prasinoi 102 - 112

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Οι Πράσινοι Φόροι ως Αειφορίας GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types ofΜοντέλο Intervention, και Μοχλός Αναπτυξιακής Πολιτικής Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification σε επίπεδο Τοπικής Αυτοδιοίκησης Concerns

Της κυρίας Βασιλικής ΜΕΛΕΤΗ Οικονομολόγου,

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Μsc Οικονομ. και Harvard Περιφερ. Ανάπτ. Graduate ΠαντείουSchool Πανεπιστημίου Κ.Π.Ε.

University, of Design, Student,

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect

102

Student of the School of Architecture Περίληψη Technical University of Crete Το παρόν πραγματεύεται το επίκαιρο θέμα των Πράσινων Φόρων, οι οποίοι, με σημαντικές περιβαλλοντικές δράσεις, θεωρούνται αλληλένδετοι με 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept την 1.αειφόρο ανάπτυξη. Αρχικά, με δεδομένο, ότι οι ΟΤΑ αποτελούν μια Introductory approach: Defining the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ανοιχτή οικονομική και οικολογική οντότητα, υποστηρίζεται, ότι κύριος ρόλος ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the τους είναι η ανάπτυξη μιας συλλογικής τοπικής περιβαλλοντικής δράσης, among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. γεγονός, που μπορεί να επιτευχθεί με τους Πράσινους Φόρους. Στη συνέχεια, acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition of the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if not final, approach, the term καθώς οι ΟΤΑ1 παρουσιάζουν συνεχώς και πιο αυξημένες ανάγκες για Πράσινη Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification Ανάπτυξη καταγράφεται η αναγκαίαisisindicated λειτουργία αναπτυσσόμενου 1 (and urban gentrification) gentrification indicated (inτου thefrom area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal this, (in various θεσμού τωνasΠράσινων Φόρων στην Ευρώπη, μεthe αναφορά και στη χώρα μας, Sociology well), as the “refining” of a city area, removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ενώ στοofτέλος παρατίθενται συμπεράσματα και the σκέψεις για το μέλλον της ways), social groups, usually of low-income and placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”,there regardless of Πράσινης Περιβαλλοντικής Μεταρρύθμισης. the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However regardless whatever other has, results risingthis of “change”, land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative Λέξεις Κλειδιά: ΟΤΑ, Πράσινοι Φόροι, Φορολογία, Περιβάλλον potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor Εισαγωγή the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof Οι Πράσινοι Φόροι πρωτεύοντα ρόλο Ευρώπη, London, upgrade them, stayδιαδραματίζουν themselves sometimes there and thusστην old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. καθώς εστιάζουν στη συλλογή και διαχείριση κονδυλίων, που προορίζονται being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth για A τηdescription στήριξη περιβαλλοντικών δράσεων. Ενδεικτικά, οι of Πράσινοι ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in otherΦόροι major στοχεύουν παγκοσμίως στην καταπολέμηση της μόλυνσης, στη GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. βελτιστοποίηση των περιβαλλοντικών συνθηκών, στην and προστασία των cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has several scholars for its more Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more θαλασσών, στην ορθολογική διαχείριση των δασικών περιοχών και στην comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various αποτελεσματική ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας. interpretations of χρήση the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups Πράσινη Ανάπτυξη και Αναπτυξιακός Ρόλος των ΟΤΑ to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time travelαίτημα from theτου purlieus downtown, whereείναι workτοπικές place is, lack of the Το to μείζον αιώναtoμας παγκοσμίως κοινωνίες 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, δίκαιες και περιβαλλοντικά υγιείς, In που καταλαμβάνουν θέσηentitled: στο Berlin, where she made her first studies.

1932 she published an κυρίαρχη important study services of ζήτημα health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the (possibly) Youth Unemployment.

The same year she left and after continuous movements for κρίσιμο της μείωσης τωνGermany επιπτώσεων στοcity”, περιβάλλον, lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private car access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London andκαι Neweasier York she came to back to London, εξοικονομώντας ενεργειακούς πόρους συντονίζοντας τις τοπικές in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and εταιρικές σχέσεις, τις τεχνολογικές καινοτομίες και τις οργανωτικές University informal College of London, where she continued her social research.

Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH δυνατότητες, προς το σκοπό να καταστούν ελκυστικότερες και ωςDICTIONARY. προς τις and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: οικονομικές τους δραστηριότητες.

G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

Ο λόγος γίνεται για την αειφόρο ανάπτυξη, δηλαδή τη βιωσιμότητα του κοινωνικού συνόλου, που αφορά στην εκμετάλλευση των πηγών, την κατεύθυνση των επενδύσεων, τον προσανατολισμό της Πράσινης Ανάπτυξης, αλλά και τον εξορθολογισμό του θεσμικού πλαισίου των ΟΤΑ (Δεληθέου, 2012)1. Η ανάπτυξη αυτή μπορεί υπό προϋποθέσεις να επιτευχθεί μέσω της Τοπικής Αυτοδιοίκησης. Δεν υπάρχει άλλωστε αμφιβολία ότι ο στόχος ανάπτυξης των ΟΤΑ μπορεί να υποβοηθήσει το στόχο εκδημοκρατισμού

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS συνολικά των κοινωνιών.

Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student,

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Ωστόσο, η εικόνα που επικρατεί στη χώρα μας, αναφορικάArchitect με τη Student of και the School of Architecture φορολογική εξουσία της Τοπικής Αυτοδιοίκησης της φορολογικής Technical University of Crete αποκέντρωσης είναι κατά βάση αρνητική, δεδομένης της ευρύτερης πορείας της1. φορολογικής λειτουργίας των the ΟΤΑconcept (Πετράκος & Ψυχάρης, 2016)2.

Introductory approach: Defining Ιστορικά, το ήδη χαμηλό ποσοστό (4,78%) της φορολογικής αποκέντρωσης 1. Introductory approach: the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), που ANTISTHENIS, επιτεύχθηκε το the 1950, σημειώνει έως σήμερα σταθερή τιμή ancient Greek philosopher, BC -πτώση 370 BC,(με Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great “principle”: the 0,67%), σύμφωνα με επίσημα καταγεγραμμένα στοιχεία συσχετισμού among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the φορολογικών εσόδων starts μεταξύ Αυτοδιοίκησης και Κεντρικής acquisition of knowledge withΤοπικής theindefinition the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term Διοίκησης.

1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Επειδή, λοιπόν, οι ΟΤΑ στην Ελλάδα δεν μπορούν να αναζητήσουν Sociology asφορολογία, well), as the “refining” of a cityκαι area, the fromthere this, of (in various ways), ofστη social groups, usually of low-income and theremoval placement artists, διέξοδο σε εισπρακτικό παράλληλα επενδυτικό επίπεδο, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, 3 the operation of art galleries, restaurants, However thisμια “change”, regardless of σε έργα και δράσεις (Δεληθέου, 2008) etc. , παρατηρείται διαχρονικά σαφής the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other results rising of land (and theof συρρίκνωση τηςconsequences φορολογικής has, δράσης τουςalso σε συνδυασμό μεprices την κρατούσα whatever other consequences results also rising of στηρίζεται land prices«εκ (and the potential relative speculation). άποψη για το υπάρχον πρότυποhas, τοπικής ανάπτυξης, που των potential relative speculation).

TheΕιδικότερα, term gentrification is found in the UKΕγχώριο in early 1960s andτης it refers to άνω». συγκριτικά με at τοfirst Ακαθόριστο Προϊόν χώρας The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor μας, τα φορολογικά έσοδα των ΟΤΑ παρουσιάζουν μεταπολεμικά, εξαιρετικά the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, stay themselves thus old residents areof χαμηλές upgrade τιμές μεthem, έντονα διαγραφόμενη πτωτική τάση.and Εδώ είναι απαραίτητη London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. η επισήμανση της διαφοροποίησης μεταξύ των φορολογικών εσόδων being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Κεντρικής και Κοινωνικής Διοίκησης σε αντίθεση με τα αντίστοιχαRuth της A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major Τοπικής Αυτοδιοίκησης: τα εν λόγω έσοδα αποτυπώνονται με θετικό GLASS at the same period, similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, bywhile other Researchers. πρόσημο ως προς τα έσοδα της Τοπικής Αυτοδιοίκησης (Παπαδάκη & cities in Western countries, by other Researchers.

Since then, the has preoccupied several scholars for itsεποχή more 4. Ηissue Ψυχάρης, καταγραφή αυτή εξακολουθεί ισχύειand και στην Since 1996) then, the issue has severalνα scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from μας με αμείωτη ένταση. comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the 1 Δεληθέου, Β. distributed (2012) Περιφερειακή μέσω Οικονομικών termat comes from Sociologist Ruth Ανάπτυξη GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth GLASS for wasΖωνώνborn in sense1.ofThe safety the residencies outside townΕιδικών centres, search better Αμφιλεγόμενες Ελληνική και ηIn Διεθνής Εμπειρία, Αθήνα.

Berlin, whereΠροσεγγίσεις-Η she made her first studies.

1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly)for Youth2Unemployment.

The same year Περιφερειακή she left Germany and after continuous movements Πετράκος, Γ., Ψυχάρης, Γ. (2016) Ανάπτυξη στην Ελλάδα, 2η Έκδοση, Αθήνα, lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, Κριτική.

3 she published in According 1943 studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due aκαιsystematic and Δεληθέου, Β. (2008) Θεσμικό Πλαίσιο Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης Οργάνωσης της University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Διοίκησης του Κράτους, Αθήνα. her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 4 Παπαδάκη, Ο., Ψυχάρης, Γ.

(1996) Κίνητρα και Περιφερειακή Ανάπτυξη and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit.

Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd.«Αναπτυξιακά London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: στην Ελλάδα Τάσεις κατά την Τρέχουσα Δεκαετία», στο Επιθεώρηση Αποκέντρωσης Τοπικής G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually Αυτοδιοίκησης και Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης, τ. 5.

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

Πιο συγκεκριμένα, οι λόγοι που οδήγησαν στη σταδιακή μείωση των φορολογικών εσόδων των ΟΤΑ, θα πρέπει να αναζητηθούν κυρίως στο γεγονός της λειτουργίας μεγάλου πλήθους ΟΤΑ με πολύ μικρό πληθυσμό, κάτω των 500 κατοίκων, με αποτέλεσμα την αδυναμία στη διαχείρισή τους, αλλά και στην εν γένει φιλοσοφία του κράτους που θεωρεί την επιβολή φορολογίας ως αρνητικό μέτρο, με αποτέλεσμα την κατάργηση τοπικών φόρων και την αντικατάστασή τους από τέλη ή οποιαδήποτε άλλη

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS ονοματολογία επιβάλλεται «κεντρικά» (Βαρδάκα, κ.ά., 2004)5. Το κράτος στην Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, προκειμένη περίπτωση δε λειτουργεί πελατειακά, ασκεί σε Architect μεγάλο

By Mr. George-Sp. αλλά C. ATHANASSOPOULOS βαθμό εξουσία ως προς τη λειτουργία των δήμων.

Student of the School of Architecture

University of Crete Σχετική προβληματική έχει εκκινήσει ήδη με Technical το Ν. 1828/1989, βάσει του1.οποίου συνδέθηκε το σύστημα επιχορηγήσεων και οι ΟΤΑ με Introductory approach: Definingκρατικών the concept την απόδοση συγκεκριμένων φόρων και τελών. Η μεταρρύθμιση αυτή είχε ως 1. Introductory approach: the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), αποτέλεσμα από τη μια πλευρά να βελτιωθεί ο έλεγχος τουBC, κρατικού ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the προϋπολογισμού, ενώ από την άλλη, κατέληξαν οι ΟΤΑ να απολέσουν την among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the ανεξαρτησία και η starts διαχείριση οικονομικών τους να μη γίνεται acquisition ofτους knowledge with theτων the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term σύμφωνα με αντικειμενικά κριτήρια των ΟΤΑ, αλλά με κριτήρια οριζόμενα 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 6 (Σαπουνάκης, 2013)7.

1κράτος από το ίδιο (Δεληθέου, 2008) gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology asτο well), as the “refining” of a city,isarea, the removal (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways),Οofβαθμός social groups, usuallyαρμοδιοτήτων of low-income σε andκατώτερα the placement thereδιοίκησης, of artists, εκχώρησης επίπεδα ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However “change”, regardless of όπως λόγου χάρη στην Τοπική Αυτοδιοίκηση, ονομάζεται βαθμός the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever otherκαι consequences has, από results rising ofτην land prices (and theof αποκέντρωσης χαρακτηρίζεται δύοalso διαστάσεις: ποσοτική και την whatever consequences has, results also of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). ποιοτική. Ηother ποσοτική διάσταση εκτιμάται από τοrising μέγεθος των εσόδων ή των potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found first in theτων UK in early 1960s and it refersτης to δαπανών της Αυτοδιοίκησης ωςatποσοστό αντίστοιχων μεγεθών The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor Κεντρικής Διοίκησης ή του συνολικού Δημόσιου Τομέα (Ψυχάρης & Σιμάτου, the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stayβαθμό themselves and thus old residents areof μεγαλύτερο αποκέντρωσης there σημειώνει ένα κράτος, τόσο 2003)8. Όσο London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. ισχυρότερη αναδεικνύεται η Τοπική Αυτοδιοίκηση. Η ποιοτική διάσταση, από being indirectly “squeezed”. description of thisσε phenomenon included in theεξουσίας work of Sociologist Ruth τηνAάλλη, εκτιμάται συνδυασμόis με το βαθμό – δυνατότητα A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major παρέμβασης της Τοπικής Αυτοδιοίκησης στη λήψηwere αποφάσεων. Ο ρόλος που GLASS at the same period, while similar situations recorded in other major cities in Western by other Researchers. καλείται λοιπόνcountries, να διαδραματίσει Τοπική Αυτοδιοίκηση στη διακυβέρνηση cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied otherηResearchers.

Since then, the issue has scholars and της for its more ενόςSince κράτους, δεν προκύπτει μόνο από τοseveral πηλίκο εσόδων τα then, the issue has severalτων scholars andthe forπρος its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from various έσοδα της Κεντρικής Διοίκησης. Έτσι,summarized π.χ., όταν ταbelow, έσοδαfrom των the ΟΤΑvarious μιας comprehensive approach are being interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: χώρας είναι υψηλά σε σχέση με τα έσοδα του κράτους, αλλά το μεγαλύτερο interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups μέρος προέρχεται από κρατικές επιχορηγήσεις, τότε η Τοπική Αυτοδιοίκηση to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly)for Youth5Unemployment.

The same she Κ., left Χάβου, Germany after continuous movements Βαρδάκα, Δ., Θεοχάρη, Σ.,year Καρρά, Ε. and (2004) Χρηματοοικονομική Ανάλυση lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access markets, etc.where studies andΑπολογισμών research in Geneva, Prague,ΟΤΑ, London and New York she came to back to London, Οικονομικών Πρωτοβάθμιων Αθήνα.

6 she published in According 1943 studies regarding city planning.

In 1950 she became teacher the to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and Δεληθέου, Β. (2008) Θεσμικό πλαίσιο Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης και Οργάνωσηςin της University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Διοίκησης του Κράτους, Αθήνα. her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 7 Σαπουνάκης, Τ. (2013) Οικονομικά της Τοπικής ΕΚΔΔΑ. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit.

Wil. SONS AND Ltd. LondonΑυτοδιοίκησης, 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 8 Ψυχάρης, Γ., Σιμάτου, Ε.

(2003) Η Οργάνωση της Δημόσιας Διοίκησης σε Περιφερειακό και G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually

104

Τοπικό Επίπεδο στην Ελλάδα Σειρά Ερευνητικών Εργασιών, 9 (29).

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns Αν και, εντός των ετών της κρίσης, κατέστη αναγκαία η ενδυνάμωση

είναι άμεσα εξαρτημένη από την Κεντρική Διοίκηση και δεν είναι σε θέση να επηρεάσει τη λήψη αποφάσεων, γεγονός που ισχύει και στην Ελλάδα, όπου οι περισσότεροι δήμοι θεωρούνται εξαρτημένοι από το κράτος (Doumpos & Cohen, 2014)9.

της Τοπικής Αυτοδιοίκησης ως λύση στην αντιμετώπιση της καθίζησης της οικονομίας10, στην πράξη, δενBy υπάρχει ουσιαστική πρόθεση για Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS αποκέντρωση, αλλά τρόπον τινάUniversity, για μετατροπή των ΟΤΑ of σεDesign, «πράκτορες – Harvard Graduate School Student,

By Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASSOPOULOS αντιπροσώπους» της Κεντρικής Διοίκησης. Συνεπώς, ηC.εκτίμηση του Architect βαθμού Student the Schoolμεταβλητών, of Architecture αποκέντρωσης απαιτεί το συνυπολογισμό και άλλωνofποιοτικών Technical University όπως τη συμμετοχή στον προγραμματισμό, τη λειτουργία of Crete του αυτοδιοικητικού θεσμού ως εκτελεστικής βαθμίδας που επηρεάζει ή όχι τη 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept λήψη αποφάσεων, την απουσία ή την παρουσία διοικητικής παρέμβασης της 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, Κεντρικής Διοίκησης the στοancient έργο της Αυτοδιοίκησης καθώςBC και 370 τη φορολογική ANTISTHENIS, Greek philosopher, BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great-“principle”: the εξουσία. among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theότι the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a οι first, if of not final, approach, the term Η οικονομική θεωρία διδάσκει, φόροι και ο βαθμός εκχώρησης 1 (and urban Based, therefore, onκράτος this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification αρμοδιοτήτων από το στους ΟΤΑ εξαρτώνται από συγκεκριμένους 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various παράγοντες, όπως π.χ.: ο βαθμός οικονομικής ανεξαρτησίας που κρίνεται Sociology as well), the “refining” of a city στην area, removal fromthere this, (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually ofΔιοίκηση, low-income andthe the placement of σκόπιμο από τηνasΚεντρική πραγματικότητα από τους ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of αιρετούς της of Κεντρικής Διοίκησης, να εκχωρηθεί στους ΟΤΑ, το μέγεθος των the operation ofconsequences art restaurants, etc.also However regardless whatever other has,που results risingthis of “change”, land prices (and theof ΟΤΑ καθώς και οι galleries, αρμοδιότητες έχουν αποκεντρωμένα μεταβιβαστεί whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices2015) (and 11 the potential relative speculation). στην Τοπική Αυτοδιοίκηση (Kyriacou, Muinelo-Gallo & Roca-Sagalés, . potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in με early 1960s andοδηγεί it refers to Η πάσης φύσης ελεγχόμενη κατάσταση αναφορικά τους ΟΤΑ, στα The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor εκ διαμέτρου αντίθετα από τα αναμενόμενα αποτελέσματα ως προς τη the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof διαδικασία λήψης αποφάσεων, δεδομένου ότι η εκάστοτε κυβέρνηση London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. καθορίζει -ανάλογα με τη στρατηγική που ακολουθεί- και την being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon αποτελεσματική λειτουργία τους. is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major Οι ΟΤΑ, επίσης, δεν έχουν συνολικά την ίδια δυνατότητα άντλησης cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. φορολογικών διαφορετικής φοροδοτικής ικανότητας των Since then, εσόδων, the issue λόγω has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars andthe for its more δημοτών, ούτε approach τις ίδιες ανάγκες. με κάθεbelow, ενδεχόμενη εκχώρηση comprehensive are beingΈτσι, summarized from various comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various φορολογικής εξουσίας στην Τοπική Αυτοδιοίκηση, άλλοι ΟΤΑ βρίσκονται με interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations of the phenomenon of the following: περισσότερα έσοδα από όσα χρειάζονται, άλλοι μεofλιγότερα. Η In a sense, the phenomenon is due togentrification, a trend of ενώ a new category social groups οικονομική ανισότητα που εύλογα προκύπτει εξ αυτού του γεγονότος, to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly) Youth9Unemployment.

The same yearApplying she leftdata Germany and after continuous Doumpos , M., Cohen, S. (2014) envelopment analysis on accounting data tofor lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies research Geneva,ofPrague, London and New York she46. came back to London, assess andand optimize the in efficiency Greek local governments.

Omega, 10 she published in According 1943 studies regarding city planning.

In 1950 she became teacher the to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and Αθανασόπουλος, Γ. Κ. (2009) Τοις Εντευξομένοις ή το Αληθές Διακύβευμα in της University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Οικονομικής Κρίσης, Επιθεώρηση Αποκέντρωσης Τοπικής Αυτοδιοίκησης και Περιφερειακής her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Ανάπτυξης (55). and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit.

Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 11 Kyriacou, A. P., Muinelo‐Gallo, L., & Roca‐Sagalés, O. (2015) Fiscal Decentralization and G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually Regional Disparities: The Importance of Good Governance. Papers in Regional Science, 94 (1).

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

αποτελεί πάγιο φαινόμενο στη χώρα μας. Έτσι, σε μια χώρα, όπως η Ελλάδα, που δε διαθέτει βιομηχανία, ενώ ο πολιτισμός θα μπορούσε να αποφέρει σπουδαία κέρδη, δυστυχώς δεν καταγράφεται αξιόλογο θετικό πρόσημο, εξαιτίας των πολλαπλών «τοπικών κρουσμάτων» κακοδιαχείρισης ή λανθασμένης διαχείρισης σε επίπεδο Αυτοδιοίκησης (Δεληθέου, Μποράνα & Τσαλαβούτας, 2012)12. Στο εύλογο ερώτημα, εάν υπάρχουν δυνατότητες αντιμετώπισης του προβλήματος, είναι σαφές ότι οι Πράσινοι Φόροι θα

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS μπορούσαν να οδηγήσουν υπό προϋποθέσεις σε βιώσιμη λύση, καθώς, μέσω Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, ορισμένης ορθής διαχείρισής τουςByαπό τους ΟΤΑ, C. μπορεί να επιτευχθεί Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect ικανοποιητική βελτίωση της περιβαλλοντικής ανάπτυξης, βιωσιμότητα των Student of the School of Architecture δήμων και εισροή οικονομικών πόρων προς νέεςTechnical επενδύσεις. Ακολουθεί University of Crete επεξήγηση της Περιβαλλοντικής Φορολογικής Μεταρρύθμισης.

1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), Χρήση των Φόρων amongΑποτελεσματική other wise heritage he left us,Πράσινων he established a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the Η Περιβαλλοντική Φορολογική Μεταρρύθμιση αποτελεί από τα acquisition of knowledge starts with thein definition the content of ένα concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term ισχυρότερα τόσο για“principle” την προστασία περιβάλλοντος και 1μέσα Based, therefore, on this inindicated a first,του if (in not final, approach, the την term (and urban gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification αντιμετώπιση της κλιματικής αλλαγής, όσο και για την εύρεση πόρων σε 1 gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various επίπεδο ΟΤΑ, ώστε να επαναπροσδιοριστούν αθροιστικά τα επίπεδα Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, λειτουργίας τους. Αναμφίβολα, η low-income περιβαλλοντική κρίση οδηγεί there στη συνεχώς ways), of social groups, usually of and the placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of αυξανόμενη συνειδητοποίηση των πολιτών ως προς τα περιβαλλοντικά the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless of whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the 13. Στόχος μιας θέματα στις κατά τόπους κοινωνίες (European Eco Fund, 2017) whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). τέτοιας Μεταρρύθμισης είναι ναatεκριζώσει περιβαλλοντική potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found first in theτη UKχρονίζουσα in early 1960s and it refers to κρίση, παρότι έρχεται αντιμέτωπη με τη δυστοκία των ελεύθερων αγορών να The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refers the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor ofto λάβουν υπόψη τους το δυσμενή αντίκτυπο της καταστροφικής δράσης τους the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof 14. old Όπου έχουν στο περιβάλλον (Von stay Weizsäcker Jesinghaus, London, upgrade them, themselves&sometimes there2014) and thus residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. αξιολογηθεί οι Πράσινοι Φόροι, τα στοιχεία κινούνται συντριπτικά προς την A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work Sociologist Ruth κατεύθυνση αποτελούν τελεσφόρο μέσο μείωσης της of περιβαλλοντικής GLASS at theότι same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major επιβάρυνσης, καθώς δημιουργούν επιπλέον φορολογικά έσοδα για την cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. κυβέρνηση, πουthe μάλιστα τείνουν εν καιρώseveral να γίνονται σταθερά (Croson & Since then, issue has preoccupied scholars and for its more 15. the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more Since then, Treich, 2014) comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, theαντιληπτό, following: Οι Πράσινοι Φόροι είναι, όπως γίνεται φόροι που interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the 12 Δεληθέου, Β., distributed Μποράνα, Λ.,residencies & Τσαλαβούτας, Δ.

(2012)centres, Πολιτιστική Βιομηχανία καιin termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born sense1.ofThe safety the outside town for Ανάπτυξη: Στόχος τηςmade Ενιαίας Πολιτιστικής Πολιτικής. Αξιοποιώντας τα Πλεονεκτήματα Berlin, where she herΕλληνικής first studies.

In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment.

The sameΣυνεδρία year she Germany and afterΑνάπτυξης. continuous movements for του Ελληνικού Πολιτιστικού Τομέα, 2.left Πολιτικές Πολιτιστικής 13 lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access markets, etc.where studies and in Geneva, Prague, London and στην New York sheΑυτοδιοίκηση, came to back to European London, EEF research (2017) Χρηματοδότηση Πράσινων Έργων Τοπική Eco in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning.

In 1950 she became teacher in the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and Fund.

University College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and 14 long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Von Weizsäcker, E. U., & Jesinghaus, J. (2014) Ecological tax Reform. In Ernst Ulrich von her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Weizsäcker.

Springer International Publishing. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit.

Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 15 Croson, R., & Treich, N. (2014) Behavioural Environmental Economics: Promises and G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually

106

Challenges. Environmental and Resource Economics, 58 (3).

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

επιβάλλονται σε όλες τις επιβλαβείς προς το περιβάλλον οικονομικές δραστηριότητες και αποσκοπούν στην προώθηση φιλοπεριβαλλοντικών δραστηριοτήτων, μέσω οικονομικών κινήτρων. Η χρήση Πράσινων Φόρων μπορεί να συγκρατήσει τα συνολικά φορολογικά έσοδα, μειώνοντας αναλογικά τους άλλους φόρους. Οι προτάσεις αυτές είναι γνωστές ως Μετατόπιση προς την Πράσινη Φορολογία16. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό, η αξιολόγηση οικονομικών και περιβαλλοντικών επιδράσεων μπορεί να πραγματοποιηθεί

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS με τη χρήση ενός ειδικού μακροοικονομικού μοντέλου (Lanoie, et al, 2011)17.

Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Προς επίρρωση της εν λόγω Byδιαπίστωσης, Πράσινης Mr. George-Sp.η C.Επιτροπή ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Δημοσιονομικής Πολιτικής έχει αξιοποιήσει Student ένα τέτοιο οικονομικό μοντέλο, of the School of Architecture προκειμένου να εκτιμήσει τις ακριβείς συνέπειες μιας Πράσινης Φορολογικής Technical University of Crete Μετατόπισης με χρονικό ορίζοντα έως το 2020 (Kaygusuz, 2012)18.

1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept προκειμένω, μια εκτενήςtheανάλυση των συνεπειών των 1. Εν Introductory approach: concept (444 ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, BC - 370 BC, Athens), Περιβαλλοντικών Φορολογικών Μεταρρυθμίσεων σε ευρωπαϊκό είχε ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370επίπεδο BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the 19. πραγματοποιηθεί από το ερευνητικό πρόγραμμα COMETR (COMETR, 2016) among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the Κεντρικός στόχος του έργου ήταν να definition εκτιμηθούν the ενδεικτικά οι concepts. επιπτώσεις acquisition of knowledge starts with the content of Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if of not final, approach, the term στηνBased, ανταγωνιστικότητα των περιβαλλοντικών φορολογικών 1 therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and μεταρρυθμίσεων, στα 6 of κράτη μέλη της ΕΕthe που σε gentrification urban gentrification) indicated (in areaεπένδυσαν of Planning) (or Sociology as well), asιδίως the “refining” a cityisarea, the removal from this, (in various περιβαλλοντικές μεταρρυθμίσεις, όπως η Δανία, η Φινλανδία, η Γερμανία, η Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, Ολλανδία, η Σουηδία και το Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο. μελετήθηκαν και ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and Επιπλέον, thethis placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However “change”, regardless of περιβαλλοντικά ζητήματα με βάση ένα ειδικό μακροοικονομικό οικολογικό the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof μοντέλο γνωστό ως E3ME. Από την εικόνα των of αποτελεσμάτων whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising land prices (andτου the potential relative εφαρμοσθέντος μοντέλου προέκυψε ότι οι Περιβαλλοντικές Φορολογικές potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to Μεταρρυθμίσεις, που αφορούν κυρίως σεinφόρους ενέργειας /to The term gentrification found atpeople first the UK κατανάλωσης in early 1960s and itareas refersof the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy peopleαερίων to there buyτου property in poor areas CO2, έχουν επιφέρει μείωση των εκπομπών σε όλες London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes andθερμοκηπίου thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves there and thus residents are τις ενindirectly λόγω χώρες. Το σχήμα εκφράζειsometimes τη διαφορά μεταξύ τηςold πραγματικής being “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. κατάστασης των Περιβαλλοντικών Φορολογικών Μεταρρυθμίσεων, της A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth βασικής περίπτωσης και μιας αντιφατικής περίπτωσης αναφοράς χωρίς GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major GLASS atΠεριβαλλοντικών the same period, situations were recorded in other major εισαγωγή Μεταρρυθμίσεων. cities in Western countries, bywhile othersimilar Researchers. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: 16 interpretations of theM., phenomenon gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, theY., phenomenon is dueS.of to(2016) a trend of a new social groups Psycharis, Zoi, & Iliopoulou, Decentralization and Local of Government Fiscal Autonomy: Evidence from the Greek Municipalities.

Environment and Planning C: Government and to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Policy, 34 (2). and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the 17 Lanoie, P., Laurent-Lucchetti, J., Johnstone, N., & Ambec, (2011) Environmental Policy, termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside townS. centres, search Innovation and she Performance: Insights In on 1932 the Porter Hypothesis.

Journal of study Economics & Berlin, where made her New first studies. she published an important entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment.

Management Strategy, 20 The (3). same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for 18 and research lower living cost of, “withdrawal” private car markets, etc.where studies in Geneva, Prague, London and Neweasier York she came back to London, Kaygusuz, K. (2012) Energy for from sustainable development: Aaccess case of to developing countries. in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning.

In 1950 she became teacher in the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16 (2).

University College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and 19 long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying COMETR, (2016) Policy Brief (a summary of COMETR findings), Available at: her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. http://www2.dmu.dk/cometr/Partner%20only/Brussels/policy%20brief/COMETR_Policy_Brief_Mar and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: _2007.pdf [7-8-2018].

G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

Η επίδραση των Περιβαλλοντικών Φορολογικών Μεταρρυθμίσεων στην ποσοστιαία διαφορά των εκπομπών αερίων του θερμοκηπίου

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student,

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete

1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Πηγή: Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), COMETR 2016 ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the Πράσινη Φορολογία και ΟΤΑ among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the Συνοψίζονται στοthis σημείο αυτόthe ορισμένοι τους κυριότερους λόγους acquisition of knowledge starts with the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on “principle” indefinition a first, από if of not final, approach, the term 1 χρήσης Πράσινων στην ενίσχυσηis των Αρχικά, οι ενthe λόγω Based, therefore, on this “principle” inδράσης a first, if notΟΤΑ. final, approach, term (andΦόρων urban gentrification) indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (andιδιαίτερα gentrification urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or φόροι αποτελούν αποδοτικά μέσα την εσωτερίκευση του Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, theγια removal (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various εξωτερικού κόστους, δηλαδή την ενσωμάτωση του κόστους των ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually ofζημιών, low-income and the placement there of artists, περιβαλλοντικών υπηρεσιών και καθώς και της αποκατάστασής τους, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless άμεσα στις τιμέςconsequences των αγαθών,has, τωνresults υπηρεσιών ή τωνofδραστηριοτήτων, whatever other also rising land prices (andπου theof whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land της prices (and «ο the δημιουργούν το speculation). κόστος, ενώ συμβάλλουν στην εφαρμογή αρχής potential relative potential relative speculation). ρυπαίνων στην ολοκλήρωση των 1960s οικονομικών The term πληρώνει» gentrificationκαι is found at first in the UK in early and it refersκαι to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refers the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor ofto περιβαλλοντικών πολιτικών. Παράλληλα, παρέχουν τόσο για τους the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy inσυμπεριφορά poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof καταναλωτές όσο και τουςof παραγωγούς, κίνητρα ναproperty αλλάξουν London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. στην κατεύθυνση μιας ανεπτυγμένης και οικολογικά αποδοτικής χρήσης being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description this phenomenon includedκαι in the work of Sociologist Ruth πόρων. Στον ίδιοof βαθμό, μπορούν να is αυξήσουν το επίπεδο των εσόδων, τα A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major οποία χρησιμοποιούνται με σκοπό τη βελτίωση στη ofδιαχείριση των GLASS at the same period, while situations were recorded in other major 20. cities in Western countries, by(Krass, othersimilar Researchers. περιβαλλοντικών δαπανών Nedorezov & Ovchinnikov, 2013) cities in Western countries, by other Researchers.

Since then, theΦορολογία issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more Η Πράσινη είναι επομένως ένα μέσο αλλαγής νοοτροπίας Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from και, συνδυαστικά με την περιβαλλοντική εκπαίδευση, είναι σε θέση να comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations phenomenon of gentrification, theΟΤΑ following: δημιουργήσει of μιαtheνέα τάξη πραγμάτων για τους (Psycharis, Zoi, & interpretations the phenomenon of thecategory following: In a sense,2016) theof phenomenon is due togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups 21. Όμως, οι Iliopoulou, Πράσινοι Φόροι αυτονόητα δεν πρέπει να to “return” toτυχαία. the city,Ηleaving the purlieus for several reasons: high και costsανάπτυξη in money εισάγονται ενημέρωση και εκπαίδευση στη χρήση and to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of και the τωνtime Πράσινων Φόρων είναι απαραίτητη για να επέλθει η ορθή χρήση τους termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, 20 she published in According 1943 studies regarding city planning.

In 1950 she became teacher in the to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and Krass, D., Nedorezov, T., & Ovchinnikov, A. (2013) Environmental Taxes and the Choice of University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Green Technology. Production and Operations Management, 22 (5). her work 21 are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Psycharis, Y., Zoi, etc., M., &for Iliopoulou, S. (2016) Decentralization and Local Government Fiscal and selling realCOLLINS estate, theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit.

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

η ανάπτυξη των δήμων μέσα από τη βελτίωση της εικόνας και λειτουργίας τους (Παλαιοκρασσάς, 2010)22. Ο αντίκτυπος των Πράσινων Φόρων στη συμπεριφορά καταναλωτών και παραγωγών, καθώς και στην τεχνολογία, ενισχύεται, όταν σχεδιάζονται και προσδιορίζονται προσεκτικά πολύ πριν την επιβολή τους. Σημειωτέον ότι ορισμένοι Πράσινοι φόροι, π.χ. για τα καύσιμα θέρμανσης ή για τη βενζίνη των οχημάτων, δεν μπορούν να κλιμακωθούν

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS ανάλογα με την κατανάλωση και ασκούν αρνητική επίδραση στη διανομή Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, εισοδήματος στα νοικοκυριά χαμηλού εισοδήματος. Αυτό μπορεί να

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect διορθωθεί με τη διανομή κουπονιών χαμηλής τιμής ή φορολογικών Student of the School of Architecture ελαφρύνσεων ή άλλων κατάλληλων μέσων. Η βελτίωση του προϋπολογισμού Technical University of Crete είναι επείγουσα, ως εκ τούτου, μια Πράσινη Φορολογική Μεταρρύθμιση 1. Introductory approach: Defining concept μπορεί να εκκινήσει με την άμεση the αύξηση των υφιστάμενων Πράσινων 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept Φόρων και την ταυτόχρονη κατάργηση των επιβλαβών επιδοτήσεων για το ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the Greek philosopher, (444 BCΦόρων -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other καθώς wise heritage he left us, he established a great the περιβάλλον, και ancient την εισαγωγή νέων Πράσινων που δεν among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the απαιτούν προπαρασκευαστική περίοδο. acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term Επίσης, υπάρχουν άλλοι Πράσινοι Φόροι που χρειάζονται ορισμένη 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification τεχνική ή δημοσιονομική προετοιμασία, όπως διόδια αυτοκινήτων σε αστικές 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various περιοχές. Η ανακύκλωση των φορολογικών εσόδων για τη μείωση της Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement φορολογίας της εργασίας αποτελεί απαραίτητη προϋπόθεση γιαartists, την ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of αλλά art galleries, etc. However this “change”, regardless of μεταρρύθμιση, μπορείrestaurants, να είναι σταδιακή σε συνάρτηση με τον επείγοντα the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless of whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the χαρακτήρα της δημοσιονομικής εξυγίανσης. whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential speculation). Εκ relative των ανωτέρω προκύπτει ότι η Πράσινη Φορολογία αποτελεί potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in theχάρη UK in and it refers οι to δυναμικό εργαλείο για κάθε κράτος, καθώς σεearly αυτή1960s επιτυγχάνονται The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor εκάστοτε περιβαλλοντικοί στόχοι (π.χ. μείωση της κατανάλωσης καυσίμων) the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof και η φορολογική βάση μειώνεται. Οι Πράσινοι πρέπει London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimesΦόροι there and thusακολούθως old residentsνα are being indirectly “squeezed”. μετατοπιστούν σε πολλά άλλα «επιβλαβή», που δημιουργούν being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description ofήthis phenomenon is includedπαράγοντες, in the work από of Sociologist Ruth περιβαλλοντικούς κοινωνικούς εξωτερικούς τα επικίνδυνα A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major χημικά μέχρι την αισθητική ρύπανση και την ηχορύπανση. Η «Πράσινη GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Μεταρρύθμιση», τέλος, δεν by μπορεί αντιγραφεί από τη μια χώρα στην άλλη. cities in Western countries, otherνα Researchers.

Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from Η Περιβαλλοντική Πολιτική ως πρόκληση γιαfrom τηνtheΤοπική comprehensive approach are being summarized below, various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Αυτοδιοίκηση interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups Στην εποχή της πολύπλευρης κρίσης που διανύουμε, η περιρρέουσα to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money ανησυχία των τοπικών κοινωνιών εδράζεται στην ταχύτητα των αλλαγών and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the που 1.συντελούνται, οι δημογραφικές και1912-1940. λοιπές αλλαγές συμβαδίζουν termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born in sense ofThe safety the καθότι distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where she madeνέων her first studies.και In 1932 she published an ένα important study entitled: με την εισαγωγή ιδεών προτάσεων για ολοκληρωμένο services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youth Unemployment.

The sameαπό year την she left Germany and after continuous περιβαλλοντικό σχεδιασμό πλευρά της Τοπικής Αυτοδιοίκησης, με lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, κινητήρια δύναμη, την «Πράσινη Οικονομία». Οι νέοι στόχοι και δράσεις, που in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit.

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(2010), Γιάννης Παλαιοκρασσάς: Η... μετά φαγοπότι εποχή. Εφημερίδα G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually Καθημερινή.

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

υιοθετούνται σε ευρωπαϊκό αλλά και παγκόσμιο επίπεδο, στοχεύουν στον εξορθολογισμό της περιβαλλοντικής απόδοσης των ΟΤΑ, στη βάση μιας νέας αντίληψης, που φωτίζεται από τη λεγόμενη οικολογική πρακτική. Αναμφίβολα, οι υπέρμαχοι της Αυτοδιοίκησης, από την αρχή του 20ού αιώνα και μέχρι σήμερα, κατέβαλλαν κάθε προσπάθεια, με πιέσεις ή και αντιπαραθέσεις προς την Κεντρική Διοίκηση και την εκάστοτε πολιτική ηγεσία, αποσκοπώντας στη μέγιστη κατοχύρωση και αναβάθμιση του

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS αυτοδιοικητικού θεσμού (Μελέτη, 2018)23. Οι λειτουργίες των ΟΤΑ Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, αναλαμβάνουν, υπό το πρίσμα αυτό, και μεγαλύτερο μερίδιο ευθύνης Byολοένα Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect αναφορικά με τη συμμετοχή τους σε παγκόσμια περιβαλλοντικά Student of the Schoolπροβλήματα, of Architecture όπως είναι η κλιματική αλλαγή. Γεγονός είναι ότι Technical η ορθή αξιοποίηση University of των Crete Πράσινων Φόρων μπορεί να επιφέρει θετικά αποτελέσματα στην οικονομία.

1. Introductory approach: concept Παράλληλα, αληθές είναι ότιDefining η ύφεσηthe έχει ασκήσει πίεση στις κεντρικές και 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept τοπικές κυβερνήσειςthe ανά τον πλανήτη για να εξαλείψουν τις- 370 περιβαλλοντικές ANTISTHENIS, ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among otherτων wise heritage he left us, he established a great the επιπτώσεις παραδοσιακών επιδοτήσεων και να(444 προωθήσουν το μοντέλο among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the της βιώσιμης αειφόρου ανάπτυξης. acquisition of knowledge starts with the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the μέσο term Συμπερασματικώς, οι Πράσινοι Φόροι είναι τοthe πολλά υποσχόμενο 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification πολιτικής που1 μπορεί να οδηγήσει τις οικονομίες να εκπληρώσουν term τις gentrification (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various δεσμεύσεις τους για μείωση του άνθρακα, καθότι βοηθούν στη μεταβολή των Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income the placement there of artists, προτύπων κατανάλωσης και παραγωγής τωνand κοινωνιών. Επίσης, μπορούν να ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of βάση artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. “change”, regardless of λειτουργήσουν ως κίνητρα ανάπτυξης τηςHowever τεχνολογίας, αλλά there και ως the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the δημιουργίας νέων θέσεων εργασίας. Είναι αυτονόητο ότι η προσθήκηof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative Περιβαλλοντικών Φόρων πρέπει να συνοδεύεται από ισόποσες μειώσεις, potential relative speculation).

Theνα term is found at firstτους in theπολίτες UK in early andκοινωνίες. it refers to ώστε μηνgentrification επιβαρύνουν περαιτέρω στις 1960s τοπικές The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor Οπωσδήποτε, ο προβληματισμός ως προς το τι θα επακολουθήσει της the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof υιοθέτησης των them, περιβαλλοντικών μέτρων στην Ελλάδα, που London, upgrade stay themselves sometimes there and thus old είναι residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. συρρικνώνει το “squeezed”. δικαίωμα μιας ρεαλιστικής αξιοποίησής τους ως μέσου being indirectly A description thisΠράγματι, phenomenon is includedκρίση, in the ηwork of Sociologist Ruth ανάπτυξης των of ΟΤΑ. η προϊούσα υπερφορολόγηση και A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar inεφαρμοστεί, other major κάθε αναποτελεσματικό μέτρο που έχει κατά καιρούς GLASS at the same period, situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, bywhile othersimilar Researchers. δημιουργούν κλίμα δυσπιστίας στη χώρα μας σχετικά με τη χρήση των cities in Western countries, by other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more Πράσινων Φόρων. Ηissue χρήση κάθε τέτοιου μέτρου θαscholars πρέπει να ακολουθείται Since then, the has several and for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from the από κατάλληλη ενημέρωση και being εκπαίδευση στην ανάπτυξη των the Πράσινων comprehensive approach are summarized below, from various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Φόρων, προκειμένου να επέλθει η πολυπόθητη ανάπτυξη των ΟΤΑ. interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups Ολοκληρώνοντας, διαπιστώνεται ότι οι επιβλαβείς δράσεις το to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs inγια money περιβάλλον και οι Πράσινοι Φόροι είναι δύο ανταγωνιστικές έννοιες. Οι and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the πρώτες απορροφούν χρήματα απόRuth τον προϋπολογισμό και είναι υπαίτιες γιαin 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth GLASS wasbetter born sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for Berlin, where ανεπιθύμητες she made her firstεπιπτώσεις studies. In 1932 she περιβάλλον, published an important study entitled: πολλαπλές στο ενώ οι δεύτεροι services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and 23 long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Μελέτη, Β. (2018) Οι Πράσινοι Φόροι ως Μηχανισμός Φορολογικής Αποκέντρωσης και her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Μέσο Χρηματοδότησης ΟΤΑ: Διεθνής Εμπειρία Εφαρμογή στηνof Ελλάδα, Διπλωματική and selling realCOLLINS estate,των etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part the urban web, in 10th edit.

Wil. SONS AND Ltd. Londonκαι 2009.

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

μετριάζουν τις εξωτερικές περιβαλλοντικές επιπτώσεις και επομένως πρέπει να επεκταθούν περαιτέρω. Οι Πράσινοι Φόροι μπορούν να βοηθήσουν στην προστασία του ευάλωτου περιβάλλοντος και συμβάλλουν στην αντιμετώπιση της κλιματικής αλλαγής. Επιπρόσθετα, έχουν επιφέρει σημαντικά δημοσιονομικά οφέλη, ενώ περιορίζουν και τη φοροδιαφυγή. Να σημειωθεί ότι στην υπόλοιπη Ευρώπη η ευστοχία των μεταρρυθμίσεων που πραγματοποιήθηκαν σε σχέση με τους Πράσινους Φόρους εδράζεται στη μη

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS αύξηση της φορολογίας για τους πολίτες, δεδομένου ότι επετεύχθη Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, εξισορρόπηση από μειώσεις στο φόρο εισοδήματος και στα δημοτικά

By Mr. George-Sp.καθώς C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect τέλη.

Student of the School of Architecture Στην Ελλάδα, οι Πράσινοι Φόροι μπορούν ρεαλιστικά αποτελέσουν Technicalνα University of Crete λύση για την τόνωση της εγχώριας οικονομίας, ώστε να της προσδώσουν την 1. Introductory approach: the concept απαιτούμενη ώθηση, που θα Defining την καταστήσει ανταγωνιστική στο μέλλον. Στην 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept κατεύθυνση αυτή, οιtheΟΤΑ είναιGreek αναγκαίοι πρωταγωνιστές ANTISTHENIS, ancient philosopher, (444 BC - και 370 συνομιλητές, BC, Athens), the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among otherεθνικά, wise heritage he στα left us, he established a great the τόσοANTISTHENIS, στα όσο και ευρωπαϊκά και (444 διεθνή περιβαλλοντικά among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge starts with of theαειφόρου content concepts. the προγράμματα, με στόχο την προώθηση στρατηγικών ανάπτυξης. acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Ελληνόγλωσση Βιβλιογραφία 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Αθανασόπουλος, Γ. Κ. (2009) Τοις Εντευξομένοις ή το Αληθές Sociology as της well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (in various ways), of social groups, usually ofΚρίσης, low-income andthe theremoval placement artists, Διακύβευμα Οικονομικής Επιθεώρηση Αποκέντρωσης Τοπικής ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation ofκαι art Περιφερειακής galleries, restaurants, etc. However of Αυτοδιοίκησης Ανάπτυξης (55). this “change”, regardless the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless of whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the Βαρδάκα, Δ., Θεοχάρη, Σ., Καρρά, Κ., Χάβου, Ε. (2004) whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). Χρηματοοικονομική Ανάλυση Οικονομικών Απολογισμών Πρωτοβάθμιων ΟΤΑ, potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to Αθήνα.

The term gentrification is found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property inΑνάπτυξης poor Δεληθέου, Β. trend (2008)ofwealthy Θεσμικό Πλαίσιο καιof the then observed wealthy sometimes people toΠεριφερειακής buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves there and thus old residents Οργάνωσης της Διοίκησης του Κράτους, sometimes Αθήνα. there and thus old residentsare London, upgrade them, stay themselves are being indirectly “squeezed”. Δεληθέου, Β. (2012) Περιφερειακή Ανάπτυξη μέσω Ειδικών being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth Οικονομικών Ζωνών-Αμφιλεγόμενες Προσεγγίσεις - the Η Ελληνική και η Διεθνής A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar recorded in other major Εμπειρία, Αθήνα.

GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Δεληθέου, Β., Μποράνα, Λ., Researchers. & Τσαλαβούτας, Δ. (2012) Πολιτιστική cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Βιομηχανία και the Ανάπτυξη: Στόχος της Ενιαίας Ελληνικήςand Πολιτιστικής Since then, issue has several below, scholars for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from the Πολιτικής. Αξιοποιώντας ταare Πλεονεκτήματα του Ελληνικού Πολιτιστικού comprehensive approach being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Τομέα, Συνεδρία 2. Πολιτικές Πολιτιστικής Ανάπτυξης. interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups Μελέτη, Β.

(2018) Οι Πράσινοι Φόροι ως Μηχανισμός Φορολογικής to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Αποκέντρωσης Μέσο Χρηματοδότησης τωνwhere ΟΤΑ:work Διεθνής and time to travelκαι from the purlieus to downtown, placeΕμπειρία is, lack of και the Εφαρμογή στην Ελλάδα, ΤΟΠΑ, Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο 1.of The term from Διπλωματική Sociologist RuthΕργασία GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born in sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, Αθήνα. where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Κ.Π.Ε., services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Παπαδάκη, Ο.,Geneva, Ψυχάρης, Γ. private (1996) «Αναπτυξιακά Κίνητρα και lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from access markets, etc.where studies and research Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, Περιφερειακή Ανάπτυξη στην Ελλάδα Τάσεις κατά την Τρέχουσα Δεκαετία», in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University College of Αποκέντρωσης London, where sheΤοπικής continued her social research.

HerΠεριφερειακής public and στο Επιθεώρηση Αυτοδιοίκησης και long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Ανάπτυξης, τ.COLLINS 5.estate, etc., and selling real for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student,

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete

Πετράκος, Γ., Ψυχάρης, Ι. (2016) Περιφερειακή Ανάπτυξη στην Ελλάδα, 1.

Introductory Έκδοση, Αθήνα,approach: Κριτική. Defining the concept 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept Σαπουνάκης, Τ.

(2013) Οικονομικά της Τοπικής Αυτοδιοίκησης, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC,ΕΚΔΔΑ.

Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370Διοίκησης BC, Athens), amongΨυχάρης, other wise heritage Ε. he(2003) left us,Ηhe established aΔημόσιας great the Γ., Σιμάτου, Οργάνωση της σε among other wise heritage he left us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the of the content concepts. Περιφερειακό και Τοπικό Επίπεδο στην Ελλάδα. Σειρά Ερευνητικών Εργασιών, of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 9acquisition (29).

1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Ξενόγλωσση Βιβλιογραφία Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city fromthere this,findings), (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement of COMETR, (2016) Policy Brief (a area, summary of COMETR ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation at: of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of Available http://www2.dmu.dk/cometr/Partner%20only/Brussels/ the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless of whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the policy%20brief/COMETR_Policy_Brief_Mar_2007.pdf [7-8-2018]. whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative Croson, R., speculation). & Treich, N. (2014) Behavioural Environmental Economics: potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in theResource UK in early 1960s and58it (3). refers to Promises and Challenges. Environmental and Economics, The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor Doumpos, M., Cohen, S. (2014) Applying data envelopment analysis on the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof accounting data them, to assess and optimize the there efficiency ofoldGreek local London, upgrade stay themselves sometimes and thus residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. governments.

Omega, 46. being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of thisΧρηματοδότηση phenomenon is included in the Έργων work of Sociologist Ruth (2017) Πράσινων στην Τοπική AEEF description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major Αυτοδιοίκηση, European Ecowhile Fund similar situations were recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, cities in Western countries, by other Researchers.

Kaygusuz, K. (2012)byEnergy for sustainable development: A case of cities in Western countries, other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more developing countries.

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, (2).its more Since then, the issue has several scholars and16 for comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from the various Krass, D., Nedorezov, T.,are & Ovchinnikov, A. (2013) Environmental Taxes comprehensive approach being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: and the Choice of Green Technology.

Production and Operations Management, interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups 22 (5). to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Kyriacou, P., the Muinelo‐Gallo, L., & Roca‐Sagalés, O. (2015) and time to travelA. from purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack Fiscal of the Decentralization Disparities: The Importance Good 1.of The termat comes fromRegional Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASSof wasbetter born in sense safety theand distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where Papers she made her first studies.

In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Governance. in Regional Science, 94 (1). services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for YouthLanoie, Unemployment.

The same year she left and after continuous P.,of,Laurent-Lucchetti, J., Germany Johnstone, N.,access & Ambec, S. (2011) lower living cost “withdrawal” from private car easier to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, Environmental innovation and performance: new insights on in the in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning.

In 1950 sheto became teacher the to policy, another approach, the is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research.

Her public action and Porter hypothesis.

Economicsgroups, & Management Strategy, 20 (3). long-term informal Journal effort byoforganized manufacturers, brokers of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Von real Weizsäcker, E. for U., the & Jesinghaus, J. initially (2014) of Ecological tax Reform. and selling estate, etc., depreciation part of the urban web,In in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker.

Springer International Publishing.

G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 2η

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