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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, of intervention, ConcernsTypes ofαπὸ Gentrification "ΕΕ: Definition, ανακάμπτοντας την οικονομικὴ κρὶση Concerns και η αντίστροφη μὲτρηση του BREXIT" κ. Θεοδώρ. Α. ΚΑΛΛΙΑΝΟΥ By Mr. Του George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Διδάκτ. Οικονομικών και Κοινωνικών Επιστημών Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect τουGeorge-Sp. Πανεπιστημίου του Αμβούργου Student of the School of Architecture Πτυχ. Οικ. Επιστ. Ε.Κ.Π.Α., Technical University of Crete
Επισκ. Καθηγητού Ευρωπαϊκής Ολοκληρώσεως Παν/μίου Βόννης, π. Στελέχους της Ε.Ε. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept
1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), Abstract: The article refers to the actual(444 of the EU among other wise heritage he left us, he established arecovering great the among wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a great the acquisition of knowledge starts with of content of“principle”: concepts. from theother economic crisis and the countdown ofthe BREXIT according to the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term negotiating directives of the EU 27 on the 22/5/2017. Although both 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is a first, if (in notthe approach, the term gentrification) indicated area of Planning) (or gentrification developments in the economic andinpolitical fieldfinal, (recovery, BREXIT 1 (and gentrification urban gentrification) isarea, indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city the removal (in various countdown) present a“refining” clear orientation their realityfrom is this, much more Sociology as well), as the of a city area, the removal (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, complex andof art fragile. Under the present circumstances seems a ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement ofthat artists, the operation galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of more stable future is ongoing (foretc. EUROZONE while aof the operation of art galleries, restaurants, However “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also risingthis ofcountries) land prices (and the definitive BREXIT (whenever it occurs) will be a “lose – lose’’ rather a whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). ‘’win-win’’ for bothissingle of1960s today: EU-27 and The term case gentrification found market at first inparticipants the UK in early and it refers to 1. 1960s TheKingdom term gentrification found at first in the UKIrland in early and itareas refersofto the then observed ofisBritain wealthy people to buy property in poor United oftrend Great and Northern the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Η εορταστική ατμόσφαιρα των επετειακών 60 χρόνων, των being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included the work ofχαρακτηρίζεται Sociologist Ruth Ευρωπαϊκών Συνθηκών της Ρώμης τοinέτος A description ofperiod, this phenomenon isκατά included inwere the2017 work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar situations recorded in other major από τρειςatαβεβαιότητες: GLASS the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Κατά πόσο διαπιστωμένη ανάκαμψη της Ευρωζώνης μετά cities inα) Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issueηhas several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more την κρίση είναι καθολική και διαρκής. comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various β) Η αντίστροφη μέτρηση της οριστικὴς αποχωρήσεως του interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon of the following: Ηνωμένου από την Ε.Ε., σύμφωνα τηνγια πρώτη In a sense,Βασιλείου theof phenomenon is due togentrification, a trend of a με new category of socialφορά groupsto “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the 1 term fromβασίζεται Sociologist GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS was born in Το παρόν άρθρο σεRuth διάλεξη-ομιλία (EU:Recovering from for Economic sense1.ofThe safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, better Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Crisis andof the Brexit countdown), που έγινε “at στιςtheΒρυξέλλες στιςcity”, 24/5/2017, για services health, education, entertainment heart of the (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for μεταπτυχιακούς Καναδούς φοιτητές οικονομικών και πολιτικών επιστημών. Οργάνωση lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc. studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where St. Louis των studies Βρυξελλών και Yπηρεσίες της Ε.Ε τον συντονισμό του Prof. in According 1943 Université she published regarding cityphenomenon planning. In υπό 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public and Lino Francescon. Έχει συμπεριλὰβει επιπλὲον, επιλεκτικὰ, στοιχεὶα τηςbrokers επικαιρὸτητος του long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. θὲματος γιὰreal λὸγους πληρὲστερης σχετικὴς ενημὲρωσης. and selling estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 252113 11
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
εφαρμοζόμενη διάταξη του άρθρου 50 της Συνθήκης της Λισσαβόνας, θα είναι ομαλή και προβλέψιμη και γ) Η αυξανόμενη απειλή της διεθνούς τρομοκρατίας σε άλλες χώρες της Ε.Ε. και του ΝΑΤΟ καθώς και οι πολιτικές και μηχανισμοί αποτελεσματικής αντιμετώπισής τους, έτσι ώστε η ειρήνη να καταστεί και πάλι αλώβητο αγαθό. By Mr. George-Sp. Το παρόν άρθρο πραγματεύεται μόνοC. ATHANASOPOULOS τις δύο πρώτες Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, αβεβαιότητες υπό δύο βασικές προϋποθέσεις: By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect 1. Η ενθάρρυνση της εσωτερικής αγοράς και η δημιουργία της Student of the School of Architecture τραπεζικής ένωσης θα συνεχιστούν όπωςTechnical προβλέπει η επιτροπή University of Crete JUNCKER στις περίφημες 10 πολιτικές προτεραιότητές της. 1.2.Introductory approach: Defining the concept Δεν θα υπάρξει άλλης «μείζονος σημασίας» γεγονός εκτός της 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient επιπτώσεις Greek philosopher, Ε.Ε. με καταλυτικές όμως σε ένα ή περισσότερα ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the κράτη μέλη. (Π.χ. Έξαρση φαινομένου αναγκαστικής among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. μετανάστευσης, εμπλοκές σε definition πολεμικές επιχειρήσεις του ΝΑΤΟ, acquisition of knowledge starts with the the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if of not final, approach, the term «διπλωματικοί κ.ά.).isinindicated 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on πόλεμοι» this “principle” a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 Ένας επίσης αναγκαίος θεματικός περιορισμός, επιβάλλεται να gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal this, (in various γίνει εδώ , ότι ανεξαρτήτως από τις οποιεσδήποτε άλλες παραμέτρους, Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andπροοπτική thethis placement of artists, που επηρεάζουν την οικονομική εξέλιξη και τηςthere Ε.Ε., πρέπει the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof να λαμβάνονται υπόψη: whatever otherspeculation). consequences results also rising of land prices (and the potential - ηrelative παγκοσμιοποίηση τουhas, εμπορίου και των επενδύσεων potential relative speculation). The gentrification is found at first UK in early 1960s and refers to - term η γήρανση του πληθυσμού καιinη the υπογεννητικότητα τωνitΚρατών The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor Μελών της Ε.Ε. the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof - οιupgrade εφαρμογές της themselves ψηφιακήςsometimes τεχνολογίας (ITthus Technology) London, them, stay there and old residentsσε are being indirectly “squeezed”. όλους τους τομείς και επίπεδα της οργανωμένης κοινωνίας και being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this τέλος, phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth οικονομίας και GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major οι επιπτώσεις τηςbyκλιματικής αλλαγής παγκοσμὶως cities- in Western countries, other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied otherότι Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Περαιτέρω η υπόμνηση η οικονομική πολιτική στην Ε.Ε. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various επηρεάζεται περισσότερο από τη λειτουργία και δυναμισμό της ενιαίας comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of market) the phenomenon of gentrification, following: αγοράς (single και λιγότερο από την the οικονομική πολιτική της interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social groups Ε.Ε. (Εξόχως ελλειμματική λόγω π.χ. απουσίας ενιαίας δημοσιονομικής to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money πολιτικής και υπάρξεως δέκα (!) διαφορετικών νομισμάτων) αποτελεί and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the αυτονόητο δεδομένο. 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin,Το where she made her καθιστά first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: γεγονός αυτό την οποιαδήποτε Κυβερνητική πολιτική services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for (Governance) τηςin Ε.Ε. λιγότερο αξιόπιστη σε άλλες χώρες, lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private access to markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier Yorkσχέση she cameμε back to London, in According 1943Η.Π.Α. she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 she teacher της in the όπως Καναδά, όταν «οι αποκλειστικές αρμοδιότητες» toήanother approach, the is due tobecame a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Κεντρικής κυβέρνησης είναι περισσότερες από αυτές της Ε.Ε. διότι τα her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd.με London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Κράτη Μέλη της «συντρέχουν» συναρμοδιότητες σε πολλές από G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
αυτές , π.χ. οικονομική και κοινωνική πολιτική , περιβάλλον, μεταφορές κ.ά. Είναι διαπίστωση πλέον κοινή ότι η Ε.Ε. και ιδίως η Ευρωζώνη παρουσιάζουν, στοιχεία ανάκαμψης μετά την οικονομική και δημοσιονομική κρίση της τελευταίας οκταετίας (2009-2017, βλέπε γράφημα).
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Ωστόσο “squeezed”. πλέον των inπολιτικών διαρθρωτικών being indirectly A description ofπαραμένουν this phenomenon is included the work of Sociologist Ruth διαφορών, εθνικές καιis situations περιφερειακές και A description ofperiod, this phenomenon included inwere the recorded workανισότητες of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the μεγάλες same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major ασυμμετρίες που καθιστούν αναγκαίες τις εφαρμογές ειδικών cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. πολιτικών και προγραμμάτων (πολιτικές προγράμματα Since then, the issue has several συνοχής, scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several scholars andέχει for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from the προσαρμογής, π.χ. Ελλάδα ως μόνη χώρα η below, οποία δεν ακόμα comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: ανακάμψει, δηλαδή να παρουσιάσει συνεχείς αυξητικούς ρυθμούς interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social groups παραγωγής). to “return” the city, leaving the purlieus for προϊόντος several reasons: highκατά costs in money Σε to όρους ακαθάριστου εθνικού (ΑΕΠ) κεφαλή and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack the 2 η Ελλάδα ευρίσκεται κάτωofτου σε επίπεδα αγοραστικής δύναμης termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her firstκαι studies. 1932 she published an φάση study entitled: Ευρωπαϊκού μέσου όρου τηςInΕυρωζώνης σε οικονομικής services of health, education, entertainment “at the και heart ofimportant the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for κρίσης ενώ δέκα κράτη μέλη είναι άνω του Ευρωπαϊκού μέσου όρου. lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc. studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where Στην ανώτατη δε βαθμίδα η Ιρλανδία και το Λουξεμβούργο από in τις in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 2 and selling real estate, etc., for theCo depreciation initially of partκαι of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. The Free Encyclopedia: Πηγή Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή: Ελλάδα λιγότερο τουWIKIPEDIA: 20.000€ Ευρωπαϊκός μέσος Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aόρος variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually άνω των 27.000€. 252115 11
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
μικρές χώρες ακολουθούμενες από Ολλανδία, Αυστρία, Δανία, Γερμανία, κ.ά. Στον τομέα των κοινωνικών ανισοτήτων η οικονομική κρίση έχει αφήσει έντονα ίχνη σε χώρες όπως η Ελλάδα και η Ισπανία με ποσοστά ανεργίας άνω του 18% και 23% ενώ σε χαμηλότερους δείκτες διαφέρουν σημαντικά όπου 20 χώρες της Ε.Ε. εμφανίζουν μονοψήφιο Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS αριθμό και μάλιστα λιγότερο τουBy 7%(!). Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Στο σύνολο δε η οικονομία της Ε.Ε. παραμένει εξωστρεφής By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect δηλαδή οι εξαγωγές υπερτερούν τωνStudent εισαγωγών, αν και έχουν of the School of Architecture μειωτική τάση τα τρία τελευταία χρόνια. Technical University of Crete Εντός λοιπόν αυτού του κλίματος οικονομικής ανάκαμψης, το 1. Introductory DefiningΙούνιο the concept αποτέλεσμα - approach: κατά τον 2016 - του Βρετανικού 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, δημοψηφίσματος (52% LEAVE, 48% REMAIN) και μάλιστα με ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he για left us, established a great «εσωτερικές ασυμμετρίες» το he Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο, π.χ. Σκωτία,the Β. among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. Ιρλανδία και Γιβραλτάρ άνω του 60% υπέρ της παραμονής στην Ε.Ε. acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term (REMAIN) δημιουργεί νέα δεδομένα στις ifήδη «διαφοροποιημένες 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) is (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 σχέσεις» μεταξύ του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου και των υπολοίπων 27 gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal this, (in various Κρατών Μελών της Ε.Ε. Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), social groups, usually of low-income and the placement of artists, Οιof«διαφοροποιημένες σχέσεις» του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.μεταξύ However this “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever otherΒρετανὶας consequences resultsΙρλανδίας also risingκαι of land (and theof της Μεγὰλης τηςhas, Βόρειας της prices ΕΕ, δεν είναι whatever other consequencesή has,αποτέλεσμα results also rising prices (and the potential relative speculation). κάτι το «καινούριο» τουof land LEAVE/REMAIN potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first inτον the UK in early refers to δημοψηφίσματος, που σηματοδότησε Ιούνιο του1960s 2016and τοitBREXIT The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refers to the then observed trend of to buy property in poor (συντομογραφία των όρωνwealthy Britishpeople Exit). to buy property in poor areasofof the then observed trend London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are Ήδη, με την ένταξη το 1973sometimes του ΗΒ, there μαζί and με thus το Βασίλειο της London, upgrade them, stay themselves old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Δανίας και τη Δημοκρατία της Ιρλανδίας – η γεωπολιτική διάσταση της being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth τότεA Ε.Ο.Κ. αποκτούσε «νέαsimilar στοιχεία», πρωτόγνωρα τότε. Η description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work ofμέχρι Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the-same while in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major ένταξη δηλαδήcountries, 3 νέων κρατών μελών (Μελών ήδη της European Free cities in Western by other Researchers. cities inAssociation, Western countries, byστην other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several for its Trade EFTA) «ΕΟΚ των 6»scholars εκ των and οποίων ταmore δύο Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various ήταν νησιά, (ΗΒ μετὰ της Β.Ιρλανδὶας, Δημοκρατὶα της Ιρλανδίας) άρα comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: χωρίς χερσαία κοινά σύνορα με τα υπάρχοντα κράτη μέλη. interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social groups Επιπρόσθετα το ένα κράτος δεν είχε καν κωδικοποιημένο γραπτό to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Σύνταγμα, ως πηγή εσωτερικού δικαίου (ΗΒ) έδωσαν δε και τα τρὶα and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the κρὰτη μία νέα διάσταση στην κοινωνικοοικονομική συνοχή της 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was«ΕΟΚ born in sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for better Berlin, 9» whereδημιουργώντας she made her first studies. Inτην 1932 she published an important study entitled: των έτσι ανάγκη για μία ‘ευρωπαϊκή services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for περιφερειακή lower living cost πολιτική’(1973). of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 published regarding city planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the Η she ανάγκη γιαstudies ενδυνάμωση της κοινωνικοοικονομικής συνοχής to another approach, the phenomenon is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying της ΕΟΚ έγινε εντονότερη με την «προς Νότον διεύρυνση» δηλαδή με her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially ofκαι partτης of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: την ένταξη της Ελλάδος (1981) της Ισπανίας Πορτογαλίας G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
(1985) γεγονὸς που θεσμοθετήθηκε οριστικὰ στη Συνθήκη του Μάαστριχτ (1992, ὰρθρο 130 περὶ οικονομικής και κοινωνικής συνοχής). Ωστόσο, η δυναμική που ανέπτυξε η προοπτική ολοκλήρωσης μιας ενιαίας αγοράς, με συμμετέχοντες τους 5 μεγάλους της ΕΟΚ των 12 (Γερμανία, Αγγλία, Γαλλία, Ιταλία, Ισπανὶα), ήταν εμφανής και By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS επηρέαζε την περαιτέρω διαδικασία διευρύνσεως της Ευρωπαϊκής Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Κοινότητας / Ένωσης σε 28 Κρὰτη - Μέλη σήμερα χάρη στην Συνθήκη By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect της Νίκαιας και της «αναθεωρητικής «Συνθήκης της Λισαβόνας (2009) Student of the School of Architecture που έδωσε και την δυνατὸτητα «αποχωρήσεως Technical ΚράτουςUniversity - Μὲλουςofαπὸ Crete την ΕΕ»(Αρθρο 50). 1. Introductory approach: Defining Κατά την περίοδο αυτὴ, ενώthe ταconcept οικονομικά οφὲλη του ΗΒ ὴταν 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, ancientδικτύωσή Greek philosopher, εμφανή χάρη στηνthe έντονη του με τους μηχανισμούς και τα ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage left us,εσωτερικής he established a great τραπεζικά όργανα της Ε.Εhe και της αγοράς, η άρνησή του the να among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. μην ενταχθεί στο ενιαίο νόμισμα EURO (opting out clause), η μη acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term αποδοχή ελεύθερης διακίνησηςisinindicated ευρωπαίων πολιτών βάσει 1 (and Based, της therefore, on this “principle” a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the της term urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 Συνθήκης Σένγκεν καθὼς και άλλες εξαιρέσεις και προνόμια υπέρ του gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various ΗΒ, «διαφοροποίησε» περαιτέρω την σχέση ΗΒ-Ε.Ε έτσι ώστε ο Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, προσεκτικὸς αναλυτὴς των Συνθηκὼν να διαπιστὼνει ότι ήδη αυτές the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation ofconsequences artσυν galleries, restaurants, etc. However regardless whatever other has, results also rising of “change”, land prices (and theof αφορούν σε «27 1 Κρὰτη μὲλη !» παρα σε «this 28 ισὸτιμα»… whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices potential relative speculation). Κατά την άποψη του γράφοντος αυτό το γεγονός ήταν και (and είναι the η potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to γενεσιουργὸς αιτία του Ευρωσκεπτικισμού και των λαικιστικών The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend to buy property in poor επιθέσεων κατὰ της Ε.Εofπου οδήγησαν και την διεξαγωγή the then observed trend wealthy people toυλοποίησαν buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof του ιστορικού αλλά οριακοὺ Δημοψηφίσματος απόand τηνthus Κυβέρνηση των London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Συντηρητικών του David Cameron. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth μετά τηνof απόφαση τουsimilar δημοψηφίσματος της Ιουνὶου AΗ description this phenomenon is situations included inwere theαυτοὺ work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while recorded in23 other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major 2016inπερίοδος χαρακτηρίστηκε από δύο παράλληλες και ασυντόνιστες cities Western countries, by other Researchers. cities inτους Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then,εξελίξεις: the issue has several scholars and for its more μεταξύ Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from α) υπήρξε άμεση πολιτική αλλαγή στην βρετανική κυβέρνηση του comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of theDavid phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Πρωθυπουργού Cameron λόγω παραιτήσεώς του και interpretations the phenomenon of thecategory following: social groups In a sense, theof phenomenon dueTeresa togentrification, a trend of a new αντικαταστάσεώς του από isτην May,ενώ είχε ήδηofπροηγηθεί η to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money παραίτηση του εκπροσώπου του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου στην and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Ευρωπαϊκή Jonathan Hill, ο1912-1940. οποίος και αντικατεστάθη, 1.of The termΕπιτροπή from Lord Sociologist Ruth GLASS, Ruth GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, search Berlin, whereμε she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: σύμφωνα τις προβλεπόμενες διαδικασίες, από τον Sir Julian King services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for ως νέο Μὲλος υπό τον Πρόεδρο Jean-Claude lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier YorkJuncker. she came to back to London, in According 1943 published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. 1950 sheτης teacher in the β)she η Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή μετά από τη In δήλωση to another approach, the is due tobecame a κυβερνήσεως systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου ότι θα υλοποιήσει το αποτέλεσμα του her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: δημοψηφίσματος, όρισε «ειδικό πληρεξούσιο», τονof Γάλλο πρώην G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
Υπουργό και μέλος της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπής Michel Barnier, να χειριστεί αποκλειστικά τις σχέσεις της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης για το συγκεκριμένο θέμα BREXIT με τους εκπροσώπους της Κυβέρνησης του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου. Στις 29 Μαρτίου του 2017, η Κυβέρνηση του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου κατέθεσε αίτημα σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 50 της συνθήκης Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASOPOULOS της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης-πρώτοByΚράτος Μέλος C. που το ενεργοποιεί, Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, προκειμένου να δηλώσει «την πρόθεσή της να αποχωρήσει από την By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση» εντός διετίας Student όπως ofπροβλέπεται και να the School of Architecture δημιουργήσει για το ΗΒ μια «νέα βαθειάTechnical και ειδική Universityσχέση of Crete συνεργασίας –deep and special partnership- με μια δυνατή ΕΕ». 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Στις 29 Απριλίου του 2017, το Ευρωπαϊκό Συμβούλιο σε 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the του ancient philosopher, έκτακτη συνεδρίασή υπόGreek τον Donald Tusk, έλαβε δύο σημαντικές ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the αποφάσεις σχετικές με τις κατευθυντήριες οδηγίες διαπραγμάτευσης among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. προκειμένου να ολοκληρωθεί εντός διετίας, of δηλαδή στιςof29 Μαρτίου acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if not final, approach, the term του Based, 2019,therefore, οριστική έξοδος τουisinindicated Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου από 1η(and on this “principle” a first, if (in notthe final, approach, theτην term urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση. gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various Νομικὴ βαση αποτέλεσε το άρθρο 50 και συγκεκριμένα η δεύτερη Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and placement of artists, παράγραφος που προβλέπει: «Μεetc. βάση τιςthethis οδηγίες, η there Ένωση θα the operation of art galleries, restaurants, However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of landμε prices theof διαπραγματευθεί και να συνομολογήσει συμφωνία το (and κράτος, whatever otherτις consequences has,για results rising of land prices the potential relative speculation). καθορίζοντας διευθετήσεις τηνalso αποχώρησή του (του(and ΗΒ), potential relative speculation). The term gentrification found at first the UK in earlyτου 1960s and it refers to λαμβάνοντας υπ’όψιν τοisπλαίσιο τηςinμελλοντικής σχέσης με την The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor Ένωση.» the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof Εδόθη δε ηthem, εντολή η εξουσιοδότηση στον London, upgrade stay και themselves sometimes there andMichel thus oldBαrnier residentsνα are being indirectly “squeezed”. διαπραγματευτεί με την Κυβέρνηση του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου, being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth λαμβάνοντας πρωταρχικά υπόψη το Ευρωπαϊκό των 27 A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere theσυμφέρον work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar recorded inκαι other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major υπολοίπων κρατών-μελών. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several and οδηγιών for its more Για την υλοποίηση του περιεχομένου τωνscholars παραπάνω το Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various «Ευρωπαϊκό Συμβούλιο των 27» ζήτησε να γίνει η υλοποίηση αυτή σε comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon gentrification, thebelow, following: δύο φάσεις, την μία έπειτα τηςof άλλης και όχι παράλληλα. interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In aΚατά sense,την theof phenomenon dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups διάρκεια τηςisπρώτης φάσης πρέπει να διευκρινιστούν to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money ιδιαίτερα: Πρώτον, τα δικαιώματα των πολιτών των κρατών-μελών and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the που1.κατοικούν και εργάζονται στο Βασίλειο τωνfor μελών termat comes from Sociologist Ruth Ηνωμένο GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruthκαι GLASS was born in sense ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, search better Berlin, where she madeτου, her first studies. In 1932 τα she published an important study entitled: των οικογενειών καθώς επίσης δικαιώματα των Βρετανών services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for πολιτών κατοικούν και εργάζονται σταshe 27 lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private access to markets, etc.της studies and που research in Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York cameκράτη-μέλη back to London, where in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης. to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
Δεύτερον, η διευθέτηση των χερσαίων συνόρων μεταξύ Ιρλανδίας και Βόρειας Ιρλανδίας προκειμένου να μην δημιουργηθούν εμπόδια στην λειτουργία της Ενιαίας Ευρωπαϊκής αγοράς. Τρίτον, ο υπολογισμός του χρηματικού ποσού, το οποίο πρέπει να καταβληθή από το Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο και που είναι ανάλογο των δεσμεύσεων και υποχρεώσεων που έχει αναλάβει υπό την ιδιότητά του By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS ως κράτος μέλος. Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Στις 8 Ιούνιου 2017 και μετά από πρόωρες γενικὲς εκλογές η By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Teresa May και οι Συντηρητικοί κέρδισαν μεν αλλά έχασαν την Student of the School of Architecture απόλυτη πλειοψηφία έτσι ώστε η νὲα κυβέρνηση δεν ισχυροποιήθηκε Technical University of Crete όπως ανάμεναν οι υποστηρικτές του BREXIT. 1. Introductory approach: Definingσυζητήσεις the concept και επαφές ορίστηκαν Μετά τις προκαταρκτικές 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, «γύροι διαπραγματεύσεων» διάρκειας μιας εβδομάδος για τις ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established aDavid great the συνεδριάσεις των εκπρόσωπων του ΗΒ (υπο τον Davis)και των among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. 27 κρατών-μελών (υπό starts τον Michel acquisition of knowledge with theBarnier) the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term Στη σύνοδο της Οκτωβρίου Ευρωπαϊκό Συμβούλιο 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on20ης this “principle” inindicated a2017, first, ifτο not final, approach, the term gentrification) is (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 με βάση τους πέντε πρώτους γύρους των διαπραγματεύσεων την gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (inκαι various αξιολόγηση που υπέβαλε ο διαπραγματευτής της Ένωσης Μichel Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), ofανακοίνωσε social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, Barnier, ότι: the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also land prices (andπου theof Εκφράζει την ικανοποίησή τουrising γιαof την πρόοδο whatever other consequences results alsoτου rising of landκαι prices (and the potential relative speculation). σημειώθηκε όσον αφορά ταhas, δικαιώματα πολίτη καλεί τον potential relative speculation). The term gentrification found at first in the UKεπιτευχθείσα in early 1960s andσύγκλιση, it refers to διαπραγματευτή να is βασιστεί στην The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor προκειμένου να παρασχεθούν η αναγκαία ασφάλεια δικαίου και οι the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof αναγκαίες εγγυήσεις σε όλους τους ενδιαφερόμενους πολίτες και τα London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. μέλη της οικογένειάς τους, οι οποίοι θα πρέπει να είναι σε θέσηRuth να being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth ασκούν άμεσα τα δικαιώματά τους που απορρέουν από το ενωσιακό GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, similar were recorded in other δίκαιο και προστατεύονται από τη situations συμφωνία αποχώρησης, καιmajor δη cities in Western countries, bywhile other Researchers. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the hasδιοικητικών preoccupiedδιαδικασιών several scholars and for its more μέσω ομαλών καιissue απλών και του ρόλου του Since then,της the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from Δικαστηρίου Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης· comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon ofαφορά gentrification, the following: Αναγνωρίζει ότι, όσον την Ιρλανδία, έχει σημειωθεί interpretations the phenomenon the following: In a sense, theof phenomenon dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups σχετική πρόοδος σε σχέσηis με τη σύγκλιση επί category των αρχών και των to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money στόχων που αφορούν την προστασία της Συμφωνίας της Μεγάλης and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Παρασκευής και διατήρηση της Ταξιδιωτικής Περιοχής, καιin 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth Κοινής GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born sense safety theτη distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where she madeδιαπραγματευτή her first studies. In 1932 she published an να important study entitled: ζητεί από τον της Ένωσης επιδιώξει τη services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for λεπτομερέστερη επεξεργασία των αυτών, λαμβάνοντας lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private car access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London andαρχών Neweasier York she came to back to London, in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and παράλληλα υπόψιν τη σημαντική πρόκληση που συνιστάin η University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying αποχώρηση του ΗΒ, γιαjustice. τηνSeeαποφυγή της δημιουργίας her work are characterized by aιδίως passion for also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling real estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: δυσπροσπέλαστων συνόρων, και για τον λόγο αυτό αναμένει από G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
το ΗΒ να υποβάλει και να ακολουθήσει ευέλικτες και δημιουργικές λύσεις, που υπαγορεύει η ιδιαίτερη κατάσταση της Ιρλανδίας· Επισημαίνει ότι, ενώ το ΗΒ έχει δηλώσει ότι θα τιμήσει τις οικονομικές υποχρεώσεις που ανέλαβε ως μέλος, οι δηλώσεις αυτές δεν έχουν ακόμη μετουσιωθεί σε σταθερή και συγκεκριμένη δέσμευση από By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS το ΗΒ για ρύθμιση όλων αυτών των υποχρεώσεων. Harvard University, Graduate School of Design,ζητεί Student, Με βάση την πρόοδο αυτή, το Ευρωπαϊκό Συμβούλιο να By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect συνεχιστούν οι εργασίες με στόχο ναStudent εδραιωθεί η επιτευχθείσα of the School of Architecture σύγκλιση και να συνεχιστούν οι διαπραγματεύσεις, ώστε να Technical έτσι University of Crete μπορέσει να γίνει το συντομότερο δυνατό η μετάβαση στο δεύτερο 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept στὰδιο. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, Συμπερασματικά σήμερα εκτιμούμε ότι ενάμιση και πλὲον χρόνο ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the μετά το δημοψήφισμα η κατάσταση για το μέλλον του ΗΒ και της among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the αποχώρησης του από την ΕΕ παραμένει ακόμηtheασαφής. υπάρχει acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition content ofΔεν concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term καμία πρόβλεψη σεon ποιο καθεστώς θα η σχέση μετά 1 (and urban Based, therefore, this “principle” is inindicated aβρίσκεται first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of ΗΒ-ΕΕ Planning) (or gentrification 1 τις 29 Μαρτίου 2019. Αποχώρηση τουisarea, ΗΒ χωρίς μελλοντική συμφωνία gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city the removal (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various με την ΕΕ η παράταση της περιόδου διαπραγματεύσεων για μια ακόμη ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, διετία δηλαδὴ μὲχρι τις 29 Μαρτὶου 2021 όπως προβλέπει έξαλλου το the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever consequences άρθρο 50other της Συνθήκης ΕΕ; has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever other consequences also rising land prices (and the potential relative speculation). Είναι τὲλος βέβαιον has, ότι results η ασάφεια τωνof εξελίξεων αυτών potential relative speculation). The termαρνητικές gentrification is found at first in οικονομία the UK in early and it refers to προκαλεί επιπτώσεις στην και1960s μεταβάλλει τους The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor συσχετισμούς της trend κοινής γνώμης BREXIT/REMAINκυρίως στο ΗΒ, το the then observed wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof οποίο όμως παραμὲνει ισότιμο κράτος-μὲλος της ΕΕ με ανὲπαφα όλα τα London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. δικαιώματα και τιςphenomenon υποχρεώσεις του inμὲχρι τηνof Sociologist οριστική Ruth του being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this is included the work A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth αποχώρηση, όποτε και αν αυτή συντελεστεί. (£°) Την ασάφεια αυτή GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major έχουνin επιτείνει περαιτέρω, δυο(3) πρόσφατες εξελίξεις που αφορούν cities Western countries, by other Researchers. cities inτο Western countries, bypreoccupied other Since then, the issue has several scholars andτου for ΗΒ its more άμεσα χρονοδιάγραμμα της Researchers. οριστικής αποχωρήσεως από Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various την ΕΕ· comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: 1) Το Κοινοβούλιο του ΗΒ μέσω της Βουλής των Κοινοτήτων interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new (House of Commons) στο έγγραφο του της 15/12/17 of μεsocial τον groups τίτλο to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money “Notices of Amendments“ προβλέπει στο μεταξύ άλλων ότι “A and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the referendum whether theresidencies UKRuth should approve theRuth UK search and Gibraltar 1.of The termon from Sociologist GLASS, 1912-1940. GLASS wasbetter born in sense safety atcomes the distributed outside town centres, for Berlin,package” where she made her first by studies. InHM 1932Government she published anconclusions important studyofentitled: “exit proposed the the services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for negotiations triggered by Prague, Art 50 §2private lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning.φορά-ώς In 1950 sheto became teacherτων in the to another approach, is due a systematic and Σημειώνεται δηλαδή εδώ the για πρώτη αποτέλεσμα University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying διορθωτικών παρεμβάσεων τηςforΒουλής των Λόρδων of Lords) her work are characterized by a passion justice. See also: COLLINS (House ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: η10th διεξαγωγή ενός δημοψηφίσματος προκειμένου να γίνει αποδεκτή η G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
πρόταση της Κυβέρνησης και η οποία θα αφορά στο “Πακέτο Αποχωρήσεως του ΗΒ και του Γιβραλτάρ” από την ΕΕ. Στο ίδιο δε έγγραφο τονίζεται ότι η “New EU-UKT reaty to beratified prior to exit day” με άλλα λόγια η νέα συνθήκη για τις σχέσεις ΕΕ ΗΒ πρέπει να επικυρωθεί εννοείται από το βρετανικό Κοινοβούλιο πριν από την ημέρα αποχωρήσεως του ΗΒ. Είναι αυτονόητο ότι George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS ανάλογες επικυρώσεις πρέπει By ναMr.έχουν υλοποιηθεί και από τα Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, υπόλοιπα κράτη-μέλη της ΕΕ και οπωσδὴποτε απὸ το Ευρωπαικὸ By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Κοινοβοὺλιο που θα προκὺψει απὸ τις Ευρωεκλογὲς του 2019 χωρὶς Student of the School of Architecture μὰλλον Ευρωβουλευτές απὸ το ΗΒ. Ηδη η Technical προεργασὶα γιαof την University Crete κατανομὴ των εδρὼν του ΗΒ στα υπὸλοιπα Κρὰτη Μὲλη βρὶσκεται σε 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept προχωρημὲνο στὰδιο. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, Greek philosopher, Εν κατακλείδιtheτοancient χρονοδιάγραμμα του “BREXIT”, φαίνεται ότι θα ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the είναι κατ’ αρχήν εντός των διαδικασιών του Άρθρου 50 370 τηςBC, Συνθήκης among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. της Λισαβόνας αλλά η starts “οριστική αποχώρηση” τουcontent ΗΒ αποκλείεται να acquisition of knowledge with the the of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term γίνειBased, πριν therefore, το1 (and 2021. Μέχρι τότε βέβαια, ότι ηofυπεροχή on this “principle” inindicated a είναι first, ifσαφές notthe final, approach, theτου term urban gentrification) is (in area Planning) (or gentrification 1 Δικαίου της ΕΕ έναντι του Δικαίου του ΗΒ θα είναι δεδομένη. gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various Η εξέλιξη αυτή είναι προφανώς αντίθετη με τις προσδοκίες των Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and placement of artists, “BREXITERS”, οιgalleries, οποίοι θεωρούσαν την thethis ημερομηνία οριστικής the operation of art restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (andτου theof αποχωρήσεως του ΗΒ πολύ πιο κοντά στην ημερομηνία whatever otherspeculation). consequences potential relative δημοψηφίσματος του Ιουνίου has, του results 2016. also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). TheΠέραν term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960sπου and itοδηγούν refers to όμως της πολυπλοκότητας των διαδικασιών, The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor σε αντιθέσεις απόψεων και toπροβλέψεων τωνof the μόνιμες then observed trend wealthy sometimes people buy property inμεταξύ poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves there and thus old residents are διαπραγματευτικών της ΕΕ των 27there (BARNIER) και του ΗΒ London, upgrade them,ομάδων stay themselves sometimes and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. (DAVIS), υπάρχει και η οικονομική διάσταση που επηρεάζει ιδιαίτερα being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth την Aκοινή καιphenomenon τις γένει εξελίξεις: ο ofδεὶκτης description ofperiod, this is situations included inwere theπ.χ. work Sociologist Ruth GLASS at theγνώμη same whileενsimilar recorded in otherτιμὼν major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major καταλωτὴ στοcountries, ΗΒ απὸ by o,5% (Ιοὺνιος 2016) ανήλθε 3% ! (Ιανουὰριος cities in Western other Researchers. cities inλὸγω Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue πτὼσεως has several scholars and for its more 2018) κυρὶως της συναλλαγματικής ισοτιμὶας τὴς Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various βρετανικὴς λὶρας έναντι του ΕΥΡΩ. comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: α) Η ανάκαμψη της οικονομίας της Ευρωζώνης, σὺμφωνα με τὶς interpretations of the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social προβλέψεις της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπὴς (2/2018) και τηςgroups ΕΚΤ to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money σταθεροποιείται. Για το 2018 προβλὲπεται αὺξηση του ΑΕΠ της and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Ευρωζὼνης τὰξεως του 2,4%. 1.of The termτης from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin,Πὲραν where she made her οι first studies. In των 1932 she published an important study entitled: τοὺτου θὲσεις 27 εὶναι συντονισμὲνες και services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for συγκλίνουσες στην διαδικασὶα τουandBREXIT, ὸπως φὰνηκε στην lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car access markets, etc. studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London Neweasier York she came to back to London, where in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the πρὸσφατη απὸφαση του Συμβουλὶου (29/1/2018) προκειμὲνου να to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying τροποποιηθοὺν οι διαπραγματευτικὲς οδηγὶες και να εγκριθεὶ her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling real estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially ofτο part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd.περὶοδος London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: πρὸσθετη διετής μεταβατικὴ για ΗΒ πὲραν της G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns αρχικὴς ημερομηνὶας αποχωρὴσεως που προβλὲπει το άρθρο 50 δηλ By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS εντὸς διετὶας. Harvard University, Graduate School of Design,του Student, β) Οι φορείς της οικονομίας (βιομηχανία, υπηρεσίες) ΗΒ By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect εκφράζουν σοβαρές ανησυχίες για την “εκτός τελωνειακής ενώσεως” Student of the School of Architecture και εσωτερικής αγοράς, μελλοντικής εξελίξεως τους ιδίως οι Technical University of Crete χρηματοπιστωτικὲς οργανὼσεις. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept γ) Το θέμα της Βόρειας Ιρλανδίας-ιδίως,καθώς και του 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, theότι ancient Greekμεγαλύτερες philosopher, Γιβραλτάρ φαίνεται θα έχουν παρενέργειες απ’ότι είχε ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other he left us, he established a great the φανεί στην wise αρχήheritage που ίσως οδηγὴσουν σε μη(444 ελεγχόμενες πολιτικὰ among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. πλέον εξελίξεις την Κυβέρνηση της Πρωθυπουργού acquisition of knowledge starts with theσυνασπισμού the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term MΑYBased, (Conservatives και“principle” Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) 1 (and urban therefore, on this inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, theτης term gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 Βόρειας Ιρλανδὶας). gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various Για τους λόγους αυτούς κάθε πρόβλεψη σήμερα για ένα σαφές Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement there of στην artists, χρονοδιάγραμμα συγκεκριμένων ενεργειών που θα προβλέπονται the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land (and theof “μελλοντική σχέση” ΕΕ-ΗΒ είναι παρακινδυνευμένη και prices ατεκμηρίωτη. whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, resultsαπὸσπασμα also rising of land (and the potential relative Πρὸς επιβεβαὶωση παρατὶθεται τηςprices επὶσημης potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is Μ. found at first inτης the9/2/2018: UK in early 1960s and it refers to συνεντεὺξεως τὺπου του BARNIER The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to property in poor «.…. observed trend of wealthy people tobuy the then buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof Once again,them, we stay needthemselves to advance in thisthere negotiation methodically London, upgrade sometimes and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. and a structured through isconsultation and transparency, being indirectly “squeezed”. A in description of thisway, phenomenon included in the work of Sociologistwhich Ruth allows us to organise rounds. This consultation and of transparency is A description ofperiod, thisthe phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major first in for the 27 Member States, in whose name I negotiate, for the cities Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several for national its more European Parliament, with which we workscholars closely,and the Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the parliaments which I regularly meet, for citizens, for economic andvarious social comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: actors, and forofyou….” ( βλ. Μ.BARNIER SPEECH/18/725). interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups Άρα επιβάλλεται ψυχραιμία και προσήλωση στην Ευρωπαϊκή και to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money εθνική τουtheόλου εγχειρήματος, παρακολούθηση and timeδιάσταση to travel from purlieus to downtown,στενή where work place is, lack ofτων the 1.of The termδιαδικασιών from Sociologist Ruth 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS wasbetter born in sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, for εξελίξεων, και των GLASS, αποφάσεων του search Ευρωπαϊκού Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, entertainment “atστην the heart of the city”, (possibly) Συμβουλίου των education, 27The καθὼς καιshe αναφορά μέθοδο” τωνfor Youth Unemployment. same year left Germany and“προσφιλή after continuous movements lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, Londonπρωτόγνωρες and New York she came διπλωματών σε inτέτοιες μοναδικά για back τηνto London, σύγχρονη in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and ευρωπαϊκή ολοκλήρωση περιπτώσεις: University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her workSUNT are characterized by a passion forκαι justice. See also: ENGLISH DICTIONARY. PACTA SERVANDA καθώς “wait andCOLLINS see”….. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture ΒιβλιογραφίαTechnical University of Crete
Χρήσιμες επίσημες και ανεπίσημες πηγές
1. Introductory approach: Defining concept για τηνthe παρακολούθηση της ΕΥΡΩΖΩΝΗΣ 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancientκαι Greek τουphilosopher, BREXIT. (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the https://ec.europa.eu/info/businessamong other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. economy-euro/economic-performanceacquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term and-forecasts/economic-forecasts/winter1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 2018-economic-forecast_en gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/ Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, https://ec.europa.eu/info/departmen the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequencests/taskforce-article-50-negotiationshas, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative united-kingdom_fr potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to https://infacts.org/ The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthyhttps://www.buzzfeed.com/alberton people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof ardelli/the-governments-own-brexitLondon, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. analysis-says-the-uk-willbeing indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth be?utm_term=.xtLZNy7x0#.xcnDdEoYm A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major «EUResearchers. Exit Analysis-Cross White hall Briefing cities in Western countries, by other cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several and for more(Ανάλυση για την scholars Έξοδο από τηνitsΕ.Ε. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach areΔιακυβερνητική being summarized below, from the various Ενημέρωση)». Ιανουάριος comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: 2018 interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Αξὶζει να σημειωθεὶ ότι η επὶσημη and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the ιστοσελὶδα της Κυβερνὴσεως ΗΒin termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASSτου wasbetter born sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 sheεὶναι published an important study entitled: www.GOV.uk δὺσχρηστη και ελλειπὴς services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for σχετικὰ με επὶσημες πληροφορὶες που lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private easier access to markets, etc. studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car New York she came back to London, where in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 she teacher in the αφορούν στο BREXIT τουλὰχιστον μὲχρι to another approach, the is due tobecame a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying σὴμερα. Οι λὸγοι προφανεὶς. her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 252123 11