E¶.A¶. A¶.TO¶. TO¶.AYT. AYT.¶EP. ¶EP.AN. AN./ R.DEC. / R.DEC.ADM. ADM.LOC. LOC.DEV. DEV.REG. REG./ R. / R.DEC. DEC.LOC. LOC.GOV. GOV.REG. REG.DEV. DEV. E¶.
Περί Types Οίκων Αξιολόγησης GENTRIFICATION Definition, of Intervention, Pierre MOSCOVICI πιστοληπτικής ικανότητας Κρατών Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification European Commissioner for Economic and Του κ. Ναπ. ΜΑΡΑΒΕΓΙΑ Concerns Financial Affairs, Taxation and Customs Καθηγητού Ευρωπαϊκής Ολοκλήρωσης,
Speech at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Αντιπρύτανη του Εθνικού και Καποδιστριακού 15 February 2017 By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, GraduateΠανεπιστημίου School of Design,Αθηνών Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Ladies and Gentlemen, good afternoon. Student of the School of Architecture Καθώς η χώρα μας έχει εξέλθει ήδη από το τρίτο Μνημόνιο τον Technical University of Crete It is a pleasure and a great honour to stand before you here today and Αύγουστο του παρελθόντος έτους, η σημασία των διεθνών
accept your Doctor Honoris Causa. IΟίκων have Αξιολόγησης long had a deep affection for χρηματοπιστωτικών αγορών και των γίνεται και πάλι 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Greece and its people, with their unparalleled history. More recently, I have κρίσιμη. Η προσπάθεια της ελληνικής οικονομίας να σταθεί στα πόδια της 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 ANTISTHENIS, ancient Greek philosopher, BC - 370 BC, Athens), been personally, andthe still am, at the forefront of the collective effort to help μετά από οκτώ χρόνια μνημονίων, θα συνοδευθεί βεβαίως από ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, Athens), among other wise emerge heritagefrom he left us, hethat established great this proud nation a crisis has lasteda far too“principle”: long. And I the am ενισχυμένη εποπτεία της ΕΕhe πάνω στην εφαρμοσμένη εθνική οικονομική among other wise heritage leftthe us, he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with definition of the content of confident that Greece is closer than ever to turning the page onconcepts. this difficult acquisition of knowledge starts with definition of the content of concepts. πολιτική, όπως προβλέπεται γιαtheόλες τις ifυπερχρεωμένες χώρες της Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, not final, approach, the term chapter, to emerging with a stronger and more stable economy, and with its 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term Ευρωζώνης. gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification place confirmed in the eurozone and the European Union. 1 (and urban gentrification gentrification) indicated (in thefrom area of Planning) (or Πέρα όμως από την ofΕυρωπαϊκή εποπτικό και Sociology as well), as the “refining” a cityisarea, theΕποπτεία, removal this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various But today, here at the oldest university of the modern Greek state, I want ways), of social groups, usually ofρόλο low-income and the placement artists, ενδεχομένως τιμωρητικό αναλαμβάνουν και there οι of διεθνείς ways), of to social groups, usually of low-income and placement there of artists, to speak you much more broadly about ourthe shared European future. the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of χρηματοπιστωτικές αγορές καθοδηγούμενες από τους Οίκους the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless Because, as we prepare to mark the sixtieth anniversary the Treaty of whatever other has, results alsoτων rising of landofχωρών. prices (and Αξιολόγησης τηςconsequences πιστοληπτικής ικανότητας διαφόρων Αυτήthe ηof whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the Rome, therelative European Union faces unprecedentedαγορών challenges. potential speculation). εποπτεία των διεθνών χρηματοπιστωτικών συνδέεται άμεσα με potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to την βαθμολογία της ελληνικής οικονομίας από τους διεθνείς Οίκους I was born the same yearisasfound that Treaty signed - I will notand ask you toto The term gentrification first inwas the UK in early 1960s itareas refers the then observed trend of wealthyatpeople to buy property in poor of Αξιολόγησης. comment on whichtrend of us has agedpeople better!to My the first in the then observed wealthy buygeneration property inispoor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof Western Europe not to have lived through the devastation of war, or the Κάθε παρεκτροπή από τη δημοσιονομική ισορροπία και την London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. cruelty of undemocratic regimes. My mother andέχουν fatherσυμφωνηθεί - both Jewish, one παραγωγή πρωτογενών πλεονασμάτων, που being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist(3,5% Ruth born in France of Polish parents, one born in Romania knew those things του AΑΕΠ μέχρι το 2022 και 2% στη συνέχεια), οδηγεί description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere theθα work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar recorded inτου otherΟίκους major first hand. For me, those times are memories conveyed to me by my parents. Αξιολόγησης να υποβαθμίζουν την πιστοληπτική ικανότητα της χώρας GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. μας και συνεπώς οι διεθνείς χρηματοπιστωτικές αγορές απαιτούν Since then, issue has and itsnewer more Of course, forthe Greeks, and even moreseveral so forscholars citizens ofθαfor our Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its υψηλότερα επιτόκια για να δανείσουν την ελληνική οικονομία. comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various Member States, the transition or return to democracy after yearsmore of comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various Βέβαια,and ανthe ηtotalitarianism ελληνική δημοσιονομική καιthe γενικότερα η οικονομική interpretations of phenomenon ofisgentrification, following: dictatorship more recent. But for anyone turning 18 interpretations of theμακριά phenomenon of gentrification, the following: In a in sense, the is due to a trend of a new category of social groups πολιτική κρατηθεί από πειρασμούς, οι isανάγκες today any of phenomenon our countries, theψηφοθηρικούς only Europe they have known one of to “return”democracy toτης theχώρας city, and leaving theborders. purlieus for several reasons: high in -money δανεισμού μας δεν θα είναιThat μεγάλες. Ωστόσο, μιαcosts υποβάθμιση freedom, open is of course a happy thing but it and to travel the purlieusτης to because downtown, where is, lack of the της πιστοληπτικής ικανότητας χώρας the μας απόwork τουςplace διεθνείς alsotime presents us from with a challenge, counterfactual of a Οίκους Europe 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, without the European Unionμεγάλο is for them abstractκαθώς and intangible. Many young Αξιολόγησης θα προκαλεί αντίκτυπο, οι οίκοι αυτοί έχουν Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services ofthe health, education, entertainment “at the heart of theκαι city”, (possibly) people in south of our continent have also come to associate Europe withfor αναδειχθεί διεθνείς «χωροφύλακες» της δημοσιονομικής γενικότερα Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, and York she came back to London, the economic crisis and the hugeLondon levelsεπίπεδο. of New unemployment we have seen in οικονομικής ορθοδοξίας σεPrague, παγκόσμιο in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the isand due asee systematic and recent years. For them, the European ideal has failed, they austerity as ΕίναιCollege γεγονός ότιwhere οι she χρηματοπιστωτικές αγορέςHerκαι οιaction Οίκοι University of London, continued her social research. public and long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying aher very heavy price to pay being the euro. And the populists know that work are characterized by afor passion forin justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Πιστοληπτικής Αξιολόγησης, τα τελευταία χρόνια κρίσης στην and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of partτης of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: very well. Ευρώπη, έχουν αποκτήσει τεράστια σημασία, καθώς η Ευρωπαϊκή G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
2521 711
E¶.A¶. A¶.TO¶. TO¶.AYT. AYT.¶EP. ¶EP.AN. AN./ R.DEC. / R.DEC.ADM. ADM.LOC. LOC.DEV. DEV.REG. REG./ R. / R.DEC. DEC.LOC. LOC.GOV. GOV.REG. REG.DEV. DEV. E¶.
GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Κεντρική Τράπεζα (ΕΚΤ) δεν μπορεί από το καταστατικό της να Concerns λειτουργεί ως δανειστής τελευταίας ευκαιρίας. Μ’ άλλα λόγια η ΕΚΤ, «κατ’
8
εικόνα και ομοίωση» της πάλαι ποτέ Γερμανικής Ομοσπονδιακής Τράπεζας, δεν μπορεί να δανείζει By τα Mr. Κράτη, να αγοράζει δηλαδή κρατικά George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS ομόλογα, όταν το επιτόκιό τους ξεπεράσει ένα όριο που επιβάλλουν οι Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS διεθνείς χρηματοπιστωτικές αγορές. Architect Studentηofελληνική the Schoolοικονομία of Architecture Εξάλλου, σ’ αυτήν την κατάσταση βρέθηκε το Technical University of Crete 2009-2010, όταν τα επιτόκια δανεισμού, (εξαιτίας της υπερχρέωσης της χώρας μας και της συρρίκνωσης διεθνούς ρευστότητας, λόγω της 1. Introductory approach: Definingτης the concept διεθνούς κρίσης του 2007-2008), αυξήθηκαν σε (444 μη βιώσιμα επίπεδα. Την 1. Introductory approach: the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, BC - 370 BC, Athens), κρίσιμη εκείνη ώρα θα ηus,Χώρα μας να απευθυνθεί στην για ANTISTHENIS, theμπορούσε ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC,ΕΚΤ, Athens), among other wise heritage he left he established a great the να πωλήσει τα ομόλογά της με λογικά επιτόκια, αν η Ευρωπαϊκή Κεντρική among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the Τράπεζα να this ταstarts αγοράσει. acquisition of knowledge with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, μπορούσε therefore, on “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated aκαι, first,συνεπώς, if (in notthe final, the term Τέτοια δυνατότητα δεν υπήρχε οapproach, μόνος τρόπος (and urban gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification δανεισμού ήταν η the δημιουργία ενός Ευρωπαϊκού Ταμείου Sociology as well), as “refining” of a cityπροσωρινού area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of aγια cityνα area, the fromthere this, of (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and theremoval placement artists, Χρηματοπιστωτικής Σταθερότητας δανειστεί η Χώρα μας, πράγμα ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the of artσυνοδεύτηκε galleries, restaurants, etc. However thisπεριοριστικούς “change”, regardless of πουoperation έγινε, αλλά από τους γνωστούς όρους the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results rising of επέβαλε land prices theof του περίφημου πρώτου Μνημονίου, πουalso εν πολλοίς το (and Διεθνές whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative Νομισματικό Ταμείο για πρώτη φορά σε ευρωπαϊκή χώρα. potential relative speculation). TheΑπό termτότε gentrification is found at first the UK inζητούμενο early 1960s είναι, and it refers to και μέχρι σήμερα τοin μεγάλο όχι να The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor τροποποιηθεί το Καταστατικό της ΕΚΤ, ώστε να μπορεί να in χρηματοδοτεί the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof με νομισματικά μέσα δημοσιονομικά ελλείμματα απαράδεκτο London, upgrade them,τα stay themselves sometimes there (πράγμα and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. για τηindirectly νομισματική ορθοδοξία, καθώς θεωρείται αιτία πληθωρισμού), being “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth αλλάA description να εκδίδονται ώστε ναinwere μοιράζεται, μεταξύ των ofperiod, thisευρωομόλογα, phenomenon is situations included the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar recorded in other major οικονομικά ισχυρών και των οικονομικά λιγότερο ισχυρών ευρωπαϊκών GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. χωρών, οthen, κίνδυνος και has έτσι να αγοράζονται ταscholars ομόλογα αυτά από τις Since the issue several and for its more Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more διεθνείς χρηματοπιστωτικές με λογικά επιτόκια. Μέχρι comprehensive approach areαγορές being summarized below, from theστιγμής, various comprehensive approach are καθώς being summarized below, fromχώρες the various αυτό δεν έχειof γίνει εφικτό, αντιδρούνtheοι ισχυρές του interpretations the phenomenon of gentrification, following: interpretations of the με phenomenon gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of (έστω a new social groups Ευρωπαϊκού Βορρά πρώτη τηof Γερμανία, και αν of η πιθανότητα to “return”του to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high in money αύξησης πληθωρισμού είναι ασήμαντη), αρνούμενες ναcosts μοιραστούν and to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the την time αναμενόμενη αύξηση του κόστους δανεισμού τους. The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for born in sense1.of safety the outside town centres, better Έτσι, όταν η distributed Χώρα μας residencies χρειασθεί και πάλι δανεισμό από τις was διεθνείς Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,πρέπει (possibly) χρηματοπιστωτικές μετά τοGermany τέλος του Μνημονίου, ναfor Youth Unemployment. Theαγορές same year she left and after continuous movements lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, studies and σε research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York sheπράγμα came backπου to London, where κρατηθεί απόλυτη δημοσιονομική ισορροπία, θαetc.την in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and αναγκάσει να συνεχίσει να εφαρμόζει περιοριστική οικονομική πολιτική, University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her μόνο work are characterized by a passionεποπτείας, for justice. Seeαλλά also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. όχι λόγω της ευρωπαϊκής και λόγω του φόβου της and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: αύξησης των επιτοκίων δανεισμού από τις διεθνείς χρηματοπιστωτικές G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually αγορές.
2521 11