως η κοινωνία δε στέκεται παθητικά απέναντι στο πρόβλημα. interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups Τα τελευταία χρόνια πολλοί Επιστήμονες ασχολούνται με το φαινόμενο to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money ορίζοντας αυτό και τις συνέπειες του και προσπαθούν and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is,μέσω lack ofτης the Συμβουλευτικής ναdistributed βοηθήσουν εντός του εργασιακού περιβάλλοντος. Θαin 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS for wasbetter born sense safety the residencies outside town centres, search Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: πρέπει ακόμη να αναφέρουμε πως και η Πολιτεία στέκεται αρρωγός σε αυτήν services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for τη προσπάθεια. Είναι αδήριτη ανάγκη ναand βελτιωθούν οι συνθήκες εργασίας, lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car access markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London Neweasier York she came to back to London, δίνοντας έμφαση στον ανθρώπινο παράγοντα. τηςtobecame εργασίας είναι η in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning.Σκοπός In 1950 she teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and Universityτου College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her καθώς public and ανάλυση εργασιακού άγχους, ως groups, εννοίας και φαινομένου, και οι long-term informal effort by organized manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. επιπτώσεις που επιφέρει στο ίδιο το άτομοinitially και WIKIPEDIA: στο περιβάλλον and selling real estate, etc., for theCo depreciation of εργασιακό part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. The Free Encyclopedia: γενικότερα. G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
ΜΕΡΟΣ Α: ΤΟ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΚΟ ΑΓΧΟΣ 1.1. ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΑΓΧΟΥΣ Ο κάθε Άνθρωπος εκτίθεται καθημερινά σε στρεσογόνες καταστάσεις. Τα τελευταία χρόνια, το άγχος έχει προκαλέσει αρκετά μεγάλο επιστημονικό ενδιαφέρον στους ερευνητές διαφόρων κλάδων και ως άγχος ορίζεται: «ένα ιδιότυπο βίωμα μεγάλης εσωτερικής δυσφορίας, που προκαλείται από μια αόριστη εσωτερική απειλή, η οποία μη έχουσα συγκεκριμένο αντικείμενο δεν George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS μπορεί να αποφευχθεί από το άτομο,By τοMr. οποίο και εξουθενώνεται » (Οικονόμου, Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, 1994).
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect
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1.2. ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΚΟΥ ΑΓΧΟΥΣ Student of the School of Architecture Technical of Crete Στη σύγχρονη εποχή ο χώρος εργασίας αποτελεί μία απόUniversity τις κυριότερες πηγές χρόνιου άγχους. ΄Ως εργασιακό λοιπόν, θεωρείται μία κατάσταση 1. Introductory approach: Defining άγχος, the concept και όχι ασθένεια, που οφείλεται στην εργασία και εμφανίζεται όταν οι εργασιακές 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept ANTISTHENIS, theτην ancient Greekαντιμετώπισης philosopher, (444 BC - 370 Athens), απαιτήσεις ξεπερνούν ικανότητα ή γενικά τουBC, ελέγχου της ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the κατάστασης. Ειδικότερα, σύμφωνα με τα διεθνή εγχειρίδια: «το εργασιακό στρες among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. προβάλλεται ως η απόρροια της υπερβολικής πίεσης, ανασφάλειας και acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if not final, approach, the term υπερβολικών απαιτήσεων στην εργασία, με αποτέλεσμα μια ποικιλία 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on thisτων “principle” inindicated a first, ifνα notαφορούν final, approach, the term (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification επιπτώσεων, οι εκφάνσειςgentrification) οποίων isδύνανται την υγεία των 1 (and gentrification urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various εργαζομένων, την εργασιακή τους συμπεριφορά και εν γένει τον τρόπο ζωής τους Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, » (Wheatley, 2000). ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof 1.3. other ΠΑΡΑΓΟΝΤΕΣ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΚΟΥ ΑΓΧΟΥΣ whatever otherspeculation). consequences has,(2001) results πρότειναν also risingένα of land prices the potential Οι relative Cooper, Dewe and Driscoll μοντέλο στο(and οποίο potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found first in theπου UKσχετίζονται in early 1960s refersτην to διαχώρισαν τους παράγοντες τουat άγχους μεand τηνit ίδια The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of εργασία ως εξής: the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them,παράγοντες stay themselves sometimesάγχους there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. 1.3.1. Εσωγενείς εργασιακού being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth 1. Οι συνθήκες εργασίας A Πολλοί description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at theχώροι same while in other major εργασίας δενsimilar πληρούν τα κριτήρια για την προώθηση της GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities Western countries, by Researchers. υγείαςinκαι της ασφάλειας τωνother εργαζομένων. Κακές εργασιακές συνθήκες, όπως in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more ηcities ύπαρξη υπερβολικού θορύβου, θερμοκρασίες ή σκόνη στο χώρο εργασίας, η Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the συνεχής έκθεση του εργαζομένου σε τεχνητό φως, ο ανεπαρκής εξαερισμός του comprehensive approach areεργαζομένων being summarized from αποδειχθεί, the various χώρου ή ο συντονισμός πολλών στον ίδιο χώρο έχουν interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: interpretations the phenomenon of thecategory following: ότι έχουν επιζήμια επίδραση στην ψυχική και σωματική του υγεία (Cooper and In a sense, theof phenomenon is due togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups Payne, 1988; Dipboye, Smith and Howell, 1994; Edworthy, 2000; Καντάς, 1995; to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Robbins, D.Pfrom Schultz S.E. Schultz, 1994). where work place is, lack of the and time 2001; to travel the and purlieus to downtown, 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin,2.where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Τοhealth, εργασιακό ωράριο services of education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Οι εργαζόμενοι που δουλεύουν σεprivate βάρδιες αντιμετωπίζουν, τόσο βιολογικά, lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from easier access markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and car New York she came to back to London, όσο και συναισθηματικά προβλήματα εξphenomenon αιτίας τηςInδιαταραχής βιολογικών in According 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due aτων systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her του public and τους ρυθμών, συμπεριλαμβανομένης της διαταραχής κύκλου long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. ύπνου/αφύπνισης, τηςetc., παραμέτρου της θερμοκρασίας του ρυθμού έκκρισης and selling realCOLLINS estate, for theCodepreciation initially ofκαι part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: αδρεναλίνης. Η αλλαγή, λοιπόν, των βιορυθμών επηρεάζει τη συγκέντρωση και G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
την αποδοτικότητα του εργαζόμενου αυξάνοντας το εργασιακό του άγχος και κάνοντας τον πιο επιρρεπή στα ατυχήματα. (Spark, Cooper, Fried and Shirom, 1997).
3. O φόρτος εργασίας Σύμφωνα με τους Xie and Johns μία εργασία θεωρείται, ότι δημιουργεί By Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASOPOULOS άγχος ανάλογα με το βαθμό πολυπλοκότητας της δηλαδήC.ανάλογα με το αν είναι Harvard University, School Design, Student, πολύ δύσκολη ή όχι. Στην περίπτωση, που Graduate η εργασία είναι of πολύ δύσκολη το By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect άτομο νιώθει πνευματική κόπωση και σωματική εξάντληση ενώ στην περίπτωση, Student of the School of Architecture που είναι εξαιρετικά εύκολη το άτομο νιώθει ανία (Jex, 1998). Technical University of Crete
1.3.2. Εργασιακός ρόλος 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Με την έννοια εργασιακός ρόλος μπορούμε να ορίσουμε την συμπεριφορά 1. Introductory approach: the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, BCεργαζόμενο - 370 BC, Athens), ή το σύνολο των ενεργειών, που αναμένονται από(444 έναν σε μία ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the συγκεκριμένη εργασιακή θέση ή κατά την άσκηση ενός επαγγέλματος among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. (R.Fincham, 1992). acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if not final, approach, the term Σε οργανωμένα κοινωνικά συστήματα, όπως είναι οι Οργανισμοί, ο 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area ofλειτουργία Planning) (or gentrification καταμερισμός ρόλων είναι σημασίας για την σωστή και 1 (and urban καταλυτικής gentrification gentrification) isarea, indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city the removal (in various ευημερία του συστήματος (Jex, 1998). Απαιτήσεις ή δυσλειτουργίες σχετικά με Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement of artists, την άσκηση του εργασιακού ρόλου του ατόμου μπορούν να there οδηγήσουν σε ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of εργασιακό άγχος. the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However regardless whatever other has, results risingthis of “change”, land prices (and theof whatever other consequences potential relative speculation). 1.3.3. Εργασιακές σχέσειςhas, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). TheΤο term gentrification is found at first the UKμεinπολλούς early 1960s and it refers to άτομο αναπόφευκτα έρχεται σεinεπαφή Ανθρώπους στην The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of εργασία του όπως προϊσταμένους, συναδέλφους, συνεργάτες, πελάτες,to the then observed trend people σχέσεις to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents are υφισταμένους καιthem, άλλους. Οι wealthy διαπροσωπικές στην εργασία μπορεί ναof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. είναι τόσο πηγή άγχους, όσο και πηγή υποστήριξης για το άτομο. Σε πολλές being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of thisδιοίκησης phenomenon is included in the of Sociologist περιπτώσεις ο τρόπος των προϊσταμένων προςwork το προσωπικό είναιRuth μία A description ofperiod, thisόταν phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while in other major σημαντική πηγή άγχους, αυτήsimilar δεν είναι η επιθυμητή (Newell, 1995). GLASS at the same period, situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, bywhile othersimilar Researchers. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the issue preoccupiedτου several scholars and for its more 1.3.4. Η εξέλιξη τηςhas σταδιοδρομίας ατόμου Since then, the issue που has preoccupied scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach areσχετίζονται being summarized below, from Παράγοντες άγχους, με several την εξέλιξη της σταδιοδρομίας του comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations phenomenon of gentrification, following:και την απειλή ατόμου μπορεί of ναthe αφορούν στα εξής: την εργασιακήthe ανασφάλεια interpretations of the phenomenon gentrification, the following: Inανεργίας, a sense, the phenomenon isή due to a trend of a new category of social groups της την προοπτική μηof του επιθυμητού βαθμού προαγωγής του ατόμου, την γενικότερη αίσθηση έλλειψης επίτευξης στόχων και της to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money ικανοποίησης τωνfrom προσδοκιών, την απόδοση στην τηνis,έκφραση ή and time to travel the purlieus to downtown, whereεργασία, work place lack of the 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS for wasbetter born καταστολή της δημιουργικότητας, τη δυσαρέσκεια το περιεχόμενο τηςin sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside townγια centres, search Berlin, where her firstτης studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: εργασίας ή she τηνmade πορεία σταδιοδρομίας, δυσκολία λήψης μίας services of health, education, entertainment “at the τη heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for επαγγελματικής απόφασης ή την υλοποίηση μιας επιλογής, τα προβλήματα lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc. studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where σχέσεων στον χώρο, τιςthe αλλαγές και μεταβάσεις σε σχέση με in την in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher the toεργασιακό another approach, is due a systematic and Universityτο College of London, where she continued her social research. Her and εργασία, συνδυασμό και εργασιακής ζωής καιbrokers ταpublic προβλήματα long-term informal effortπροσωπικής by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. σχετικά μεreal τοCOLLINS στάδιοetc., ζωής που διανύει το άτομο (R.Nathan and L.Hill, 1997; and selling estate, for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Edworthy, 2000; T.A Beehr and R.S Bgahat, 1995) G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification ΜΕΡΟΣ B: ΣΥΜΠΤΩΜΑΤΑConcerns ΚΑΙ ΣΥΝΕΠΕΙΕΣ ΤΟΥ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΚΟΥ ΑΓΧΟΥΣ
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2.1. ΣΥΜΠΤΩΜΑΤΑ - ΑΝΤΙΔΡΑΣΕΙΣ Με τον όρο «αντιδράσεις» αναφερόμαστε στις κάθε είδους ενδείξεις από By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS πλευράς ατόμου, οι οποίεςHarvard αποκαλύπτουν την εμπειρία άγχους. Αντίστοιχα, ως University, Graduate School of Design, Student, «σύμπτωμα» ορίζεται «το χαρακτηριστικό σημάδι που υποδηλώνει μία νοσηρή By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect κατάσταση» (Τεγόπουλος – Φυτράκης, 1995). Οι αντιδράσεις, οποίες Student of the Schoolμεof τις Architecture μπορεί να εμφανιστεί το άγχος στην ζωή του ατόμου,Technical κατηγοριοποιούνται University ofστην Crete σχετική Βιβλιογραφία σε τρεις κατηγορίες (Καντάς, 1995; Spector, 2000; Introductory approach: concept C.L.1.Cooper P.J. Dewe and M.P. Defining O'Driscoll,the 2001). 1. Introductory approach: Defining the conceptσε(444 Α. Σωματικές αντιδράσεις, που διακρίνονται σωματική ασθένεια, όπως ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, και Athens), στεφανιαία καρκίνος, γαστρεντερική πάθηση κ.τ.λ., αλλά σε among otherνόσος, wise heritage he left us, he established a great the among other wise heritage he left us,definition heκόπωση, established a greatof“principle”: ψυχοσωματικά συμπτώματα όπως ίλιγγος, πονοκεφάλους acquisition of knowledge starts with the of ταχυκαρδίες, the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with1995; theindefinition the content of concepts. κ.τ.λ. (C.L. Cooper andon I.T.this Robertson, and Ivanchevich, 1987). Based, therefore, “principle” aMattesson first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, onαντιδράσεις, this “principle” inindicated a first, notthe final, approach, the term Β. Ψυχολογικές όπως π.χ., ifκατάθλιψη, άνοια, ένταση, gentrification) is (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification ευερεθιστικότητα, θυμός, έλλειψη of ενδιαφέροντος την εργασία κ.ά.(in (R. Kahn Sociology as well), as the “refining” a city area, theγια removal from this, various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, removal fromthere this, of (inartists, various and P. Byosiere, 1992; D.usually Wainwright and M. Calnan, 2002). ways), of social groups, of low-income andthe the placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, Γ. Αντιδράσεις στη συμπεριφορά, οι οποίες που χωρίζονται αντίστοιχα σε the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of αντιδράσεις σημαντικές για τον οργανισμό, που σχετίζονται με τη δυσλειτουργία the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof του εργασιακού (χαμηλή απόδοση, χαμηλή ποιότητα εργασίας, whatever otherρόλου consequences has, results also rising of land prices έλλειψη (and the potential relative speculation). παραγωγικότητας κ.ά), με την απομάκρυνση από την εργασία (αποφυγή potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to εργασίας, χαμηλά εργασιακά κίνητρα, πρώιμη με την The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK συνταξιοδότηση), in early 1960s and itareas refers the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor ofto επιθετικότητα στην εργασία, (διάδοση φημών, προςareas τους the then observed trend wealthy people to there buyεπιθετικότητα property in poor London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof συναδέλφους, ανήθικη συμπεριφορά). Όσα αφορά το residents άτομο, οι London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes thereστο and ίδιο thus old are being indirectly “squeezed”. αντιδράσεις συμπεριφοράς μπορούν να σχετίζονται με τη δυσλειτουργία ρόλων being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth εκτός (κακές διαπροσωπικές σχέσεις στοin σπίτι, κοινωνική Aεργασίας, description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar were inαπομόνωση, other major κακές σχέσεις με φίλους), όπως και με συμπεριφορές επιβλαβείς για το ίδιο το GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. άτομο, (κάπνισμα, αλκοόλ, χρήση φαρμάκων). (C.L. Cooper P.J. Dewe and M.P. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more O'Driscoll, 1995; Murphy G.P. Hurrellbelow, Keita S.L. andthe S.L.various Sauter, Since 2001; then, Καντάς, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach areI.R. being summarized from 1995; Spector, 2000; Warr, 2002). comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups 2.2. ΕΠΙΠΤΩΣΕΙΣ ΑΓΧΟΥΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΚΗ ΑΠΟΔΟΣΗ to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Ένας εργαζόμενος υπό στρες, παίρνει λανθασμένες αποφάσεις και έχει and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the κακές σχέσεις με τα άλλα άτομα της ομάδας του. Η1912-1940. μειωμένη Ruth παραγωγικότητα, τα termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, search λάθη, η χαμηλή ποιότητα εργασίας και οι απουσίες είναι εμφανείς ενδείξεις Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same Επομένως, year she left το Germany continuous ύπαρξης στρες στην εργασία. άγχοςand δενafter επηρεάζει μόνο την υγείαfor lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research αλλά in Geneva, London and New York sheποιότητα came backτης to London, των εργαζομένων, και Prague, τους Oργανισμούς και την εργασίας. in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and Πιο συγκεκριμένα, η ύπαρξη αρνητικής συσχέτισης μεταξύ εργασιακού University College ofφαίνεται London, where she continued her social research. Her public and long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying στρες καιare εργασιακής ικανοποίησης, ενώ το εργασιακό άγχος σχετίζεται, όχι μόνο her work characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th Wil. SONS AND Ltd.και London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: με τηνedit. χαμηλή εργασιακή απόδοση τις αδικαιολόγητες απουσίες από την Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aεργασία, varietyαλλά of ways, order to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually και μεinτην εγκατάλειψη του επαγγέλματος (Robbins, 2001).
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, 3.1. ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΙΚΕΣ ΑΝΤΙΜΕΤΩΠΙΣΗΣ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΚΟΥ ΑΓΧΟΥΣ Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification Το πρώτο βήμα για να αντιμετωπίσει ένα άτομο το άγχος είναι να κατανοήσει την ύπαρξή του και να εντοπίσει τις αιτίες του. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, η Concerns ΜΕΡΟΣ Γ: ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΙΚΕΣ ΑΝΤΙΜΕΤΩΠΙΣΗΣ - ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑΤΑ
ίδια η Οργάνωση που απασχολεί άτομα, που βιώνουν άγχος, πρέπει να φροντίσει να γίνουν οι κατάλληλες ενέργειες ενδυνάμωσης και υποστήριξης αυτών των By Mr. του George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS ατόμων. Ωστόσο η καλύτερη αντιμετώπιση άγχους είναι η πρόληψη, η οποία Harvard Graduate School of Design, Student, μπορεί να επιτευχθεί μέσα από University, την εκπαίδευση και την πληροφόρηση και By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect ειδικότερα με συμβουλευτική άγχους (Αλέξανδρος-Σταμάτιος Αντωνίου, 2006, Student of the School of Architecture Σταθάτου, 1989). University Crete Οι τρόποι διαχείρισης του εργασιακού άγχουςTechnical διαχωρίζονται σεofτρείς βασικές παρεμβάσεις: Στην Defining πρωτογενή, αναφερόμαστε σε αναθεώρηση 1. Introductory approach: the που concept πρακτικών εποπτείας, στην επέκταση-προώθηση της επαγγελματικής 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC ANTISTHENIS, ancient Greek philosopher, - 370 BC, Athens), σταδιοδρομίας, στην the θέσπιση ευέλικτων ωραρίων εργασίας και στην αύξηση της ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the αυτονομίας των εργαζομένων. among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. Στην δευτερογενή, που περιλαμβάνεται η φροντίδα της σωματικής υγείας acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if not final, approach, the term και η βελτίωση εργασιακών ικανοτήτων με σκοπό να ανταπεξέρχεται στα 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification καθήκοντά του.(and 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Τέλος, στην τριτογενή παρέμβαση δίνεται έμφαση σε συμβουλευτικές Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement μεθόδους για κατάχρηση ουσιών, όπως επίσης στην ψυχοθεραπεία καιartists, στην ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.απαραίτητες. However this “change”, of ιατρική περίθαλψη, όταν αυτές κρίνονται (Lawrenceregardless R. Murphy, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the 1992); whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). The3.2. term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑΤΑ The term gentrification iswealthy found first in the UK early 1960s and itareas refers the then observed trend of people to property in poor ofto Συμπερασματικά, λοιπόν, θαatλέγαμε, ότιbuy οι in περισσότερες αιτίες του the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are εργασιακού άγχους αφορούν στον τρόπο με τον οποίο είναι σχεδιασμένη ηof London, upgrade them, stay themselves there and thus old are being indirectly “squeezed”. εργασία και στον τρόπο με τον οποίο οι sometimes Οργανώσεις διοικούνται. Το residents άγχος, που being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon in the work of την Sociologist προκύπτει από το εργασιακό στρες,is included μπορεί να επηρεάσει ψυχικήRuth και A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere theτου work of χώρο Sociologist Ruth GLASS at υγεία the same while similar recorded in other major σωματική του ατόμου μειώνοντας την απόδοσή στον εργασίας. GLASS at the same period, situations wereπροβλήματα recorded in other cities in Western countries, bywhile othersimilar Researchers. Συγχρόνως, πολλά άτομα αντιμετωπίζουν οικογενειακά λόγωmajor της cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since τους, then,βιώνοντας the issue has several and στη for συνέχεια its more εργασίας έτσι preoccupied μεγαλύτερο άγχος, πουscholars μεταφέρεται the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars and for various its more comprehensive approach areαξίζει beingναsummarized from στονSince χώροthen, εργασίας. Τέλος, υπογραμμίσουμε, ότι το the να είναι οι comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of theκαι phenomenon of gentrification, the following: εργαζόμενοι υγιείς ικανοποιημένοι από την εργασία τους και από τις interpretations theτην phenomenon of thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is due togentrification, a trendΤο ofόφελος a new of groups συνθήκες, ωφελεί και ίδια την οργάνωση. δηλαδή τηςsocial οργάνωσης έγκειται στην μεγαλύτερη αφοσίωση τουfor προσωπικού στηνhigh εργασία καιmoney στην to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus several reasons: costs in καλύτερη του.the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the and time toαπόδοσή travel from termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) ΒΙΒΛΙΟΓΡΑΦΙΑ Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for C.L. and I.T. Robertson, 1995. Work Psychology. Understanding human lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies andCooper research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, behaviour in the 2ndregarding ed. London: Pitman. in According 1943 she published studies cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the toworkplace. another approach, the is due a systematic and University College of where sheO'Driscoll, continued her social research. brokers Her Stress.A public and C.L. Cooper P.J.London, Deweby and M.P. 2001. Organizational Review long-term informal effort organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and Critique of Theory, anddepreciation Applications. London: Sage. and selling real estate,Research etc., for the initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Cooper and Payne, 1988. Causes, coping, and consequences of stress at work. G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually New York: Wiley.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
D. Wainwright and M. Calnan , 2002. Work Stress. The making of a modem epidemic. United Kingtom: Open University Press. D.P Schultz and S.E. Schultz, 1994. Psychology and Work today. An introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology. 6th ed. New York: MacMillan. Dipboye, Smith and Howell, 1994. Understanding Industrial and Organizational Psychology: An Integrated Approach. Orlando: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. Edworthy, 2000. Managing Stress. Guides to good Practice. London: Open University Press. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS I.R. Murphy G.P. Hurrell KeitaUniversity, S.L. & S.L. Graduate Sauter, 1995. Job Stress Interventions. Harvard School of Design, Student, Washington: D.C. American Psychological Association. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Ivanchevich, M. M. and J., 1987. ControllingStudent Work Stress. Fransisco: Josseyof theSan School of Architecture Bass. Technical University of Crete Jex, S., 1998. Stress and Job Performance. Theory, Research and implications for Managerial Practice.approach: London: Sage. 1. Introductory Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept Jian Lin Xie and Gary Johns, 1995. Job Scope and (444 Stress: Can Job BC, Scope Be Too ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, BC - 370 Athens), High?. The Academy of Management Journal, 38(No.5), pp. 1288-1309. ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the Lawrence R. Murphy, 1992. left Stress Management in Work Settings. New York: among other wise heritage us,definition he established a great acquisition of knowledge startshe with the of the content of“principle”: concepts. the Praeger. acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, term Newell, 1995. onThe healthy Organization. Fairness,Ethics and the Effective 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification Management. London: Routledge. 1 (and urban gentrification gentrification) isarea, indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city the removal (in various R. Kahn and P. Byosiere, 1992. Stress in Organizations. Chicago: Rand McNally. Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways),R.Fincham, of social groups, usually of low-income the placement thereStudies of artists, 1992. The Individual, Work andand Organization. Behavioral for ways), of groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, etc. However “change”,there regardless of business andsocial Management. 2ndrestaurants, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. the operation ofand art L.Hill, galleries, restaurants, etc.also However regardless whatever other consequences has, results risingthis of “change”, landΗprices (and theof R.Nathan 1997. Επαγγελματική Συμβουλευτική. συμβουλευτική whatever other consequences has, results also risingΑθήνα: of land prices (and the προσέγγιση της επαγγελματικής επιλογής και σταδιοδρομίας. Μεταίχμιο. potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). S., 2001. Organizational Behavior: controversies, TheRobbins, term gentrification is found at first in theconcepts, UK in early 1960s andapplications. it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto 9th ed. N.J.: Prentice Hall. the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy people to there buyofproperty in poor areas Spark,Cooper,Fried andof Shirom, 1997. The effects hours of work on health: Aof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes and thus old residents are meta-analytic review.. Journal Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Volume London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. 391-408, p. 70. “squeezed”. being indirectly A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth Spector, P., of 2000. Industrial andisOrganizational and A description this phenomenon included inwere thePsychology work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar situations recorded inResearch other major Practice. 2nd ed. London: Sage. while similar situations were recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. T.A Beehr and R.S Bgahat, 1995.Researchers. Human Stress and Cognition in Organizations. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more An Integrated Pespective.. New York: Wiley & Sons.several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has preoccupied comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various Warr, P., 2002.approach Psychologyare at Work. 5th ed. London: below, Penguin. comprehensive being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Wheatley, 2000. Taking the strain: a survey of managers and workplace stress. interpretations the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: In a sense, theof phenomenon London: Institute of Management.is due to a trend of a new category of social groups to “return” to the city, leavingΑντωνίου the purlieus for several reasons: high costs Αλέξανδρος-Σταμάτιος , 2006. Εργασιακό Στρες. ΤόμοςinΑmoney επιμ. and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Αθήνα: Παρισιάνου. The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS3ο. was born in sense1.of safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for better Καντάς, Α., 1995. Οργανωτική – Βιομηχανική Ψυχολογία. Μέρος Αθήνα: Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Ελληνικάof Γράμματα. services health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Οικονόμου, Φ.,in 1994. Ψυχιατρική μετά στοιχείων στtoεπιμ. Αθήνα: lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and Neweasier Yorkψυχολογίας. she came to back London, Ιατρικές Λίτσα. in According 1943 εκδόσεις she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to -another approach, the is due a systematic and University CollegeΑ., of London, where she continued her social research. Her and Σταθάτου, 1989. Το εργασιακό στρες, οιmanufacturers, επιπτώσεις του brokers και public ο έλεγχος του. long-term informal effort by organized groups, ofaction buying her work are characterized a passion for justice. also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Επιστημονική καιestate, ΠρακτικήbyΕπιμόρφωση. Αθήνα:See Τετράδια μάνατζμεντ, Γαλαίος. and selling real for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS etc., SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Τεγόπουλος – Φυτράκης, 1995. Ελληνικό Λεξικό. Αθήνα: Τεγόπουλος – G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually Φυτράκης 80 2521 11