Tois enteyxomenois 109

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Definition, Types of Intervention, Concerns of Gentrification

GENTRIFICATION

Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Architect

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete

1.Introductory approach:Defining the concept

1.Introductory approach:Defining the concept

ANTISTHENIS,the ancient Greek philosopher,(444 BC - 370 BC,Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based,therefore,on this “principle”in a first,if not final,approach,the term gentrification1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well),as the “refining”of a city area,the removal from this,(in various ways),of social groups,usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries,restaurants,etc.However this “change”,regardless of whatever other consequences has,results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation).

Τοις Εντευξομένοις Ή Ο Νόμος και η λειτουργία της Δικαιοσύνης σε περιόδους κρίσεων: Εθνική και Διεθνής προσέγγιση: Η υφή της ταυτότητας και του Δικαίου της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης εν συναρτήσει με αποφάσεις του Δικαστηρίου της. Του κ. Κωνστ. ΓΕ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ Καθηγητού Προγρ. Σπ. Εθνικού Καποδιστριακού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών, Ομοτ. Καθηγητού ΠΑΝΤΕΙΟΥ Π.Κ.Π.Ε., Ex Μέλους Διοικητικού Συμβουλίου, Ex Μέλους Συγκλήτου, Ex Προέδρου, Ex Καθηγητού Σχ. Νομ. και Κοιν. Επιστ. Πανεπ. ΝΕΑΠΟΛΙΣ, Πάφος, Καθηγητού επί Tιμή, Σχολής Εθνικής Αμύνης Ελλάδος, Ex Καθηγητού Σχολ. Αξιωματικών, Ex Καθηγητού Σχολ. Μετεκπαίδευσης και Σχολ. Εθνικής Ασφαλείας Ελληνικής Αστυνομίας, Ex Διευθυντού Σπουδών της πρώτης Σχολής Δημοσιογραφίας Αθηνών, Δικηγόρου παρ΄ Α.Π., Σ.τ.Ε., Ελ. Σ., Δικ. Ε.Ε. και Σ. τ. Ευρώπης, Κατόχου Τιμητικών Διακρίσεων Εθνικών και Διεθνών, Ex Ch. L. U. L., Bruxelles, Ex Int. I.I.A.P., Paris Α. Γενική προσέγγιση του θέματος, Στοιχείο του Κόσμου είναι ο ρυθμός. Στον ανόργανο και στον οργανικό κόσμο τα πάντα εμφανίζονται, αναπτύσσονται και εξαφανίζονται ομοιομόρφως, ως απόρροια φυσικών, αμετακίνητων Νόμων.

ANTISTHENIS,the ancient Greek philosopher,(444 BC - 370 BC,Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts.

Based,therefore,on this “principle”in a first,if not final,approach,the term gentrification1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well),as the “refining”of a city area,the removal from this,(in various ways),of social groups,usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries,restaurants,etc.However this “change”,regardless of whatever other consequences has,results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of London,upgrade them,stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period,while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries,by other Researchers.

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of London,upgrade them,stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period,while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries,by other Researchers.

Since then,the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below,from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification,the following:

Since then,the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below,from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification,the following:

In a sense,the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups to “return”to the city,leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown,where work place is,lack of the sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres,search for better services of health,education,entertainment “at the heart of the city”,(possibly) lower living cost of,“withdrawal”from private car easier access to markets,etc.

According to another approach,the phenomenon is due to a systematic and long-term informal effort by organized groups,manufacturers,brokers of buying and selling real estate,etc.,for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web,in a variety of ways,in order to achieve the “assisted”,“voluntary”,(actually

1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born in Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm

E¶. A¶. TO¶. AYT. ¶EP. AN. / R.DEC.

GENTRIFICATION

Κατ’ αναλογίαν, τα αυτά συμβαίνουν και στις ανθρώπινες κοινωνίες: ο Άνθρωπος φύσει φέρεται προς τον Άνθρωπον, κατ’ ΑΡΙΣΤΟΤΕΛΗΝ:

Definition, Types of Intervention, Concerns of Gentrification

Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns

Ο Άνθρωπος φύσει πολιτικόν ζώον. Φύσει η ορμή εν πάσιν επί την κοινωνίαν, ενώ κατά τον ΠΛΑΤΩΝΑ: Πας γαρ ο βίος του Ανθρώπου ευρυθμίας τε και εναρμοστίας δείται.

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Architect

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete

1.Introductory approach:Defining the concept

1.Introductory approach:Defining the concept

Ο Άνθρωπος, λοιπόν, έχει έμφυτη την τάση προς τον ρυθμόν και την αρμονία, αλλά ρυθμός δεν νοείται άνευ κανόνος. Και τους κανόνες, οι οποίοι αφ’ εαυτών συνιστούν το έρρυθμο της συμβιώσεως, επιβάλλουν εις εαυτούς οι συμβιούντες εν Πολιτεία Άνθρωποι1 . Η Πολιτεία ενέχει την δύναμη, ούσα υπεράνω των καθ’ έκαστον Ανθρώπων, να κανονίζει τον ρυθμόν, τους κανόνες, της συμβιώσεως. Είναι αυτονόητο, ότι ο ρυθμός, ο κανών υπάρχει τότε μόνον, όταν εφαρμόζεται επί πάντων, αρχόντων και αρχομένων: Οι Πολίται συνθέμενοι ά τε δει ποιείν και ων απέχεσθαι εγράψαντο, κατά τον ΞΕΝΟΦΩΝΤΑ. Η υποταγή και των αρχόντων στον κανόνα είναι κατά τον Νομοδιδάσκαλο STAMMLER το ακατάλυτο στοιχείο του κανόνος, η δε υποταγή και των αρχομένων σε αυτόν, είτε επιδοκιμάζουν, είτε αποδοκιμάζουν τον κανόνα, είναι το αυταρχικό στοιχείο του. Το υπέροχο, και εν τ’ αυτώ ατελές, Ανθρώπινο όν, από της πρώτης παρουσίας του επί γης ενεφάνισε δείγματα ήθους και σεβασμού των κανόνων, αλλά και εκτροπής εκ των ορίων, πέραν του συνήθως παραδεκτού, εντός κοινωνικών σχηματισμών.

ANTISTHENIS,the ancient Greek philosopher,(444 BC - 370 BC,Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based,therefore,on this “principle”in a first,if not final,approach,the term gentrification1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well),as the “refining”of a city area,the removal from this,(in various ways),of social groups,usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries,restaurants,etc.However this “change”,regardless of whatever other consequences has,results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation).

ANTISTHENIS,the ancient Greek philosopher,(444 BC - 370 BC,Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based,therefore,on this “principle”in a first,if not final,approach,the term gentrification1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well),as the “refining”of a city area,the removal from this,(in various ways),of social groups,usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries,restaurants,etc.However this “change”,regardless of whatever other consequences has,results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of London,upgrade them,stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period,while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries,by other Researchers.

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of London,upgrade them,stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period,while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries,by other Researchers.

Since then,the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below,from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification,the following:

Έτσι, η επινόηση εν πνεύματι Δικαίου, μηχανισμών καταστολής μη συννόμων δράσεων, μηχανισμών υποτυπωδών εν αρχή και περισσότερον πολυπλόκων βραδύτερον, κατέστη αναπόφευκτος. Στις θεόθεν προερχόμενες έννοιες: Θέμιστες, Θέμις, Δικαιοσύνη, προσετέθησαν με την πάροδο του χρόνου νέες, όπως ο Κριτής, ο Δικαστής, τα Δικαστήρια, ιδίως υπό Φιλοσόφων των αρχαίων Αθηνών και διλήμματα, όπως εκείνα του Βασιλέως ΚΑΜΒΥΣΗ, (κατά πόσον και ο άρχων υπάγεται σε κανόνες ως οι αρχόμενοι), το δηνάριον του Καίσαρος, και «τις με ώρισεν Κριτήν», του ΙΗΣΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΝΑΖΩΡΑΙΟΥ. Κατά τον ΗΡΟΔΟΤΟΝ ο βασιλεύς των Περσών ΚΑΜΒΥΣΗΣ, 16ος αιών π.Χ., «ηράσθη μιής των αδελφέων αυτού» και βουλόμενος να τελέση μετ’ αυτής γάμον, ηρώτησε τους βασιληίους Δικαστάς εάν υπάρχει σχετικός νόμος περί του θέματος. Οι Δικαστές, φοβηθέντες «μη αυτοί απόλωνται», δηλαδή μήπως σε περίπτωση

Since then,the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below,from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification,the following:

In a sense,the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups to “return”to the city,leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown,where work place is,lack of the sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres,search for better services of health,education,entertainment “at the heart of the city”,(possibly) lower living cost of,“withdrawal”from private car easier access to markets,etc.

According to another approach,the phenomenon is due to a systematic and long-term informal effort by organized groups,manufacturers,brokers of buying and selling real estate,etc.,for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web,in a variety of ways,in order to achieve the “assisted”,“voluntary”,(actually

1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born in Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm

: Κωνστ ΓΕ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ: Περί της εννοίας του Δικαίου: Ετερόκλητες προσεγγίσεις, Υφέρφοντες προβληματισμοί. ΝΟΜΙΚΟ ΒΗΜΑ Τόμ. 65, Τεύχ. 9, σελ 2185 επόμ Νοέμβρ. 2017. Έκδοση Δικηγορικού Συλλόγου Αθηνών

E¶. A¶. TO¶. AYT. ¶EP. AN. / R.DEC. ADM. LOC. DEV. REG. / R. DEC. LOC. GOV. REG. DEV.

E¶. A¶. TO¶. AYT. ¶EP. AN. / R.DEC. ADM. LOC. DEV. REG. / R. DEC. LOC. GOV. REG. DEV.

Definition, Types of Intervention, Concerns of Gentrification

GENTRIFICATION

Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Architect

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete

1.Introductory approach:Defining the concept

1.Introductory approach:Defining the concept

ANTISTHENIS,the ancient Greek philosopher,(444 BC - 370 BC,Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based,therefore,on this “principle”in a first,if not final,approach,the term gentrification1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well),as the “refining”of a city area,the removal from this,(in various ways),of social groups,usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries,restaurants,etc.However this “change”,regardless of whatever other consequences has,results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of London,upgrade them,stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”.

ANTISTHENIS,the ancient Greek philosopher,(444 BC - 370 BC,Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based,therefore,on this “principle”in a first,if not final,approach,the term gentrification1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well),as the “refining”of a city area,the removal from this,(in various ways),of social groups,usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries,restaurants,etc.However this “change”,regardless of whatever other consequences has,results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of London,upgrade them,stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period,while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries,by other Researchers.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period,while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries,by other Researchers.

Since then,the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below,from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification,the following: In a sense,the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups to “return”to the city,leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown,where work place is,lack of the sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres,search for better services of health,education,entertainment “at the heart of the city”,(possibly) lower living cost of,“withdrawal”from private car easier access to markets,etc.

Since then,the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below,from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification,the following:

1.

According to another approach,the phenomenon is due to a systematic and long-term informal effort by organized groups,manufacturers,brokers of buying and selling real estate,etc.,for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web,in a variety of ways,in order to achieve the “assisted”,“voluntary”,(actually

Le 9 Mai 1950, le ministre français des affaires étrangères, Robert SCHUMAN inspiré par Jean MONNET, présente pour la première fois les idées qui aboutiront à la création de l’Union Européenne que nous connaissons aujourd’hui. Le 9 Mai, on célèbre chaque année la Jurnée de l’Europe.

The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born in Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm

E¶. A¶. TO¶. AYT. ¶EP. AN. / R.DEC. ADM. LOC. DEV. REG. / R. DEC. LOC. GOV. REG. DEV.

Definition, Types of Intervention, Concerns of Gentrification

GENTRIFICATION

Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Architect

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete

1.Introductory approach:Defining the concept

1.Introductory approach:Defining the concept

ANTISTHENIS,the ancient Greek philosopher,(444 BC - 370 BC,Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based,therefore,on this “principle”in a first,if not final,approach,the term gentrification1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well),as the “refining”of a city area,the removal from this,(in various ways),of social groups,usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries,restaurants,etc.However this “change”,regardless of whatever other consequences has,results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of London,upgrade them,stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”.

ANTISTHENIS,the ancient Greek philosopher,(444 BC - 370 BC,Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based,therefore,on this “principle”in a first,if not final,approach,the term gentrification1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well),as the “refining”of a city area,the removal from this,(in various ways),of social groups,usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries,restaurants,etc.However this “change”,regardless of whatever other consequences has,results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of London,upgrade them,stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period,while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries,by other Researchers.

Εάν όμως Πατήρ του Νόμου είναι ο Νομοθέτης, Μήτηρ του Νόμου είναι η Δικαιοσύνη: Η γαρ Δικαιοσύνη καθολικωτέρα του νόμου τυγχάνει. Το γε νυν έχον, η χαλάρωση των ηθών, και όχι μόνον των συναλλακτικών, επιτάσσει σε Κράτη Δυτικού Τύπου, αρτίως ωργανωμένα συστήματα απονομής ουσιαστικής Δικαιοσύνης, εν μέσω μάλιστα πολυπολιτισμικών Κοινωνικών σχηματισμών και ανυποληψίας θεσμών, ενίοτε, και προσώπων. Ο Εντεταλμένος, όμως προς απονομήν της Δικαιοσύνης είναι Άνθρωπος, ο Δικαστής, ο οποίος υπό το βάρος ετεροκλήτων δεδομένων και ενδεχομένως, ποικίλλων εξωγενών πιέσεων, πρέπει να λειτουργήσει λυσιτελώς, αποτελεσματικώς, ταχέως, τελεσφόρως και πρωτίστως δικαίως, της κρίσεώς του υποκειμένης εν ταυτώ σε πλείστες όσες λανθάνουσες ή μη, σύννομες ή μη, αμφισβητήσεις. Το αντιπεπονθός καταγράφεται, ως γνωστόν, εις τον ΡΑΔΑΜΑΝΘΥ, ένα εκ των τριών Δικαστών του Άδου και αποδίδεται με την φράση: «Ει και πάθοι τα τ’ έρεξε δίκη και θεία γένοιτο», δηλαδή, όταν κανείς πάθει εκείνα τα οποία έκαμε αδικών, τούτο είναι καθαρά Δικαιοσύνη. Με την άποψη αυτή διεφώνησε, ως γνωστόν, ο ΑΡΙΣΤΟΤΕΛΗΣ απορρίψας την ιδέα, ότι η Δικαιοσύνη είναι αντιπεπονθός, δηλαδή μόνον τιμωρός, κατά το οφθαλμόν αντί οφθαλμού. Υπενθυμίζεται, ότι κατ’ ΑΡΙΣΤΟΤΕΛΗΝ ο Δικαστής ώσπερ αργυρογνώμων, δηλαδή αργυροχρυσοχόος, κριτής έστιν, όπως διακρίνει το κίβδηλον Δίκαιον και το αληθές. Αλλ’ είναι αυτόχρημα πασιφανές, ότι το όλον εγχείρημα της απονομής ουσιαστικής Δικαιοσύνης είναι ιδιαζόντως δυσχερές, των δυσχερειών μάλιστα εντεινομένων, ιδίως σε περιόδους κρίσεων παντοίας μορφής, ως οι τρέχουσες κατ’ αυτάς εν μέσω καχεξίας αξιών. Δια τα καθ΄ημάς παρόντα, εκτιμώ, ότι υπάρχουν τω όντι πλείστοι όσοι δικασπόλοι, θεμιστοπόλοι, λυσιπήμονες και λυσίπονες Δικαστές εις το «Βασίλειον της Δανιμαρχίας», της Ελλάδος, λειτουργούντες συννόμως, ανθιστάμενοι, εάν παραστεί ανάγκη, σθεναρώς, ως ακρογωνιαίοι λίθοι, των θεσμών της Δημοκρατίας μας2 . Β. Η υφή της ταυτότητος του Δικαίου της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης. Αποφάσεις του Δικαστηρίου της. Ο Έλλην Κυνικός Φιλόσοφος ΑΝΤΙΣΘΕΝΗΣ κατέλειπε εις τους Επιγενομένους μία σπουδαία

Since then,the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below,from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification,the following:

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period,while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries,by other Researchers.

Since then,the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below,from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification,the following:

In a sense,the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups to “return”to the city,leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown,where work place is,lack of the sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres,search for better services of health,education,entertainment “at the heart of the city”,(possibly) lower living cost of,“withdrawal”from private car easier access to markets,etc.

According to another approach,the phenomenon is due to a systematic and long-term informal effort by organized groups,manufacturers,brokers of buying and selling real estate,etc.,for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web,in a variety of ways,in order to achieve the “assisted”,“voluntary”,(actually

1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born in Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm

της Διοίκησης του Πανεπιστημίου με Απόφαση του οικείου Υπουργού Παιδείας Κύπρου, Προέδρου και Καθηγητού της Νομικής Σχολής του ιδίου Πανεπιστημίου.

E¶. A¶. TO¶. AYT. ¶EP. AN. / R.DEC. ADM. LOC. DEV. REG. / R. DEC. LOC. GOV. REG. DEV.

Definition, Types of Intervention, Concerns of Gentrification

GENTRIFICATION

Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Architect

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete

1.Introductory approach:Defining the concept

1.Introductory approach:Defining the concept

ANTISTHENIS,the ancient Greek philosopher,(444 BC - 370 BC,Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based,therefore,on this “principle”in a first,if not final,approach,the term gentrification1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well),as the “refining”of a city area,the removal from this,(in various ways),of social groups,usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries,restaurants,etc.However this “change”,regardless of whatever other consequences has,results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of London,upgrade them,stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”.

ANTISTHENIS,the ancient Greek philosopher,(444 BC - 370 BC,Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based,therefore,on this “principle”in a first,if not final,approach,the term gentrification1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well),as the “refining”of a city area,the removal from this,(in various ways),of social groups,usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries,restaurants,etc.However this “change”,regardless of whatever other consequences has,results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of London,upgrade them,stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period,while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries,by other Researchers.

οφείλουσα τελικώς την πραγμάτωσή της στην προηγηθείσα έννοια της Διεθνούς Συνδιάσκεψης, της οποίας αποτελεί την άμεση προέκταση. Σε μία πρώτη, εάν όχι και οριστική προσέγγιση, ο Διεθνής Οργανισμός ορίζεται3 ως Ομάδα Κρατών, διαθέτουσα ad hoc ιδική της «βούληση» και βεβαίως κατ’ επέκταση και ίδια «όργανα» για την μετουσίωση αυτής της «βούλησης» σε «πράξεις», υπό την αναγκαία προϋπόθεση, ότι αυτά τα τελευταία είναι διάφορα και ανεξάρτητα από τα ομοειδή ή μη, αντίστοιχα ή μη, όργανα των Κρατών Μελών, τα οποία συγκρότησαν την Ομάδα. Η μη (τυπική) εξάρτηση των μεν από τα δε, συνιστά, εξ άλλης πλευράς, condicio sine qua non για την αυτόνομη ύπαρξη και λειτουργία του Οργανισμού, ανεξαρτήτως της δυνατότητας Χώρας Μέλους της Ομάδας (του Διεθνούς Οργανισμού) να επηρεάζει τις εν γένει επιλογές της (πολιτικές ή άλλες). Ως γενεσιουργοί λόγοι της γένεσης και γενίκευσης της πολιτικής της συγκρότησης υπό των Κρατών Διεθνών Οργανισμών, ποικίλων μορφών και στόχων, αναφέρονται η επιθυμία των Ηγετών των διαφόρων Κρατών να εμπεδώσουν κλίμα ειρήνης, φιλίας και συνεργασίας μεταξύ των, η προαγωγή οικονομικών ή άλλων συμφερόντων, η προάσπιση εθνικών θεμάτων μέσω της συμμετοχής σε Διεθνείς Οργανισμούς, η λειτουργία των Διεθνών Οργανισμών ως οργάνων αποτρεπτικών πολεμικών συρράξεων κ.λ. Οι λόγοι αυτοί, σωρευτικώς ή μεμονωμένως «δρώντες», οδηγούν, ενίοτε, σε «υπερβάσεις», οι οποίες δεν είναι δυνατόν να ερμηνευθούν άνευ και εκτός των πιθανών προσδοκωμένων καλών ωφελημάτων των Διεθνών Οργανισμών. Ως χαρακτηριστική περίπτωση αναφέρεται εδώ η άποψη του ΤΣΩΡΤΣΙΛ για την ανάγκη συγκρότησης ενός Ευρωπαϊκού Συμβουλίου (1946 μ.Χ.), με την συμμετοχή μάλιστα της Γερμανίας, δέκα επτά μόλις μήνες μετά την λήξη του Β΄ Παγκοσμίου Πολέμου και με χαίνουσες εισέτι τις πληγές από την χιτλερική λαίλαπα της Γηραιάς Ηπείρου. Οι Διεθνείς Οργανισμοί διακρίνονται σε πλείστες όσες κατηγορίες, όπως: Παγκόσμιοι, Υπερκρατικοί ή Υπερεθνικοί, Διακρατικοί, Περιφερειακοί, Πολιτικοί, Στρατιωτικοί, Τεχνικοί κ.λ.4 Περί των Υπερκρατικών Ευρωπαϊκών Οργανισμών αναφέρονται εδώ, συνοπτικώς τα εξής: Η επιθυμία των Ηγετών των Ευρωπαϊκών Χωρών ευθύς αμέσως μετά την λήξη του Β΄ Παγκοσμίου Πολέμου «κατηυθύνετο» προς την δημιουργία Συμμαχιών και Οργανισμών, επί σκοπώ, αφ΄ενός μεν εμπέδωσης συναισθημάτων ασφαλείας και ειρήνης και αφ΄ετέρου

Since then,the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below,from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification,the following:

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period,while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries,by other Researchers.

Since then,the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below,from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification,the following:

In a sense,the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups to “return”to the city,leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown,where work place is,lack of the sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres,search for better services of health,education,entertainment “at the heart of the city”,(possibly) lower living cost of,“withdrawal”from private car easier access to markets,etc.

According to another approach,the phenomenon is due to a systematic and long-term informal effort by organized groups,manufacturers,brokers of buying and selling real estate,etc.,for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web,in a variety of ways,in order to achieve the “assisted”,“voluntary”,(actually

1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born in Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm

sur des matiéres d’ intérét commun, une volonté distincte de celle des Etats members. R. GUILLIEN et J. VINCENT: Termes Juridiques. Paris, n. éd. 1988, p. 329. 4 Βλ. Κωνστ. ΓΕ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ: Το Δίκαιο της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης. Αθήναι, 2010, σ. 15, επόμ. Εκδ. Κέντρου Επιμόρφωσης, Μελετών, Έρευνας και Ανάπτυξης.

E¶. A¶. TO¶. AYT. ¶EP. AN. / R.DEC. ADM. LOC. DEV. REG. / R. DEC. LOC. GOV. REG. DEV.

E¶. A¶. TO¶. AYT. ¶EP. AN. / R.DEC. ADM. LOC. DEV. REG. / R. DEC. LOC. GOV. REG. DEV.

Definition, Types of Intervention, Concerns of Gentrification

GENTRIFICATION

Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Architect

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete

1.Introductory approach:Defining the concept

1.Introductory approach:Defining the concept

ANTISTHENIS,the ancient Greek philosopher,(444 BC - 370 BC,Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based,therefore,on this “principle”in a first,if not final,approach,the term gentrification1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well),as the “refining”of a city area,the removal from this,(in various ways),of social groups,usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries,restaurants,etc.However this “change”,regardless of whatever other consequences has,results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of London,upgrade them,stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”.

ANTISTHENIS,the ancient Greek philosopher,(444 BC - 370 BC,Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based,therefore,on this “principle”in a first,if not final,approach,the term gentrification1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well),as the “refining”of a city area,the removal from this,(in various ways),of social groups,usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries,restaurants,etc.However this “change”,regardless of whatever other consequences has,results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of London,upgrade them,stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period,while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries,by other Researchers.

οικονομιών της Δυτικής Ευρώπης, παρακαμπτομένων, εν τω μέτρω του εφικτού, των «ιδιαιτεροτήτων» ποικίλης μορφής των συμμετεχουσών Χωρών. Οι «ιδιαιτερότητες» ήταν, (και εξακολουθούν να υφίστανται βεβαίως πολλές εξ αυτών), ποικίλες, εξικνούμενες από την μορφή του πολιτεύματος, (π.χ. πολίτευμα Γαλλίας, Βελγίου, Δανίας κ.λ.), την μορφή της Δημόσιας Διοίκησης κ.ά., μέχρι της μορφής των οικονομικών συστημάτων και του μικρού ή μεγάλου βαθμού «φιλελευθεροποίησης» και «ιδιωτικοποίησης» των οικονομιών τους5 . Εν σχέσει με την «ένταξη» της νυν Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης, (εφεξής Ε.Ε.) σε μία εκ των αναφερθεισών κατηγοριών Διεθνών Οργανισμών, αναφέρονται όλως ενδεικτικώς τα εξής: Η Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση αποτελεί υβριδικό ιδιότυπο μόρφωμα, εμπεριέχον ιδιόμορφα και ποικίλλα στοιχεία διακυβέρνησης, «δάνεια» εξ εθνικών αντιστοίχων συστημάτων και διεθνών υπερκρατικών οντοτήτων. Ο στόχος π.χ. της Συνθήκης ΕΟΚ, που είναι η θέσπιση μιας κοινής αγοράς, η λειτουργία της οποίας αφορά άμεσα στους Πολίτες της Κοινότητας, συνεπάγεται, ότι η Συνθήκη αυτή αποτελεί κάτι περισσότερο από μια συμφωνία, που δημιουργεί μόνο αμοιβαίες υποχρεώσεις μεταξύ των συμβαλλομένων Κρατών. Η άποψη αυτή επιβεβαιώνεται από το Προοίμιο της Συνθήκης, το οποίο αφορά εκτός από τις Κυβερνήσεις και τους Λαούς, κατά τρόπο δε πλέον συγκεκριμένο με την δημιουργία Οργάνων στα οποία έχουν παρασχεθεί κυριαρχικά δικαιώματα, η άσκηση των οποίων επηρεάζει τόσο τα Κράτη Μέλη, όσο και τους Πολίτες τους. Με βάση αυτές τις σκέψεις πρέπει να συναχθεί, ότι η Κοινότητα αποτελεί νέα έννομη τάξη Διεθνούς Δικαίου, υπέρ της οποίας τα Κράτη περιόρισαν τα κυριαρχικά τους δικαιώματα, σε μερικούς έστω τομείς, και της οποίας υποκείμενα είναι, όχι μόνο τα Κράτη Μέλη, αλλά επίσης και οι Υπήκοοί τους6 . Εξ άλλης πλευράς, σε αντίθεση με τις συνήθεις Διεθνείς Συμβάσεις7, η Συνθήκη της ΕΟΚ έχει δημιουργήσει την ιδική της έννομη τάξη, η οποία από την έναρξη ισχύος της Συνθήκης ενσωματώθηκε στα νομικά συστήματα των Κρατών Μελών και πρέπει να λαμβάνεται υπ΄όψει από τα Δικαστήριά τους. Μέσω της ίδρυσης μίας Κοινότητας απεριόριστης διάρκειας, η οποία διαθέτει τα ιδικά της Όργανα (…) και η οποία, μεταξύ άλλων, διαθέτει πραγματικές εξουσίες, τα Κράτη Μέλη περιόρισαν, σε συγκεκριμένους όμως τομείς, τα συνταγματικά κυριαρχικά τους δικαιώματα και έχει παραχθεί κατ΄αυτόν

Since then,the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below,from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification,the following:

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period,while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries,by other Researchers.

Since then,the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below,from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification,the following:

In a sense,the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups to “return”to the city,leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown,where work place is,lack of the sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres,search for better services of health,education,entertainment “at the heart of the city”,(possibly) lower living cost of,“withdrawal”from private car easier access to markets,etc.

Monetaire et Ecomomique, Parlement Europeen et Politiques Gouvernementales, Administratives, Sociales et Culturelles: Vies paralelles, REVUE DE DECENTRALISATION, D’ ADMINISTRATION LOCALE ET DE DEVELOPPEMENT REGIONAL, N. 19/2000, p. 1 et suiv. Epitheorisi athanasopoulos.webnode.gr.

According to another approach,the phenomenon is due to a systematic and long-term informal effort by organized groups,manufacturers,brokers of buying and selling real estate,etc.,for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web,in a variety of ways,in order to achieve the “assisted”,“voluntary”,(actually

1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born in Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm

, Υπόθεση Van GEND and LOOS, 1961. 7Βλ σχετική απόφαση του Δικαστηρίου, Υπόθεση 6/64, COSTA κατά ENEL 8Βλ. Δ. ΤΣΑΤΣΟΣ: Ευρωπαϊκή Συμπολιτεία. Αθήναι, 2001, σ. 47 επόμ. Εκδόσεις ΚΑΣΤΑΝΙΩΤΗ.

E¶. A¶. TO¶. AYT. ¶EP. AN. / R.DEC. ADM. LOC. DEV. REG. / R. DEC. LOC. GOV. REG. DEV.

E¶. A¶. TO¶. AYT. ¶EP. AN. / R.DEC. ADM. LOC. DEV. REG. / R. DEC. LOC. GOV. REG. DEV.

Definition, Types of Intervention, Concerns of Gentrification

GENTRIFICATION

Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Architect

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete

1.Introductory approach:Defining the concept

1.Introductory approach:Defining the concept

ANTISTHENIS,the ancient Greek philosopher,(444 BC - 370 BC,Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based,therefore,on this “principle”in a first,if not final,approach,the term gentrification1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well),as the “refining”of a city area,the removal from this,(in various ways),of social groups,usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries,restaurants,etc.However this “change”,regardless of whatever other consequences has,results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation).

ANTISTHENIS,the ancient Greek philosopher,(444 BC - 370 BC,Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts.

Based,therefore,on this “principle”in a first,if not final,approach,the term gentrification1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well),as the “refining”of a city area,the removal from this,(in various ways),of social groups,usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries,restaurants,etc.However this “change”,regardless of whatever other consequences has,results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of London,upgrade them,stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period,while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries,by other Researchers.

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of London,upgrade them,stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period,while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries,by other Researchers.

Since then,the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below,from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification,the following:

Συνεπώς σημειώνεται, ότι οι αρχικές τρεις Κοινότητες (ΕΚΑΧ, ΕΟΚ, ΕΚΑΕ) και η μετέπειτα Ε.Ε., εδράζονται επί σειράς κοινών αξιών, (όπως εκείνες των θεμελιωδών ελευθεριών, της αλληλεγγύης9, των θεμελιωδών ατομικών δικαιωμάτων κ.ά.). Το στοιχείο αυτό έχει ως αναγκαίο παρεπόμενο, ότι αυτές (οι τρεις Κοινότητες δηλαδή και η διάδοχος Ε.Ε.), επεδίωκαν και επιδιώκουν την υλοποίηση των ιδρυτικών (και μεταγενέστερων) στόχων και σκοπών τους μόνον μέσω κανόνων δικαίου10 και όχι μέσω μηχανισμών ισχύος και βιαίας επιβολής. Εάν δε, πέραν του ως άνω συστήματος αξιών, ληφθεί υπ΄όψει, ότι οι τρεις Κοινότητες, και η Ε.Ε., είναι «προϊόντα» ελεύθερης επιλογής των ενδιαφερομένων Μερών υπό καθεστώς ειρήνης, μακράν «βιαίων άνωθεν επιταγών» και μακράν πολεμικών συγκρούσεων, τότε η ανάγκη για ένα ίδιο και «ιδιάζον» σύστημα κανόνων δικαίου, το οποίο θα διέπει την εν γένει λειτουργία τους παρίσταται ως κατεπείγουσα και επιβεβλημένη. Το «ιδιάζον» του δικαιϊκού συστήματος της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης δικαιολογείται εκ του γεγονότος, ότι τούτο περιλαμβάνει, ως εκ του ποικίλου εύρους των θεμάτων, τα οποία καλείται να καλύψει και να ρυθμίσει, όλα τα πεδία του Δικαίου:11 Δημόσιο Διεθνές Δίκαιο, Ιδιωτικό Διεθνές Δίκαιο, Δημόσιο Δίκαιο (Δίκαιο Ανταγωνισμού, Εργατικό Δίκαιο κ.λ.), Ιδιωτικό Δίκαιο (Γενικές Αρχές, Ενοχικό, Εμπράγματο) κ.λ. Η ευρύτητα όμως αυτή τόσον των υπό διευθέτηση θεμάτων, όσον και των επ΄αυτών ρυθμίσεων, δημιουργεί σειρά σημαντικών προβλημάτων καταγραφής, ερμηνείας και εφαρμογής και λειτουργεί «αποτρεπτικώς» επί συγγραφικού συστηματικού επιπέδου. Απόδειξη δε του τελευταίου τούτου στοιχείου αποτελεί το γεγονός, ότι το εγχείρημα των Εβδομήκοντα Συγγραφέων, οι οποίοι συνέταξαν το έτος 1969 μ.Χ. την πρώτη Έκθεση επί του Droit des Communautés Européenes δεν έχει επαναληφθεί μέχρι τούδε, υπό την αυτή τουλάχιστον «οπτική». Βεβαίως, επί μέρους μονογραφίες (λίαν αξιόλογες ενίοτε…) καλύπτουν σειρά σημαντικών θεμάτων, και ιδίως εκείνων τα οποία είτε η πολιτική «σκοπιμότητα» προτάσσει έναντι άλλων, είτε η τρέχουσα δραστηριότητα και πρακτική εντός του ευρωπαϊκού χώρου «αναδεικνύει» ως επείγοντα, ως επίκαιρα, ως κύρια. Προς όλα αυτά συναρτάται σειρά σημαντικών άλλων θεμάτων, όπως η πληθώρα των γλωσσών, στις οποίες πρέπει να διατυπώνονται οι ρυθμίσεις και οι κανόνες, οι ετερόκλητες και ενδεχομένως αλληλοαναιρούμενες εθνικές νομοθεσίες, οι πολιτικές επιλογές των επί μέρους Εθνικών Κυβερνήσεων, (οι οποίες πιθανόν να «συγκρούωνται» με την «άλλη»

Since then,the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below,from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification,the following:

In a sense,the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups to “return”to the city,leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown,where work place is,lack of the sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres,search for better services of health,education,entertainment “at the heart of the city”,(possibly) lower living cost of,“withdrawal”from private car easier access to markets,etc.

προς

According to another approach,the phenomenon is due to a systematic and long-term informal effort by organized groups,manufacturers,brokers of buying and selling real estate,etc.,for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web,in a variety of ways,in order to achieve the “assisted”,“voluntary”,(actually

κ.λ. 9Z M FERY: To ζήτημα του Ευρωπαϊκού Κράτους (Μετάφρ.), Αθήναι, 2006. Εκδ. Παπαζήση. 10Βλ. Υπόθεση 22/70, AETR, Συλλογή 1969 1971, σ. 729, Γνωμοδότηση 2/93, της 19/3/1993. 11Βλ. ενδεικτικώς: Υπόθεση SCHRADER, Συλλογή 1989, σ. 2263. Υπόθεση C 97/91, BORELLI, Απόφαση της 3/12/1992.

1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born in Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm

12Υπόθεση SCHRADER, Συλλογή 1989, σ. 2263. Υπόθεση C 97/91, BORELLI, 3/12/1992.

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Definition, Types of Intervention, Concerns of Gentrification

GENTRIFICATION

Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Architect

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete

1.Introductory approach:Defining the concept

1.Introductory approach:Defining the concept

ANTISTHENIS,the ancient Greek philosopher,(444 BC - 370 BC,Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based,therefore,on this “principle”in a first,if not final,approach,the term gentrification1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well),as the “refining”of a city area,the removal from this,(in various ways),of social groups,usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries,restaurants,etc.However this “change”,regardless of whatever other consequences has,results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation).

ANTISTHENIS,the ancient Greek philosopher,(444 BC - 370 BC,Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts.

Based,therefore,on this “principle”in a first,if not final,approach,the term gentrification1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well),as the “refining”of a city area,the removal from this,(in various ways),of social groups,usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries,restaurants,etc.However this “change”,regardless of whatever other consequences has,results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of London,upgrade them,stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period,while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries,by other Researchers.

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of London,upgrade them,stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period,while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries,by other Researchers.

Since then,the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below,from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification,the following:

Since then,the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below,from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification,the following:

In a sense,the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups to “return”to the city,leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown,where work place is,lack of the sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres,search for better services of health,education,entertainment “at the heart of the city”,(possibly) lower living cost of,“withdrawal”from private car easier access to markets,etc.

Το Δίκαιο της Ε.Ε. διακρίνεται, ως γνωστον, σε πρωτογενές, (Συνθήκες, Ενιαίες Ευρωπαϊκές Πράξεις) και παράγωγο ή δευτερογενές, (Κανονισμοί13, Οδηγίες14 , Αποφάσεις, Συστάσεις, Γνώμες). Επί του θέματος των σχέσεων του Δικαίου της Ε.Ε. και άλλων (Εθνικών) Δικαιϊκών Συστημάτων ενδεικτικώς σημειώνονται τα εξής: Πέραν των μέχρι τούδε λεχθέντων, πρέπει να προστεθεί και το πλέγμα των σχέσεων, οι οποίες γεννώνται μεταξύ των κανόνων του Ευρωπαϊκού δικαίου εν τω συνόλω του (πρωτογενούς - παραγώγου), προς άλλες «έννομες» τάξεις, προηγούμενες ή επόμενες αυτού, σε σχέση με τον χρόνο έναρξης ισχύος αυτών. Έτσι, εν σχέσει με τους κανόνες του Διεθνούς (Δημοσίου) Δικαίου σημειώνεται, ότι οι κανόνες του Ευρωπαϊκού Δικαίου θεωρητικώς τελούν σε κατάσταση «υποταγής» προς αυτούς. Εν σχέσει με το Εθνικό Δίκαιο των επί μέρους Κρατών Μελών θεωρείται, ότι υπερέχει έναντι αυτού το Κοινοτικό. Σχετικές είναι επ΄αυτού και οι αποφάσεις του Ευρωπαϊκού Δικαστηρίου, το οποίο έκανε λόγο για υπεροχή των Κοινοτικών Κανόνων Δικαίου έναντι των αντίστοιχων Εθνικών το πρώτον στην Υπόθεση 6/64, (15/7/1964), COSTA κατά ENEL, υπόθεση πρωτοποριακής υφής, ασκήσασα σημαντική επιρροή επί του όλου κοινοτικού γίγνεσθαι. Εξυπακούεται, ότι η οία δήποτε «υπεροχή» του Κοινοτικού Δικαίου έναντι των αντιστοίχων Εθνικών δεν πρέπει να εκλαμβάνεται ως κατάσταση άκαμπτη και πετρώδης, αλλά ως ενέχουσα το στοιχείο της ευελιξίας, δεδομένου, ότι τόσον οι Κοινοτικοί, όσον και οι Εθνικοί Κανόνες Δικαίου εφαρμόζονται επί των ιδίων Ανθρώπων ταυτοχρόνως, χάριν και υπέρ των οποίων θεωρητικώς έχουν θεσπισθεί. Τέλος, σε σχέση με την κατάσταση υπό την οποία διατελούν οι κανόνες του Κοινοτικού Δικαίου και των Διεθνών Συμφωνιών / Συνθηκών της Ευρωπαϊκής Ενωσης επισημαίνεται, ότι η εφαρμογή των διατάξεων Διεθνών Συμφωνιών / Συνθηκών, τις οποίες συνάπτει η Ε.Ε., δεν είναι άνευ άλλου τινός άμεση στις Χώρες Μέλη, αλλά κρίνεται κατά περίπτωση ad hoc, βάσει διαφόρων παραμέτρων. Μεμονωμένες περιπτώσεις, κατά τις οποίες το Ευρωπαϊκό Δικαστήριο έχει δεχθεί την «αυτόματη» επέκταση της εφαρμογής των διατάξεων διεθνούς συμφωνίας σε Χώρα Μέλος της Ε.Ε., δεν δημιουργούν τις προϋποθέσεις εκείνες, οι οποίες θα ήταν δυνατόν να οδηγήσουν σε γενική παραδοχή της άμεσης εφαρμογής των εν λόγω κανόνων άνευ άλλου τινός.15 Το ούτως πως αναφερθέν μόρφωμα της Ε.Ε. διοικείται υπό σειράς Οργάνων «παραγωγών» εν ταυτώ και κανόνων Δικαίου, εχόντων ως εξής: Ευρωπαϊκό Κοινοβούλιο. Ευρωπαϊκό Συμβούλιο. -Το Συμβούλιο της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης, ή Συμβούλιο των Υπουργών ή Συμβούλιο. Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή. Δικαστήριο της Ε.Ε.

According to another approach,the phenomenon is due to a systematic and long-term informal effort by organized groups,manufacturers,brokers of buying and selling real estate,etc.,for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web,in a variety of ways,in order to achieve the “assisted”,“voluntary”,(actually

1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born in Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm

13Υπόθεση 31/78 BUSSONE, Συλλογή 1978, σ. 775, Υπόθεση 177/78, PIGS and BACON, Συλλογή 1979/ΙΙ, σ. 77. 14Υπόθεση 103/88, COSTANZO, Συλλογή 1989, σ. 1861, Υπόθεση C 221/88, BUSSENI, Συλλογή 1990, σ. Ι 519.

15Βλ. αναφερθείσα ήδη Υπόθεση 26/62, Van GENT and LOSS, Συλλογή 1954 1964, σ. 861.

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Definition, Types of Intervention, Concerns of Gentrification

GENTRIFICATION

Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Architect

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete

1.Introductory approach:Defining the concept

1.Introductory approach:Defining the concept

ANTISTHENIS,the ancient Greek philosopher,(444 BC - 370 BC,Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based,therefore,on this “principle”in a first,if not final,approach,the term gentrification1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well),as the “refining”of a city area,the removal from this,(in various ways),of social groups,usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries,restaurants,etc.However this “change”,regardless of whatever other consequences has,results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of London,upgrade them,stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”.

ANTISTHENIS,the ancient Greek philosopher,(444 BC - 370 BC,Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based,therefore,on this “principle”in a first,if not final,approach,the term gentrification1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well),as the “refining”of a city area,the removal from this,(in various ways),of social groups,usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries,restaurants,etc.However this “change”,regardless of whatever other consequences has,results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of London,upgrade them,stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period,while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries,by other Researchers.

Since then,the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below,from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification,the following:

Ευρωπαϊκή Κεντρική Τράπεζα. (Ευρωπαϊκό) Ελεγκτικό Συνέδριο. Πέραν αυτών των Οργάνων «συλλειτουργούν» και διάφοροι Οργανισμοί, όπως: Ευρωπαϊκή και Κοινωνική Επιτροπή. Επιτροπή των Περιφερειών. Ευρωπαϊκή Κεντρική Τράπεζα - Ευρωπαϊκή Τράπεζα Επενδύσεων. Ευρωπαίος Διαμεσολαβητής. Ευρωπαίος Επόπτης Προστασίας Δεδομένων, κ.ά. Εκ των Οργάνων αυτών εδώ γίνεται συνοπτική αναφορά περί του Δικαστηρίου της Ε.Ε., εξικνουμένη σε στοιχεία της εν γένει λειτουργίας του καθώς και στατιστικά δεδομένα των δραστηριοτήτων του διαθέσιμα επισήμως περί του έτους 2018. Ως γνωστόν, το Δικαστήριο είναι ένα από τα επτά κύρια Θεσμικά Όργανα της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης, με βασική αποστολή την διαφύλαξη της τήρησης του Δικαίου της Ένωσης υπό καθεστώς κοινώς παραδεκτής υπό πάντων ερμηνείας και εκτέλεσης εν τοις πράγμασι των Συνθηκών, ιδρυτικών και μεταγενεστέρων, καθώς και του παραγώγου Δικαίου. Συγκροτείται υπό δύο επί μέρους δικαιοδοτικών Οργάνων, το Δικαστήριο ως ανώτατο Δικαστήριο της Ευρωπαϊκής Δικαιοδοσίας (άρθρο 253 της Συνθήκης Λειτουργίας της Ε.Ε.) και το Γενικό Δικαστήριο της Ευρωπαϊκής Ενωσης (άρθρο 254 της Σ.Λ.Ε.Ε.) Επί σκοπώ μείωσης του φόρτου εργασίας των αναφερθέντων Δικαιοδοτικών Οργάνων το Συμβούλιο της Ε.Ε. το έτος 2004 συνέστησε και το Δικαστήριο Δημόσιας Διοίκησης της Ε.Ε. (άρθρο 257 της Σ.Λ.Ε.Ε.) το οποίο όμως κατηργήθη τον Σεπτέμβριο 2016 Στο Δικαστήριο της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης υπηρετούν 28 Δικαστές και 11 Γενικοί Εισαγγελείς, διοριζόμενοι κοινή συναινέσει των Κυβερνήσεων των Κρατών Μελών για περίοδο έξη ετών. Εκ παραλλήλου, το Γενικό Δικαστήριο σύγκειται εκ 44 Δικαστών, εκάστου Κράτους Μέλους δυναμένου να αποστείλει τουλάχιστον έναν Δικαστή για περίοδο έξη ετών. Στο Δικαστήριο υπηρετούν 2.217 Διοικητικοί Υπάλληλοι (μόνιμοι και μη), εκ των οποίων 1.345 Γυναίκες. Όπως προσφυώς

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period,while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries,by other Researchers.

Since then,the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below,from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification,the following:

In a sense,the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups to “return”to the city,leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown,where work place is,lack of the sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres,search for better services of health,education,entertainment “at the heart of the city”,(possibly) lower living cost of,“withdrawal”from private car easier access to markets,etc.

According to another approach,the phenomenon is due to a systematic and long-term informal effort by organized groups,manufacturers,brokers of buying and selling real estate,etc.,for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web,in a variety of ways,in order to achieve the “assisted”,“voluntary”,(actually

1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born in Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm

of Justice of the European Union, A.R., Luxembourg, 2019, p. 5

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Definition, Types of Intervention, Concerns of Gentrification

GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Architect

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete

1.Introductory approach:Defining the concept

1.Introductory approach:Defining the concept

ANTISTHENIS,the ancient Greek philosopher,(444 BC - 370 BC,Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based,therefore,on this “principle”in a first,if not final,approach,the term gentrification1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well),as the “refining”of a city area,the removal from this,(in various ways),of social groups,usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries,restaurants,etc.However this “change”,regardless of whatever other consequences has,results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation).

ANTISTHENIS,the ancient Greek philosopher,(444 BC - 370 BC,Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based,therefore,on this “principle”in a first,if not final,approach,the term gentrification1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well),as the “refining”of a city area,the removal from this,(in various ways),of social groups,usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries,restaurants,etc.However this “change”,regardless of whatever other consequences has,results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of London,upgrade them,stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”.

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of London,upgrade them,stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period,while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries,by other Researchers.

των οποίων προεξάρχουσα θέση κατέχουν εκείνες του σεβασμού της Ανθρώπινης Αξιοπρέπειας. Εν σχέσει με τα είδη διαδικασιών σημειώνονται τα εξής: Δικαστήριο της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης: Εν περιπτώσει παραβάσεων υπό Κράτους Μέλους: Επιτροπή κατά Κράτους, άρθρο 258, Σ.Λ.Ε.Ε. Εν περιπτώσει υποβολής προσφυγής ακύρωσης ή προσφυγής λόγω παράλειψης ενεργείας υπό θεσμικού Οργάνου της Ε.Ε. ή κατά Κράτους Μέλους λόγω παράνομης πράξης ή παράλειψης, άρθρα 263 και 265 Σ.Λ.Ε.Ε. Εκδίκαση ενδίκων μέσων κατά αποφάσεων του Γενικού Δικαστηρίου, άρθρο 256 Σ.Λ.Ε.Ε. Αμφότερα τα Δικαιοδοτικά Όργανα έχουν διαχειρισθεί κατά το έτος 2018, 1.683 νέες υποθέσεις, ενώ η μέση διάρκεια των διαδικασιών ανέρχεται σε 18μήνες, (Δικαστήριο 15,7 μήνες, Γενικό Δικαστήριο

Since then,the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below,from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification,the following:

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period,while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries,by other Researchers.

Since then,the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below,from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification,the following:

In a sense,the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups to “return”to the city,leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown,where work place is,lack of the sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres,search for better services of health,education,entertainment “at the heart of the city”,(possibly) lower living cost of,“withdrawal”from private car easier access to markets,etc.

According to another approach,the phenomenon is due to a systematic and long-term informal effort by organized groups,manufacturers,brokers of buying and selling real estate,etc.,for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web,in a variety of ways,in order to achieve the “assisted”,“voluntary”,(actually

1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born in Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm

Τέλος, σημειώνεται, ότι η λειτουργία του Δικαστηρίου διέπεται από τις διατάξεις των άρθρων 251 έως και 281 των Ενοποιημένων Συνθηκών / Συνθήκη Λειτουργίας της Ε.Ε. και του υπ΄αριθμ. 3 Πρωτοκόλλου περί του Οργανισμού του Δικαστηρίου της Ε.Ε.

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