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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Τοις Εντευξομένοις Η΄ Concerns
Περί των θεμελιωδών αρχών των διεπουσών την δράση της By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Δημόσιας Διοίκησης
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Του κ. Κωνστ. ΓΕ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ Technical University of Crete
Καθηγητού Σχολ. Νομικών και Κοινωνικών Επιστ. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the conceptκαι Μεταπτ. Προγραμμάτων Kε�άλαι� ΙΓ ΄BCΝΕΑΠΟΛΙΣ, 1. Introductory approach: the concept Πανεπιστημίου Πάφος, ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, (444 - 370 BC, Athens), Καθηγητού Επισκ. Μετ. Προγρ. Σπ. Πανεπ. Αθηνών, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,αρ�ές he established a great “principle”: the θεµελιώδεις διέπ�υσες την δράση Ομοτ. Καθηγητού ΠΑΝΤΕΙΟΥ Π.Κ.Π.Ε., among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the της ∆ηµ�σιας ∆ι�ίκησης Ch. L. U. L. if Bruxelles, Ex. Int. acquisition of knowledge starts withExthe of the content of I.I.A.P., concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, not final, approach, theParis term 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), asα.the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Γενική πρ�σέγγιση Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, of low-income and�µαλ�τητας theremoval placement Yπ�usually καθεστώς δηµ�κρατικής η δύν�λη δράση της ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However�τι thisδιέπεται “change”, regardless of ∆ηµ�σιας ∆ι�ίκησης είναι πρ��ανές, υπ� την εκάστ�the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However regardless whatever other has, results risingthis of “change”, land prices (and theof ισ�υ�υσών περίhas, αυτής ρυθµισεων, απ�ρρε�υσών εκ τ�υ(and δικαί�υ whatever otherτε consequences results also rising of land prices the potential relative speculation). της Eυρωπαϊκής Ένωσης, τ�υ Συντάγµατ�ς και των N�µ�θετικών potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to ρυθµίσεων, is(ενί�τε δεσµεύσεων εκ των δεδικαThe term gentrification foundκαι atpeople first in the UKαπ�ρρε�υσών in early 1960s and itareas refers the then observed trend of wealthy to buy property in poor ofto σµένων απ��άσεων ∆ικαστηρίων). the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof Oι τρέ��υσες συνθήκες �ωής επέ�αλαν, συνε�ή London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and ως thusγνωστ�ν, old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. διεύρυνση των δράσεων της ∆ηµ�σιας ∆ι�ίκησης, τ�σ� πρ�ς κάλυbeing indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth ψηofperiod, νέων καιν��ανών αναγκών, και recorded πρ�ς of ικαν�π�ίηση συνεA description this phenomenon is situations included�σ� inwere the work Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major �ώς διευρυν�µενων πρ��ληµάτων των ∆ι�ικ�υµένων. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Eνδεικτικώς ανα�έρεται εδώ, �τι ηscholars εν γένει σύνν�µη της Since then, the issue has several and for δράση its more Since then, the issue has preoccupied severalσα�ώς scholars and for various its πρ�σδι�ρί�εται και διέπεται, ωςmore ελέcomprehensive∆ηµ�σιας approach∆ι�ίκησης are being summarized below, from the comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various υπ� της εκάστ�τε ισ�ύ�υσας ν�µ�θεσίας κ.ά. interpretations of�θη, the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: Aκ�µη, ανα�έρεται παρατηρηθείσα «µετε�έλι�η» καιgroups «µετάIn a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, aη trend of a new of social to “return” to theλα�η» city, leaving the τ�υ purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money της υ�ής Kράτ�υς κατά τις τελευταίες εκατ�νταετηρίand time to travelδες, from theσε purlieus to�σ� downtown, whereεπίπεδ�: work place is, lack ofKράthe τ�σ� ∆ιεθνές, και σε Eθνικ� Aστυν�µικ� termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, τ�ς, Kράτ�ς ∆ικαί�υ, Kράτ�ς Πρ�ν�ιας. Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the�τι heart of the city”, (possibly) αυτών, υπενθυµί�εται, (και) κατά τ�movements πρ�σ�ατ� Youth Unemployment.Πέραν The same year she left Germany and after continuous for lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New Yorkκλιµάκωση she came back to London, ακ�µη παρελθ�ν παρετηρήθη έντ�νη των παρεµ�άσεin According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to ων another approach, is due a systematic and των Oργάνων τ�υthe Kράτ�υς επί π�λλαπλών τ�µέων δραστηρι�University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying τήτων των τ�υ Kράτ�υς δρώντ�ς, είτεENGLISH µ�ν�πωλιακώς και her work are characterized by aIδιωτών, passion for justice. See also: COLLINS DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: πρ�ν�µιακώς, (π.�. επί θεµάτων υπηρεσιών επικ�ινωνίας: OργανιG. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually σµ�ς Tηλεπικ�ινωνιών Eλλάδ�ς, O.T.E., άλλ�τε), είτε παραλλήλως,
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns (π.�. επί θεµάτων ενέργειας: παράλληλες πρ�ς την ∆ηµ�σια EπιBy Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS �είρηση Hλεκτρισµ�ύ, ∆.E.H., δραστηρι�τητες Iδιωτών).School of Design, Student, Harvard University, Graduate Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS ∆ιά��ρης υ�ής θέµατα είναι τ� By �ήτηµα της αυτεπάγγελτης Architect the δι�ιSchool of Architecture ενέργειας της ∆ηµ�σιας ∆ι�ίκησης, π.�. επί τ�υStudent πεδί�υofτων Technical University of Crete κητικών συµ�άσεων, � δι�ικητικ�ς καταναγκασµ�ς, (πρ�ηγ�υµένης ενν�είτ� της έκδ�σης εκτελεστών πρά�εων της ∆ηµ�σιας ∆ι�ί1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept κησης), η δράση τηςapproach: ∆ηµ�σιας Defining ∆ι�ίκησης,the ��ιconcept επειδή αυτή «πρ�1. Introductory ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), �λέπεται» συγκεκριµµένως ή «επι�άλλεται» υπ� των κειµένων ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the ν�µων, αλλά �ταν η δράση γίνεται πρ�ς πραγµάτωση επί µέρ�υς among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. σκ�πών της απ�στ�λής τ�υ Kράτ�υς, (απ�στ�λής «π�λύµ�ρ�ης», acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term «δηµι�υργικής», «π�ικίλλης υ�ής», «επείγ�ντ�ς �αρακτήρ�ς» 1 (and urban therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) is (in area of Planning) (or gentrification κ.ά.),Based, υπ� την condicio sine qua non, �ε�αίως, �τι ηif δράση αυτή 1 (and urban gentrification gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various «συντελείται» εντ�ς τ�υ πλαισί�υ της κείµενης ν�µ�θεσίας, τηρ�υSociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually ofτων low-income and �λέπετε the placement µένης «της αρ�ής» της διάκρισης Λειτ�υργιών, και εν there of artists, ways), ofυπ� social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of συνε�εία στ�ι�εί� �. the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the H εν λ�γω «αρ�ή» δεν είναι ιδιαιτέρως «σε�αστή» σε πλείστες whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). �σες περιπτώσεις: ενί�τε «η παρέµ�αση» της µίας Λειτ�υργίας στ� potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in και the UK early 1960s and it refers to πεδί� αρµ�δι�τήτων της άλλης, πρ��λέπεται υπ� in τ�υ ΣυντάγThe term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property µατ�ς, υπ� ν�µων κ.ά.: άρθρ� 94 παράγρ. 4 τ�υ ισ�ύ�ντ�ς Συντάγ-in poor areas of the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus µατ�ς: Στα Π�λιτικά ή ∆ι�ικητικά ∆ικαστήρια µπ�ρεί να ανατεθείold residents are London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. και κάθε άλλη αρµ�δι�τητα δι�ικητικής �ύσεως, �πως ν�µ�ς �ρίbeing indirectly “squeezed”. description of this phenomenon is included the work of Sociologist Ruth �ει.AΣτις αρµ�δι�τητες αυτές περιλαµ�άν�νται και in η λήψη µέτρων A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major για την συµµ�ρ�ωση της ∆ι�ίκησης µε τις δικαστικές απ��άσεις... GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities Western countries, other Researchers. T�inαντίστρ��� �µως, by δηλαδή επέµ�αση της Eκτελεστικής cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has E��υσίας επί της ∆ικαστικής δεν επιτρέπεται, several τ�υ σ�ετικ�ύ «επεµSince then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being from �ατικ�ύ» ν�µ�θετήµατ�ς κριν�µέν�υ ως summarized «αντισυνταγµατικ�ύ». comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the of gentrification, the following: Πάντως, κατά τηνphenomenon τρέ��υσα δεκαετία εµ�ανί��νται έντ�νες interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, τάσεις, theof phenomenon dueof togentrification, a trend of Kράτ�υς a new �υγ�κεντρες τ�υ άλλ�τεis«παρεµ�ατικ�ύ» εγκα- of social groups to “return” to the leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money ταλειπ�µέν�υ, ως city, µη απ�δώσαντ�ς τα αναµεν�µενα ��έλη, (π.�. and time to travel∆ηµ�σίων from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the δυσλειτ�υργίες Eπι�ειρήσεων), και καταλείπ�ντ�ς The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, �ώρ�1.of σε ανάληψη υπ� Iδιωτών δράσεων ασκ�υµένων παλαι�τεBerlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) ρ�ν υπ� τ�υ Kράτ�υς, Συµπρά�εις ∆ηµ�σι�υ Youth Unemployment. The(ιδιωτικ�π�ιήσεις, same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came to back to London, και Iδιωτικ�ύ T�µέαinκ.ά.). in According 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and Aνε�αρτήτως �µως �λων αυτών, η σύν�λη δράση (π.�. έκδ�ση University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying δι�ικητικών πρά�εων, η byσύναψη συµ�άσεων κ.ά.), her work are characterized a passionδι�ικητικών for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of partκατ’ of the urban web, in της ∆ηµ�σιας ∆ι�ίκησης, είτε αυτή «λειτ�υργεί» δεσµευτικώς 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns επιταγήν ισ�υ�ντων καν�νων δικαί�υ, είτε πρ�κρίν�υσα, εκ π�λBy Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS λών, συγκεκριµµένη ενέργεια,Graduate πρέπει ναSchool διέπεται (και) υπ� άλλων Harvard University, of Design, Student, By της Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASSOPOULOS «αρ�ών», �πως εκείνες ν�µιµ�τητας,C.τ�υ δηµ�σί�υ συµ�έρ�Architect Student of κ.ά. the School of Architecture ντ�ς, της πρ�στασίας των ∆ι�ικ�υµένων Technical University of Crete �. Aρµ�δι�τητα της ∆ηµ�σιας ∆ι�ίκησης: δέσµευση και διακριτική ευ�έρειαDefining the concept 1. Introductory approach: 1. IntroductoryΣε approach: the concept µεDefining τις ανα�ερθείσες δύ� εκ�άνσεις ANTISTHENIS, theσ�έση ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370αρµ�δι�τητας, BC, Athens), την δεσµευτική και την κατά διακριτική ευ�έρια ασκ�ύµενη, αναANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the �έρ�νται ενδεικτικώς τα ε�ής, λαµ�αν�µένης υπ’ �ψει της among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. ιδια��ύσης της.theindefinition acquisition of knowledge starts with the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on σηµασίας this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and H πρώτη ε� αυτών είναι «υπ��ρεωτική» για την Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the∆ι�ίterm urban gentrification) is area of ∆ηµ�σια Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and κηση και“refining” τ�gentrification) �ικεί� of «εντεταλµέν�», υπ’ �ργαgentrification urban indicated (in thefrom area ofαυτής Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the a cityisarea, the«πρ�στηθέν» removal this, (in various ν� πρ�ς ε�αρµ�γή καν�νων δικαί�υ, επί σκ�πώ «υλ�π�ίησης» Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, «της εντ�λής» τ�υ συντρε��υσών, ενν�είται, των �ίων ways), of social groups, usually ofN�µ�θέτ�υ, low-income and thethis placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of δήπ�τε πρ��λεπ�µένων πρ�ϋπ�θέσεων (π.�. έκδ�ση αδείας the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof αυτ�κινήτ�υ δηµ�σιας ή ιδιωτικής whatever otherκυκλ���ρίας consequences has, results also rising of land�ρήσης). prices (and the potential relative speculation). H δευτέρα, περιλαµ�άν�υσα πρά�η ή παράλειψη, potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and συνίσταται it refers to στηνtrend εκ τ�υ ,επιλέThe term gentrification foundευ�έρεια atpeople first inτ�υ the UK in early Oργάν�υ, 1960s and να itareas refers the then observed ofisν�µ�υ wealthy to ενεργ�ύντ�ς buy property in poor ofto the then observed trend wealthy peopleεκtoπερισσ�τέρων buy property in poor areas �ει» συνν�µως (ενδε��µένως) ad hoc, London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes there and thusενεργειών old residents areof London, upgrade stay themselves sometimesεκείνη there and oldθεωρεί residents are επίthem, συγκεκριµµένης περιπτώσεως, την thus �π�ία (συνbeing indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. ν�µως) πρ�σ��ρώτερη για τ�ν ∆ι�ικ�ύµεν�. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofH this phenomenon is situations included inwere theτ�υ work of Sociologist Ruth διακριτική ευ�έρεια δράσης Oργάν�υ εντάσσεται GLASS at the same period, whileαυτή similar recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major πρ��ανώς στην γενικώτερη ένν�ια της ν�µίµως ασκ�υµένης δράcities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. σης της ∆ηµ�σιας ∆ι�ίκησης και των Oργάνων της. for its more Since then, the issue has several scholars and Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for various its απαmore H ένν�ια της κατά διακριτική ευ�έρεια δράσης Oργάν�υ comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various πέραν της ∆ι�ικητικής Λειτ�υργίας και σε επίπεδ� N�µ�interpretations ofντάται, the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations of the phenomenon thecategory following: Aρ�ών, �µως σε ∆ικαστικών. In a sense, theθετικών phenomenon is σπανίως dueof togentrification, a trend of aεπίπεδ� new of social groups to “return” to the city, theν�µιµ�τητας purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money γ. leaving Aρ�ή της and time to travel from the purlieus where την work place της is, lack of the Σ�ετικώς µε τηνtoεκdowntown, των διεπ�υσών δράση ∆ηµ�σιας termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, ∆ι�ίκησης αρ�ή της ν�µιµ�τητας σηµειώνεται, �τι αυτή µετα�ράBerlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of theκαι city”, (possibly) �εται στην υπ��ρέωση τηςGermany ∆ηµ�σιας των Oργάνων Youth Unemployment. The same year she left and∆ι�ίκησης after continuous movements for lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc. studies and research Geneva, London New York she came backN�µικών to London, where της,inαλλά καιPrague, των υπ� τ�υ and Kράτ�υς συνιστωµένων Πρ�in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the toσώπων, another approach, the is due a systematic and να ενεργ�ύν εντ�ς των πλαισίων τ�υ to εκάστ�τε ισ�ύ�ντ�ς University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying δικαιϊκ�ύ «να See υπ�τάσωνται» στις διατά�εις των her work are characterized by aκαθεστώτ�ς, passion for justice. also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: ν�µων. G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 2521 511 235 231
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns «H καταγωγή» της αρ�ής της ν�µιµ�τητας της δράσης της By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS 1 εµµέσως Harvard University, Graduate School ofσεDesign, Student, ∆ηµ�σιας ∆ι�ίκησης και των Oργάνων της ανάγεται By Mr. George-Sp. Architect διατά�εις τ�υ Συντάγµατ�ς, �πως εκείνες των άρθρων 1,C. 5, ATHANASSOPOULOS 43, 78, Student of the School of Architecture 79, 82, 83, 94, 95: Technical 1: �λες �ι ε��υσίες πηγά��υν απ� τ�ν Λα�, υπάρ��υν υπέρUniversity of Crete Aυτ�ύ και τ�υ Έθν�υς και ασκ�ύνται �ρί�ει τ� Σύνταγµα. 1. Introductory approach: Defining �πως the concept 5: H πρ�σωπική ελευθερία είναι απαρα�ίαστη. δεν 1. Introductory approach: the conceptKανένας ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), καταδιώκεται, �ύτε συλλαµ�άνεται, �ύτε �υλακί�εται, �ύτε περι�ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the ρί�εται µε �π�ι�ν δήπ�τε τρ�π�, παρά µ�ν�ν �ταν και �πως �ρίamong other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the �ει � ν�µ�ς. of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. acquisition Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term 43: O Πρ�εδρ�ς της εκδίδει τα ∆ιατάγµατα, τα 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on∆ηµ�κρατίας this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification �π�ία είναι αναγκαία για την εκτέλεση των ν�µων και δεν µπ�ρεί 1 gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various π�τέ να αναστείλει την ε�αρµ�γή τ�υς, �ύτε να ε�αιρέσει κανέναν Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, απ� τηνofεκτέλεσή τ�υς. usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), social groups, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of 78: Kανένας ��ρ�ς δεν επι�άλλεται, �ύτε εισπράττεται �ωρίς the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However regardless whatever other has, results risingthis of “change”, land prices (and theof τυπικ� ν�µ�... whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). 79: Mε relative ν�µ� µπ�ρεί να καθιερωθεί η σύντα�η πρ�ϋπ�λ�γισµ�ύ potential speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to για The διετήterm �ρήση. gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor 82: H κυ�έρνηση καθ�ρί�ει και κατευθύνει γενική the then observed trend wealthy people την to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes andπ�λιτιthus old residents areof κή της Xώρας, σύµ�ωνα µε themselves τ�υς �ρισµ�ύς τ�υ Συντάγµατ�ς και old residents are London, upgrade them, stay sometimes there and thus being indirectly “squeezed”. των being indirectly “squeezed”. Aν�µων. description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth 83: Kάθε Yπ�υργ�ς ασκεί τις αρµ�δι�τητες, π�υ in �ρί�ει � ν�µ�ς. A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar were in other major 94: Στ� Συµ��ύλι� της Eπικρατείας και τα τακτικά ∆ι�ικητικά GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. ∆ικαστήρια υπάγ�νται �ι has δι�ικητικές δια��ρές, �πωςscholars ν�µ�ς �ρίcities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue several and for its more �ει... Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from 94: Σε ειδικές περιπτώσεις, µπ�ρεί να ανατεθεί µε ν�µ� η εκδίcomprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: καση κατηγ�ριών ιδιωτικών δια��ρών. interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups 94: Στα Π�λιτικά ή ∆ι�ικητικά ∆ικαστήρια µπ�ρεί να ανατεθεί to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money και time κάθεtoάλλη αρµ�δι�τητα δι�ικητικής �ύσης, �πως and travel from the purlieus to downtown, whereν�µ�ς work�ρίplace is, lack of the �ει. 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private car access to markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London Neweasier York she came back to London, 1. Παρά�. «τεκµήρι� ν�µιµ�τητας»: �ρ�ς µη and τυγ�άνων γενικής απ�δ�in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and �ής. Eν Γαλλία: τεκµήρι� ν�µιµ�τητας, τεκµήρι� ν�µικής αληθείας, τεκµήUniversity informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized manufacturers, ofaction buying ρι� εγκυρ�τητας. Eν Γερµανία: �ασική ισ�ύς groups, δι�ικητικής πρά�ης. Eν Hνωher work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. µένω Bασιλείω: τεκµήρι� καν�νικ�τητας, τεκµήρι� and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of κ.ά. part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. Londonεγκυρ�τητας 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns 95: Kατηγ�ρίες υπ�θέσεων της ακυρωτικής αρµ�δι�τητας τ�υ By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate of Design, Student, Συµ��υλί�υ της Eπικρατείας µπ�ρεί ναSchool υπάγωνται µε ν�µ�... στα Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect τακτικά ∆ι�ικητικά By ∆ικαστήρια. T� Συµ��ύλι� της Eπικρατείας Student of the School of Architecture δικά�ει σε �’ �αθµ�, �πως ν�µ�ς �ρί�ει. Technical University of Crete Eν περιπτώσει παρά�ασης της αρ�ής της ν�µιµ�τητας υπ� της ∆ηµ�σιας ∆ι�ίκησης Oργάνων της και των υπ’ αυτής 1. Introductory approach: Definingκαι theτων concept 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept αδιακρίτως συσταθέντων N�µικών Πρ�σώπων, εάνBC, αυτά διέπ�ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 Athens), νται υπ� καν�νων ∆ηµ�σί�υ ή Iδιωτικ�ύ δικαί�υ, δύναται να ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the �ητηθεί υπ� παντ�ς έ��ντ�ς ένν�µ� συµ�έρ�ν η ακύρωση, η ανάamong other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theτης the content of concepts. κληση, τρ�π�π�ίηση πρά�ης, η απ�κατάBased, therefore, on ηthis “principle” indefinition a συγκεκριµµένης first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle” inπρ�κληθείσης a first, if (in notthe final, approach, theαπ�term σταση των πραγµάτων επίis �ηµίας, ηofκατα��λή urban gentrification) indicated area Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” a city area, the removal fromείτε this,µέσω (in various �ηµίωσης κ.ά. είτε of µέσω δι�ικητικής πρ�σ�υγής, άλλης 2 of Sociology as well), as the “refining” ofπερίπτωση a city area, the fromthere this, (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually ofκατά low-income andσύνν�µης theremoval placement πρ��λεπ�µένης ρύθµισης. ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, However this “change”, regardless of δ. Aρ�ή τ�υ δηµ�σί�υetc. συµ�έρ�ντ�ς the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof H ένν�ια τ�υhas, δηµ�σί�υ σειρά whatever otherspeculation). consequences results συµ�έρ�ντ�ς also rising of απαντάται land pricesσε (and the potential relative άρθρων τ�υ ισ�ύ�ντ�ς Συντάγµατ�ς 1975/1986/2001, �πως αυτ� potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to έ�ειtrend αναθεωρηθεί τ� της 27ης Mαΐ�υ 2008 της of H’ The term gentrification foundµεatpeople firstΨή�ισµα in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refers to the then observed ofiswealthy to buy property in poor Aναθεωρητικής B�υλής των Eλλήνων: 1, 103, 106old the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property inκ.ά. poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes thereτ�υ and«εθνικ�ύ», thus old residents are H ένν�ια «διαστέλλεται» σε εκείνες «κ�ινωνιbeing indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. κ�ύ», «γενικ�ύ», «τ�υ ∆ηµ�σί�υ» (ανα�ερ�µέν�υ στα συµ�έρ�A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, thisεν phenomenon isKράτ�υς), included in the∆ηµ�σιας work of Sociologist Ruth ντα τ�υ στενή «της Yπηρεσίας», της GLASS at the same whileενν�ία similar situations were recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major διαστ�λής by αυτής cities in Western countries, otherεπι�ειρ�υµένης Researchers. διά της ν�µ�θετικής �δ�ύ και cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Since then, the issue has several απ�σκ�π�ύσης στην Researchers. πρ�στασία τ�υ. scholars and for its more Since then, the issue 1has several below, scholars and for various itsπηγάmore comprehensive approach are being summarized the Aρθρ� τ�υpreoccupied ισ�ύ�ντ�ς Συντάγµατ�ς: �λεςfrom �ι ε��υσίες comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of��υν the phenomenon gentrification, following: απ� τ�ν Λα�,ofυπάρ��υν υπέρthe Aυτ�ύ και τ�υ Έθν�υς και interpretations the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social groups ασκ�ύνται �πως �ρί�ει τ� Σύνταγµα. category to “return” to the city, leaving theOι purlieus for several reasons: high costs money Άρθρ� 103: ∆ηµ�σι�ι Yπάλληλ�ι, εκτελεστές τηςinθέλησης and time to travelτ�υ from the purlieus to downtown, Kράτ�υς, υπηρετ�ύν τ�ν Λα�.where work place is, lack of the termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety theΆρθρ� distributed residencies outside town centres, for 106: T� Kράτ�ς, για την εδραίωση της GLASS κ�ινωνικής ειρήBerlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) νης και πρ�στασία τ�υ γενικ�ύ συµ�έρ�ντ�ς, πρ�γραµµατί�ει Youth Unemployment. Theτην same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car New York she cameστην back to London, καιin συντ�νί�ει την �ικ�ν�µική δραστηρι�τητα Xώρα, επιδιώin According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by aA. passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 2 Bλ. και MAPKANTΩNATOY-ΣKAΛTΣA: ∆ι�ικητικ� ∆ίκαι�: 2. Βλ. Κωνστ. ΓΕ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ: Δίκαιο, and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of partΔιοικητικό of the urban web, Eιin 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: σαγωγή, θεµελιώδεις ένν�ιες. Aθήνα, 2004, σ. 161 επ�µ. Αθήνα, 2014, σ. 237 G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 2521 711 237 233
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS
κ�ν να ε�ασ�αλίσει την �ικ�ν�µική ανάπτυ�η �λων των τ�µέων Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, της εθνικής �ικ�ν�µίας.3 By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect H ένν�ια «δηµ�σι� συµ�έρ�ν» υπ� έπ�ψη Student ν�µική»ofδεν theέ�ει School of Architecture �ρι�θετηθεί σα�ώς, �πως απ�δεικνύεται απ� την πρ�ηγηθείσα Technical University of Crete ανα��ρά, αλλά � περί αυτήν έλεγ��ς τ�υ Σ.τ.E. θεωρείται δεδ�µέDefining τ�υ, the concept ν�ς,1. ωςIntroductory πρ�κύπτει εκapproach: σειράς απ��άσεών (π.�. 1682/2002 κ.ά.). 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Παρα ταύτα, η ∆ηµ�σια ∆ι�ίκηση εν γένει και τα �ργανά ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BCτης - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise he των left us, he established a«πρ�αgreat the είναι αναγκαί� κατά heritage τηνthe άσκηση καθηκ�ντων των να among other wise heritage leftthe us, heκύκλ�υ established a great “principle”: acquisition knowledge startshe with definition of�ε�αίως the content concepts. the σπί��υν» τ�of δηµ�σι� συµ�έρ�ν, εντ�ς τ�υ της of acquisition of knowledge starts with κατά theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, ν�µ�θεσίας, therefore, onε�ειδικεύ�ντα this “principle” aπερίπτωση first, if of not approach, the term ισ�ύ�υσας τ�final, εύρ�ς, 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term 4 gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification την έκταση και την υ�ή «τ�υ περιε��µέν�υ» τ�υ. 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ε. H αρ�ή πρ�στασίας των ∆ι�ικ�υµένων Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement Mε δεδ�µένα τα διαλαµ�αν�µενα στ� άρθρ� 1 τ�υ ισ�ύ�ντ�ς ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of Συντάγµατ�ς: «�λες �ι ε��υσίες πηγά��υν απ� τ�ν Λα�, υπάρthe operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof ��υν υπέρ relative Aυτ�ύ τ�υ Έθν�υς has, και ασκ�ύνται, �πως �ρί�ει τ� prices (and the whatever otherκαι consequences results also rising of land potential speculation). Σύνταγµα», η ∆ηµ�σια ∆ι�ίκηση εν γένει και τα καθ’ έκαστ�ν potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to �ργανά είναι επι�ε�ληµέν�, εν at τωpeople κύκλω µέρ�υς The της term gentrification found first in the UKεπί in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy toτων buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthyνα people to there buy in poor areas ασκ�υµένων υπ’ αυτών αρµ�δι�τήτων, µεριµν�ύν για property την London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes andσύνthus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there andτων thus old residents are ν�µη ε�υπηρέτηση των Π�λιτών και την αναγκαία πρ�στασία being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. κατ’ δικαιωµάτων ενν�µων συµ�ερ�ντων Aιδίαν description of thisτ�υς, phenomenon is included in κ.ά. the work of Sociologist Ruth A description of this phenomenon is included the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth H ως άνω πρ�σέγγιση δεν απ�τρέπει, �ε�αίως, τηνin ενδε��µενη GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major λήψη δυσµενών σε �άρ�ς των Π�λιτών, �ταν τ�ύτ� πρ�citiesµέτρων in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities inυπ� Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. �λέπεται τωνthe εκάστ�τε ισ�υ�υσών ρυθµίσεων ή επι�άλλεται Since then, issue has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue π.�. has preoccupied several scholars andthe for various its more εκ των πραγµάτων, �πως περιπτώσεις απαλλ�τρίωσης comprehensive approach areσε being summarized below, from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various ατ�µικής ιδι�κτησίας, κατά τα �ρι��µενα υπ� τ�υthe ισ�ύ�ντ�ς interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups Συντάγµατ�ς. to “return” to the theτης purlieus forδι�ίκησης several reasons: high costs in money Σηµειώνεται, �τιcity, «τ�leaving πνεύµα» �ρηστής πρέπει να and time travelτης from the purlieus to downtown, where place is, lack of the διέπει την to δράση εν γένει ∆ηµ�σιας ∆ι�ίκησης και τωνwork �ργάtermat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for 3. Bλ. Unemployment. Kωνστ. ΓE. AΘANAΣOΠOYΛOΣ: Θεσµικ� Πλαίσι� Περι�ερειlower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, London and New she came back to London, ακής Aνάπτυ�ης. T�µ. A’. NέαPrague, έκδ. Aθήναι, 2007, σ.York ? επ�µ. B. ∆. in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and ∆EΛHΘEOY: Θεσµικ� Πλαίσι� Περι�ερειακής Aνάπτυ�ης και OργάνωUniversity informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying σηςher τηςwork ∆ι�ίκησης τ�υ Kράτ�υς. ?. Aθήναι, ????, ? επ�µ. are characterized by aMέρ�ς passion for justice. Seeσ.also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling real estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part Eιof the urban web, in και A. MAPKANTΩNATOY-ΣKAΛTΣA: ∆ι�ικητικ� ∆ίκαι�: 4. Bλ. Βλ. Κωνστ. ΓΕ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ: Διοικητικό Δίκαιο, 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety ofσ.ways, in order to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually σαγωγή, Θεµελιώδεις ένν�ιες. Aθήνα, 2004, http://www.uncanny.net/ σ. 164 επ�µ. Αθήνα, 2014, 238
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various νων της, απ� τ�υ πρώτ�υ έως τ�υ πλέ�ν κατωτέρ�υ, µετα�ρά�εSociology as well), the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement artists, ταιasδε σε ακρι�ή τήρηση πρ�θεσµιών, «ε�αρµ�γή» δια��ρων ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries,�πως restaurants, However “change”, regardless of «αρ�ών», π.�. τηςetc. αρ�ής της this αµερ�ληψίας, της ισ�τητας the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences also rising ofτης land prices ακρ�ασης (and theof (πρ��λεπ�µένηςhas, υπ�results τ�υ Συντάγµατ�ς), πρ�τέρας whatever otherτ�υ consequences has, results also rising of land (and the potential relative speculation). ∆ι�ικ�ύµεν�υ (πρ��λεπ�µένης ευθέως υπ� prices τ�υ άρθρ�υ 20 potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in theτης UK in early 1960s and τ�υ ισ�ύ�ντ�ς Συντάγµατ�ς), αναλ�γικ�τητας κ.ά.it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refers the then observed trend ofiswealthy toενbuy property in ofto Eνδεικτικώς ανα�έρεται πρ�κειµένω «η poor επιταγή» τ�υ the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are ισ�ύ�ντ�ς Συντάγµατ�ς (άρθρ� 42) πρ�ς τ�ν Πρ�εδρ� της ∆ηµ�London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. κρατίας να εκδίδει και να δηµ�σιεύει τ�υς ν�µ�υς, �ι �π�ί�ι έ��υν being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included the work of Sociologist Ruth ψη�ισθεί υπ� της B�υλής, εντ�ςinτακτής πρ�θεσµίας µην�ς απ� A description of ψή�ισή this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while in other (άρθρ� major τηνperiod, τ�υς,similar η πρ��λεπ�µένη εγγύηση τ�υ Kράτ�υς GLASS at the same period, while situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, othersimilar Researchers. 25) για ταby δικαιώµατα τ�υ Aνθρώπ�υ ως Aτ�µ�υ και ως Mέλ�υς cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the has preoccupied scholars and for itsτ�υ more τ�υissue κ�ινωνικ�ύ συν�λ�υ καιseveral για την ε�αρµ�γή της αρ�ής K�ιSince then, νωνικ�ύ the issueKράτ�υς has several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from the various ∆ικαί�υ: �λα τα Kρατικά �ργανα υπ��ρε�ύcomprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations ofνται the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: να διασ�αλί��υν την ανεµπ�διστη και απ�τελεσµατική άσκηinterpretations the phenomenon of the�ι following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueείδ�υς togentrification, a trend of a new category social groups σή τ�υς, ... �ι κάθε περι�ρισµ�ί, �π�ί�ι of µπ�ρ�ύν να επιto “return” to the�ληθ�ύν city, leaving the purlieus forπρ��λέπωνται several reasons: high in money σε αυτά πρέπει να είτε απ’costs ευθείας απ� τ� and time to travelΣύνταγµα, from the purlieus downtown, work place is, υπέρ lack of the είτε απ�to ν�µ�, ε�’ �σ�νwhere υπάρ�ει επι�ύλα�η αυτ�ύ termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the residencies outside town centres, for και distributed να σέ�ωνται την αρ�ή της 1912-1940. αναλ�γικ�τητας, (της τελευταίας Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health,µετα�ρα��µένης education, entertainment “atύπαρ�ης the heart of the city”,λ�γικής (possibly) ανάγκη σ�έYouth Unemployment. The same year στην she left Germany and afterπρ��αν�ύς continuous movements for lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc. σης µετα�ύ Prague, συγκεκριµµένης ∆ι�ικητικ�ύ και studies and research in Geneva, London and ενέργειας New York she came back to�ργάν�υ London, where 5 in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to επιδιωκ�µέν�υ another approach, the is due a systematic and σκ�π�ύ) κ.ά. University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order toPAΪKOΣ: achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 5. Bλ. και Abstract. A. Θεµελιώδη ∆ικαιώµατα. Aθήναι, 2002, σ. 203. 2521 911
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Kωνσταντίν�ς ΓE. Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification AΘANAΣOΠOYΛOΣ Constantinos GE. KˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˜ °E. Concerns ATHANASSOPOULOS A£ANA™O¶OY§O™ Professor at Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Univ. of Athens, (Vis. Prof.), Lawyer, Ex Ch.L.U.L. Bruxelles, Ex Int. I.I.A.P. Paris
Kαθηγητής Παντεί�υ Πανεπ. K�ιν. και Π�λ. Eπιστηµ., K·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ¶·ÓÙ›Ԣ ¶·ÓÂ. Πανεπιστηµί�υ Aθηνών (Eπισκ.), KÔÈÓ. Î·È ¶ÔÏ. EÈÛÙËÌ., Ex Ch.L.U.L. Bruxelles, Ex Int. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS I.I.A.P., Paris ¶·ÓÂ. AıËÓÒÓ (EÈÛÎ.), Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, ¢ÈÎËÁfiÚÔ˜, ByBruxelles, Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Ex Ch.L.U.L., Student of the School of Architecture Ex Int. I.I.A.P., Paris
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Διεθνείς Χρηματοπιστωτικές Αγορές και Οίκοι GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, Types of intervention, ConcernsΑξιολόγησης of Gentrification Ή Από τονConcerns Άννα στον Καϊάφα ΤουC. κ.ATHANASOPOULOS Ναπ. ΜΑΡΑΒΕΓΙΑ By Mr. George-Sp. Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Καθηγητού Ευρωπαϊκής Ολοκλήρωσης και By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Αντιπρύτανη του Εθνικού και Καποδιστριακού Student of the School of Architecture Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Definingπρος the concept Καθώς η χώρα μας προχωρά την έξοδο από το τρίτο Μνημόνιο 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), the ancient Greek philosopher, τονANTISTHENIS, Αύγουστο του τρέχοντος έτους, η σημασία των διεθνών ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC γίνεται -“principle”: 370 BC,και Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the χρηματοπιστωτικών αγορών και των Οίκων Αξιολόγησης πάλι among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. κρίσιμη. Η προσπάθεια της ελληνικής οικονομίας να σταθεί στα πόδια της acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if not final, approach, the term μετά από 1οκτώ χρόνια μνημονίων, θα συνοδευθεί βεβαίως από Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term (and urban area of Planning) (or gentrification ενισχυμένη εποπτεία τηςgentrification) ΕΕ πάνω στην εφαρμοσμένη εθνική οικονομική 1 (and urban gentrification gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various πολιτική, όπως προβλέπεται για όλες τις the υπερχρεωμένες χώρες της Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, Ευρωζώνης. ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of Πέρα όμως από την Ευρωπαϊκή Εποπτεία, εποπτικό the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and και theof ενδεχομένως αναλαμβάνουν οι διεθνείς whatever otherτιμωρητικό consequencesρόλο has, results also rising of και land prices (and the potential relative speculation). χρηματοπιστωτικές αγορές καθοδηγούμενες από τους Οίκους potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification foundικανότητας atpeople first in the UKδιαφόρων in early 1960s and itareas refersof Αξιολόγησης της πιστοληπτικής χωρών. Αυτή ηto the then observed trend ofiswealthy toτων buy property in poor the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people toαγορών buy property in poor areas εποπτεία των διεθνών χρηματοπιστωτικών άμεσα μεof London, upgrade them, stay themselves there andσυνδέεται thus old residents are London, upgrade them, themselves sometimesαπό thereτους and thus old residents are την βαθμολογία της stay ελληνικής οικονομίας διεθνείς Οίκους being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth Αξιολόγησης. AΚάθε description ofperiod, this phenomenon included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at theπαρεκτροπή same while situations in other από similar τη isδημοσιονομική ισορροπία καιmajor την GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, byπλεονασμάτων, other Researchers. παραγωγή πρωτογενών που έχουν συμφωνηθεί (3,5% cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more του Since ΑΕΠ then, μέχρι the το issue 2022 has καιpreoccupied 2% στη συνέχεια), θα οδηγεί του Οίκους several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from Αξιολόγησης να υποβαθμίζουν την πιστοληπτική ικανότητα comprehensive approach are being summarized fromτης the χώρας various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: μας και συνεπώς οι διεθνείς χρηματοπιστωτικές αγορές θα απαιτούν interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups υψηλότερα επιτόκια για να δανείσουν την ελληνική οικονομία. to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Βέβαια, ανfrom η ελληνική δημοσιονομική γενικότερα οικονομική and time to travel the purlieus to downtown,και where work placeη is, lack of the πολιτική κρατηθεί μακριά από ψηφοθηρικούς πειρασμούς, οι for ανάγκες 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS was born in sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, better Berlin, whereτης she χώρας made herμας firstδεν studies. In 1932μεγάλες. she published an important study entitled: δανεισμού θα είναι Ωστόσο, μια υποβάθμιση services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for της πιστοληπτικής ικανότηταςfrom της χώρας μας απόaccess τους διεθνείς οίκους lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” private markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, αξιολόγησης θαanother προκαλεί μεγάλοthe αντίκτυπο, οι οίκοι αυτοί έχουν in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning.καθώς In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to approach, is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her and αναδειχθεί διεθνείς «χωροφύλακες» της δημοσιονομικής και public γενικότερα long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realορθοδοξίας estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in οικονομικής σε παγκόσμιο επίπεδο. 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
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Είναι γεγονός ότι οι χρηματοπιστωτικές αγορές και οι Οίκοι πιστοληπτικής αξιολόγησης, τα τελευταία χρόνια της κρίσης στην Ευρώπη, έχουν αποκτήσει τεράστια σημασία, καθώς η Ευρωπαϊκή Κεντρική Τράπεζα (ΕΚΤ) δεν μπορεί από το καταστατικό της να λειτουργεί ως δανειστής τελευταίας ευκαιρίας. Μ’ άλλα λόγια η ΕΚΤ, «κατ’ εικόνα και ομοίωση» της πάλαι ποτέ Γερμανικής Ομοσπονδιακής Τράπεζας, δεν μπορεί να δανείζει By τα Mr. Κράτη, να αγοράζει δηλαδή κρατικά George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS ομόλογα, όταν το επιτόκιό τους ξεπεράσει ένα όριο που επιβάλλουν οι Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS διεθνείς χρηματοπιστωτικές αγορές. Architect Studentηofελληνική the Schoolοικονομία of Architecture Εξάλλου, σ’ αυτήν την κατάσταση βρέθηκε το Technical University of Crete 2009-2010, όταν τα επιτόκια δανεισμού, (εξαιτίας της υπερχρέωσης της χώρας μας και της συρρίκνωσης διεθνούς ρευστότητας, λόγω της 1. Introductory approach: Definingτης the concept διεθνούς κρίσης του 2007-2008), αυξήθηκαν σε (444 μη βιώσιμα επίπεδα. Την 1. Introductory approach: the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, BC - 370 BC, Athens), κρίσιμη εκείνη ώρα θα ηus,Χώρα μας να απευθυνθεί στην για ANTISTHENIS, theμπορούσε ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC,ΕΚΤ, Athens), among other wise heritage he left he established a great the να πωλήσει τα ομόλογά της με λογικά επιτόκια, αν η Ευρωπαϊκή Κεντρική among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the Τράπεζα να this ταstarts αγοράσει. acquisition of knowledge with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, μπορούσε therefore, on “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated aκαι, first,συνεπώς, if (in notthe final, the term Τέτοια δυνατότητα δεν υπήρχε οapproach, μόνος τρόπος (and urban gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification δανεισμού ήταν η the δημιουργία ενός Ευρωπαϊκού Ταμείου Sociology as well), as “refining” of a cityπροσωρινού area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of aγια cityνα area, the fromthere this, of (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and theremoval placement artists, Χρηματοπιστωτικής Σταθερότητας δανειστεί η Χώρα μας, πράγμα ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the of artσυνοδεύτηκε galleries, restaurants, etc. However thisπεριοριστικούς “change”, regardless of πουoperation έγινε, αλλά από τους γνωστούς όρους the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results rising of επέβαλε land prices theof του περίφημου πρώτου Μνημονίου, πουalso εν πολλοίς το (and Διεθνές whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative Νομισματικό Ταμείο για πρώτη φορά σε ευρωπαϊκή χώρα. potential relative speculation). TheΑπό termτότε gentrification is found at firstτο in the UK inζητούμενο early 1960s and it refers to και μέχρι σήμερα μεγάλο είναι, όχι να The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor τροποποιηθεί το Καταστατικό της ΕΚΤ, ώστε να μπορεί να in χρηματοδοτεί the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof με νομισματικά μέσα δημοσιονομικά ελλείμματα απαράδεκτο London, upgrade them,τα stay themselves sometimes there (πράγμα and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. για τηindirectly νομισματική ορθοδοξία, καθώς θεωρείται αιτία πληθωρισμού), being “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth αλλάA description να εκδίδονται ώστε ναinwere μοιράζεται, μεταξύ των ofperiod, thisευρωομόλογα, phenomenon is situations included the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar recorded in other major οικονομικά ισχυρών και των οικονομικά λιγότερο ισχυρών ευρωπαϊκών GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. χωρών, οthen, κίνδυνος και has έτσι να αγοράζονται ταscholars ομόλογα αυτά από τις Since the issue several and for its more Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more διεθνείς χρηματοπιστωτικές με λογικά επιτόκια. Μέχρι comprehensive approach areαγορές being summarized below, from theστιγμής various, comprehensive approach are καθώς being summarized below, fromχώρες the various αυτό δεν έχειof γίνει εφικτό, αντιδρούνtheοι ισχυρές του interpretations the phenomenon of gentrification, following: interpretations of the με phenomenon gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of (έστω a new social groups Ευρωπαϊκού Βορρά πρώτη τηof Γερμανία, και αν of η πιθανότητα to “return”του to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high in money αύξησης πληθωρισμού είναι ασήμαντη), αρνούμενες ναcosts μοιραστούν and to travel from the purlieus to downtown, whereτους. work place is, lack of the την time αναμενόμενη αύξηση του κόστους δανεισμού The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for born in sense1.of safety the outside town centres, better Έτσι, όταν η distributed Χώρα μας residencies χρειασθεί και πάλι δανεισμό από τις was διεθνείς Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,πρέπει (possibly) χρηματοπιστωτικές μετά τοGermany τέλος του Μνημονίου, ναfor Youth Unemployment. Theαγορές same year she left and after continuous movements lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, studies and σε research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York sheπράγμα came backπου to London, where κρατηθεί απόλυτη δημοσιονομική ισορροπία, θαetc.την in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and αναγκάσει να συνεχίσει να εφαρμόζει περιοριστική οικονομική πολιτική, University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her μόνο work are characterized by a passionεποπτείας, for justice. Seeαλλά also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. όχι λόγω της ευρωπαϊκής και λόγω του φόβου της and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: αύξησης των επιτοκίων δανεισμού από τις διεθνείς χρηματοπιστωτικές G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually αγορές.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, of intervention, ConcernsTypes ofαπὸ Gentrification "ΕΕ: Definition, ανακάμπτοντας την οικονομικὴ κρὶση Concerns και η αντίστροφη μὲτρηση του BREXIT" κ. Θεοδώρ. Α. ΚΑΛΛΙΑΝΟΥ By Mr. Του George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Διδάκτ. Οικονομικών και Κοινωνικών Επιστημών Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect τουGeorge-Sp. Πανεπιστημίου του Αμβούργου Student of the School of Architecture Πτυχ. Οικ. Επιστ. Ε.Κ.Π.Α., Technical University of Crete
Επισκ. Καθηγητού Ευρωπαϊκής Ολοκληρώσεως Παν/μίου Βόννης, π. Στελέχους της Ε.Ε. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept
1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), Abstract: The article refers to the actual(444 of the EU among other wise heritage he left us, he established arecovering great the among wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a great the acquisition of knowledge starts with of content of“principle”: concepts. from theother economic crisis and the countdown ofthe BREXIT according to the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term negotiating directives of the EU 27 on the 22/5/2017. Although both 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is a first, if (in notthe approach, the term gentrification) indicated area of Planning) (or gentrification developments in the economic andinpolitical fieldfinal, (recovery, BREXIT 1 (and gentrification urban gentrification) isarea, indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city the removal (in various countdown) present a“refining” clear orientation their realityfrom is this, much more Sociology as well), as the of a city area, the removal (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, complex andof art fragile. Under the present circumstances seems a ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement ofthat artists, the operation galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of more stable future is ongoing (foretc. EUROZONE while aof the operation of art galleries, restaurants, However “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also risingthis ofcountries) land prices (and the definitive BREXIT (whenever it occurs) will be a “lose – lose’’ rather a whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). ‘’win-win’’ for bothissingle of1960s today: EU-27 and The term case gentrification found market at first inparticipants the UK in early and it refers to 1. 1960s TheKingdom term gentrification found at first in the UKIrland in early and itareas refersofto the then observed ofisBritain wealthy people to buy property in poor United oftrend Great and Northern the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Η εορταστική ατμόσφαιρα των επετειακών 60 χρόνων, των being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included the work ofχαρακτηρίζεται Sociologist Ruth Ευρωπαϊκών Συνθηκών της Ρώμης τοinέτος A description ofperiod, this phenomenon isκατά included inwere the2017 work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar situations recorded in other major από τρειςatαβεβαιότητες: GLASS the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Κατά πόσο διαπιστωμένη ανάκαμψη της Ευρωζώνης μετά cities inα) Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issueηhas several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more την κρίση είναι καθολική και διαρκής. comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various β) Η αντίστροφη μέτρηση της οριστικὴς αποχωρήσεως του interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon of the following: Ηνωμένου από την Ε.Ε., σύμφωνα τηνγια πρώτη In a sense,Βασιλείου theof phenomenon is due togentrification, a trend of a με new category of socialφορά groupsto “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the 1 term fromβασίζεται Sociologist GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS was born in Το παρόν άρθρο σεRuth διάλεξη-ομιλία (EU:Recovering from for Economic sense1.ofThe safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, better Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Crisis andof the Brexit countdown), που έγινε “at στιςtheΒρυξέλλες στιςcity”, 24/5/2017, για services health, education, entertainment heart of the (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for μεταπτυχιακούς Καναδούς φοιτητές οικονομικών και πολιτικών επιστημών. Οργάνωση lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc. studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where St. Louis των studies Βρυξελλών και Yπηρεσίες της Ε.Ε τον συντονισμό του Prof. in According 1943 Université she published regarding cityphenomenon planning. In υπό 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public and Lino Francescon. Έχει συμπεριλὰβει επιπλὲον, επιλεκτικὰ, στοιχεὶα τηςbrokers επικαιρὸτητος του long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. θὲματος γιὰreal λὸγους πληρὲστερης σχετικὴς ενημὲρωσης. and selling estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 252113 11
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
εφαρμοζόμενη διάταξη του άρθρου 50 της Συνθήκης της Λισσαβόνας, θα είναι ομαλή και προβλέψιμη και γ) Η αυξανόμενη απειλή της διεθνούς τρομοκρατίας σε άλλες χώρες της Ε.Ε. και του ΝΑΤΟ καθώς και οι πολιτικές και μηχανισμοί αποτελεσματικής αντιμετώπισής τους, έτσι ώστε η ειρήνη να καταστεί και πάλι αλώβητο αγαθό. By Mr. George-Sp. Το παρόν άρθρο πραγματεύεται μόνοC. ATHANASOPOULOS τις δύο πρώτες Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, αβεβαιότητες υπό δύο βασικές προϋποθέσεις: By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect 1. Η ενθάρρυνση της εσωτερικής αγοράς και η δημιουργία της Student of the School of Architecture τραπεζικής ένωσης θα συνεχιστούν όπωςTechnical προβλέπει η επιτροπή University of Crete JUNCKER στις περίφημες 10 πολιτικές προτεραιότητές της. 1.2.Introductory approach: Defining the concept Δεν θα υπάρξει άλλης «μείζονος σημασίας» γεγονός εκτός της 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient επιπτώσεις Greek philosopher, Ε.Ε. με καταλυτικές όμως σε ένα ή περισσότερα ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the κράτη μέλη. (Π.χ. Έξαρση φαινομένου αναγκαστικής among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. μετανάστευσης, εμπλοκές σε definition πολεμικές επιχειρήσεις του ΝΑΤΟ, acquisition of knowledge starts with the the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if of not final, approach, the term «διπλωματικοί κ.ά.).isinindicated 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on πόλεμοι» this “principle” a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 Ένας επίσης αναγκαίος θεματικός περιορισμός, επιβάλλεται να gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal this, (in various γίνει εδώ , ότι ανεξαρτήτως από τις οποιεσδήποτε άλλες παραμέτρους, Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andπροοπτική thethis placement of artists, που επηρεάζουν την οικονομική εξέλιξη και τηςthere Ε.Ε., πρέπει the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof να λαμβάνονται υπόψη: whatever otherspeculation). consequences results also rising of land prices (and the potential - ηrelative παγκοσμιοποίηση τουhas, εμπορίου και των επενδύσεων potential relative speculation). The gentrification is found at first UK in early 1960s and refers to - term η γήρανση του πληθυσμού καιinη the υπογεννητικότητα τωνitΚρατών The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor Μελών της Ε.Ε. the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof - οιupgrade εφαρμογές της themselves ψηφιακήςsometimes τεχνολογίας (ITthus Technology) London, them, stay there and old residentsσε are being indirectly “squeezed”. όλους τους τομείς και επίπεδα της οργανωμένης κοινωνίας και being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this τέλος, phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth οικονομίας και GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major οι επιπτώσεις τηςbyκλιματικής αλλαγής παγκοσμὶως cities- in Western countries, other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied otherότι Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Περαιτέρω η υπόμνηση η οικονομική πολιτική στην Ε.Ε. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various επηρεάζεται περισσότερο από τη λειτουργία και δυναμισμό της ενιαίας comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of market) the phenomenon of gentrification, following: αγοράς (single και λιγότερο από την the οικονομική πολιτική της interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social groups Ε.Ε. (Εξόχως ελλειμματική λόγω π.χ. απουσίας ενιαίας δημοσιονομικής to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money πολιτικής και υπάρξεως δέκα (!) διαφορετικών νομισμάτων) αποτελεί and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the αυτονόητο δεδομένο. 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin,Το where she made her καθιστά first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: γεγονός αυτό την οποιαδήποτε Κυβερνητική πολιτική services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for (Governance) τηςin Ε.Ε. λιγότερο αξιόπιστη σε άλλες χώρες, lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private access to markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier Yorkσχέση she cameμε back to London, in According 1943Η.Π.Α. she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 she teacher της in the όπως Καναδά, όταν «οι αποκλειστικές αρμοδιότητες» toήanother approach, the is due tobecame a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Κεντρικής κυβέρνησης είναι περισσότερες από αυτές της Ε.Ε. διότι τα her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd.με London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Κράτη Μέλη της «συντρέχουν» συναρμοδιότητες σε πολλές από G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
αυτές , π.χ. οικονομική και κοινωνική πολιτική , περιβάλλον, μεταφορές κ.ά. Είναι διαπίστωση πλέον κοινή ότι η Ε.Ε. και ιδίως η Ευρωζώνη παρουσιάζουν, στοιχεία ανάκαμψης μετά την οικονομική και δημοσιονομική κρίση της τελευταίας οκταετίας (2009-2017, βλέπε γράφημα).
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Ωστόσο “squeezed”. πλέον των inπολιτικών διαρθρωτικών being indirectly A description ofπαραμένουν this phenomenon is included the work of Sociologist Ruth διαφορών, εθνικές καιis situations περιφερειακές και A description ofperiod, this phenomenon included inwere the recorded workανισότητες of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the μεγάλες same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major ασυμμετρίες που καθιστούν αναγκαίες τις εφαρμογές ειδικών cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. πολιτικών και προγραμμάτων (πολιτικές προγράμματα Since then, the issue has several συνοχής, scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several scholars andέχει for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from the προσαρμογής, π.χ. Ελλάδα ως μόνη χώρα η below, οποία δεν ακόμα comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: ανακάμψει, δηλαδή να παρουσιάσει συνεχείς αυξητικούς ρυθμούς interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social groups παραγωγής). to “return” the city, leaving the purlieus for προϊόντος several reasons: highκατά costs in money Σε to όρους ακαθάριστου εθνικού (ΑΕΠ) κεφαλή and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack the 2 η Ελλάδα ευρίσκεται κάτωofτου σε επίπεδα αγοραστικής δύναμης termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her firstκαι studies. 1932 she published an φάση study entitled: Ευρωπαϊκού μέσου όρου τηςInΕυρωζώνης σε οικονομικής services of health, education, entertainment “at the και heart ofimportant the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for κρίσης ενώ δέκα κράτη μέλη είναι άνω του Ευρωπαϊκού μέσου όρου. lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc. studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where Στην ανώτατη δε βαθμίδα η Ιρλανδία και το Λουξεμβούργο από in τις in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 2 and selling real estate, etc., for theCo depreciation initially of partκαι of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. The Free Encyclopedia: Πηγή Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή: Ελλάδα λιγότερο τουWIKIPEDIA: 20.000€ Ευρωπαϊκός μέσος Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aόρος variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually άνω των 27.000€. 252115 11
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
μικρές χώρες ακολουθούμενες από Ολλανδία, Αυστρία, Δανία, Γερμανία, κ.ά. Στον τομέα των κοινωνικών ανισοτήτων η οικονομική κρίση έχει αφήσει έντονα ίχνη σε χώρες όπως η Ελλάδα και η Ισπανία με ποσοστά ανεργίας άνω του 18% και 23% ενώ σε χαμηλότερους δείκτες διαφέρουν σημαντικά όπου 20 χώρες της Ε.Ε. εμφανίζουν μονοψήφιο Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS αριθμό και μάλιστα λιγότερο τουBy 7%(!). Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Στο σύνολο δε η οικονομία της Ε.Ε. παραμένει εξωστρεφής By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect δηλαδή οι εξαγωγές υπερτερούν τωνStudent εισαγωγών, αν και έχουν of the School of Architecture μειωτική τάση τα τρία τελευταία χρόνια. Technical University of Crete Εντός λοιπόν αυτού του κλίματος οικονομικής ανάκαμψης, το 1. Introductory DefiningΙούνιο the concept αποτέλεσμα - approach: κατά τον 2016 - του Βρετανικού 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, δημοψηφίσματος (52% LEAVE, 48% REMAIN) και μάλιστα με ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he για left us, established a great «εσωτερικές ασυμμετρίες» το he Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο, π.χ. Σκωτία,the Β. among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. Ιρλανδία και Γιβραλτάρ άνω του 60% υπέρ της παραμονής στην Ε.Ε. acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term (REMAIN) δημιουργεί νέα δεδομένα στις ifήδη «διαφοροποιημένες 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) is (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 σχέσεις» μεταξύ του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου και των υπολοίπων 27 gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal this, (in various Κρατών Μελών της Ε.Ε. Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), social groups, usually of low-income and the placement of artists, Οιof«διαφοροποιημένες σχέσεις» του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.μεταξύ However this “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever otherΒρετανὶας consequences resultsΙρλανδίας also risingκαι of land (and theof της Μεγὰλης τηςhas, Βόρειας της prices ΕΕ, δεν είναι whatever other consequencesή has,αποτέλεσμα results also rising prices (and the potential relative speculation). κάτι το «καινούριο» τουof land LEAVE/REMAIN potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first inτον the UK in early refers to δημοψηφίσματος, που σηματοδότησε Ιούνιο του1960s 2016and τοitBREXIT The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refers to the then observed trend of to buy property in poor (συντομογραφία των όρωνwealthy Britishpeople Exit). to buy property in poor areasofof the then observed trend London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are Ήδη, με την ένταξη το 1973sometimes του ΗΒ, there μαζί and με thus το Βασίλειο της London, upgrade them, stay themselves old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Δανίας και τη Δημοκρατία της Ιρλανδίας – η γεωπολιτική διάσταση της being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth τότεA Ε.Ο.Κ. αποκτούσε «νέαsimilar στοιχεία», πρωτόγνωρα τότε. Η description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work ofμέχρι Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the-same while in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major ένταξη δηλαδήcountries, 3 νέων κρατών μελών (Μελών ήδη της European Free cities in Western by other Researchers. cities inAssociation, Western countries, byστην other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several for its Trade EFTA) «ΕΟΚ των 6»scholars εκ των and οποίων ταmore δύο Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various ήταν νησιά, (ΗΒ μετὰ της Β.Ιρλανδὶας, Δημοκρατὶα της Ιρλανδίας) άρα comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: χωρίς χερσαία κοινά σύνορα με τα υπάρχοντα κράτη μέλη. interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social groups Επιπρόσθετα το ένα κράτος δεν είχε καν κωδικοποιημένο γραπτό to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Σύνταγμα, ως πηγή εσωτερικού δικαίου (ΗΒ) έδωσαν δε και τα τρὶα and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the κρὰτη μία νέα διάσταση στην κοινωνικοοικονομική συνοχή της 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was«ΕΟΚ born in sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for better Berlin, 9» whereδημιουργώντας she made her first studies. Inτην 1932 she published an important study entitled: των έτσι ανάγκη για μία ‘ευρωπαϊκή services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for περιφερειακή lower living cost πολιτική’(1973). of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 published regarding city planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the Η she ανάγκη γιαstudies ενδυνάμωση της κοινωνικοοικονομικής συνοχής to another approach, the phenomenon is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying της ΕΟΚ έγινε εντονότερη με την «προς Νότον διεύρυνση» δηλαδή με her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially ofκαι partτης of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: την ένταξη της Ελλάδος (1981) της Ισπανίας Πορτογαλίας G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
(1985) γεγονὸς που θεσμοθετήθηκε οριστικὰ στη Συνθήκη του Μάαστριχτ (1992, ὰρθρο 130 περὶ οικονομικής και κοινωνικής συνοχής). Ωστόσο, η δυναμική που ανέπτυξε η προοπτική ολοκλήρωσης μιας ενιαίας αγοράς, με συμμετέχοντες τους 5 μεγάλους της ΕΟΚ των 12 (Γερμανία, Αγγλία, Γαλλία, Ιταλία, Ισπανὶα), ήταν εμφανής και By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS επηρέαζε την περαιτέρω διαδικασία διευρύνσεως της Ευρωπαϊκής Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Κοινότητας / Ένωσης σε 28 Κρὰτη - Μέλη σήμερα χάρη στην Συνθήκη By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect της Νίκαιας και της «αναθεωρητικής «Συνθήκης της Λισαβόνας (2009) Student of the School of Architecture που έδωσε και την δυνατὸτητα «αποχωρήσεως Technical ΚράτουςUniversity - Μὲλουςofαπὸ Crete την ΕΕ»(Αρθρο 50). 1. Introductory approach: Defining Κατά την περίοδο αυτὴ, ενώthe ταconcept οικονομικά οφὲλη του ΗΒ ὴταν 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, ancientδικτύωσή Greek philosopher, εμφανή χάρη στηνthe έντονη του με τους μηχανισμούς και τα ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage left us,εσωτερικής he established a great τραπεζικά όργανα της Ε.Εhe και της αγοράς, η άρνησή του the να among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. μην ενταχθεί στο ενιαίο νόμισμα EURO (opting out clause), η μη acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term αποδοχή ελεύθερης διακίνησηςisinindicated ευρωπαίων πολιτών βάσει 1 (and Based, της therefore, on this “principle” a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the της term urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 Συνθήκης Σένγκεν καθὼς και άλλες εξαιρέσεις και προνόμια υπέρ του gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various ΗΒ, «διαφοροποίησε» περαιτέρω την σχέση ΗΒ-Ε.Ε έτσι ώστε ο Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, προσεκτικὸς αναλυτὴς των Συνθηκὼν να διαπιστὼνει ότι ήδη αυτές the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation ofconsequences artσυν galleries, restaurants, etc. However regardless whatever other has, results also rising of “change”, land prices (and theof αφορούν σε «27 1 Κρὰτη μὲλη !» παρα σε «this 28 ισὸτιμα»… whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices potential relative speculation). Κατά την άποψη του γράφοντος αυτό το γεγονός ήταν και (and είναι the η potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to γενεσιουργὸς αιτία του Ευρωσκεπτικισμού και των λαικιστικών The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend to buy property in poor επιθέσεων κατὰ της Ε.Εofπου οδήγησαν και την διεξαγωγή the then observed trend wealthy people toυλοποίησαν buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof του ιστορικού αλλά οριακοὺ Δημοψηφίσματος απόand τηνthus Κυβέρνηση των London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Συντηρητικών του David Cameron. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth μετά τηνof απόφαση τουsimilar δημοψηφίσματος της Ιουνὶου AΗ description this phenomenon is situations included inwere theαυτοὺ work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while recorded in23 other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major 2016inπερίοδος χαρακτηρίστηκε από δύο παράλληλες και ασυντόνιστες cities Western countries, by other Researchers. cities inτους Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then,εξελίξεις: the issue has several scholars and for its more μεταξύ Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from α) υπήρξε άμεση πολιτική αλλαγή στην βρετανική κυβέρνηση του comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of theDavid phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Πρωθυπουργού Cameron λόγω παραιτήσεώς του και interpretations the phenomenon of thecategory following: social groups In a sense, theof phenomenon dueTeresa togentrification, a trend of a new αντικαταστάσεώς του από isτην May,ενώ είχε ήδηofπροηγηθεί η to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money παραίτηση του εκπροσώπου του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου στην and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Ευρωπαϊκή Jonathan Hill, ο1912-1940. οποίος και αντικατεστάθη, 1.of The termΕπιτροπή from Lord Sociologist Ruth GLASS, Ruth GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, search Berlin, whereμε she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: σύμφωνα τις προβλεπόμενες διαδικασίες, από τον Sir Julian King services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for ως νέο Μὲλος υπό τον Πρόεδρο Jean-Claude lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier YorkJuncker. she came to back to London, in According 1943 published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. 1950 sheτης teacher in the β)she η Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή μετά από τη In δήλωση to another approach, the is due tobecame a κυβερνήσεως systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου ότι θα υλοποιήσει το αποτέλεσμα του her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: δημοψηφίσματος, όρισε «ειδικό πληρεξούσιο», τονof Γάλλο πρώην G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
Υπουργό και μέλος της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπής Michel Barnier, να χειριστεί αποκλειστικά τις σχέσεις της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης για το συγκεκριμένο θέμα BREXIT με τους εκπροσώπους της Κυβέρνησης του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου. Στις 29 Μαρτίου του 2017, η Κυβέρνηση του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου κατέθεσε αίτημα σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 50 της συνθήκης Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASOPOULOS της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης-πρώτοByΚράτος Μέλος C. που το ενεργοποιεί, Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, προκειμένου να δηλώσει «την πρόθεσή της να αποχωρήσει από την By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση» εντός διετίας Student όπως ofπροβλέπεται και να the School of Architecture δημιουργήσει για το ΗΒ μια «νέα βαθειάTechnical και ειδική Universityσχέση of Crete συνεργασίας –deep and special partnership- με μια δυνατή ΕΕ». 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Στις 29 Απριλίου του 2017, το Ευρωπαϊκό Συμβούλιο σε 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the του ancient philosopher, έκτακτη συνεδρίασή υπόGreek τον Donald Tusk, έλαβε δύο σημαντικές ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the αποφάσεις σχετικές με τις κατευθυντήριες οδηγίες διαπραγμάτευσης among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. προκειμένου να ολοκληρωθεί εντός διετίας, of δηλαδή στιςof29 Μαρτίου acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if not final, approach, the term του Based, 2019,therefore, οριστική έξοδος τουisinindicated Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου από 1η(and on this “principle” a first, if (in notthe final, approach, theτην term urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση. gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various Νομικὴ βαση αποτέλεσε το άρθρο 50 και συγκεκριμένα η δεύτερη Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and placement of artists, παράγραφος που προβλέπει: «Μεetc. βάση τιςthethis οδηγίες, η there Ένωση θα the operation of art galleries, restaurants, However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of landμε prices theof διαπραγματευθεί και να συνομολογήσει συμφωνία το (and κράτος, whatever otherτις consequences has,για results rising of land prices the potential relative speculation). καθορίζοντας διευθετήσεις τηνalso αποχώρησή του (του(and ΗΒ), potential relative speculation). The term gentrification found at first the UK in earlyτου 1960s and it refers to λαμβάνοντας υπ’όψιν τοisπλαίσιο τηςinμελλοντικής σχέσης με την The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor Ένωση.» the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof Εδόθη δε ηthem, εντολή η εξουσιοδότηση στον London, upgrade stay και themselves sometimes there andMichel thus oldBαrnier residentsνα are being indirectly “squeezed”. διαπραγματευτεί με την Κυβέρνηση του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου, being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth λαμβάνοντας πρωταρχικά υπόψη το Ευρωπαϊκό των 27 A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere theσυμφέρον work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar recorded inκαι other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major υπολοίπων κρατών-μελών. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several and οδηγιών for its more Για την υλοποίηση του περιεχομένου τωνscholars παραπάνω το Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various «Ευρωπαϊκό Συμβούλιο των 27» ζήτησε να γίνει η υλοποίηση αυτή σε comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon gentrification, thebelow, following: δύο φάσεις, την μία έπειτα τηςof άλλης και όχι παράλληλα. interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In aΚατά sense,την theof phenomenon dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups διάρκεια τηςisπρώτης φάσης πρέπει να διευκρινιστούν to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money ιδιαίτερα: Πρώτον, τα δικαιώματα των πολιτών των κρατών-μελών and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the που1.κατοικούν και εργάζονται στο Βασίλειο τωνfor μελών termat comes from Sociologist Ruth Ηνωμένο GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruthκαι GLASS was born in sense ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, search better Berlin, where she madeτου, her first studies. In 1932 τα she published an important study entitled: των οικογενειών καθώς επίσης δικαιώματα των Βρετανών services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for πολιτών κατοικούν και εργάζονται σταshe 27 lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private access to markets, etc.της studies and που research in Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York cameκράτη-μέλη back to London, where in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης. to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
Δεύτερον, η διευθέτηση των χερσαίων συνόρων μεταξύ Ιρλανδίας και Βόρειας Ιρλανδίας προκειμένου να μην δημιουργηθούν εμπόδια στην λειτουργία της Ενιαίας Ευρωπαϊκής αγοράς. Τρίτον, ο υπολογισμός του χρηματικού ποσού, το οποίο πρέπει να καταβληθή από το Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο και που είναι ανάλογο των δεσμεύσεων και υποχρεώσεων που έχει αναλάβει υπό την ιδιότητά του By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS ως κράτος μέλος. Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Στις 8 Ιούνιου 2017 και μετά από πρόωρες γενικὲς εκλογές η By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Teresa May και οι Συντηρητικοί κέρδισαν μεν αλλά έχασαν την Student of the School of Architecture απόλυτη πλειοψηφία έτσι ώστε η νὲα κυβέρνηση δεν ισχυροποιήθηκε Technical University of Crete όπως ανάμεναν οι υποστηρικτές του BREXIT. 1. Introductory approach: Definingσυζητήσεις the concept και επαφές ορίστηκαν Μετά τις προκαταρκτικές 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, «γύροι διαπραγματεύσεων» διάρκειας μιας εβδομάδος για τις ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established aDavid great the συνεδριάσεις των εκπρόσωπων του ΗΒ (υπο τον Davis)και των among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. 27 κρατών-μελών (υπό starts τον Michel acquisition of knowledge with theBarnier) the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term Στη σύνοδο της Οκτωβρίου Ευρωπαϊκό Συμβούλιο 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on20ης this “principle” inindicated a2017, first, ifτο not final, approach, the term gentrification) is (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 με βάση τους πέντε πρώτους γύρους των διαπραγματεύσεων την gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (inκαι various αξιολόγηση που υπέβαλε ο διαπραγματευτής της Ένωσης Μichel Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), ofανακοίνωσε social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, Barnier, ότι: the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also land prices (andπου theof Εκφράζει την ικανοποίησή τουrising γιαof την πρόοδο whatever other consequences results alsoτου rising of landκαι prices (and the potential relative speculation). σημειώθηκε όσον αφορά ταhas, δικαιώματα πολίτη καλεί τον potential relative speculation). The term gentrification found at first in the UKεπιτευχθείσα in early 1960s andσύγκλιση, it refers to διαπραγματευτή να is βασιστεί στην The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor προκειμένου να παρασχεθούν η αναγκαία ασφάλεια δικαίου και οι the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof αναγκαίες εγγυήσεις σε όλους τους ενδιαφερόμενους πολίτες και τα London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. μέλη της οικογένειάς τους, οι οποίοι θα πρέπει να είναι σε θέσηRuth να being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth ασκούν άμεσα τα δικαιώματά τους που απορρέουν από το ενωσιακό GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, similar were recorded in other δίκαιο και προστατεύονται από τη situations συμφωνία αποχώρησης, καιmajor δη cities in Western countries, bywhile other Researchers. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the hasδιοικητικών preoccupiedδιαδικασιών several scholars and for its more μέσω ομαλών καιissue απλών και του ρόλου του Since then,της the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from Δικαστηρίου Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης· comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon ofαφορά gentrification, the following: Αναγνωρίζει ότι, όσον την Ιρλανδία, έχει σημειωθεί interpretations the phenomenon the following: In a sense, theof phenomenon dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups σχετική πρόοδος σε σχέσηis με τη σύγκλιση επί category των αρχών και των to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money στόχων που αφορούν την προστασία της Συμφωνίας της Μεγάλης and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Παρασκευής και διατήρηση της Ταξιδιωτικής Περιοχής, καιin 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth Κοινής GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born sense safety theτη distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where she madeδιαπραγματευτή her first studies. In 1932 she published an να important study entitled: ζητεί από τον της Ένωσης επιδιώξει τη services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for λεπτομερέστερη επεξεργασία των αυτών, λαμβάνοντας lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private car access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London andαρχών Neweasier York she came to back to London, in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and παράλληλα υπόψιν τη σημαντική πρόκληση που συνιστάin η University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying αποχώρηση του ΗΒ, γιαjustice. τηνSeeαποφυγή της δημιουργίας her work are characterized by aιδίως passion for also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling real estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: δυσπροσπέλαστων συνόρων, και για τον λόγο αυτό αναμένει από G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
το ΗΒ να υποβάλει και να ακολουθήσει ευέλικτες και δημιουργικές λύσεις, που υπαγορεύει η ιδιαίτερη κατάσταση της Ιρλανδίας· Επισημαίνει ότι, ενώ το ΗΒ έχει δηλώσει ότι θα τιμήσει τις οικονομικές υποχρεώσεις που ανέλαβε ως μέλος, οι δηλώσεις αυτές δεν έχουν ακόμη μετουσιωθεί σε σταθερή και συγκεκριμένη δέσμευση από By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS το ΗΒ για ρύθμιση όλων αυτών των υποχρεώσεων. Harvard University, Graduate School of Design,ζητεί Student, Με βάση την πρόοδο αυτή, το Ευρωπαϊκό Συμβούλιο να By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect συνεχιστούν οι εργασίες με στόχο ναStudent εδραιωθεί η επιτευχθείσα of the School of Architecture σύγκλιση και να συνεχιστούν οι διαπραγματεύσεις, ώστε να Technical έτσι University of Crete μπορέσει να γίνει το συντομότερο δυνατό η μετάβαση στο δεύτερο 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept στὰδιο. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, Συμπερασματικά σήμερα εκτιμούμε ότι ενάμιση και πλὲον χρόνο ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the μετά το δημοψήφισμα η κατάσταση για το μέλλον του ΗΒ και της among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the αποχώρησης του από την ΕΕ παραμένει ακόμηtheασαφής. υπάρχει acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition content ofΔεν concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term καμία πρόβλεψη σεon ποιο καθεστώς θα η σχέση μετά 1 (and urban Based, therefore, this “principle” is inindicated aβρίσκεται first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of ΗΒ-ΕΕ Planning) (or gentrification 1 τις 29 Μαρτίου 2019. Αποχώρηση τουisarea, ΗΒ χωρίς μελλοντική συμφωνία gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city the removal (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various με την ΕΕ η παράταση της περιόδου διαπραγματεύσεων για μια ακόμη ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, διετία δηλαδὴ μὲχρι τις 29 Μαρτὶου 2021 όπως προβλέπει έξαλλου το the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever consequences άρθρο 50other της Συνθήκης ΕΕ; has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever other consequences also rising land prices (and the potential relative speculation). Είναι τὲλος βέβαιον has, ότι results η ασάφεια τωνof εξελίξεων αυτών potential relative speculation). The termαρνητικές gentrification is found at first in οικονομία the UK in early and it refers to προκαλεί επιπτώσεις στην και1960s μεταβάλλει τους The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor συσχετισμούς της trend κοινής γνώμης BREXIT/REMAINκυρίως στο ΗΒ, το the then observed wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof οποίο όμως παραμὲνει ισότιμο κράτος-μὲλος της ΕΕ με ανὲπαφα όλα τα London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. δικαιώματα και τιςphenomenon υποχρεώσεις του inμὲχρι τηνof Sociologist οριστική Ruth του being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this is included the work A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth αποχώρηση, όποτε και αν αυτή συντελεστεί. (£°) Την ασάφεια αυτή GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major έχουνin επιτείνει περαιτέρω, δυο(3) πρόσφατες εξελίξεις που αφορούν cities Western countries, by other Researchers. cities inτο Western countries, bypreoccupied other Since then, the issue has several scholars andτου for ΗΒ its more άμεσα χρονοδιάγραμμα της Researchers. οριστικής αποχωρήσεως από Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various την ΕΕ· comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: 1) Το Κοινοβούλιο του ΗΒ μέσω της Βουλής των Κοινοτήτων interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new (House of Commons) στο έγγραφο του της 15/12/17 of μεsocial τον groups τίτλο to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money “Notices of Amendments“ προβλέπει στο μεταξύ άλλων ότι “A and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the referendum whether theresidencies UKRuth should approve theRuth UK search and Gibraltar 1.of The termon from Sociologist GLASS, 1912-1940. GLASS wasbetter born in sense safety atcomes the distributed outside town centres, for Berlin,package” where she made her first by studies. InHM 1932Government she published anconclusions important studyofentitled: “exit proposed the the services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for negotiations triggered by Prague, Art 50 §2private lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning.φορά-ώς In 1950 sheto became teacherτων in the to another approach, is due a systematic and Σημειώνεται δηλαδή εδώ the για πρώτη αποτέλεσμα University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying διορθωτικών παρεμβάσεων τηςforΒουλής των Λόρδων of Lords) her work are characterized by a passion justice. See also: COLLINS (House ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: η10th διεξαγωγή ενός δημοψηφίσματος προκειμένου να γίνει αποδεκτή η G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
20
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
πρόταση της Κυβέρνησης και η οποία θα αφορά στο “Πακέτο Αποχωρήσεως του ΗΒ και του Γιβραλτάρ” από την ΕΕ. Στο ίδιο δε έγγραφο τονίζεται ότι η “New EU-UKT reaty to beratified prior to exit day” με άλλα λόγια η νέα συνθήκη για τις σχέσεις ΕΕ ΗΒ πρέπει να επικυρωθεί εννοείται από το βρετανικό Κοινοβούλιο πριν από την ημέρα αποχωρήσεως του ΗΒ. Είναι αυτονόητο ότι George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS ανάλογες επικυρώσεις πρέπει By ναMr.έχουν υλοποιηθεί και από τα Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, υπόλοιπα κράτη-μέλη της ΕΕ και οπωσδὴποτε απὸ το Ευρωπαικὸ By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Κοινοβοὺλιο που θα προκὺψει απὸ τις Ευρωεκλογὲς του 2019 χωρὶς Student of the School of Architecture μὰλλον Ευρωβουλευτές απὸ το ΗΒ. Ηδη η Technical προεργασὶα γιαof την University Crete κατανομὴ των εδρὼν του ΗΒ στα υπὸλοιπα Κρὰτη Μὲλη βρὶσκεται σε 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept προχωρημὲνο στὰδιο. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, Greek philosopher, Εν κατακλείδιtheτοancient χρονοδιάγραμμα του “BREXIT”, φαίνεται ότι θα ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the είναι κατ’ αρχήν εντός των διαδικασιών του Άρθρου 50 370 τηςBC, Συνθήκης among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. της Λισαβόνας αλλά η starts “οριστική αποχώρηση” τουcontent ΗΒ αποκλείεται να acquisition of knowledge with the the of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term γίνειBased, πριν therefore, το1 (and 2021. Μέχρι τότε βέβαια, ότι ηofυπεροχή on this “principle” inindicated a είναι first, ifσαφές notthe final, approach, theτου term urban gentrification) is (in area Planning) (or gentrification 1 Δικαίου της ΕΕ έναντι του Δικαίου του ΗΒ θα είναι δεδομένη. gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various Η εξέλιξη αυτή είναι προφανώς αντίθετη με τις προσδοκίες των Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and placement of artists, “BREXITERS”, οιgalleries, οποίοι θεωρούσαν την thethis ημερομηνία οριστικής the operation of art restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (andτου theof αποχωρήσεως του ΗΒ πολύ πιο κοντά στην ημερομηνία whatever otherspeculation). consequences potential relative δημοψηφίσματος του Ιουνίου has, του results 2016. also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). TheΠέραν term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960sπου and itοδηγούν refers to όμως της πολυπλοκότητας των διαδικασιών, The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor σε αντιθέσεις απόψεων και toπροβλέψεων τωνof the μόνιμες then observed trend wealthy sometimes people buy property inμεταξύ poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves there and thus old residents are διαπραγματευτικών της ΕΕ των 27there (BARNIER) και του ΗΒ London, upgrade them,ομάδων stay themselves sometimes and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. (DAVIS), υπάρχει και η οικονομική διάσταση που επηρεάζει ιδιαίτερα being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth την Aκοινή καιphenomenon τις γένει εξελίξεις: ο ofδεὶκτης description ofperiod, this is situations included inwere theπ.χ. work Sociologist Ruth GLASS at theγνώμη same whileενsimilar recorded in otherτιμὼν major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major καταλωτὴ στοcountries, ΗΒ απὸ by o,5% (Ιοὺνιος 2016) ανήλθε 3% ! (Ιανουὰριος cities in Western other Researchers. cities inλὸγω Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue πτὼσεως has several scholars and for its more 2018) κυρὶως της συναλλαγματικής ισοτιμὶας τὴς Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various βρετανικὴς λὶρας έναντι του ΕΥΡΩ. comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: α) Η ανάκαμψη της οικονομίας της Ευρωζώνης, σὺμφωνα με τὶς interpretations of the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social προβλέψεις της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπὴς (2/2018) και τηςgroups ΕΚΤ to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money σταθεροποιείται. Για το 2018 προβλὲπεται αὺξηση του ΑΕΠ της and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Ευρωζὼνης τὰξεως του 2,4%. 1.of The termτης from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin,Πὲραν where she made her οι first studies. In των 1932 she published an important study entitled: τοὺτου θὲσεις 27 εὶναι συντονισμὲνες και services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for συγκλίνουσες στην διαδικασὶα τουandBREXIT, ὸπως φὰνηκε στην lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car access markets, etc. studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London Neweasier York she came to back to London, where in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the πρὸσφατη απὸφαση του Συμβουλὶου (29/1/2018) προκειμὲνου να to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying τροποποιηθοὺν οι διαπραγματευτικὲς οδηγὶες και να εγκριθεὶ her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling real estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially ofτο part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd.περὶοδος London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: πρὸσθετη διετής μεταβατικὴ για ΗΒ πὲραν της G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns αρχικὴς ημερομηνὶας αποχωρὴσεως που προβλὲπει το άρθρο 50 δηλ By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS εντὸς διετὶας. Harvard University, Graduate School of Design,του Student, β) Οι φορείς της οικονομίας (βιομηχανία, υπηρεσίες) ΗΒ By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect εκφράζουν σοβαρές ανησυχίες για την “εκτός τελωνειακής ενώσεως” Student of the School of Architecture και εσωτερικής αγοράς, μελλοντικής εξελίξεως τους ιδίως οι Technical University of Crete χρηματοπιστωτικὲς οργανὼσεις. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept γ) Το θέμα της Βόρειας Ιρλανδίας-ιδίως,καθώς και του 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, theότι ancient Greekμεγαλύτερες philosopher, Γιβραλτάρ φαίνεται θα έχουν παρενέργειες απ’ότι είχε ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other he left us, he established a great the φανεί στην wise αρχήheritage που ίσως οδηγὴσουν σε μη(444 ελεγχόμενες πολιτικὰ among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. πλέον εξελίξεις την Κυβέρνηση της Πρωθυπουργού acquisition of knowledge starts with theσυνασπισμού the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term MΑYBased, (Conservatives και“principle” Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) 1 (and urban therefore, on this inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, theτης term gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 Βόρειας Ιρλανδὶας). gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various Για τους λόγους αυτούς κάθε πρόβλεψη σήμερα για ένα σαφές Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement there of στην artists, χρονοδιάγραμμα συγκεκριμένων ενεργειών που θα προβλέπονται the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land (and theof “μελλοντική σχέση” ΕΕ-ΗΒ είναι παρακινδυνευμένη και prices ατεκμηρίωτη. whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, resultsαπὸσπασμα also rising of land (and the potential relative Πρὸς επιβεβαὶωση παρατὶθεται τηςprices επὶσημης potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is Μ. found at first inτης the9/2/2018: UK in early 1960s and it refers to συνεντεὺξεως τὺπου του BARNIER The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to property in poor «.…. observed trend of wealthy people tobuy the then buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof Once again,them, we stay needthemselves to advance in thisthere negotiation methodically London, upgrade sometimes and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. and a structured through isconsultation and transparency, being indirectly “squeezed”. A in description of thisway, phenomenon included in the work of Sociologistwhich Ruth allows us to organise rounds. This consultation and of transparency is A description ofperiod, thisthe phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major first in for the 27 Member States, in whose name I negotiate, for the cities Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several for national its more European Parliament, with which we workscholars closely,and the Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the parliaments which I regularly meet, for citizens, for economic andvarious social comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: actors, and forofyou….” ( βλ. Μ.BARNIER SPEECH/18/725). interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups Άρα επιβάλλεται ψυχραιμία και προσήλωση στην Ευρωπαϊκή και to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money εθνική τουtheόλου εγχειρήματος, παρακολούθηση and timeδιάσταση to travel from purlieus to downtown,στενή where work place is, lack ofτων the 1.of The termδιαδικασιών from Sociologist Ruth 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS wasbetter born in sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, for εξελίξεων, και των GLASS, αποφάσεων του search Ευρωπαϊκού Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, entertainment “atστην the heart of the city”, (possibly) Συμβουλίου των education, 27The καθὼς καιshe αναφορά μέθοδο” τωνfor Youth Unemployment. same year left Germany and“προσφιλή after continuous movements lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, Londonπρωτόγνωρες and New York she came διπλωματών σε inτέτοιες μοναδικά για back τηνto London, σύγχρονη in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and ευρωπαϊκή ολοκλήρωση περιπτώσεις: University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her workSUNT are characterized by a passion forκαι justice. See also: ENGLISH DICTIONARY. PACTA SERVANDA καθώς “wait andCOLLINS see”….. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture ΒιβλιογραφίαTechnical University of Crete
Χρήσιμες επίσημες και ανεπίσημες πηγές
1. Introductory approach: Defining concept για τηνthe παρακολούθηση της ΕΥΡΩΖΩΝΗΣ 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancientκαι Greek τουphilosopher, BREXIT. (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the https://ec.europa.eu/info/businessamong other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. economy-euro/economic-performanceacquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term and-forecasts/economic-forecasts/winter1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 2018-economic-forecast_en gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/ Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, https://ec.europa.eu/info/departmen the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequencests/taskforce-article-50-negotiationshas, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative united-kingdom_fr potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to https://infacts.org/ The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthyhttps://www.buzzfeed.com/alberton people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof ardelli/the-governments-own-brexitLondon, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. analysis-says-the-uk-willbeing indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth be?utm_term=.xtLZNy7x0#.xcnDdEoYm A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major «EUResearchers. Exit Analysis-Cross White hall Briefing cities in Western countries, by other cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several and for more(Ανάλυση για την scholars Έξοδο από τηνitsΕ.Ε. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach areΔιακυβερνητική being summarized below, from the various Ενημέρωση)». Ιανουάριος comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: 2018 interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Αξὶζει να σημειωθεὶ ότι η επὶσημη and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the ιστοσελὶδα της Κυβερνὴσεως ΗΒin termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASSτου wasbetter born sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 sheεὶναι published an important study entitled: www.GOV.uk δὺσχρηστη και ελλειπὴς services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for σχετικὰ με επὶσημες πληροφορὶες που lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private easier access to markets, etc. studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car New York she came back to London, where in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 she teacher in the αφορούν στο BREXIT τουλὰχιστον μὲχρι to another approach, the is due tobecame a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying σὴμερα. Οι λὸγοι προφανεὶς. her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 252123 11
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 252125 11
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification FOREWORD Themelis P Concerns PREFACE CONTENTS
Mergos G. and Patsavos N By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS CHAPTER 1 Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Introduction and overview By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Mergos G. and Patsavos N. Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
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PART I: ARTICLES 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept CHAPTER 2 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek Towards an integrated approach to philosopher, funding cultural ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, established a great the heritage for Europe: Contribution byhe the European among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. Investment Bank to funding cultural heritage projects acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term Aymerich 1 (and urban Based, M. therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or CHAPTER 3 gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Euros are notwell), the as only fruit -ofreaping thearea, full harvest of from cultural Sociology as the “refining” of a city this,heritage (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually low-income andthe theremoval placement there of ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, Bell G. the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever CHAPTERother 4 consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices G. (and the potential relative Cultural heritage and the economic development agenda Mergos potential relative speculation). The term 5gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to CHAPTER The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor Cultural Heritage: Investing in the future the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof Mendoni L. London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. CHAPTER 6 “squeezed”. being indirectly A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth TheAcultural and public space fromin awere transnational description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the landscape same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major perspective cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities inD. Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Arnold Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from CHAPTER 7 comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the factor, phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Heritage as sector, and vector: Conceptualizing the shifting interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due a trend planning of a new of social relationship between heritage andtospatial Stegmeijer, E., groups to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Janssen J., Luiten E.and Renes H. and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the CHAPTER 8 atcomes 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published study an important study entitled: Present the past, for whom, for what? Comparative of public services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for policy for economic and social values from rescued lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private car access markets, etc.where studies and creating research Geneva, Prague, London and Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the archaeological Inahata K. to heritage another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying CHAPTER 9 her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. heritage Wil. SONS AND Ltd.tourism: London 2009. The Free Encyclopedia: Cultural and sustainable TheWIKIPEDIA: challenges Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aCoccossis variety ofH.ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification CHAPTER 10 Intangible cultural heritage, local knowledge and sustainable Concerns management of cultural assets and environmental recourses
Fotopoulou S-V.
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS CHAPTER 11 Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, The Maniatakeion inception of the ‘Historical memory and economic By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect development’ discourse Nanetti A. Student of the School of Architecture CHAPTER 12 Technical University of Crete
Cultural heritage and historical memory as a factor for the sustainable 1.development Introductory approach: Defining of the modern city:the A concept case study of the museum cluster 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, ‘Museumsinsel’ in Berlin Bitsani E. ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great CHAPTER the 13 among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. Investment and financing of cultural heritage projects Mergos G. acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term CHAPTER 14 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 Crowdfunding and social banking for cultural heritage projects gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various Katseli L. and Boufounou P. Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement there of artists, CHAPTER 15 the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results alsodevelopment rising of landMilanou prices (and theof Cultural tourism and regional economic K. and whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and16 the potential relative Tataridas G.CHAPTER potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UKdevelopment: in early 1960s and it refers to Cultural heritage for local economic Discovering The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor opportunities for cultural C. the then observed trend wealthy peopleentrepreneurship to there buy property inIkonomou poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof 1 are 7 London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thusCHAPTER old residents being indirectly “squeezed”. The economic value of cultural heritage assets: Methods and being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth approaches P. A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar recorded inProntzas other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major CHAPTER 18 cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for more Financing heritage projects: Critical parameters and sources of its funding Since then, the issue has several below, scholars and for its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from the various Karaiskou E. comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon gentrification, theAND following: PART II:ofCASE STUDIES INTERVENTIONS interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups CHAPTER 19 to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Cultural heritage in dialogue with cultural identity: and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Ancient and contemporary mosaics incentres, Ravenna Marini M.G.in termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town for Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: CHAPTER 20 services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Promoting cross-curricular competences cultural heritage: The lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc. studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier Yorkin she came to back to London, where in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the ST-ART-APP project PensoA. to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying CHAPTER 21 her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. value Londonand 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Cultural heritage asfor economic social opportunity: SPINNA G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually circle Dick E. and Ganguli R. 252127 11
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns CHAPTER 22
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Cultural heritage and spatial planning in Cyprus: The Integrated Urban By Mr. George-Sp. Development Plan of Pafos municipality PissouriosC.I. ATHANASOPOULOS and Sioulas M. Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, CHAPTER 23 By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Historic memory and sustainable development: An insight perspective Student of the School of Architecture by the Maniatakeion Foundation for the town of Koroni Inglezou V.of Crete Technical University CHAPTER 24 1. road Introductory approach: the concept The to ruin(s): How toDefining utilise historical and cultural resources for 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept the ancient Greek theANTISTHENIS, benefit of the community Best S.philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other he left us, he established(444 a great the CHAPTER 25wise heritage among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. Aacquisition successfulofexample of starts development: Anavra Magnisias Rigos L, and knowledge with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term Tsirigotis 1 (and urban Based, H. therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or CHAPTER 26 gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sustainable through the reactivation and revivalfrom of there Rural Sociology as growth well), as the “refining” of a city area, this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, Network for the reuse of old school buildings Rigos I., and Tsirigotis H. of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever CHAPTERother 27 consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land Bank prices (and the potential relativeinspeculation). Sustainability cultural management: The case of Piraeus potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to Cultural Foundation (PIOP) The term gentrification is found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor Ringas C. observed trend ofwealthy the then wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof CHAPTER 28 them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are London, upgrade being indirectly “squeezed”. Promoting entrepreneurship in culture and creative industries in Ruth being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Europe: Industries Entrepreneurs’ - The CINet A description of this phenomenon is situations includedNetworks inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS atCreative the same period, while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major project Porftrio,J.A., HassidJ., andResearchers. Carrilho T. cities in Western countries, by other cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, issue has several scholars and for its more CHAPTER 29 the Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars andin for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various The growth of consciousness towards cultural built heritage Albania: comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations the phenomenon of Sherifi gentrification, the following: A descriptive of historical approach H. interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense,30 theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups CHAPTER to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Using web technologies for digitalization of cultural heritage and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Parthenios P,atcomes Mania K., Sociologist and Patsavos N.outside 1.of The term from Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies town centres, Berlin, where31 she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: CHAPTER services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for The Center of Mediterranean Architecture ineasier Chania: lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car New York she came to back to London, 1943 for she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 sheto became teacherA. in the Ainlever local cultural, social, and economic development Kotsaki According to another approach, the phenomenon is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying CHAPTER 32 her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of building part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: The economics of preservation of an old industrial Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aMerges varietyG.ofand ways, in order Abstract. toT.achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually Mouratidou
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CHAPTER 33 GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, People, buildings, machines: Reconstructing the past, looking to the Definition, of intervention, Concerns future: The contribution Types ofof the Gentrification Public Power Corporation in rescuing and promoting Greek industrial heritage Concerns Mavroidi M.
CHAPTER 34 Mr. development George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS The role of cultural heritage inBy local of Messinia, Greece Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Aliferi E.0 By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect CHAPTER 35 Student of the School of Architecture Cultural heritage as an engine of growth and local development the Technical University in of Crete municipality Pylou-Nestors, Greece Kafatitaris D. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept SUMMARY IN GREEK / ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, INDEX OF NAMES ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the INDEX
among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term EDITORS CONTRIBUTORS 1 (and Based, AND therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Editors gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various George Mergos is Professor Emeritus, Division of Development and Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, International Economics, Department of Economics, National the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, etc.also However regardless whatever other consequences has, results risingthis of “change”, land prices (and theof Kapodistrian University of restaurants, Athens, Greece. whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential speculation). Nikolas relative Patsavos is Adjunct Lecturer, School of Architecture, Technical potential relative speculation). The term of gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to University Crete, Chania, Greece. The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor Contributors the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof Eleni Aliferi is them, Regional Vice Governor of Peloponnese, in residents charge of London, upgrade stay themselves sometimes there and thus old are being indirectly “squeezed”. Messinia Region, Kalamata, Greece. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth Dana Arnold isofProfessor ArtisHistory, School of of Art, and A description this phenomenon included in the recorded work Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, whileofsimilar situations were inMedia other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major American Studies, University of Researchers. East Anglia, UK. cities in Western countries, by other cities inAymerich Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has scholarsGeneral, and for Projects its more Mario is Director, Advisor toseveral the Director Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various Directorate, EIB, Luxemburg. comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations phenomenon of gentrification, following: Graham Bellofisthe Director, North England CivictheTrust, Newcastle upon interpretations the phenomenon gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof to a trend of a new of Member social groups Tyne, UK, President, Hungarian Renaissance Foundation, of to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Council, Europa Nostra. and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Eugenia Bitsani is Sociologist Professor Cultural and for Cultural 1.of The term from RuthofGLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS was born in sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside townPolicy centres, better Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Management, Technological Educational Institute of Peloponnese, services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Kalamata, Greece. lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. Professor, In 1950 sheto became teacher in the Paraskevi Boufounou is the Associate to another approach, is due aTechnological systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Educational Institution of Ionian Islands and Adjunct Lecturer, her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of University part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Department of Economics, National Kapodistrian of Athens, Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aAthens, varietyGreece. of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
30
Tiago Carrilho is Assistant Professor, Social Sciences and Management Department, Universidade Aberta, Portugal. Harry Coccossis is Professor, Department of Urban Planning, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece. Emma Dick is Lecturer, Middlesex University Director of Projects Training at SPINNA Circle, UK. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS HarvardisUniversity, School of Design, Student, Stavroula-Villy Fotopoulou DirectorGraduate of Modern Cultural Assets and By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Intangible Cultural Heritage, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Student of the School of Architecture Athens, Greece. Technical University of Crete Rupa Ganguli is with Clothing Connect, SPINNA Circle, UK. 1. Introductory Defining the concept Joseph Hassid approach: is Professor Emeritus, Department of Economics, 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the Greece. ancient Greek philosopher, University of Piraeus, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,Maniatakeion he established(444 aFoundation, great the Vasiliki Ingiezou is Director, Athens, among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. Greece. acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term Constantinos is Adjunct Department of 1 (andIkonomou Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first,lecturer, if (in notthe final, approach, the term urban gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 Economics, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various Kohei Inahata is with the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), ofand social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, Science Technology, Japan and etc. currently atthis the University College the operation of art galleries, restaurants, However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof London, Institute of Archaeology, London, UK. whatever other consequences has, resultsUniversity also risingand of land prices Center, (and the potential relative Joks Janssen isspeculation). Professor, Wageningen Research potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The Netherlands. The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trendisofis wealthy to buy in poor Dimirtios Kafantaris Mayor, Municipality ofproperty Pylos - Nestoras, Pylos,of the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents are Greece. London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Elisavet Karaiskou is Economist, National Social Agency, being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work Security of Sociologist Ruth Athens, Greece. A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major Louka Katselicountries, is Professor, Department of Economics, National cities in Western by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, byAthens, other Researchers. Since then,University the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more Kapodistrian of Athens, Greece. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the Amalia Kotsaki is Associate Professor, School of Architecture, comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon gentrification, the following: Technical University of Crete of and Director, Center of Mediterranean interpretations of the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon dueof togentrification, a Greece. trend of a new of social groups Architecture, Municipality ofisChania, to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Eric Luiten is Professor, Delft University of Technology, and member of and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the the 1. Board ofatcomes Government Advisors voorcentres, Rijksadviseurs), Thein term from Sociologist Ruth (College GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born sense ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Hague, The Netherlands. services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for is Director, Ravenna Museum, Ravenna,Italy . etc.where Maria Grazia lower living cost Marini of, in “withdrawal” from private car access to markets, studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and Art Neweasier York she came back to London, in According 1943 Mavroidi she published regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became the Maria isstudies Historian - the Industrial Archaeologist, in teacher chargein of to another approach, is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Historical Archive of Public Power Corporation, Athens, Greece. her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially ofof part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. LondonInstitute 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Lina Mendoni is Senior Researcher, Historical Studies, Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aNational variety of ways, in order Abstract. toFoundation, achieve the “assisted”, (actually Hellenic Research Greece. “voluntary”,
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, GraduateCenter School ofof Design, Student, Kyriaki Milanou is Learning Consultant, Sustainable By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Entrepreneurship Excelixi, Piraeus Bank Group, Kastri, Greece. Student of the School of Architecture Tzoulia Mouratidou is a Research Associate, Department of Technical University of Crete
Economics, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. 1. Introductory Defining the concept Andrea Nanetti approach: is Associate Professor and Associate Chair (Research), 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, School of Art, Design and Media, Nanyang Technological University ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the Singapore. among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. Panos Parthenios is starts Associate School of of Architecture, acquisition of knowledge with theProfessor, the content concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term Technical ofthis Crete, Chania,isinGreece. 1 (and urban Based, University therefore, on “principle” a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) indicated area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 Antonio Penso is Director, Fondazione Flaminia, Ravenna, Italy. gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various Ioannis Pissourios is Lecturer, School of Architecture, Land and Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, Environmental Studies, Neapolis University, Pafos, Cyprus. the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences results Professor also rising of landPro-Rector prices (and for theof Jose Antonio Porfirio is has, Assistant and whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also Sciences rising of land prices (and the potential relative Projects, Research and Development, Social and Management potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to Department, Universidade Aberta, Portugal. The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property poor Panagiotis Prontzas is Director, Grant Thornton, Athens,inin Greece. the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof Hans Renes is Professor, Utrecht University VU University AmsterLondon, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimesand there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. dam, The Netherlands. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth Iakovos isofAssociate Professor, Schoolinwere ofthe Architecture, Technical A description this phenomenon is situations included work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS atRigos the same period, while similar recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major University of Crete, Chania, Greece. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, byis other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied scholars and for its more Christodoulos Ringas Head of several Department, Research and Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various Educational Programs, Piraeus Bank Group Cultural Foundation (PIOP), comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: Athens, Greece. interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups Hevjola Sherifi is ExecutiveisDirector, Albanian Cultural Heritage to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Center, Tirana, Albania. and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Michalis Sioulas Lecturer, School Architecture, Land and Environ1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth of GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born in sense safety atcomes theis distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she Cyprus. published an important study entitled: mental Studies, Neapolis University, Pafos, services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Eva Stegmeijer Coordinator research lower living cost of,isin “withdrawal” from private car access to markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London andprogramming, Neweasier York she cameCultural back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying George Tataridas is Vocational Training Officer, Center of Sustainable her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate,Excelixi, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Entrepreneurship Piraeus Bank 2009. Group, Kastri, Greece. Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aHelen variety of ways, in to achieve the “assisted”, (actually Tsirigotis is order an Architect, Athens, Greece. “voluntary”, 252131 11
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CULTURAL HERITAGE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΤΙΚΗ ΚΛΗΡΟΝΟΜΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΒΙΩΣΙΜΗ ΑΝΑΠΤΥΞΗ
Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Του κ. Σόλ. ΞΕΝΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ Concerns Αρχιτέκ., Ομότ. Καθηγ. ΕΜΠ,
Κοσμήτορος Σχολής Αρχιτεκτ. Μηχαν. και Γεωπεριβαλ. Επιστημών, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Πανεπιστ. ΝΕΑΠΟΛΙΣ, Πάφος
Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Το INNHERIT είναι τοBy Mr. τριετές Ερευνητικό Πρόγραμμα Student of the School of Architecture χρηματοδοτούμενο από το ERASMUS + Πρόγραμμα στο πλαίσιο ΕΤ2020. Technical University of Crete
32
Αναμένεται να ολοκληρωθεί τον προσεχή Μάιο. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Στο Πρόγραμμα συμμετέχουν, η Σχολή Αρχιτεκτονικής του 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Τεχνολογικού Πανεπιστημίου Κρήτης, ο Τομέας (444 Ανάπτυξης ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC - 370και BC,Διεθνούς Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other του wise Τμήματος heritage he Οικονομικών left us, he established a great the Οικονομίας Επιστημών του Εθνικού και among other wise Πανεπιστημίου heritage leftthe us, he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge startshe with definition ofτοthe Middlesex content concepts. Καποδιστριακού Αθηνών, University acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term Business School, Μανιατάκειον Ιδρυμα, Το Πανεπιστήμιο Νεάπολις 1 (and urban Based, on this “principle” inindicated a first,στα if (in not final, approach, the term gentrification) is the area ofηPlanning) (or gentrification Πάφου, το therefore, Κέντρο Μεσογείου Χανιά, και Fondazione 1 (andΑρχιτεκτονικής gentrification urban gentrification) isarea, indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city the removal (in various Flaminia, στηνRavenna. Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways),Στο of social groups,του usually of low-income εκδόθηκε and the placement there of artists, πλαίσιο Προγράμματος το πολυσέλιδο και ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of πολυσυλλεκτικό βιβλίο σε επιμέλεια του Ομότιμου καθηγητή του Εθνικού the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However regardless whatever other has, results risingthis of “change”, land prices (and theof και Καποδιστριακού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών Γιώργου Μέργου του whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results alsoκ.rising of land pricesκαι (and the potential relative Επισκέπτη Λέκτορα στην Σχολή Αρχιτεκτονικής του Τεχνολογικού potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to Πανεπιστημίου Κρήτης The term gentrification iswealthy foundΠατσαβού. atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trendκ.ofΝίκου to buy property in poor Πρόκειται γιαtrend ένα κυριολεκτικά βιβλίο αναφοράς σεareas αυτό the then observed wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus αφού old residents areof London, upgrade them,από stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are συνυπάρχουν άρθρα εξειδικευμένους επιστήμονες, κάθε ένας από being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. τους οποίους καλύπτει με το επιμέρους αντικείμενό του, συγκεκριμμένες A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included in the work of Sociologist Ruth πλευρές Πολιτιστικής Κληρονομιάς και Βιώσιμης (ή Αειφόρου) GLASS atτην theσχέση same while similar were recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Ανάπτυξης. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholarsείναι and for more Το σημαντικό χαρακτηριστικό αυτής της έκδοσης το its γεγονός Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from ότι οι συγγραφείς όλων ανεξαιρέτως των κειμένων, υιοθετούν μια comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: αυστηρά επιστημονική μεθοδολογία τόσο όσον αφορά το περιεχόμενο και interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social groups την δομή των κειμένων αυτών, όσο, και κυρίως, την συστηματική to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money επιμέλεια και πληρότητά τους σε σχέση με την βιβλιογραφία και τις and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the αναφορέςterm σε πηγές.from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born in sense1.ofThe safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for better για έναfirst βιβλίο που στηρίζεται κατ’εξοχήν στον γραπτό Berlin,Πρόκειται where she made her studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth εκτός Unemployment. The same year she left χάρτες Germany και and after continuous movements λόγο, από ελάχιστες εικόνες, διαγράμματα, και αυτάfor lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc. studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, where ασπρόμαυρα, έτσι τον πειρασμό της θεαματικής και in According 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the toαποφεύγοντας another approach, the phenomenon is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and εντυπωσιoθηρικήςεικονογράφησης, κάτι που είναι αρκετάbrokers τολμηρό μια long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of σε buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. εποχή κατακυριευμένη από εικόνες. Εννοείται ότι αυτή επιλογή, απαιτεί and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of partηof the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm τον αναγνώστη αυτοσυγκέντρωση, και αρκετό (actually κόπο για aαπό variety of ways, in order to achieve theπροσπάθεια, “assisted”, “voluntary”,
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, Types ofαρνητικό, intervention, Concerns ofκαθόλου Gentrification να διαβάσει τα κείμενα, γεγονός αφού η ανάγνωση, αναγκαστικά σχεδόν, γίνεται βαθιά,ουσιαστική και απαιτητική, Concerns υπερβαίνοντας επιφανειακές εντυπώσεις.
Η θεματολογία του Ερευνητικού Προγράμματος και κατ’επέκταση By Mr. επίκαιρο George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS των κειμένων, αφορά το εξαιρετικά θέμα της Πολιτιστικής Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Κληρονομιάς και του ενδεχόμενου ρόλου της ως φορέα της αειφόρου By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect ανάπτυξης, στην σημερινή οικονομοκρατούμενη και κατακερματισμένη Student of the School of Architecture κοινωνική πραγματικότητα, σε παγκόσμια κλίμακα. Πρόκειται δηλαδή για Technical University of Crete μια –υποδόρια ίσως- προσπάθεια εξανθρωπισμού,μέσω της Πολιτιστικής 1. Introductory Defining the concept Κληρονομιάς, της approach: σύγχρονης ανεξέλεγκτης αυτοκαταστροφικής τάσης για 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept ανάπτυξη χωρίς όρια, αρχές, χωρίς, παρόλες τιςBC προειδοποιήσεις και ANTISTHENIS, theχωρίς ancient Greek philosopher, (444 - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 σε BC,όλες Athens), among other wise αναστολές heritage he ήleft us, he established a great the τα συμπτώματα, συναίσθηση των επιπτώσεων τις among other wiseΚοινωνικές, heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of ζωής. knowledge startshe with of οικονομικές, the content concepts. the πλευρές της περιβαλλοντικές, πολιτιστικές. acquisition of knowledge starts with the the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a συγγραφέων first, if of not final, the στην term Η αγωνία όλων ανεξαιρέτως των ναapproach, αναθέσουν 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification Πολιτιστική 1Κληρονομιά αυτό τον φοβερό ρόλο είναι έκδηλη και gentrification (and urban gentrification) isarea, indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city the removal (in various ταυτόχρονα συγκινητική, αν αναλογιστεί κανείς το πώς η, σήμερα Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income αντιμετωπίστηκε and the placement there of artists, αποκαλούμενη, Πολιτιστική Κληρονομιά, και συνεχίζει ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of να αντιμετωπίζεται από τηνrestaurants, ανθρωπότητα ιστορικά και διαχρονικά. Κάθε the operation of art galleries, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof πολιτισμός δηλαδή να καταστρέφει με όλα μέσα τον prices οποιοδήποτε whatever other consequences has, results also τα rising of land (and the potential relative speculation). προηγούμενο για να επιβάλει τα δικά του πρότυπα και αντιλήψεις. Τα δε potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to μέσα είναι είτε ακραία και βίαια, όπως συμβαίνει με τους πολέμους, The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy in αλλά poor areas θρησκευτικούς και οικονομικούς, είτε βέβαια πιο property διακριτικά εξίσου London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, themselvesμε sometimes there and thus residents are αποτελεσματικά, όπωςstay συμβαίνει την κατάχρηση της old πολιτιστικής being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. παγκοσμιοποίησης. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work Ruth GLASS at the same whileσυνιστά similar inμεγαλύτερο other major Ακριβώς τοofperiod, τελευταίο ενδεχομένως και of τονSociologist GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western by other Researchers. κίνδυνο και τηνcountries, σοβαρότερη απειλή για την Πολιτιστική Κληρονομιά, και cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars for its more τον Πολιτισμό γενικότερα, δηλαδή η χειραγώγησή της απόand έναν πολιτισμό Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from της ανάπτυξης, με κάθε κόστος. comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Θερμά συγχαρητήρια στους συγγραφείς των κειμένων, και interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social groups θερμότατα συγχαρητήρια στους επιμελητές μιας έκδοσης που αποτελεί to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money ήδη συστατικό της σύγχρονης Πολιτιστικής Κληρονομιάς. and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Μας έχουν προσφέρει ένα μοναδικό και πολύτιμο ντοκουμέντο της termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, κοινωνικής καιmade σίγουρα σημερινής Berlin, where she her firstπολιτιστικής studies. In 1932πραγματικότητας she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the της city”,movements (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany andοιafter continuous εποχής. Δηλαδή μια καταγραφή του τρόπου που σημερινές κοινωνίες θαfor lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, μπορούσαν ναanother αντιμετωπίσουν τόσο τη Inανάπτυξη, και την in According 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. 1950 sheto became teacher in the to approach, the phenomenon is due aόσο systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and Πολιτιστική Κληρονομιά. long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. ΜαςWil. έχουν προσφέρει όμως ένα πρότυπο, συνεπούς and selling real estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. Londonκαι 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Gentrification: G. και ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aεπιστημονικού variety of ways, inασφαλώς order Abstract. to ακαδημαικού achieve the “assisted”, (actually λόγου. “voluntary”,
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Κριτικά Σημειώματα GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Δρ Ελένη KAΒΒΑΔΙΑ: Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns ofΑν. Gentrification Το ειδικό καθεστώς οικονομικών δραστηριοτήτων του Ελληνικού Concerns Κράτους ως Μέλους της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης και Ελλήνων Υπηκόων σε
Χώρες των Βαλκανίων: Θεωρητικές προσεγγίσεις και εμπειρικοί προσανατολισμοί By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Αθὴνα ,2016
Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Του κ. Θεοδώρ. Α. ΚΑΛΛΙΑΝΟΥ Student of the School of Architecture Διδάκτ. Οικονομικών και Κοινωνικών Επιστημών Technical University of Crete
του Πανεπιστημίου του Αμβούργου
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Οικ. Επιστ. Ε.Κ.Π.Α., 1. Introductory approach: the conceptΠτυχ. ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), Επισκ. Καθηγητού Ευρωπαϊκής ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC Ολοκληρώσεως -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the Παν/μίου Βόννης, π. Στελέχους της Ε.Ε. among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (andπερίοδος Η εικοσαετής 1990-2010 αποτελεί χωρὶς αμφιβολὶα τηνvarious πλὲον gentrification urban gentrification) indicated (in the areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityis area, the removal from (in ταραγμένη περίοδο πολλαπλών πολιτικοοικονομικών κρὶσεων και Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, μεταλλαγών στις χώρες τηςofΒαλκανικής Χερσονήσου μετὰ there τον Δεύτερο ways), of social groups, usually low-income and thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο. Εξαίρεση στη διαπίστωση αυτὴ αποτελεί η Ελλάδα , ηof the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the οποὶα κατὰ την περίοδο αυτὴ απετὲλεσε ὲνανalso πὸλο πολιτικής οικονομικής whatever other consequences has, results rising of landκαι prices (and the potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). σταθερότητας κυρὶως λὸγω της «διπλής της ως θεσμικοὺ Μὲλους The term gentrification is found at first inιδιότητας» the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found at first in the UK(ΕΟΚ,ΕΕ) in early 1960s and itareas refers της then διαδικασίας της Ευρωπαϊκής Ολοκλὴρωσης και Μὲλους του the observed trend ofiswealthy people to buy property in poor ofto the then observed trend of wealthy people buyτης property inεπιρροὴς poor areas ΝΑΤΟ. Ως εκ τοὺτου το του ρὸλουtoκαι όποιας του London, upgrade them, stayερὼτημα themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus residents are ελληνικού παρὰγοντος κυρὶως στο sometimes οικονομικὸthere επὶπεδο σεoldχὼρες των being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. Βαλκανὶων αποτὲλεσε το επιστημονικό κὶνητρο της Διδακτορικής Διατριβής A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth description ofperiod, thisΚΑΒΒΑΔΙΑ, phenomenon included inwere theκαθεστώς work of Sociologist Ruth (ΔΔ)Aτης Ελένης Αν. με is θὲμα «Το ειδικό GLASS atΔρ the same while similar situations recorded inοικονομικών other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major δραστηριοτήτων του Ελληνικού Κράτους ως Μέλους της Ευρωπαϊκής cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other σε Researchers. Since then, the issue Υπηκόων has several and for its more Ένωσης και Ελλήνων Χώρες των scholars Βαλκανίων: Θεωρητικές Since then, issue has preoccupied several scholars and forενεκρίθη its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various προσεγγίσεις καιthe εμπειρικοί προσανατολισμοί», πουbelow, υπεβλὴθη και comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations the phenomenon the following: στο Τμήμα ofΟικονομικής καιof gentrification, Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης Παντείου interpretations of the phenomenon of thecategory following: 1. In a sense, theΚοινωνικών phenomenon is due togentrification, a trend of a new of Πανεπιστημίου και Πολιτικών Επιστημών Αθηνών τοsocial 2016groups to “return” the city, leaving the for ιδιαίτερο several reasons: high costs in money Η ΔΔtoπραγματεύεται έναpurlieus θέμα με ερευνητικό ενδιαφέρον and timeτην to travel from the purlieus to downtown, whereγίνεται work place is, lack φορά of the καθότι, εικοσαετή περίοδο 1990-2010, η Ελλάδα για πρώτη The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety theτόσο distributed residencies outside townΑναπτυξιακής centres, στην1.of ιστορία της, χορηγός/δωρητής Επίσημης ΒοήθειαςBerlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) ΕΑΒ, του Ελληνικού Σχεδίου Οικονομική τωνfor Youthμέσω Unemployment. The same year sheγια left την Germany and after Ανασυγκρότηση continuous movements lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and 1 University CollegeΕπιτροπή: of London, where she Κωνστ. continued social research. brokers Her public and Τριμελής ΓΕ.her ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ, Επιβλέπων, Μέλη: long-term informal effort Καθηγητής by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. also: COLLINS DICTIONARY. Καθηγητής Αθαν. ΠΑΠΑΔΑΣΚΑΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ, Αναπλ.See Καθηγητής, Ηλ. ENGLISH ΠΛΑΣΚΟΒΙΤΗΣ. Μέλη and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Επταμελούς: Καθηγητής Θ. ΠΑΛΑΣΚΑΣ, Καθηγητής Σ. Ε. ΛΩΛΟΣ, Καθηγητής Β. ΔΟΥΒΛΗΣ, G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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Καθηγητής Άγγελος ΚΟΤΤΙΟΣ.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
Βαλκανίων – (ΕΣΟΑΒ), όσο και εξαγωγέας Άμεσων Ξένων Επενδύσεων-(ΑΞΕ), και μάλιστα σε μια περιοχή, και κατά μια χρονική συγκυρία, όπου γίνονται ιστορικές γεωπολιτικές και γεωοικονομικές ανακατατάξεις, με εμπλεκόμενη ολόκληρη την Διεθνή Κοινότητα. Για τον λόγο αυτό άλλωστε η οικονομική εμπλοκή της Ελλάδας στα Βαλκάνια έχει απασχολήσει κυρίως την Ελληνική, αλλά και μερικώς την ξένη βιβλιογραφία, πρωτίστως επιστήμονες από χώρες της Βαλκανικής, και όχι μόνο. Το θέμα εξετάζεται σε επτά χώρες, και By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS συγκεκριμένα στις Αλβανία, Βοσνία - Ερζεγοβίνη, Βουλγαρία, Κροατία, ΠΓΔΜ, Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Ρουμανία και Σερβία, στις οποίες άλλωστε επικεντρώνεται και η οικονομική By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect δραστηριότητα τόσο του Ελληνικού κράτους,Student μέσω διμερών συμφωνιών, και of the School of Architecture του Εθνικού Σχεδίου ΕΣΟΑΒ, όσο και των Ελλήνων υπηκόων, υπό την μορφή Technical University of Crete ΑΞΕ. 1. Introductory Defining theη concept Ως προς τηνapproach: τυπικὴ διὰρθρωση μελὲτη περιλαμβάνει 16 συνολικὰ 1. Introductory approach: the concept κεφὰλαια τα 15 εκ των ταξινομούνται σε 5 θεματικὲς ενὸτητες ενὼ το ANTISTHENIS, the οποὶων ancientDefining Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), theτον ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BCσυμπερασμάτων. -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the 16ο ANTISTHENIS, κεφὰλαιο αποτελεὶ Επὶλογο διαπιστώσεων και των among other wise heritage leftthe us, he established a great the acquisition of knowledge startshe with definition of ιδιαίτερο the content of“principle”: concepts.τόσο Η Διδακτορική Διατριβή (ΔΔ) παρουσιάζει ενδιαφέρον acquisition of της, knowledge starts with the the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first,όσο if of not final, the term για το θέμα που παραμένει επίκαιρο, και γιαapproach, την πρωτότυπη 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this inindicated a first, if (in not final, approach, the term gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification ερευνητική μεθοδολογία και“principle” την διεπιστημονική του προσέγγιση, που το 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various καθιστά ενδιαφέρον για ένα ευρύ αναγνωστικό κοινό, με αναζητήσεις που Sociology as άπτονται well), as the “refining” of a city area, the fromthere this,σεof (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and theremoval placement artists, γεωγραφικά στην Νοτιοανατολική Ευρώπη, και θεματικά Νομικό ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art However this “change”,και regardless of επίπεδο, αλλά καιgalleries, στους restaurants, τομείς τωνetc. Πολιτικών Επιστημών Διεθνών the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the Σχέσεων, της Οικονομικής Διπλωματίας, των Διεθνών Οικονομικών, τηςof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative Ευρωπαϊκής Ολοκλήρωσης και της Επιχειρηματικής Στρατηγικής. Περεταίρω potential relative speculation). The term gentrification found at first in the UKμε in early and it refersτης to ενδιαφέρει ερευνητικά isόσους ασχολούνται την 1960s μεθοδολογία The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor αξιολόγησης και της χρήσης επιχειρηματικών μοντέλων ανάλυσης, όπως the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves andή thusανταγωνιστικών old residents areof PEST, SWOT, VRIO, «πέντε δυνάμεων London, upgrade them,το stayμοντέλο themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. δυνάμεων» ( the“squeezed”. five forces model) και το μοντέλο «αλυσίδα αξίας» (the value being indirectly A description ofM.this phenomenon is included in the work of για Sociologist Ruth chain model) του Porter. Ειδικά για ενδιαφέρονται το ΕΣΟΑΒ, η A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is όσους included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar situations in other major ΔΔ περιλαμβάνει μια κριτική προσέγγιση, λεπτομερή ανάλυση της GLASS at the same period, situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, bywhile othersimilar Researchers. λειτουργίας και δραστηριότητάς του, καθώς και την πρώτη αξιολόγησή του, cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more με βάση Διεθνών Οργανισμών. Η αξιολόγηση, με more την Since την then,μεθοδολογία the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from παράλληλη αποτίμηση των αποτελεσμάτων, δεν αποτελεί παρελθοντολογία, comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: αλλά καθίσταται the χρήσιμη για τονofσχεδιασμό καιthe εφαρμογή μελλοντικών interpretations phenomenon following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is due togentrification, a trend of a new category of social groups παρομοίων δράσεων. to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Το to θέμα παραμένει πάντα «επίκαιρο» και διατηρεί and time travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work την placeσημασία is, lack ofτου, the ιδιαίτερα κατά τηνdistributed τρέχουσα οικονομική συγκυρία και προβλήματα 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruthτα GLASS wasbetter born in sense safety atcomes the residencies outside town centres, search for Berlin, where προσαρμογής she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: οικονομικής στην Ελλάδα, καθώς καιheart τις υπό εξέλιξη τρέχουσες services of health, education, entertainment “at the of the city”,movements (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she leftστα Germany and after continuous for περαιτέρω γεωπολιτικές καταστάσεις Βαλκάνια, με τον προσανατολισμό lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, για ένταξη και Βορειοατλαντικές και υπόλοιπων in According 1943 she στις published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In δομές 1950 she teacher in the to Ευρωπαϊκές another approach, the is due tobecame aτων systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public and «υποψηφίων» βαλκανικών long-term informal effort by χωρών. organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Η ΔΔreal τηςestate, Δρος Ελὲνης ΚΑΒΒΑΔΙΑ, ερευνά τοofθέμα ενταγμένο σε ένα and selling for the depreciation initially part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS etc., SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: γενικότερο πλαίσιο αναφοράς, σε οικονομικό, πολιτικό και γεωγραφικό G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
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επίπεδο, και συντελεί στην κατανόηση των συνθηκών που «υπαγόρευσαν» τις συγκεκριμένες ειδικές δράσεις η «ειδικό καθεστώς» όπως αναφέρεται στον τιτλο. Ακολουθεί δὲ η συγκεκριμένη μελὲτη μια τελεολογική μεθοδολογία, καθώς απαντά στο εύλογο και βασικό ερώτημα του κατά πόσον η «εμπλοκή» του Ελληνικού Κράτους σε οικονομικές δραστηριότητες σε χώρες των Βαλκανίων, -προσφέροντας μάλιστα και Ελληνική κρατική ενίσχυση/συνδρομή-, ήταν χρήσιμη για το Ελληνικό Κράτος. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Η μελέτη αυτή συμβάλλει, επὶσης, στην προαγωγή της γνώσης στο Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, συγκεκριμένο υπό εξέταση γνωστικό αντικείμενο, μιας πρωτότυπης By Mr. George-Sp.μέσω C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect ερευνητικής προσέγγισης, ως προς την οπτική, αλλά και την μεθοδολογική Student of the School of Architecture διερεύνησή του θέματος. Technical University of Crete Η πρωτότυπη ερευνητική αυτή προσέγγιση φέρει τα εξής κύρια 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept χαρακτηριστικά: 1. Introductory Defining the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370της BC, Athens), Είναι η approach: πρώτη συνδυαστική εξέταση τόσο άμεσης ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BCμορφή -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage left us, he established aτην great the χρηματοδότησης από το heΕλληνικό Κράτος με (444 Επίσημης among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition the content of“principle”: concepts. Αναπτυξιακής Βοήθειας – (ΕΑΒ) στα πλαίσια τουofΕΣΟΑΒ, όσο και της έμμεσης acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term «εμπλοκής» του Κράτους, κυρίως μέσω επιδοτήσεων για την στήριξη της 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” inτομέα a first,μεif την notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) indicated (in area of Planning) (or gentrification εξωστρέφειας του Ελληνικού ιδιωτικούis μορφή Άμεσων Ξένων 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Επενδύσεων – ΑΞΕ, από Έλληνες Υπηκόους σε Χώρες των Βαλκανίων. Παρότι as well), as the “refining” of aτην cityυπό area, the fromthere this, (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually ofκατά low-income and theremoval placement of ηSociology περιοχή των Βαλκανίων ήταν εξέταση εικοσαετία, σημαντική ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operationτόσο of artΕΑΒ, galleries, restaurants, However “change”,της regardless of δικαιούχος όσο και ΑΞΕ, καιetc. παρόλο πουthis η εμπλοκή Ελλάδας the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the ήταν συνδυαστική τόσο χρονικά, όσο και στοχοθετικά, στην λογική whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). αλληλοενίσχυσης και αποκομιδής αμοιβαίου οφέλους, η συνδυαστική αυτή potential relative speculation). The term is found at first in the UK in early 1960s it refers to ερευνητική gentrification γραμμή δεν έχει προσελκύσει ικανοποιητικά την and επιστημονική The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor προσοχή. the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof Η upgrade προσέγγιση του θέματος περιλαμβάνει όσο και London, them, stay themselves sometimesτόσο thereμια andθεωρητική, thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. μια εμπειρική διάσταση. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth ακολουθείται μια διεπιστημονική του AΕπιπρόσθετα, description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work προσέγγιση of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major θέματος, η οποία συνίσταται στα εξής: GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Νομική προσέγγιση του ειδικού καθεστώτος, cities inΗWestern countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars δεν and περιορίζεται for its more στον εντοπισμό και καταγραφή των νομικών εγγράφων του Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and forεκτενούς its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various νομικού κελύφους, αλλά προβαίνει και στην ταξινόμηση, καθώς και κατά comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: περίπτωση σε διαχρονική και γεωγραφική σύγκριση, ενώ εξετάζει ένα από τα interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups βασικά ερωτήματα μελέτης, ως προςfor τοseveral κατά πόσον το to “return” to the city,της leaving the purlieus reasons:«νομιμοποιείται» high costs in money ειδικό καθεστώς «εμπλοκής» του Ελληνικού Κράτους σε θέματα οικονομικών and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the δραστηριοτήτων υφ’ οιανδήποτε μορφή, αμέσως ή και εμμέσως, δεδομένων 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where she made υποχρεώσεων her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: των «υπερεθνικών» και δεσμεύσεων της χώρας ως πλήρους services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Μέλους της ΕΕ. of, in lower living cost “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, προσέγγιση συνίσταται εξέταση της in According 1943Η sheΜακροοικονομική published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheστην teacher in the to another approach, the is due tobecame a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public and Διεθνούς, Ευρωπαϊκής, και Ελληνικής οικονομικής συγκυρίας, long-term effort Βαλκανικής by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. αφού αυτή αποτέλεσε το for πλαίσιο γιαLondon την σύσταση και λειτουργία αυτού του and selling real estate, etc., theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aειδικού varietyκαθεστώτος. of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
Η προσέγγιση υπό την έποψη των Διεθνών Σχέσεων γίνεται με την εξέταση της Διεθνούς συγκυρίας, και τη θέση τόσο της Ελλάδας, όσο και των υπό εξέταση χωρών της Βαλκανικής, αλλά και άλλων κύριων «παικτών» στην περιοχή στο πλαίσιο αυτό. Διερευνά τις παρεμβάσεις και άλλων «παικτών» στην περιοχή κατά την ίδια περίοδο, καθότι στην περιοχή «εξυφάνθηκε» ένα διεθνές «πλέγμα» εισροών χρηματοδοτήσεων προς την περιοχή , τόσο με την μορφή ΕΑΒ, όσο και ΑΞΑ., έδρασαν ενίοτε συνεργατικά, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS αλλά συχνά και ανταγωνιστικά προς την διττή εμπλοκή της Ελλάδας στην Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, περιοχή έτσι, ώστε να αναδειχθούνByοιMr. λόγοι για τους «έπρεπε» να George-Sp. C.οποίους ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect συγκροτηθεί ένα ειδικό καθεστώς ρύθμισηςStudent οικονομικών δραστηριοτήτων, of the School of Architecture τόσο του Ελληνικού Κράτους ευθέως, όσο και Ελλήνων υπηκόων Technical University of Crete ενισχυόμενων από την Ελλάδα, για να δραστηριοποιηθούν επιχειρηματικά σε 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Κράτη των Βαλκανίων. 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, ancientDefining Greek συνίσταται philosopher, Η Πολιτικήtheπροσέγγιση κατά κύριο λόγο στην ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC καταγραφή -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other(Evaluation) wise heritageτου he left us, he established aαπλή great the Αξιολόγηση ΕΣΟΑΒ, και όχι στην(444 των among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a την greatαποτίμηση the acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content of“principle”: concepts. των δράσεών του. Η αξιολόγηση του ΕΣΟΑΒ γίνεται για acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term αποτελεσμάτων, αν δηλαδή τελικά επετεύχθησαν οι στόχοι του Ελληνικού 1 (and urban Based, όπως therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in not final, approach, the την term gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification Κράτους, διατυπώθηκαν για τον σκοπό αυτό, εξετάζοντας 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various λειτουργία και εφαρμογή του ΕΣΟΑΒ, και κάνοντας συσχετισμό σκοπών / Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, removal fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe the placement αποτελεσμάτων. Η αξιολόγηση, παρόλο που εμπίπτει στα πλαίσια της ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of Δημόσιας Λογοδοσίας (Public Accountability) για τις πολιτικές επιλογές και the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However this “change”, regardless of whatever other has, results rising of land prices (and the την χρήση δημοσίου χρήματος, δεν έχει πραγματοποιηθεί ούτε καν από τον whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential speculation). αρμόδιο relative διαχειριστικό φορέα, δηλαδή το Ελληνικό Υπουργείο Εξωτερικών, potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in(Best the UK in early η1960s andσυνιστάται it refers to παρόλο που συνιστά βέλτιστη πρακτική Practice), οποία The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor και τον ΟΟΣΑ για παροχή ΕΑΒ. Η αξιολόγηση τουproperty ΕΣΟΑΒ στα πλαίσια τηςof theαπό then observed trend of wealthy people to there buy in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes and thus old residents are μελέτης αυτής συνέπεσε χρονικά με την ανακήρυξη διεθνώς του London, upgrade them, stayμάλιστα themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. 2015, ως έτους“squeezed”. αξιολόγησης από τον ΟΗΕ, ο οποίος αναγνώρισε έτσι being indirectly A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth έμπρακτα την σημασία αξιολόγησης με το Ψήφισμα (Resolution) 69/237, A description ofperiod, thisτης phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major το οποίο σηματοδότησε την «μεταλαμπάδευση» της τεχνογνωσίας της GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. αξιολόγησης σε μεγάλο αριθμό Κρατών, με σειρά σχετικών εκδηλώσεων ανά cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more τον Κόσμο όπου «ταξίδεψε» η «Δάδα της Αξιολόγησης» (Evaluation Torch). Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from various Η προσέγγιση υπό την έποψη της Επιχειρηματικής Στρατηγικής comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: πραγματοποιείται για την αποτίμηση των επιχειρηματικών αποφάσεων interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups σχετικά με την ανάληψη Ελληνικών ΑΞΕ στην Βαλκανική. Οι εν γένει ΑΞΕ to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money στην περιοχή, αλλά και πιο συγκεκριμένα οι Ελληνικές, έχουν μελετηθεί and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the εκτενώς, από διάφορες που περιλαμβάνουν κυρίως, αναλύσεις τωνin 1.of The termat comes fromπλευρές, Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where she made her first studies. In και 1932των she επιπτώσεων published an important study entitled: παραγόντων υλοποίησης ΑΞΕ, καθώς των ΑΞΕ είτε στην services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for χώρα προέλευσης, είτε στηνfrom χώρα υποδοχής, καθώς και ποσοτικές lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, προσεγγίσεις μεanother την studies χρήση στατιστικών αναλύσεων για in According 1943 she published regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheτον teacher in the to approach, the is due tobecame a προσδιορισμό, systematic and University College of London, where sheπου continued her social Her public and μεταξύ άλλων, και των κινήτρων, οδήγησαν στιςresearch. ΑΞΕ. Οιbrokers σύνθετοι αυτοί long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. παράγοντες όμως, ασκούν σημαντική επιρροή στις σχετικές επιχειρηματικές and selling real estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: αποφάσεις για την ενδεχόμενη ανάληψη πρωτοβουλίας ΑΞΕ. Οι αποφάσεις, G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
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όμως αυτές καθαυτές, παραμένουν επιχειρηματικής δικαιοδοσίας και στρατηγικής. Παρόλα αυτά, οι επιχειρηματικές αυτές αποφάσεις, δεν έχουν διερευνηθεί επαρκώς υπό την έποψη της επιχειρηματικής στρατηγικής, παρόλο που οι ΑΞΕ ως σκοπός, μέσο και αποτέλεσμα της διεθνούς ανταγωνιστικότητας είναι τομέας που άπτεται πέραν της μικρο- και μακροοικονομικής, και των διεθνών οικονομικών, της διοίκησης επιχειρήσεων, μάρκετινγκ, διεθνών σχέσεων, και κυρίως της επιχειρηματικής στρατηγικής. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Αυτό ακριβώς ερευνά και η παρούσα μελέτη, μέσω μιας προσέγγισης υπό την Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, έποψη της Επιχειρηματικής Στρατηγικής, ώστε C.να αποτιμηθούν οι By Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect επιχειρηματικές αποφάσεις για την ανάληψηStudent Ελληνικών ΑΞΕ στην Βαλκανική. of the School of Architecture Μέσω μιας εμπειρικής έρευνας, σε ποιοτική και όχι ποσοτική βάση, Technical University of Crete αναδεικνύονται οι παράγοντες της ανταγωνιστικότητας των Ελληνικών ΑΞΕ, Introductory approach: concept να διαφανούν οι λόγοι οι 1.οποίοι με την σειράDefining τους the αφήνουν 1. Introductory approach: Defining the πραγματοποίησής Με τον Greek τρόπο philosopher, αυτόconcept γίνεται (444 τελικά αποτίμηση, του ANTISTHENIS,τους. the ancient BCμια - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370της BC, Athens), among otherηwise heritage he leftτου us, Ελληνικού he established a great the κατά πόσον έμμεση «εμπλοκή» Κράτους, μέσω στήριξης among other wiseτου heritage leftthe us,definition he established a great the acquisition of knowledge startshe with of theστην content of“principle”: concepts. της εξωστρέφειας Ελληνικού ιδιωτικού τομέα Βαλκανική εν είδει acquisition of ώθησε knowledge starts withτις theΕλληνικές of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, onπραγματικά this “principle” indefinition a first, ifεπιχειρήσεις not final, approach, the term επιδοτήσεων, να επενδύσουν 1 (and urban therefore, this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, theέναν term gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification στα Based, Βαλκάνια, αν η on ώθηση αυτή «άξιζε», αν δηλαδή χορηγήθηκε σε 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ιδιωτικό τομέα ικανό να διεισδύσει στην Βαλκανική ανταγωνιστικά, και με Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, removal from this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of διάρθρωσης low-income and the placement there ποια μορφή επιχειρηματικής οthe Ελληνικός επιχειρηματικός ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of artτην galleries, restaurants, etc.κυρίως Howeverγια thisνα “change”, regardless of κόσμος επέλεξε διεθνοποίηση του, αποτιμηθούν έτσι the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the ορισμένες από τις επιπτώσεις της δράσης αυτής για την Ελληνικήof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative οικονομία. potential relative speculation). TheΜεθοδολογικά, term gentrification is found παρουσιάζει at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refersκαι to η μελέτη ερευνητική πρωτοτυπία The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor ευρηματικότητα: the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, them, stay themselves and thusεμπλοκής old residents areof Ηupgrade διερεύνηση της χρησιμότητας της there άμεσης του London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Ελληνικού Κράτους μέσω παροχής ΕΑΒ στα πλαίσια του ΕΣΟΑΒ, γίνεται being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth αφενός μέσω μιας ανάλυσης της λειτουργίας και Ruth της A description ofperiod, thisλεπτομερούς phenomenon is included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist GLASS at the same while similar situations in other major δραστηριότητας του. Παράλληλα διερευνάται η χρησιμότητά του επί τη βάσει GLASS at the same period, situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, bywhile othersimilar Researchers. της αξιολόγησής του. Η μελέτη για να ξεπεράσει την έλλειψη επαρκών cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more στοιχείων στην δημόσια για την λειτουργία του ΕΣΟΑΒ, Since then, the issueσφαίρα has several below, scholars andπρωτοτυπεί for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from the και στηρίζεται σε «ενδεικτικούς κανόνες» (rules of thumb) παρεμφερών comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: δράσεων, και στην σύγκριση δύο «στιγμιότυπων» (snapshots), στοιχείων interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups δηλαδή σε δύο διαφορετικά χρονικά σημεία, κατ αναλογία των μεθόδων της to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money χρηματοοικονομικής Αναλύεται έτσι where η δραστηριότητα and time to travel fromανάλυσης. the purlieus to downtown, work place is,του lackΕΣΟΑΒ of the διαχρονικά, διατοπικά, τομεακά, καθώς και ως προς τους στόχους, τις μορφές 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born in sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for better Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: χρηματοδότησης, την επιλεξιμότητα των έργων, και την υλοποίηση όσον services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for αφορά στην Η μελέτη προβαίνει περαιτέρω στην lower living costαπορροφητικότητα. of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc. studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, where αξιολόγηση (evaluation) του συνολικού αποτελέσματος του ΕΣΟΑΒ, ως προς in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Herτη public and την συνάφεια, επίδοση και αναμενόμενο αντίκτυπο, επίbrokers βάσει της long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. μεθοδολογίας που etc., χρησιμοποιείται από Διεθνείς Χρηματοδοτικούς and selling realCOLLINS estate, for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Οργανισμούς ΔΧΟ, και διμερείς χορηγούς/δωρητές ΕΑΒ. G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns Η διερεύνηση της χρησιμότητας της έμμεσης «εμπλοκής»
του Ελληνικού Κράτους μέσω επιδοτήσεων Ελληνικών ΑΞΕ στην περιοχή, εξετάζεται πρωτίστως, το κατά πόσον η παροχή τους συνέβαλε στην By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS εξωστρέφεια του Ελληνικού Ιδιωτικού Τομέα μέσω των ΑΞΕ. Αν οι Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, επιδοτήσεις συνέβαλαν στην επιχειρηματική απόφασηC. ναATHANASSOPOULOS πραγματοποιηθούν By Mr. George-Sp. Architect οι ΑΞΕ, τότε η «εμπλοκή» αυτή εξυπηρέτησε τον στόχο τουof Ελληνικού Student of the School Architecture Κράτους για εξωστρέφεια, άλλως δεν του φάνηκαν αφού Technicalχρήσιμες, University of Crete διατέθηκαν πόροι του Εθνικού Προϋπολογισμού, για κάτι που θα υλοποιείτο 1. Introductory approach: Defining conceptΓια την διερεύνηση αυτή, η ούτως ή άλλως, και χωρίς αυτή την the συνδρομή. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept ANTISTHENIS, Greek υπό philosopher, (444 BC BC, Athens), μελέτη ακολουθεί the μια ancient προσέγγιση το πρίσμα της - 370 Επιχειρηματικής ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC,σχετικά Athens), among other wise heritage he leftτων us, επιχειρηματικών he established(444 a great the Στρατηγικής, για την αποτίμηση αποφάσεων among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a great the acquisition of knowledge startshe with of theστα content of“principle”: concepts. με την ανάληψη Ελληνικών ΑΞΕ στην Βαλκανική, πλαίσια εμπειρικής acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term έρευνας, επί τη βάσει δεδομένων, που προέκυψαν από μη-δομημένες 1 (and urban Based, therefore, this “principle” inindicated a της first,«ομάδας if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification συνεντεύξεις με τουςon βασικούς «παίκτες» ενδιαφέροντος», σε 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ανώτατο επιχειρηματικό επίπεδο. Η ανάλυση των αποτελεσμάτων σε Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city για area, removal from this,πόσον (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of ποιοτική και όχι ποσοτική βάση, γίνεται ναthe διαφανεί το κατά οι ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.έπαιξαν Howeverθετικό this “change”, of επιδοτήσεις από το Ελληνικό Κράτος ρόλο regardless στην λήψη the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However this “change”, regardless of whatever other has, results rising of land prices (and the αποφάσεων για την πραγματοποίηση ΑΞΕ στα Βαλκάνια κατά την υπό whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential εξέταση relative περίοδο,speculation). αλλά παράλληλα και να αναδειχθούν οι παράγοντες της potential relative speculation). The term gentrification at firstΑΞΕ, in the οι UKοποίοι in earlyμε 1960s it refers to ανταγωνιστικότητας τωνis found Ελληνικών τηνand σειρά τους The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor αφήνουν να διαφανούν οιofκύριοι λόγοι πραγματοποίησης των Ελληνικών the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof ΑΞΕ. London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Ηindirectly μελέτη “squeezed”. συνδυάζει τις θεωρητικές προσεγγίσεις, με εμπειρικούς being A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth προσανατολισμούς, τόσοphenomenon όσον αφοράis στις οικονομικές δραστηριότητες του A description ofperiod, this included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar situations in other major Ελληνικού Κράτους ως Μέλους της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης, όσο και Ελλήνων GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Υπηκόων σε Χώρες των by Βαλκανίων. Εδράζει σε μια στέρεα θεωρητική cities in Western countries, other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more προσέγγιση, ολοκληρωμένη και διεξοδική στατιστική ανάλυση αξιόπιστων Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from στοιχείων τα οποία προέρχονται από επίσημες βάσεις δεδομένων Διεθνών, comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Ευρωπαϊκών και Εθνικών φορέων, των οποίων έχει γίνει χρονική εναρμόνιση, interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups ώστε να καλύπτεται ολόκληρη η εικοσαετής υπό εξέταση περίοδος 1990to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money 2010, παράλληλα γίνει εκτεταμένηwhere γραφική επεξεργασία, με and timeενώ to travel from the έχει purlieus to downtown, work place is, lack of the απώτερο σκοπό την συγκρισιμότητα των αντὶστοιχων στοιχείων. 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for betterin Berlin,Για where sheλὸγους made herαυτούς first studies. In 1932 an important entitled: θεωρὼ, ότιshe η published ΔΔ Δρος Ελὲνης Καββαδία services ofτους health, education, entertainment “at the της heart of the city”,study (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for αφ΄ενὸς μεν επιτυγχὰνει τους στὸχους και απαντὰ στα ερωτὴματα εντὸς lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.του studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, where τεθὲντος επιστημονικοὺ πεδὶου αφ΄ετέρου δὲ αποτελεί χρήσιμο σημείο in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where continued her socialσε research. Her public and υποδειγματικὴς αναφοράς και she περαιτέρω έρευνας σχετικούς τομείς ιδὶως long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. σε μια περιοχή της ΕΕ η for οποὶα επηρεάζεται άμεσα συμπεριφορά της and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., theCodepreciation initially ofστην part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: απὸ τις εξελὶξεις της διεθνούς γεωπολιτικής και γεωοικονομίας… G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Reflections on Hertfordshire Energy for Waste Development Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification Concerns
Everything in excess is an enemy to nature” [Πᾶν τὸ πολὺ τῇ φύσει πολέμιον] Hippocrates By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS 460-377 BC Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student,
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Georgios - Spyridon Const. ATHANASOPOULOS Technical University of Crete
PhD Candidate Cambridge University, 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Engineering Department 1. Introductory approach: the concept Master of Architecture Urban Design ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, (444 BC -in 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, Athens), Graduate of Design among other wise heritage he left us, heHarvard established a greatSchool “principle”: the among other wise Bachelor heritage left us,definition he established a great the acquisition of knowledge startshe with the of the content of“principle”: concepts. of Architecture Technical University of Crete
acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, (in various In 2007 theasHertfordshire County Council announced its of 20-year ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, 1. One the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However thisAction “change”, regardless of long Joint Municipal Waste Management Strategy Plan of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof the mainrelative targets is to reduce the of waste up in landfill whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, amount results also rising ending of land prices (and the potential potential relative speculation). sites promote more sustainable ways with Theand termtogentrification is found at first in the UKof in dealing early 1960s andmunicipal it refers to The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas the then observed trend of to buy property in poor ofto solid waste. In the year 2014/2015 the county produced 534,000refers tons the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas of London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents are 2(also known as ofLondon, local waste and 268,000 tons were residual waste upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. black bag waste). To phenomenon meet the targets of the plan, in 2009 the council A description of this is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major announced a bid forperiod, the development of a waste disposal siteinthat could GLASS at the same while similar situations were recorded other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. implement energy fromhas waste facilities. In July 2011, theand Council cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue several scholars for itssigned more Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more a contract with approach Veolia forare thebeing development, construction andthe operation comprehensive summarized below, from various comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: 3 to be ofinterpretations an incineration plant located at New Barnfield, Hatfield. the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups However, thethe Communities Secretary refused permithigh planning July to “return” to city, leaving the purlieus for severalto reasons: costs inin money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.of safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin,1http://www.hertfordshire.gov.uk/services/envplan/plan/hccdevplan/wasteplan/w where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for stdevfrmrk/wcsdmpd lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc. studies 2 and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where http://www.hertfordshire.gov.uk/services/envplan/waste/future/ in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and 3 University College of London, where she continued social research. Herused public and Forinformal the purposes ofby this essay, thegroups, term her “incineration” will be to refer to long-term effort organized manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. mass burning incineration process asdepreciation an energy See from waste(EfW) technology, which is and selling real estate, etc., for theCo initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: different from other waste thermal-treatment technologies that are suggested throughout G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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the pages of this document.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
20144. Veolia came back with a revised proposal for an incinerator in Rye House, Hoddesdon with a capacity of processing 320,000 tons of waste per year that could generate 33.5MW of energy, enough to provide heat to approximately 69,000 houses5. The plant is expected to start operating in 2020 and construction to begin in 2017. In the next George-Sp. ATHANASOPOULOS pages, this latter developmentBy Mr. plan will beC.examined from a Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, sustainability point of view fromByvarious perspectives. What was the Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect main motivation from the Hertfordshire Student CountyofCouncil forofthis plan? the School Architecture Technical University of How did the public engage through the design process? What are Crete the 1. Introductory Defining the concept benefits from theapproach: operation? Are there any environmental impacts? Are 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, thesolutions ancient Greek philosopher, there any alternative to incineration? ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the The Hertfordshire County Council (from now on HCC) clearly among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with thein definition of the content ofto concepts. bases thetherefore, need ofonthe suggested plan on ifthe necessity abandon Based, this “principle” a first, not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, term 6 gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification under landfilling. On1 HCC’s webpage one may find a dedicated passage the gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various the title “the problem with landfill”. Through the passage, we can see Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, ofactivities low-income and thethis placement of artists, cost estimations on usually landfill based on landfillthere taxes. The the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the environmental implications of landfill are also to be found right belowof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative the landfill’s cost claims. Governmental landfilling may potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in thepenalties UK in earlyfor 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first the UK in early 1960s and refersofto provide a starting point to look for in alternative solutions to itareas landfill, the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas of London, upgrade stay of themselves and thus open old residents however, it maythem, be arguable if a waste discussion should based are on London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. taxes. For sure,“squeezed”. incentives can promote a dialogue, however, being indirectly A description ofeconomic this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description this phenomenon issuch included inwere the recorded work Sociologist Ruth as far asatwaste isofconcerned, as ecology andofenvironmental GLASS the same period, whileissues similar situations in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western other Researchers. impacts may countries, be morebyby valuable to be tabled way earlier in the cities in Western countries, other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more discussion. Additionally, one may also have a look atfrom one of Since then, the issue has several scholars andthe forVeolia’s its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, various comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various 7 (see fig. 1). interpretations theone phenomenon of gentrification, following: The figures shownofin of their leaflets for the the project interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social groups amount of taxes paid for landfill are demonstrated as the initiation of to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money the time development strategy. Thisto can lead to thework conclusion thatofthe and to travel from the purlieus downtown, where place is, lack the The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.of safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin,4http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-28216261 where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth5Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for http://www.veolia.co.uk/ [forfrom unknown reasons full link copies dotonot work-the lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back London, reader this essay can navigate through webpage by typing in According 1943 of she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. Veolia’s In 1950 she teacher in the to another approach, the is due tobecame a systematic and University informal College of London, where her social Her public and “www.veolia.co.uk/hertfordshire” onshe thecontinued web browser; all research. relevant information can be long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. found there] and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 6 http://www.hertfordshire.gov.uk/services/envplan/waste/future/landfill/ G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 7
Ibid http://www.veolia.co.uk/
252141 11
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
project is based primarily on economic sustainability, and therefore this should be recognized as a weak sustainability claim. In comparison with the chart provided by Veolia, we should look at other sustainability diagrams that demonstrate different hierarchy approaches starting with ecology and finishing with economic liability. The Stockholm Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS fig. 2). Resilience Center provides a veryBy good example8 (see
Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth Figure 1: A in diagram GLASS at the same while similar were in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major demonstrating the initial cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more strategy for the Since then, the issue has several below, scholars and for its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied beingdevelopment summarized of the from the various comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, theplant. following: Hertfordshire The interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups reduction of landfilling to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and its taxwhere penalties a is, lack of the and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, workisplace core issue. termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. Inhttp://www.veolia.co.uk/ 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 8
42
http://www.stockholmresilience.org/
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the Figure 2: An approach for sustainable development provided by the the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Stockholm Resilience Center.http://www.stockholmresilience.org/ Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology asVeolia well), as the “refining” of atrying city area, from this, (inartists, various Both and the HCC are to the engage with the public and ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and theremoval placement there of ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of inform the residents on the development of the this project. From the early the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However this “change”, regardless of whatever other has, results rising of land prices (and the stages of design multiple community meetings haveofbeen conducted to whatever other consequences has, results also rising land prices (and the potential relative speculation). allow substantial feedback involved parties and toitaddress potential relative speculation). Thefor term gentrification is foundfrom at firstthe in the UK in early 1960s and refers to The term gentrification found first in the UK in early 1960s andprojects, itareas refersofto anythen concerns of the members. Asatin most public infrastructure the observed trend ofiswealthy people to buy property in poor the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof public engagement is a crucial aspect; it is a necessity of strategic London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. importance. However, in the case of the Rye House incineration plant, it being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth is worth mentioning the primary discussion is Veolia.Ruth It A description ofperiod, thisthat phenomenon is situations included inwere thefacilitator work of Sociologist GLASS at the same while similar recorded in other major at the same period, situations were recorded in other major isGLASS the company’s responsibility to organize the meetings, the cities in Western countries, bywhile othersimilar Researchers. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, composition, the issue has preoccupied scholars and for its more participants’ and to set several the gatherings’ agendas. The Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from company provides very well documentation for all the meetings comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: 9. All community member concerns are written through its webpage interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups down tidily.The thattheapurlieus company like reasons: Veolia may have great to “return” to the city,fact leaving for several high costs in money experience in coordinating and arranging thewhere nature of communications and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, work place is, lack of the 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside townHowever, centres, for channels with the public can well be understood. it should bein Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of theacity”, (possibly)for Youth Unemployment. Thethe same yearof shethe left depositary Germany and after continuous movementsin noted that assigning role of such discussion lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, only oneshestakeholder that also will beplanning. responsible for the construction in According 1943 published studies regarding cityphenomenon In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University Collegecan of London, she continued her social research. Her public and and operation raisebywhere concerns regarding the way in which the public long-term informal effort organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 9 Ibid http://www.veolia.co.uk/
252143 11
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
is involved in planning and design decisions. Perhaps it would have been far more effective if the discussion had been initiated way before the contractor’s participation in a local community level. In other words, the HCC could have opened the discussion with the public way before the development had reached the design stage. Additionally, third parties (non-governmental/waste treatment institutions) could By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS have also been involved to University, fertilize the discussion, asStudent, in all Harvard Graduate School ofsince Design, 10 By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect . planning cases, pluralism can unlock multiple potential directions Student of the School of Architecture One of the main sustainability claims of the project is the Technical University of Crete production of energy. Once waste is fed inside the incinerator, the gases 1. Introductory approach:that Defining the concept create high temperatures can boil water and make a high-pressure 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, steam. On its turn, the steam is used to generate electricity through a ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the 11. Eventually, turbine the amount of the electricity produced is relevant among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the toacquisition the mass waste put in the two main ofofknowledge starts withincinerator. theindefinition of the content ofby-products concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, ifThe not final, approach, the term 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term of the process are bottom ash and isin gas emissions. The volume of the (and urban gentrification) indicated area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various bottom ash is relatively way smaller than the volume of waste Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social of low-income andthe theremoval placement imported, andgroups, it can usually be reused as a construction material (e.g. asphalt). ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of Gas emissions are way more crucial than the bottom ash. For the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (andthis theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results alsoplant, risingclaims of land that pricesany (andgas the project, AECOM, Veolia’s partner for the potential relative potential relative speculation). The termclearly gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s it refers to emissions meet the regulation guidelines. There hasand been a lot of The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor research regarding the wealthy emissions incinerators manyof the then observed trend peopleofto there buy property in and poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents are comparisons tothem, the stay emissions alternative thermal London, upgrade themselvesof sometimes there and thus old treatment residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectlyIt“squeezed”. technologies. highly complicated to extract crystal conclusions. A description ofisthis phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same similar situations recordedstandards in other major What should be period, noted while is that there are nowere common for GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. comparison between all the heat-based EfW technologies. Additionally, cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more it isSince very common that juxtaposing the different data provided by then, the issuewhen has several scholars and for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from the comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various operators, results turn to preferable directions and thus, research interpretations of themay phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: 12 In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups methods may even be questionable . to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.of safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin,10where she P. made her firstand studies. In 1932 she published an important studyTheory: entitled: Davidoff, "Advocacy Pluralism in Planning." Readings in Planning services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Fourth Edition., 2016. 427-442. SCOPUS. Web. 23 Nov. lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car2016. easier access to markets, etc. studies 11 and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where forapproach, Environment Food and Rural Affairs, provides a very wellin According 1943The she Department published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another the phenomenon is due a systematic and University description College of London, where she her social research. brokers Her public and articulated of all by known EfWcontinued technologies. https://www.gov.uk/government/ long-term informal effort organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. publications/energy-from-waste-a-guide-to-the-debate and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 12 Thomas Fruergaard Astrup, DavideTonini, Roberto Turconi, Alessio Boldrin, Life G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
44
cycle
assessment
of
thermal
Waste-to-Energy
technologies:
Review
and 2521 11
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is involved in planning and design decisions. Perhaps it would have been far more effective if the discussion had been initiated way before The energy produced from the incinerator plant in Rye House will the contractor’s participation in a local community level. In other be used to primarily cover the needs for heat in the surrounding area. It words, the HCC could have opened the discussion with the public way is worth mentioning that when EfW plants are used for district heating, before the development had reached the design stage. Additionally, this requires the pre-existence of specific heating infrastructure. There third parties (non-governmental/waste treatment institutions) could are countries such as Sweden that have developed similar highly have also been involved to fertilize the discussion, since as in all advanced systems. However, in the case of the United Kingdom,10it can planning cases, pluralism can unlock multiple potential directions . By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS be questionable whether the University, cost of creating and maintaining such Harvard Graduate School of Design, Student, One of the main sustainability claims of the project is the By Mr. George-Sp. systems can be more affordable than lookingC. ATHANASSOPOULOS directly forArchitect other production of energy. Once waste is fed inside the the gases Student of incinerator, the School of Architecture alternative resources for electricity (wind or solar power)13. create high temperatures that can boil water andTechnical make aUniversity high-pressure of Crete Additionally, it may be important to note that Veolia is the main steam. On its turn, the steam is used to generate electricity through a 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept stakeholder that oversees the operation. This can raise questions on 11. Eventually, the amount of the electricity produced is relevant turbine 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, how the public is engaged in taking decisions about the allocation of the to the mass of waste put in the incinerator. The(444 two main by-products ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the energy produced. other wise leftthe us,definition he a The greatof “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. ofamong the process areheritage bottom ash and gasestablished emissions. volume of the During the procurement process theifHCC did notofprovide the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, not final, approach, the term bottom ash1 is relatively way smaller than the volume of waste Based,with therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term tenders a urban framework towards a specific waste treatment is area of Planning) (or gentrification imported, and(and it can begentrification) reused as a construction material (e.g. asphalt). 1 (and gentrification urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various technology that should be implemented. HCC’s mainly focused on Gas emissions are way more crucial than the bottom ash. For this Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, “safety, social benefit, protection of the environment, cost and ways), ofAECOM, social groups, usually of low-income the placement there of artists, project, Veolia’s partner for theand plant, claims that any gas the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of 14 . It is unknown if etc. there werethis proposals thatof sustainability” the operation ofconsequences art galleries, However “change”, regardless whatever other has, results also rising ofany land prices (and emissions clearly meet therestaurants, regulation guidelines. There has been a lotthe of whatever other consequences has,than results also rising ofTo landname prices a(and the promoted technologies other incineration. few, potential relative speculation). research regarding the emissions of incinerators and many potential relative speculation). The termdigestion, gentrification is found at and first in the UK incan early 1960s and it refers to anaerobic gasification, pyrolysis provide alternatives comparisons to trend the of emissions of inalternative thermal treatment The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed to buy property in poor tothe incineration. However, they all refer to to bio-degradable waste, whichof then observed wealthy people buy property in poor areas technologies. Itthem, is trend highly complicated to extract crystal conclusions. London, upgrade stay of themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are isLondon, not the case forstayresidual waste. Additionally, they can be upgrade them, themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. What should be noted is that there are no common standards for being indirectly “squeezed”. implemented in a wide range of scales, and in that way, promote selfA description of this phenomenon is included the work of Sociologist Ruth comparison between all the heat-based EfWinin technologies. Additionally, A description ofperiod, this phenomenon included theinfrastructure. work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while situations were recorded in otherThese major efficiency without the needsimilar of islarge scale it is very common that when juxtaposing the different data provided by GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, byrequire other Researchers. alternative technologies a very well-organized waste sorting cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. operators, results may turn to preferable directions and thus, research Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more system asthen, well as the minimization of anyseveral waste below, that cannot Since the issue has scholars andbe forrecycled its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being 12 summarized from the various . methods may even be questionable comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various or composted. Indeed, in today’s world the incinerators a interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, following: provide
GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money 10 "Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning." Readings in Planning recommendations, Management, 37, March 2015, 104-115, and timeDavidoff, to travelP.Waste from the purlieus toVolume downtown, where work Pages place is, lackTheory: ofISSN the Fourth Edition., 2016. 427-442. SCOPUS. Web. 23 Nov. 2016. 0956-053X, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.06.011. 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born in sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for better Berlin,11 where she made her studies. In Food 1932 and she published an important The Department forfirst Environment Ruralheart Affairs, provides a(possibly) veryentitled: well(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X14002670) services of health, education, entertainment “at the of the city”,study Youth13Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for articulated description of all known EfW technologies. https://www.gov.uk/government/ ToorajJamasb, Rabindra Nepal, Issues and options in waste management: A social lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, publications/energy-from-waste-a-guide-to-the-debate cost–benefit analysis of waste-to-energy inplanning. the UK,In Resources, Conservation and in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and 12 University College of54, London, where she continued social1341-1352, research.Alessio Her public and Thomas Fruergaard Astrup, DavideTonini, Roberto Turconi, Boldrin, Life Recycling, Volume Issue 12, October 2010,her Pages ISSN 0921-3449, long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion Waste-to-Energy for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. cycle assessment thermal technologies: Review and http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.05.004.(http://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc and selling realCOLLINS estate,ofetc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: e/article/pii/S0921344910001151) G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 14 http://www.hertfordshire.gov.uk/services/envplan/waste/future/
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
temporary solution for residual waste that can eliminate landfilling. However, adopting incineration as an absolute solution does not allow for more sustainable perspectives in the future. Incineration admits a materialistic and consumeristic world; it pardons a lifestyle where redundancy is forgiven. At this point it may worth quoting Lewis Mumford and his view on the world created by the machine:
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By emphasis Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect “There is a disproportionate on the physical means of Student of the School of Architecture living: people sacrifice time and present enjoyments in order that they Technical University of Crete
acquire a greater abundance of physical means; for there is supposed to theand concept be 1. a Introductory close relationapproach: betweenDefining well-being the number of bathtubs, motor 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, [1934] cars, and similar machine-made products that one may possess”15.Athens),
ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the Sustainability bewith aiming reusing andofreducing. It acquisition of knowledge starts theindefinition the content concepts. Based, therefore, onshould this “principle” atowards first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 therefore, on this “principle” a this first, stage if (in notthe final, approach, the term can Based, well be understood that even ifisinatindicated thearea responsibility of (and urban gentrification) of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various recycle and reuse can be dealt at the consumer level, a point will come Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income theremoval placement when industry should be addressing theand issue inplacement a gigantic scale. We ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of owe to create products thatetc. can berising wellthis recycled without the operation ofsmarter art galleries, restaurants, However “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also of land prices (and the theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of prices (and the need forrelative incinerating. Positively surprised, a visitor to land Veolia’s webpage potential potential relative speculation). term gentrification is found firstaddress in the UK early 1960s and it refers to willThe find that the company triesat to thein issue in demonstrating The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor how industry owes to work in the year 2050; ideas infor life-cycle the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof product design are well From thatthere point ofthus view, London, upgrade them, stayexpressed. themselves sometimes and old instead residentsof are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. trying to deal with specific design solutions, we should be questioning A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included in the recorded work Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same whileofsimilar were in other major ourselves if the overall idea sustainability should be of challenging our GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in by other Researchers. way ofinWestern life andcountries, the policies that frame it in a wider perspective. In a cities Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more general planning a process for below, envisioning a various better Since sense, then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars andthe for its more comprehensive approach areas being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various environment, of should be shiftingoffrom the designing of a materiality to interpretations the phenomenon gentrification, the following: interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups the revision of existing policies, an approach that has been debated on to “return” the city, leaving the purlieus the field oftoplanning for a long time16. for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and 15 University College ofL.London, where she and continued her social Her public and Mumford, (1934). Technics civilization / byresearch. Lewis Mumford. New York: long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work Brace. are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Harcourt, p.273 and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 16 Krieger, Alex, and William S. Saunders, editors. Urban Design. NED New edition, G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
46
University of Minnesota Press, 2009. p. 128
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, TypesΑσυμμετρία of Intervention, Εθνική Κυριαρχία, Ισχύος καιConcerns Οικονομική στο Διεθνές Definition, Types of intervention, ofΠολιτική Gentrification και Ευρωπαϊκό Επίπεδο1 Concerns Του Δρος Γεώρ. ΜΑΡΗ By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture σχεδόν 25 χρόνια που έχουν περάσει απόof την Technical University Crete
Εισαγωγή Σίγουρα, τα υπογραφή της Συνθήκης του Μάαστριχτ (ΣτΜ) τεράστιες αλλαγές 1. Introductory approach:ΗDefining the concept έχουν πραγματοποιηθεί. Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση (ΕΕ) έχει μετατραπεί σε 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), the ancient του Greek philosopher, έναANTISTHENIS, πολυσύνθετο οργανισμό οποίου η πολυπλοκότητα και το εύρος ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC 370 αισιόδοξες BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the των αρμοδιοτήτων έχει ξεπεράσει κατά πολύ (444 και τις -πιο among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. προβλέψεις. Όμως, αυτού του είδους η πολυπλοκότητα επηρεάζει την acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term λειτουργία και την on αποτελεσματικότητα τουifίδιου οργανισμού σε 1 (and Based, therefore, “principle” is inindicated a first, notthe final, approach, theόλα term urbanthis gentrification) (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 τα επίπεδα πολιτικής. Εδώ, κάθε θεωρητική προσέγγιση αντιμετωπίζει gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various τεράστιες προκλήσεις αναφορικά με την προσπάθεια ερμηνείας των Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually low-income and placement there of artists, γενόμενων. Από την αρχή τηςofδιαδικασίας έωςthe και σήμερα, οι ερευνητές the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless έτειναν να θεωρούν τα δύο has, επίπεδα πολιτικής τοofδιακυβερνητικό whatever other consequences results also rising land prices (and και theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (andκαι the potential relative το υπερεθνικό τελείως διακριτά. Οι διακυβερνητιστές θεωρούσαν potential relative speculation). The termακόμα gentrification is foundτο at first in theκαι UK τα in early 1960s and itτον refers to θεωρούν και σήμερα κράτος συμφέροντα πιο The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor σημαντικό παράγοντα αλλαγής (Hoffmann Moravcsik 1993), ενώof the then observed trend wealthy people to1966; buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are οιLondon, υπερεθνηκιστές έβλεπαν και βλέπουν τηνthere ΕΕ ως ή upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes andμια thusρυθμιστική old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. γραφειοκρατική δομή όπου οι υπερεθνικοί οργανισμοί παίζουν being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth κυρίαρχο ρόλο (Sandholtz andsimilar Zysman 1989;inwere Bauer andofBecker A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included the recorded work Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while in other2014). major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major Αυτού του είδους η διάκριση όμως τους εμποδίζει να καταπιαστούν με cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. τονSince δυναμικό φανταστικό κόσμοand τηςfor ΕΕits μεmore λίγη then, και the αλληλοσχετιζόμενο issue has preoccupied several scholars Since then, λεπτομέρεια. the issue has several scholars andthe for its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being below, from various περισσότερη Στόχοςsummarized αυτής της εργασίας είναι να comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: μελετήσει την σχέση ανάμεσα στην εθνική κυριαρχία και την interpretations of the phenomenon gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is dueof to a trend of a new of social groups ευρωπαϊκή ολοκλήρωση στο πλαίσιο της οικονομικής πολιτικής to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money στο αξιολογώντας τις κύριες εξελίξεις που συνέβησαν τον 20ο αιώνα and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the διεθνές και ευρωπαϊκό πολιτικοοικονομικό σύστημα προσφέροντας termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published anασυμμετρία important study entitled: παραδείγματα σχετικά με τον τρόπο με τον οποίο η ισχύος services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for
lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc. studies 1 and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where μεταδιδακτορική έρευνα ή η επιστημονική δημοσίευση πραγματοποιήθηκε στο in According 1943Ηshe published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 she teacher in the to another approach, the is due tobecame a systematic and University College London, where she continued her social research. Her public and πλαίσιο τηςinformal πράξηςof«ΕΝΙΣΧΥΣΗ ΜΕΤΑΔΙΔΑΚΤΟΡΩΝ ΕΡΕΥΝΗΤΩΝ/ ΕΡΕΥΝΗΤΡΙΩΝ» του Ε.Π long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: ENGLISH DICTIONARY. «Ανάπτυξη Ανθρώπινου Δυναμικού, Εκπαίδευση και Δια COLLINS Βίου Μάθηση», 2014-2020, η and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: οποία υλοποιείται από το Ι.Κ.Υ. και συγχρηματοδοτήθηκε από το Ευρωπαϊκό Κοινωνικό G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually Ταμείο και το Ελληνικό δημόσιο.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Το διεθνές σύστημα και η ασυμμετρία ισχύος Concerns Κατά την διάρκεια του 20ου αιώνα συνέβησαν τεράστιες αλλαγές
επηρέασε τόσο την δομή όσο και τους κανόνες λειτουργίας του διεθνούς και ευρωπαϊκού συστήματος.
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τόσο στις οικονομικές ιδέες όσο και στους θεσμούς διακυβέρνησης οι By Mr. C. ATHANASOPOULOS οποίες μετασχημάτισαν το διεθνές καιGeorge-Sp. κατά συνέπεια το ευρωπαϊκό Harvard University, Graduate School of Student, πλαίσιο (Blyth 2006). Οι αδυναμίες του σύγχρονου Design, διεθνούς και By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect περιφερειακού συστήματος συνδέονται Student άμεσα ofμεtheαυτές τις αλλαγές School of Architecture εφόσον η κρίση σχετίζεται με τους βαθμούς ελευθερίας που δίνονται Technical University of Crete στους θεσμικούς μηχανισμούς του συστήματος κάθε φορά. 1. Introductoryτις approach: Defining concept Μεταπολεμικά, δεκαετίες του the 1950 και του 1960, οι σχεδιαστές 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, πολιτικής, παίρνοντας σοβαρά μαθήματα από την Μεγάλη Ύφεση, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the επικεντρώθηκαν στις κεϋνσιανές πολιτικές της (444 ζήτησης (Temin 1989), among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. ενώ παράλληλα, οι κυβερνήσεις, στράφηκαν, προς την υιοθέτηση μιας acquisition of knowledge starts with the the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term ξεχωριστής μορφής φιλελευθερισμού του «εμπεδωμένου 1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in not final, approach, the term urban gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 φιλελευθερισμού» (Ruggie 1982). Ο «εμπεδωμένος φιλελευθερισμός» gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various έδινε την δυνατότητα στις κυβερνήσεις να υιοθετήσουν μέτρα Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually low-income and the placement there of artists, κοινωνικής προστασίας καιof με αυτό τον τρόπο να κατευνάσουν the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences also risingναof land prices (andστο theof οποιεσδήποτε διαμάχες has, θα results μπορούσαν ξεσπάσουν whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative περιφερειακό ήspeculation). στο τοπικό επίπεδο. potential relative speculation). TheΌμως, term gentrification foundδεκαετίας at first in the UK1970, in earlyη 1960s and it refers to οι εξελίξειςis της του κατάρρευση του The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor συστήματος του Bretton Woods, δύο πετρελαϊκές κρίσεις καθώς καιof the then observed trend wealthyοιsometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents are το φαινόμενο του στασιμοπληθωρισμού, φανέρωσαν του London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there andτις thusαδυναμίες old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. κεϋνσιανισμού και συνέβαλαν σταδιακά και αποφασιστικά στην being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth δημιουργία σύγχρονου οικονομικού συστήματος A description ofνέου this phenomenon isδιεθνούς included in the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the του same period, while similar situations were in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major μέσαinαπό τονcountries, παραγκωνισμό των κεϋνσιανών πολιτικών και την cities Western by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars andοικονομικών for its more παράλληλη υιοθέτηση του μονεταρισμού ή αλλιώς των Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for various its των more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the της προσφοράς (Hall 1989; De Long 2000). Καθώς οι αναμνήσεις comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, following: χρηματοπιστωτικών ανισορροπιών του the 1930 ξεθώριαζαν, ο interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social groups κανονιστικός αποπαρεμβατισμός εντάθηκε και οι απορρυθμίσεις to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money έγιναν μέσο για την ενίσχυση του χρηματοπιστωτικού ανταγωνισμού and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the διεθνώς (Eichengreen 2009, σ. 56). Παράλληλα, αρχές τουin 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruthοι GLASS wasbetter born sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for Berlin, where she φιλελευθερισμού made her first studies. Inεπέβαλλαν 1932 she published anαποτέλεσμα important study entitled: οικονομικού ως μιας services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for ιδεολογικής τηςfrom ορθόδοξης μακροοικονομικής θεωρίας, lower living costμεροληψίας of, in “withdrawal” private easier access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car New York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she teacher in the την αμφισβήτηση τουapproach, ρόλου της δημοσιονομικής πολιτικής (Kasper to another the phenomenon is due tobecame a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying 2002). Από την μια πλευρά, το έθνος κράτος δεν θα μπορούσε πλέον να her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCoδαπάνες depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. Londonως 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: χρησιμοποιεί τις δημόσιες μηχανισμό ανάπτυξης και Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aδιαφυγής variety ofσε ways, in orderκρίσης to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually περιόδους καθώς αυτές μπορούσαν να αυξήσουν
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification σε υπερβολικό βαθμό τα δημόσια ελλείμματα και τα δημόσια χρέη ενώ από την άλλη, οι θεσμικέςConcerns απορρυθμίσεις μαζί με την εισαγωγή
χρηματοοικονομικών καινοτομιών δημιουργούσαν χρηματοπιστωτικές κρίσεις (Crotty 2009). Από την δεκαετία του 1980, παράλληλα με την By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate of Design, Student, ενίσχυση της οικονομικής παγκοσμιοποίησης, ο School νεοφιλελευθερισμός, ο By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect μονεταρισμός και η Συναίνεση της Ουάσιγκτον αποτέλεσαν τα κύρια Student of the School of Architecture στοιχεία μέσα από τα οποία πρόκυπτε η λήψη και άσκηση οικονομικής Technical University of Crete πολιτικής διεθνώς. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Πως τα διαφορετικά στρατηγικά συμφέροντα και κατ’ επέκταση 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek την philosopher, (444 BC BC,διεθνούς Athens), η ασυμμετρία ισχύος επηρέασαν οικοδόμηση του- 370 νέου ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the οικονομικού συστήματος; Υπάρχουν δύο τεράστιας ιστορικής among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. σημασίας σημεία που αναδεικνύουν αυτό ακριβώς το θέμα. Το πρώτο acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term σχετίζεται με την αντιμετώπιση των in επιπτώσεων της Μεγάλης Ύφεσης 1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term urban gentrification) is indicated area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 του 1929 και το δεύτερο, με την επιλογή της αρχιτεκτονικής του νέου gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various διεθνούς οικονομικού συστήματος μετά τον Δεύτερο Παγκόσμιο Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), ofΑυτό social groups, ofνα low-income and the placement there of artists, Πόλεμο. που θαusually πρέπει έχουμε κατά νου είναι πως σταδιακά the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of ου the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless πραγματοποιήθηκε μια τεράστια από τις other αρχέςconsequences του 20 αιώνα whatever has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever other consequences results alsoτοrising of landΒασίλειο prices (and the potential relative speculation). μεταβίβαση της παγκόσμιας has, ισχύος από Ηνωμένο στις potential relative speculation). TheΈτσι, term gentrification at first inπιστωτικό the UK in early 1960sαπέρριψε and it refers to ΗΠΑ. οι ΗΠΑ, ως is τοfound πιο ισχυρό κράτος, μια The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor σειρά από ριζοσπαστικές προτάσεις διεθνούς συνεργασίες οι οποίες the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof προτάθηκαν από το stay Λονδίνο (Dyson 2010, there σ. 602). Τοold ίδιο βέβαια London, upgrade them, themselves sometimes and thus residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. συνέβη κατά την διάρκεια των διαπραγματεύσεων σχετικά με την δομή being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth τουAνέου διεθνούς οικονομικού συστήματος στο Bretton Για description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar inWoods. other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major παράδειγμα η πρόταση του John Maynard Keynes για την δημιουργία cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. ενός υπερεθνικού International Clearing Union η οποία την Since then, the issue has several scholars andθαforέδινε its more Since then, the issue has several scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being όπως summarized from δυνατότητα στα κράτη οφειλέτες το ΗΒ below, να πραγματοποιήσουν comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, following: επεκτατικές πολιτικές (Dyson 2010, σ. 603). the Όπως βλέπουμε δηλαδή, interpretations the phenomenon gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof to a trend ofτου a new of social groups ακόμα και στο διεθνές επίπεδο, η επιλογή τρόπου αντιμετώπισης to “return” to the city, leavingκαι/ή the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money συγκεκριμένων κρίσεων η επιλογή συγκεκριμένων οικονομικών and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the πολιτικών ποτέ δεν γίνεταιresidencies απολιτικά. Το αντίθετο μάλιστα, πάντα termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed outside town centres, Berlin,και where sheείναι made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: ήταν θα μια καθαρά πολιτικοποιημένη διαδικασία όπου η services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for ασύμμετρη ισχύς των κρατών και τα στρατηγικά συμφέροντα των lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, πιστωτικών κρατών θα επηρεάζει τις επιλογές. Αυτό το πέρα in According 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the phenomenon is due aγεγονός, systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying από την σημασία που παίζει η ασυμμετρία ισχύος στην επιλογή her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in οποιουδήποτε μοντέλου οικονομικής αλλάζει κάθε 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London διακυβέρνησης, 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. wetzel/gentry.htm aφορά variety in order to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually καιofτοways, πλαίσιο άσκησης τηςhttp://www.uncanny.net/ πολιτικής εξουσίας. 252149 11
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
Ιχνηλατώντας τα στοιχεία ασυμμετρίας στην ΟΝΕ Η ασυμμετρία ισχύος παρατηρείται από τις απαρχές αυτής της προσπάθειας ολοκλήρωσης. Άλλωστε, τη δεκαετία του 1970, το απρόβλεπτο διεθνές οικονομικό περιβάλλον, καθώς και οι μεγάλες διαφορές των προσεγγίσεων που θα έπρεπε να ακολουθηθούν ανάμεσα στην Γαλλία και στην Γερμανία, υπήρξαν οι κύριες αιτίες By περί Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS στασιμότητας του εγχειρήματος οικονομικής ενοποίησης της Harvard University, Graduate School of Student, Ευρώπης (Hodson 2010). Έτσι, οι κύριες διαφορές στιςDesign, προσεγγίσεις By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect των δύο χωρών σχετικά με τον τρόπο δημιουργίας της ΟΝΕ Student of the School of Architecture αντικατοπτριζόταν, ήδη από την Έκθεση Werner, διαμάχη Technical στην University of Crete ανάμεσα στους «οικονομιστές» και τους «μονεταριστές» (Rosenthal 1. Introductory Defining theΟι concept 1975; Tsoukalis approach: 1977; Kruse 1980). σχεδιαστές της ΟΝΕ, δεν ήταν 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, βέβαιοι για το ποιος τρόπος ενδεικνύονταν για τη δημιουργία της ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established great (Verdun 2007). Αυτό που δεν άλλαζε ποτέ ήταν(444 οa ρόλος που έπαιζε the σε among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. κάθε στάδιο της διαδικασίας η ασυμμετρία ισχύος ανάμεσα στα κράτη acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term μέληBased, της ΕΕ. 1 (and urban therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and Το κλίμα άλλαξε ριζικά την του 1980 και του Αυτό gentrification urban gentrification) indicated (in the area of1990. Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of δεκαετία a cityisarea, the removal from this, (in various δεν σήμαινε βέβαια πως άλλαξε ο μηχανισμός επιλογής του Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement there of artists, συγκεκριμένου τρόπου οικονομικής ολοκλήρωσης της Ευρώπης. Για the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other has,Νομισματικό results also rising of land pricesτο (and theof παράδειγμα, τοconsequences νέο Ευρωπαϊκό Σύστημα (ΕΝΣ), οποίο whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising σταθερότητας of land prices (and the potential είχε σανrelative κύριο στόχο την παροχή νομισματικής στην potential relative speculation). The term found at first αντικατέστησε in the UK in early 1960s it refers to 2, gentrification το οποίο isτο 1978 τον and Μηχανισμό Ευρώπη The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor Συναλλαγματικών Ισοτιμιών (ΜΣΙ),people μάλλον στουςof the then observed trend wealthy to δεν buy ανταποκρινόταν property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are προγραμματικούς τους σκοπούς τηςsometimes δημιουργίας (De old Cecco 1990). London, upgrade them, stay themselves thereτου and thus residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Στην πραγματικότητα, αντικατόπτριζε την στρατηγική θέση και τον being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth ρόλοA description που θαsame έπαιζε Γερμανική Bundesbank προώθηση της ofperiod, this η phenomenon is situations included inwere the στην work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the while similar recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major νομισματικής στην Ευρώπη (Artus et al. 1991; Smeets cities in Western ολοκλήρωσης countries, by other Researchers. cities inΗWestern countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholarsκράτη and for its more 1990). νομισματική σταθερότητα ήταν για πολλά μέλη ένας Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various τρόπος για να δημιουργήσουν έναν αξιόπιστο «αντιπληθωριστικό comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: μηχανισμό δέσμευσης» (Eichengreen και Frieden 1993, σ. 89). Με αυτό interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social groups τον τρόπο, η δημιουργία του ΕΝΣ, γινόταν ένα σπουδαίο εργαλείο κατά to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money του πληθωρισμού όπου τα κράτη μέλη αποδέχτηκαν την γερμανική and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the κυριαρχία για να ναRuth επωφεληθούν από την τηςin 1.of The term from Sociologist GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruthαξιοπιστία GLASS for wasbetter born sense safety atcomes the μπορέσουν distributed residencies outside town centres, search Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she 1991). published Όλα an important study entitled: Γερμανικής Bundesbank (Alogoskoufis τα παραπάνω services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for σήμαιναν γιαin να ενταχτούν στη νομισματική ένωση τα κράτη μέλη lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc. studies and πως research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, where in According 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the θα έπρεπε, ενδυναμώσουν την ανεξαρτησία των κεντρικών toνα another approach, the phenomenon is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 2 Βλέπε, “Resolution of the European Council of 5 December 1978 on the G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
50
Establishment of the European Monetary System (EMS) and Related Matters”.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
τραπεζών τους και να δεχτούν την απόλυτη ανεξαρτησία της ΕΚΤ έναντι πιθανών πολιτικών πιέσεων (Garrett 1993). Έτσι, από τις απαρχές της δημιουργίας της ΟΝΕ, οι νομισματικές προτιμήσεις της πιο ισχυρής χώρας, θα περιόριζαν την ικανότητα των άλλων κρατών μελών στην άσκηση της οικονομικής πολιτικής (Alogoskoufis 1991). Μετέπειτα ακολούθησε η δημοσίευση της Λευκής Βίβλου, τον Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Ιούνιο του 1985, και της ΕνιαίαςBy Ευρωπαϊκής Πράξης (EEΠ) του 1986. Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, H EEΠ, ένα Θατσερικά εμπνευσμένο κείμενο (Gillingham 2016, σ. 105), By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect το οποίο πρότεινε την ολοκλήρωση της Student εσωτερικής αγοράς μέσα από of the School of Architecture 279 νομοθετικά μέτρα, εξέφραζε την οργανωμένη Technicalαπάντηση University ofτων Crete ευρωπαϊκών κρατών στις πιέσεις της παγκοσμιοποίησης και τις 1. Introductory approach: Defining the προκλήσεις ανταγωνιστικότητας πουconcept αντιμετώπιζαν οι ευρωπαϊκές 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek BC Τα - 370αναμενόμενα BC, Athens), επιχειρήσεις τη δεκαετία του ΄80 philosopher, (Hermann (444 2007). ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great αναπτυξιακά οφέλη της δημιουργίας της ενιαίας αγοράς the θα among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. κυμαίνονταν από 2.5% έως 6.5% του ΑΕΠ (Cecchini, Catinat and acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term Jacquemin 1988). Με ολοκλήρωση πέρασμα την 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on την this “principle” inindicated a της first,ΕΕΠ if (in notτο final, approach, theΟΝΕ term gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 γίνονταν αναγκαιότητα. Έτσι, στο Ευρωπαϊκό Συμβούλιο του gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various Ανόβερου, 27-28 Ιούνιου 1988, ζητήθηκε από τον Jacques Delors να Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually low-income and placement there artists, εκπονήσει μια μελέτη γιαrestaurants, τηofδημιουργία τηςthe ΟΝΕ. Η έκθεση ηofοποία the operation of art galleries, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other τον consequences has,1989 results also rising land pricesτης (andΟΝΕ theof δημοσιεύτηκε Απρίλιο του πρότεινε τηνofδημιουργία whatever other3speculation). has, resultsτην alsoταύτιση rising ofτων landαπόψεων prices (and the potential relative .consequences Η έκθεση επιβεβαίωνε των σε τρία στάδια potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first the UK in early 1960s and it refers to ισχυρών κρατών μελών σχετικά μεinτην ακολουθούμενη οικονομική The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor πολιτική και τη δέσμευση στη μονεταριστική ορθοδοξία. Δεν πρέπει να the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof ξεχνάμε βέβαια πως επιτυχία τηςsometimes βασίζονταν ότι αυτή London, upgrade them,ηstay themselves thereστο andγεγονός thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. ήταν ένα σχέδιο προσαρμοσμένο στις ανάγκες της τότε εποχής χωρίς being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth να περιλαμβάνει μεταβίβαση (Verdun A description of this phenomenon is situations included inwere the2007). work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, whileκυριαρχίας similar recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major μελετητές επικεντρώθηκαν στις θεμελιώδεις αλλαγές που cities inΠολλοί Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issueΜάαστριχτ has severalτην scholars and forμιας its more έφερε η Western Συνθήκη του όσον αφορά δημιουργία νέας Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various κανονικότητας στην ευρωπαϊκή πολιτική μέσω της μεταβίβασης comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations the phenomenon of gentrification, theαλήθεια following:πως η ίδια η εξουσίας στιςofυπερεθνικές αρχές. Βέβαια, είναι interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: social groups In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new συνθήκη εμπεριείχε έναν ασύμμετρο τρόπο αναφορικά μεofτην άσκηση to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money οικονομικής πολιτικής ο οποίος έκανε την ευρύτερη οικονομική and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the διακυβέρνηση αδύνατη (Verdun 1996). Πιοin 1.of The termat comes from Ευρωζώνης Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born sense safety theτης distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: συγκεκριμένα, ενώ η νομισματική πλέον πολιτική των κρατών θα services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for ασκούνταν απόof,έναν υπερεθνικό οργανισμό, τηνshe ΕΚΤ, ηto δημοσιονομική lower living cost “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York came back to London, in According 1943 sheπαρέμενε published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. κυβερνήσεων. In 1950 sheto became the πολιτική σταapproach, χέρια των εθνικών Σεteacher αυτόin το to another the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 3 Βλέπε, Report on Economic and Monetary Union in the European Community G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
(Delors Report) (Brussels: mimeo, 12 April 1990).
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
52
σημείο θα μελετήσουμε το πώς ουσιαστικά μετουσιώθηκε η ασυμμετρία ισχύος στην επιλογή των κανόνων της οικονομικής διακυβέρνησης στην ΕΕ μετά το Μάαστριχτ. Πως λοιπόν ασυμμετρία ισχύος επηρέασε την επιλογή συγκεκριμένης μορφής οικονομικής ολοκλήρωσης της ΕΕ; Πρώτα από όλα στο άρθρο 3Α της Συνθήκης αναφέρεται ρητά πως «η δράση των κρατών μελών και της Κοινότητας Mr. οικονομικής George-Sp. C. πολιτικής ATHANASOPOULOS περιλαμβάνει […] τη θέσπιση By μιας […] και Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, ασκείται σύμφωνα με την αρχή της οικονομίας της ανοικτής αγοράς με By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect ελεύθερο ανταγωνισμό». Αυτή είναι μια ξεκάθαρη αρχή η οποία Student of the School of Architecture σχετίζεται κυρίως με την επιλογή του νεοφιλελευθερισμού ωςof του Technical University Crete οικονομικού παραδείγματος γύρω από το οποίο θα χτιστεί η Ένωση. the concept Για1. Introductory αυτό το approach: λόγο, ταDefining κριτήρια ένταξης πέρα από το ότι 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS,στην the ancient Greek philosopher, επικεντρώθηκαν ονομαστική σύγκλιση και στη δημοσιονομική ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage left us, he established a great the πειθαρχεία (Schmidt καιhe Straubhaar 1995), (444 φανέρωναν και τον among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. ασύμμετρο που έπαιξαν ταthe ισχυρά κράτηtheμέλη στον σχεδιασμό acquisition ofρόλο knowledge starts with content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term τωνBased, κανόνων λειτουργίας της Ευρωζώνης. Εξάλλου, όπως τονίστηκε 1 (and therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if notthe final, approach, the term urban gentrification) is (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 εξαρχής για την περίπτωση της Γερμανίας, «[...] εκτός κι αν η Γερμανία gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various αποκτήσει δυσανάλογο βαθμό ελέγχου επί της νομισματικής πολιτικής Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually ofμεγάλο low-income and thethis placement there of Αυτό artists, της Ένωσης, θα έχει πολύ ενδιαφέρον για συμμετοχή. the operation ofδε art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences results also στιγμές». rising of land prices (and the δημιουργεί εντάσεις, κυρίωςhas, σε «δύσκολες [...] δεν μπορεί ναof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative ζητήσει κανείς από τη Γερμανία να πουλήσει «αξιοπιστία» δωρεάν» potential relative speculation). The term is found at first in the UK early 1960s and it refers to (Alesina καιgentrification Grilli (1993, σ. 164). Δηλαδή, οι in υποψήφιες προς ένταξη The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor χώρες θα observed έπρεπε να αποδείξουν στην Γερμανία ενδιαφέρονται γιαof the then trend wealthy people to there buyπως property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents are τον πληθωρισμό με τον τρόπο sometimes που ενδιαφέρονταν και (De London, upgrade them, stayίδιο themselves there and thus oldεκείνη residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Grauwe, 2009, σ. 239). Συμπερασματικά, τα κριτήρια σύγκλισης, being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth εισήχθησαν από πιοisισχυρό μέλος έτσι ώστε να A description ofperiod, this phenomenon includedκράτος inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at theασύμμετρα same whileτο similar situations in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major διαφυλαχθεί η μακροχρόνια εφαρμογή των κανόνων της cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more μονεταριστικής ορθοδοξίας στα πλαίσια της Ευρωζώνης. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, Στο νομισματικό επίπεδο, η ΣτΜ προέβλεπε την from δημιουργία της comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the of gentrification, following: ΕΚΤ στην βάση τουphenomenon Deutsche Bundesbank Act,the εδραιώνοντας κατ’ αυτό interpretations of the phenomenon of thecategory following: sense, theτο phenomenon is due togentrification, a trend ή of a αλλιώς new groups τονIn aτρόπο γερμανικό μοντέλο τηνof social κουλτούρα to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money σταθερότητας που υιοθετούσε η γερμανική κεντρική τράπεζα στη and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the λειτουργία της ενώ παράλληλα κύριος και πρωταρχικός στόχος τηςin 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 sheκύριοι published an important study entitled: γινόταν η σταθερότητα των τιμών και οι λόγοι επικράτησης του services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for γερμανικού προτύπου ήταν: α)London η private μονεταριστική επανάσταση καιetc. β) η lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from access markets, studies and research Geneva, Prague, and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, where in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the στρατηγική θέση της Γερμανίας στη διαδικασία της ΟΝΕ to another approach, the isδημιουργίας due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying (De Grauwe 2009). Η μονεταριστική θέση τόνιζε από τη μια πλευρά ότι her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially ofμείωσης part of the urban web, in edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: οι10th διαθρωτικές πολιτικές ήταν ο μόνος τρόπος του φυσικού Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aποσοστού variety of ways, in order to achieve the “assisted”, (actually ανεργίας ο οποίος θα επέτρεπε την “voluntary”, μόνιμη μείωση της
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
ανεργίας σε κάθε εθνική οικονομία, ενώ από την άλλη, το μόνο που θα έπρεπε να ενδιαφέρει την κεντρική τράπεζα είναι το επίπεδο των τιμών. Κάτω από αυτές τις συνθήκες, η ΕΚΤ γινόταν ίσως η πιο ανεξάρτητη κεντρική τράπεζα στον κόσμο και ταυτόχρονα ενσωμάτωνε τα κύρια χαρακτηριστικά της «νέας συναίνεσης» σχετικά με τα μέσα άσκησης νομισματικής πολιτικής (Αργείτης και Κορατζάνης By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS 2011, σ. 56). Έτσι, ενώ νομιμοποιούνταν ως ο κύριος θεσμός άσκησης Harvard University, Graduate School Design,την Student, σταθεροποιητικής πολιτικής στην Ευρωζώνη (Bibow, of2007), ίδια By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect στιγμή, περιορίζονταν από την νεοφιλελεύθερη ιδεολογία, η οποία Student of the School of Architecture μπορούσε να επηρεάσει άμεσα και έμμεσαTechnical τις αποφάσεις της University of Crete νομισματικής πολιτικής (Arestis and Sawyer 2004, σ. 10). Ο 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept ασύμμετρος ρόλος που έπαιξε η Γερμανία στην διαμόρφωση αυτής της 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greekσυναίνεσης philosopher, ευρωπαϊκής αντιπληθωριστικής είναι επίσης προφανής ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the (Blyth 2013). among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. Στο δημοσιονομικό επίπεδο, δημοσιονομική πολιτική ποτέ δε acquisition of knowledge starts with theη the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term μεταβιβάστηκε σεurban έναν υπερεθνικό 2007). Γιαthe αυτό 1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle”οργανισμό inindicated a first, if (Verdun notthe final, approach, term gentrification) is (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 άλλωστε τον κύριο λόγο σχετικά με τις δημοσιονομικές πολιτικές gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various παίζουν διακυβερνητικοί θεσμοί όπως το Ευρωπαϊκό Συμβούλιο και το Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of Χρειάστηκε social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, ECOFIN. να περάσουν αρκετά χρόνια ώστε ναthere υιοθετηθεί the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and στις 17 Ιουνίου του 1997 στο Άμστερνταμ (αναθεωρήθηκε στις the 27of whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (andτο the potential relative speculation). Ιουνίου του 2005) το Σύμφωνο Σταθερότητας και Ανάπτυξης (ΣΣΑ) potential relative speculation). The term is found at first inδημοσιονομικής the UK in early 1960s and it refers to οποίο έγινεgentrification ο θεσμικός μηχανισμός διακυβέρνησης The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor στην Ευρωζώνη (Heipertz και people Verdun 2004, 2005). Και areas στηνof the then observed trend wealthy to there buy property in poor London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents are περίπτωση δημιουργίας του ΣΣΑ sometimes αντικατοπτριζόταν London, upgrade them, stay themselves there and thusηoldασύμμετρη residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. διαπραγματευτική ισχύ της Γερμανίας (Heipertz και Verdun 2004).Ruth Τα being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist ισχυρά οικονομικά συμφέροντα των Γερμανικών καιofτων Γαλλικών A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major επιχειρήσεων επικεντρώθηκαν στην πραγματοποίηση σημαντικών cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other οι Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more δομικών μεταρρυθμίσεων οποίες θα βελτίωναν την Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various ανταγωνιστικότητα τους σε παγκόσμιο επίπεδο (Crouch 2002). Από τη comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of οικονομικά the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: μια πλευρά, τα συμφέροντα της Γερμανίας ταυτίζονταν με interpretations of the phenomenon thecategory following: a sense, the phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of aελλειμμάτων new of social groups τηνInανάγκη εξάλειψης των δημοσιονομικών στην ΟΝΕ και to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money την επιθυμία μείωσης της πολιτικής παρέμβασης, ενώ από την άλλη, η and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the γαλλική κυβέρνηση συνεχιστεί ηRuth διαδικασία τηςin 1.of The term fromεπιθυμούσε Sociologist Ruthνα GLASS, 1912-1940. GLASS for wasbetter born sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, search Berlin, where she made her first studies. Inταυτόχρονα, 1932 she published an important study entitled: οικονομικής ολοκλήρωσης και, να αποκτήσει όσο το services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for δυνατόν πολιτικό όφελος στο της χώρας lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private easier access markets, etc.where studies andπερισσότερο research Geneva, Prague, London and car New York εσωτερικό she came to back to London, in According 1943 sheκαι published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. 1950 sheto became teacher in the (Heipertz 2005). Παράλληλα με Inτην σύγκλιση toVerdun, another approach, the is οικονομική due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying των κρατών μελών, οι δημοσιονομικές πολιτικές και οι πολιτικές her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, for theCo depreciation initially part of the urban web,να in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: προϋπολογισμού θαetc., έπρεπε να συντονίζονται μεofτέτοιο τρόπο ώστε G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Συμπεράσματα Concerns Όπως αναφέραμε παραπάνω η ασυμμετρία ισχύος καθορίζει όχι
εξασφαλίζουν την επιτυχή άσκηση της νομισματικής πολιτικής (Verdun, 2000, σ. 5).
μόνο τις αλλαγές αλλά και την σχέση των κύριων δρώντων στο διεθνές Byαυτό Mr. George-Sp. C. η ATHANASOPOULOS και στο ευρωπαϊκό επίπεδο. Κατά τον τρόπο, εθνική κυριαρχία Harvard University, Graduate School Design, Student, περιορίζεται στο πλαίσιο της οικονομικής πολιτικής,ofόσο οι ισχυροί By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect κρατικοί δρώντες μπορούν να επιβάλλουν τις προτιμήσεις τους. Πιο Student of the School of Architecture συγκεκριμένα στο ευρωπαϊκό επίπεδο, τα πιο ισχυράUniversity κράτη ofμέλη Technical Crete μπορούν να παρεμβαίνουν ασύμμετρα στην διαδικασία ολοκλήρωσης Introductory approach: Defining the conceptαυτή. Για αυτό το λόγο, η σε 1.οποιοδήποτε επίπεδο και εάν συμβαίνει 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, ancient Greek philosopher, ίδια η διαδικασίαtheολοκλήρωσης χαρακτηρίζεται ως μια εντελώς ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the ιδιότυπη διαδικασία. Έτσι, η ύπαρξη των ασύμμετρων δυναμικών among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. σχέσεων περιορίζει και εμποδίζει την θεσμική ανάπτυξη του acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term οικονομικού συστήματος στην Ευρωζώνη καιif θέτει όρια στην ίδια 1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, notthe final, approach, theτην term urban gentrification) is (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 διαδικασία ολοκλήρωσης. Η ασυμμετρία μπορεί να ασκείται σε όλο το gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various φάσμα των αποφάσεων πολιτικής. Στην πραγματικότητα δηλαδή, ενώ Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually ofδιακυβέρνησης low-income and της thethis placement of αυτό artists, το σύστημα της οικονομικής Ευρώπης, όπως the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever otherμέσα consequences has,εξέλιξη results also of land prices (and theof εκφράστηκε από την της rising διαδικασίας οικονομικής whatever otherτις consequences results also risingπιο of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). ολοκλήρωσης τελευταίες has, δεκαετίες, να έγινε περίπλοκο, στην potential relative speculation). The term is found at the UK in early 1960s and it refersθα to ουσία του, gentrification δηλαδή αναφορικά μεfirst τιςinσημαντικές αλλαγές οι οποίες The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor πρέπει να προκύψουν δεν people άλλαξεto buy σημαντικά. in Έτσι πάντα the then observed trend wealthy areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes thereproperty and thus oldpoor residents areof δημιουργείται η them, ανάγκη μας στιςthere βασικές αρχές. Με αυτό London, upgrade stayπροσφυγής themselves sometimes and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. τον τρόπο, η διαδικασία ολοκλήρωσης γίνεται το μέσο, και η ΕΕ ο being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth χώρος ικανοποίησης των επιδιώξεων τωνof πιο ισχυρών A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same whileεθνικών similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major κρατών μελών,countries, περιορίζοντας την εθνική κυριαρχία στο πλαίσιο της cities in Western by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Since then,πολιτικής, the issue has severalολοκλήρωσης. scholars and for its more οικονομικής μέσω τηςResearchers. διαδικασίας
54
Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Βιβλιογραφία interpretations of the phenomenon of thecategory following: In aAlesina, sense, theA. phenomenon is due togentrification, a trend of aFeasibility new groups and Grilli, V. (1993) On the ofofasocial One-speed to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money or Multispeed European Monetary Union, Economics and Politics 5(2), and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the σσ. 145-165. 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin,Alogoskoufis, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: G. and Martin, 'External Constraints on European services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Unemployment', GeorgePrague, Alogoskoufis, Papademos, and Richard lower living cost of,in “withdrawal” from private car access markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, London and Lucas Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher The in the Portes (eds.), External Constraints on Macroeconomic Policy: to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying European Experience (Cambridge, 1991), σσ. 156-7. her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, for theCodepreciation initially of Οικονομική part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Αργείτης, Γ. etc., και Κορατζάνης, A. 2009. (2011) Πολιτική Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aΣταθεροποίησης variety of ways, in order to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually και Αστάθεια στην ΟΝΕ, (Αθήνα: Παπαζήση).
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of Concerns of(2004) Gentrification Arestis, P. and Sawyer,Types M. On intervention, the Main Ingredients of the European Economic and Monetary Union, International Journal of Concerns Political Economy 34(2), σσ. 5-18.
Artus, P., Avouyi-Dovi, S., Bleuze, E. and F. Lecointe, (1991) By Mr.to George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Transmission of U.S. monetary policy Europe and asymmetry in the Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, European monetary system, European Economic Review, 35(7), σσ. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect 1369-1384. Student of the School of Architecture Bauer, M. W. and Becker, S. (2014). The unexpected winner of the Technical University of Crete crisis: The European Commission’s strengthened role in economic 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept36(3), pp. 213–229. governance, Journal of European Integration, 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, Bibow, J. (2007), How the Maastricht Regime Fosters Divergence ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the as well as Instability, in Aspects of Modern Monetary and Macroeconomic among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. Policies, Arestis Philip,starts Eckhard and Edwin Le ofHeron, eds. acquisition of knowledge with theHein, the content concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term Hampshire: pp. 197-222. 1Palgrave Based, therefore, onMacmillan, this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 Blyth, M. (2006) Economic andthe Institutional in the gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areaChange of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of aIdeas cityisarea, removal this, (in various Twentieth Century, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement there of Idea, artists, Blyth, Mark. 2013, Austerity: TheHowever History of“change”, a Dangerous the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof (Oxford: Oxford University Press). whatever otherP. consequences also rising of landThe prices (and the potential relative speculation). Cecchini, Catinat, M. has, and results Jacquemin, A. (1988) European potential relative speculation). The term1992: gentrification is found in the UK in early 1960s andWildwood it refers to Challenge The Benefits ofatafirst Single Market, (Aldershot: The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor House). the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof Crotty, J. (2009) Structural Causes of thethere Global Crisis: are A London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes andFinancial thus old residents being indirectly “squeezed”. Critical Assessment of the ‘New Financial Architecture’’, Cambridge being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth Journal of the Economics 33(4), σσ.similar 563-580. A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at same while in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major (2002)byThe and Labour Markets and Wage cities inCrouch, Western C. countries, otherEuro, Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Since then, the issueStates has several scholars andeds. for its more Policies, in European and Researchers. the Euro, Kenneth Dyson, Oxford: Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various Oxford University Press, σσ. 278-304. comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the gentrification, following: De Cecco, M. phenomenon (1990) The of EMS and Otherthe International Monetary interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social groups Regimes Compared’, in Piero Ferri (eds.), Prospects for the European to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Monetary System (New York σ. 26). and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the De Long, B. (2000), The Triumph of Monetarism?, The Journal ofin The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born sense1.of safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where she made her 14(1), first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Economic Perspectives σσ. 83-94. services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for De Grauwe, P.Geneva, (1987) International trade and economic growth in lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research Prague, London and car New York she came back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding city planning.Economic In 1950 sheto became teacher in the the european system, European Review, 31(1-2), to monetary another approach, the phenomenon is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying σσ.389-398. her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. The Free Encyclopedia: De Wil. Grauwe, P.etc., (2009) The Economics ofWIKIPEDIA: Monetary Union, (Oxford: Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aOxford varietyUniversity of ways, inPress). order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 252155 11
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Dyson, K. (2010) Norman's Lament: The Greek and Euro Area Concerns Crisis in Historical Perspective, New Political Economy, 15(4), σσ. 597608.
56
Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Eichengreen, B. (2009) A ByTale of Two Crises, in Aftershocks Harvard University, Graduate School of Student, Economic Crisis and Institutional Choice, Hemerijck Anton,Design, Ben Knapen, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect and Ellen Van Doorne, eds. Amsterdam:Student Amsterdam University Press, of the School of Architecture σσ. 55-66. Technical University of Crete Eichengreen, B. and Frieden, J.A. (1993) The Political Economy of 1. Introductory approach: Defining concept Introduction, Economics European Monetary Unification: Antheanalytical 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), the85-104. ancient Greek philosopher, andANTISTHENIS, Politics, 5(2), σσ. ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), amongGarrett, other wise leftPolitics us, he established a great the G. heritage (1993) he The of Maastricht, Economics and among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. Politics, 5(2), σσ. 105-124 acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term Giavazzi, F. urban and Giovannini, Limiting exchange 1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle”A. inindicated a(1989) first, if (in not final, approach, therate term gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 flexibility: The European Monetary System, (Cambridge: The MIT Press). gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various Gillingham, J. (2016). The EU: An Obituary (London: Verso). Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually ofThe low-income and thethis placement there ofIdeas: artists, Hall, P.of art (eds). (1989) Political Power of Economic the operation galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever otherAcross consequences results also rising of land prices (and theof Keynesianism Nations, has, (Princeton: Princeton University Press). whatever otherspeculation). consequences has,Aresults also rising land would prices (and the potential relative Heipertz, M. and Verdun, (2004) The Dogofthat Never potential relative speculation). TheWhat term gentrification is found firstOrigins in the UK early 1960s and refers to Bite? we can Learn fromatthe of in the Stability andit Growth The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor Pact, Journal of European Public Policy 11(5), σσ. 765-780. the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof Heipertz, M.them, andstay Verdun, A (2005) The Stability PactLondon, upgrade themselves sometimes there andand thus Growth old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Theorizing a Case in European Integration, Journal of Common Market being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth Studies 43(5), σσ.of985-1008. A description this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major C. (2007) in the European Union, Studies cities inHermann, Western countries, by Neoliberalism other Researchers. in Western countries, byσσ. other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more incities Political Economy 79(1), 61-90. Since then, the has scholars and for various its comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from the Hoffmann, S.issue (1966) Obstinate orseveral Obsolete? The Fate of more the comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Nation-State and the Case of Western Europe, Daedalus, 95(3), σσ. 862interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups 915. to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Hodson, D. (2010) ‘Economic and Monetary Union: An Experiment and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the in New Modes of EU Policy Making’, inoutside Policy-Making in search the European 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies town centres, for Berlin, where she made her first studies. In & 1932 she published an important studyPress, entitled: Union, επιμ H. Wallace, M. Pollack, A. Young, Oxford University services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Oxford. lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became in the Kasper, D. studies (2002) The the Revival of Laissez-Faire in teacher American toS.another approach, is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Macroeconomic Theory, (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar). her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Kruse, D.C. (1980) Monetary Integration inofWestern Europe: EMU, Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aEMS, variety ways, in order Abstract. toButterworths). achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually andof Beyond, (London:
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate Schoolin of Design, Student, Moravcsik, A. (1993) Preferences and Power the European By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Community: A Liberal Intergovernmentalist Approach, JCMS: Journal Student of the School of Architecture of Common Market Studies 31(4), σσ. 473-524.Technical University of Crete
Moravcsik, A. (1998) The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and
1. Introductory approach: the concept State Power from MesinaDefining to Maastricht, (Ithaca NY: Cornell University 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, Press). ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great Rosenthal, G.G. (1975) The Men Behind(444 the Decisions: Casesthe in among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. European Policy-Making, (Toronto and London: Lexington Books). acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term Ruggie, G.on(1982) International Regimes, Transactions, 1 (andJ.urban Based, therefore, this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, theand term gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in Order, various International Organization, 36(2), σσ. 379-415. Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), ofSandholtz, social groups, of low-income and thethis placement of artists, W.usually (1993) Choosing union: monetary politics and the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other International consequencesOrganization, has, results also rising of1-39. land prices (and theof Maastricht, 47(1), σσ. whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results rising1992: of landRecasting prices (andthe the potential relative Sandholtz, W. and Zysman, J. also (1989) potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first42(1), in the σσ. UK 95-128. in early 1960s and it refers to European Bargain, World Politics The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor Schmidt, C.trend and of Straubhaar, Τ. (1995) Areareas Realof the then observed wealthy sometimes people to there buyMaastricht property in II: poor London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents are Convergence Criteria Needed?, Intereconomics 30(5), σσ.old 211-220. London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Smeets,“squeezed”. (1990), Does EMS?, JCMS: being indirectly A description ofH.-D. this phenomenon is Germany included inDominate the work ofthe Sociologist Ruth Journal of Common 29, σσ. 37–52. A description ofperiod, thisMarket phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same whileStudies, similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major Temin,countries, P. (1989) from the Great Depression, cities in Western by otherLessons Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more (Cambridge: MIT Press). SinceTsoukalis, then, the issue has several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from various L. (1977) The Politics and Economics ofthe European comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Monetary Integration, (London: Allen and Unwin) interpretations the phenomenon of thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups Verdun, A. (1996), is Andue “asymmetrical” economic and monetary to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money union in the eu: Perceptions of monetary authorities and social and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the partners, of European Integration, 20(1), σσ. 59-81. 1.of The termJournal from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, search Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 Responses she published to an important study entitled: Verdun, A. (2000), European Globalization and services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Financial Market Integration. Perceptions of Economic and Monetary lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 shein published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the Union France and Germany, (Hampshire: Palgrave toBritain, another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Macmillan). her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit.Verdun, Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: A. (2007), ‘Economic and2009. Monetary Union’ in European G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety ways, in order to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, Union of Politics, επιμ M. Cini, Oxford University Press, Oxford. (actually
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Bookreview GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention,
M. St. KARAGIANNI Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification Culture Sustainability Policy Concerns
Dr Vicky DELITHEOU Asst.Professor By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Department ofHarvard Economics and Regional Development Panteion University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS University ofBy Social and Political Sciences of Architect Athens, Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
58
In 2017, Maria St. Defining Karagianni had the first edition of her 1. Introductory approach: the concept 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Dissertation-Monograph titled ‘Cultural Sustainability - Athens), Aspects ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -Policy 370 BC, of the Greek Society’ published by Scientific Publications ‘Dionikos’, in ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the among wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he is established a great the form 14other x of 21,totaling 174 addressed primarily to pupils acquisition knowledge startspages,which with of the content of“principle”: concepts. acquisition of knowledge starts with the the content of concepts. Based, therefore, onDepartments this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term and students of the ofindefinition Culture,Cultural Management and 1 (and urban Based, therefore, this “principle” inindicated a first, and if (in notUniversities final, approach, the term gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification Cultural Schools of on Technological Institutes in Greece 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various where such subjects are taught as well as to students-scientists that Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, removal fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe the placement deal with research, and secondly to readers and culture-lovers as well ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of as to those that are involved in professional activities in the cultural the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However regardless whatever other has, results risingthis of “change”, land prices (and theof domain. whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). The afore-mentioned dissertation a wide The term gentrification is found at first in thecovers UK in early 1960s spectrum and it refers of to Thethat term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK early 1960s and are itareas refers the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor ofto issues concern Cultural Management andin Policy which two the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, stay of themselves and thusscientific old residents areof thematicupgrade fieldsthem, that are viewed in a strictly and London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. comprehensible way, using tools of analysis of relevant subjects and being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth synthesis of same relevant evaluations that in the the A description ofperiod, this phenomenon isso included thereader work of is Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the while similar situations were recorded inled othertomajor GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major acceptance of the formulated proposals and solutions which are useful cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars Institutions and for its more to scientists and professionals in Cultural Educational and Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from Organizations. comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: The dissertation is structured in eight chapters. interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups A Foreword by Assistant Professor V. Delitheou stresses the to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieusand to downtown, where work place is, lackMaria of the importance of the Dissertation the contribution of the author, 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, St. Karagianni, Culture Cultural Policy. Berlin, where she to made her firstand studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youth1. Unemployment. TheChapterdeals same year she leftwith Germany and after continuous The First Cultural Policy in Greece, lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, determines its and provides solutions. in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to weaknesses another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying 2. The Second Chapter compares the Cultural Policies of two her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of pinpoints part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Greek Organizations (one public and one2009. private), differences G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually and offers suggestions and proposals.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 252159 11
E¶.A¶. A¶.TO¶. TO¶.AYT. AYT.¶EP. ¶EP.AN. AN./ R.DEC. / R.DEC.ADM. ADM.LOC. LOC.DEV. DEV.REG. REG./ R. / R.DEC. DEC.LOC. LOC.GOV. GOV.REG. REG.DEV. DEV. E¶.
GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification 3. The Third Chapter analyzes the importance of Aesthetic Labor Concerns
as a motivating factor using two Greek organizations as examples. 4. The Fourth Chapter stresses the importance of Philanthropic By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Support for the CulturalHarvard SectorUniversity, in view ofGraduate cuts in public School subsidies. of Design, Student, By Mr. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect 5. The Fifth Chapter identifies theGeorge-Sp. opportunities and limitations of Student of the School of Architecture social media in the marketing of a Cultural Organization. Technical University of Crete 6. The Sixth Chapter describes the concept of Digital Media and its 1. Introductory approach: Defining the using concept application in Cultural Organizations the case of museums as an 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, example. ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the 7. The Seventh Chapter discusses the issue whether the media among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the contribute to the national andwith international ofofaconcepts. country. acquisition of knowledge starts theindefinition the content Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, development if of not final, approach, the term 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated athe first,Olympic if (in notthe final, approach, the term 8. The Eighth Chapter refers is to Games in Athens, (and urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Greece in 2008. Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement The fundamentals of other cities that hosted Olympic Games are ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of discussed in of detail as well as the eras in rising Greece before the Games, the operation art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However this regardless whatever other consequences has, results of “change”, land prices (and theof whatever other consequences has, resultsAalso rising of land prices (and the during the Games and after the Games. thorough analysis is provided potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). Thereference term gentrification is found at first in the UK in to early 1960s and it refers to with to the importance of the Games Athens, their strong The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor and points astrend well as the legacy of thetoGames to Greece nowadays. the week then observed wealthy people buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof It isupgrade obvious thatstay thethemselves author knows perfectly thethus issues she deals London, them, sometimes there and old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. with, approaches them in a scientifically intrusive way and uses either A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major the A inductive or the deductive approach of analysis, (andofoccasionally, a GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. combination ofcountries, the two methods), utilizes an understandable, cities in Western bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more persuasive, scientific and several provides evidence her Since then, the issue reasoning, has scholars andthe forfor its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from various comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various allegations, using arguments and examples. the She is methodical and interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, following: interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social of groups demonstrates critical thought in dealing with the eight chapters her to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus several reasons: high costs money dissertation, and, thus, she directsforthestudent-reader to ain better and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the understanding of the knowledgeRuth offered. termat comes from Sociologist GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin,The where she made her Vitae first studies. In 1932 she published an scientific important study entitled: Curriculum of the author and her work as services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for described on back cover ofLondon the ‘Monograph’ highlight the author’s lower living costthe of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and personality, her scientific portrait, and her continuous presence in in the University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying fields of are science, arts, literature culture general. her work characterized by a passion and for justice. See in also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
60
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ΑΠΟ ΤΟ DOGVILLE GENTRIFICATION Definition, TypesΣΤΟ of SUBURBICON Intervention, και η αρχιτεκτονική των προαστείων Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification ConcernsΤου κ. Σόλ. ΞΕΝΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ
Αρχιτέκ., Ομότ. Καθηγ. ΕΜΠ, Κοσμήτορος Σχολής Αρχιτεκτ. Μηχαν. και Γεωπεριβαλ. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Επιστημών, Πανεπιστ. ΝΕΑΠΟΛΙΣ, Πάφος
Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Studentταινίας of the School of Architecture Με την παρακολούθηση της φετεινής Suburbicon, σε Technical University of Crete σκηνοθεσία του George Clooney, ήρθε στην μνήμη μια άλλη, το Dogville
(2003), με σκηνοθέτη τον Lars von the Trier. 1. Introductory approach: Defining concept 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 εύρημα, Το Dogville αρχίζει με ένα κινηματογραφικό οποίο ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC - 370 με BC,το Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage heηleft us, heαισθητική establishedπλευρά a great της “principle”: εύστοχα, συμπυκνώνονται γενική ταινίας, the το among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. πλαίσιο και ο φορέας ανάπτυξης της πλοκής, καθώς επίσης και το acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term ισχυρό κοινωνικό σχόλιο του σκηνοθέτη. 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 Η αρχική σκηνή της είναι αργό μεthis, gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom area ofταυτόχρονη Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a ένα cityisarea, thezoom-out removal (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social usuallyπου of low-income and την the placement thereζωή of artists, αφήγηση απόgroups, μια φωνή περιγράφει καθημερινή των ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of κατοίκων, αυτής της κάπου ξεχασμένης και απομονωμένης πόλης, της the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However regardless whatever other has, results risingthis of “change”, land prices (and theof Dogville. whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative Μακριά από κάθεis έννοια potential relative speculation). The term gentrification found atρεαλιστικής first in the UKαναπαράστασής in early 1960s and itτους, refers οι to The term gentrification found first in the UK in earlyμορφή 1960s andκάτοψης itareas refersofto χώροι αποτυπώνονται στην atpeople οθόνη την the then observed trend ofiswealthy toμε buy property in poor the then observed trend of wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stayκιμωλία themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof σχεδιασμένης με λευκή πάνω σε μια επίπεδη μαύρη επιφάνεια. London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Όσο ανοίγει το“squeezed”. πλάνο, εμφανίζεται σταδιακά το σύνολο της πόλης, με being indirectly A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth τον Aσυνδυασμό του με κιμωλία και αντικειμένων, τα οποία description of thisσχεδίου phenomenon is situations included inwere the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major ειναιinδιασκορπισμένα συγκεκριμμένες cities Western countries,σε by other Researchers. θέσεις. Τα συστατικά αυτά cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars its more αντιστοιχούν σε λειτουργίεςήχώρους, ή ακόμα και and σε for ζωντανούς Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from οργανισμούς. Ετσι, ενώ έναare σπίτι π.χ.summarized περιγράφεται από from το σχέδιο στην comprehensive approach being below, the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: κάτοψη, σε the κάποια υπάρχει πραγματική πόρτα με το πλαίσιο interpretations of the θέση phenomenon gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, phenomenon is dueof toμια a trend of a new of social groups και το φύλλο της, και ταυτόχρονα, σε κάποιο άλλο σημείο το άνοιγμα to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and to travel from the purlieus downtown, where work place lack of the μιαςtime πόρτας συμβολίζεται με τοto σχέδιό της. Επιπλα όπως τα is, ράφια μιας 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, βιβλιοθήκης, πιάνο ή έναInτραπέζι, αλλά και ένα παράθυρο, Berlin, where sheένα her first studies. 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health,made education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous βρίσκονται τοποθετημένα ελεύθερα στον χώρο, ενώ το σώμα ενός lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc. studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where σκυλιού παριστάνεται μεregarding το λευκο περίγραμμα στο φόντο, in According 1943 she published studies cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 she teacher in the to another approach, the isτου due tobecame aμαύρο systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying και με την λέξη “dog”. her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part the urban web, in 10th edit. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Το Wil. καμπαναριό της εκκλησίας προσδιορίζεται μεof την οξυκόρυφη G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually απόληξή του η οποία αναρτάται από τον ουρανό, ενώ το υπόλοιπο 252161 11
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
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κάτω τμήμα του απουσιάζει τελείως. Κάποια πρόχειρα ξύλινα ικριώματα αντιπροσωπεύουν ένα ορυχείο. Κυρίαρχη είναι η παρουσία μονοχρωμίας σε όλα. Από τα αντικείμενα, έως τα κοστούμια και τις μορφές των ηθοποιών. Η γαιώδης ώχρα. Με αυτό το αφαιρετικό στο σύνολό του τοπίο, η εικονογραφία παραπέμπει σε θεατρική σκηνογραφία. Στην κινηματογραφική By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS πραγματικότητα όμως,Harvard το χωρικό αυτό σύστημα University, Graduate School διαφοροποιείται of Design, Student, Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect καθοριστικά από τον θεατρικόByχώρο, για δύο C. βασικούς λόγους. Ο Student of the School of Architecture πρώτος έχει να κάνει με το γεγονός ότι αφορά την επίπεδη εικόνα που Technical University of Crete προβάλλεται στην οθόνη και την σχέση του θεατή με αυτήν. Ο 1. Introductory approach: the concept δεύτερος όμως και εξίσουDefining ουσιαστικός αφορά την κινηματογραφική 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, μηχανή και τον συστατικό της ρόλο, που είναι η κίνηση της με ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the διαφορετικούς ρυθμούς και αποστάσεις, ανάμεσα στις κατασκευέςκαι among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the τα σώματα των on ηθοποιών, καταγράφοντας ουσιαστικά αυτές τις acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term σχέσεις. (and urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Αφού οι οποιεσδήποτε ορατές κατασκευές είτε έχουν Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ελαχιστοποιηθεί, είτε έχουν απομειωθεί στις λευκές γραμμές στο ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of μαύρο επίπεδο, έμφαση αποδίδεται στον χώρο, ο (and οποίος the operation ofconsequences artηgalleries, restaurants, etc.also However this regardless whatever other has, results risingκενό of “change”, land prices theof whatever otherσε consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the αναδεικνύεται φορέα συγκρότησης των κοινωνικών σχέσεων. potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). TheΗterm gentrification is found περιγράφει at first in the UK in early 1960sγεγονότα and it refers to φωνή του αφηγητή χαρακτήρες, και The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor καταστάσεις και trend παρεμβάλλεται μεταξύ τωνproperty διαλόγων καιareas τωνof the then observed wealthy sometimes people to there buy in poor London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents are φράσεων που“squeezed”. εκφέρονται από τουςsometimes ηθοποιούς, με and τον thus ίδιοold τρόπο που are η London, upgrade them, stay themselves there residents being indirectly being indirectly κάμερα κινείται“squeezed”. των ηθοποιών και των κατασκευών. A description ofμεταξύ this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description of this phenomenon is included in the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS the sameεπικεντρώνεται period, while similarστην situations were in other major Η at πλοκή ηρεμία αυτής της μικρής GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. κοινωνίας, η οποία όμως, με αφορμή την απρόσμενη εμφάνιση μιας cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more άγνωστης ξένης, αποκαλύπτεται ναseveral κρύβει φοβερές, βουβές Since then, the issue has scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the καταστάσεις ofπλήξης, βίας, καταπιεσμένων παθών και χωρίςvarious όρια interpretations the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups σκληρότητας. Καταστάσεις οι οποίες, όσο προχωρεί η ταινία, to “return” to the city,ανεξέλεγκτη leaving the purlieus several reasons: high costs in money καταλήγουν στην έκρηξηfor βίας. and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Αντίστοιχα, λοιπόν, στο φετεινό και1912-1940. εμφανώςRuth πιοGLASS συμβατικής termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for Berlin, where she made her firstηstudies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: αισθητικής Suburbicon, βία βρίσκεται κρυμμένη κάτω από την services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for ευπρέπεια, τηνof, οικογενειακή ηρεμία και γαλήνη. Οσο όμως εξελίσσεται lower living cost “withdrawal” from private access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came back to London, in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and η ταινία, οι εντάσεις ανεβαίνουν και η έκρηξη επέρχεται ταυτόχροναin σε University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying δύο αλληλοσυμπληρούμενα επίπεδα. Αφ’ενός σ’αυτόENGLISH της οικογένειας her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: και της ιδιωτικής κατοικίας, με μεθοδικά σχεδιασμένους άγριους G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
θανάτους μεταξύ των μελών, και αφ’ετέρου, στον ευρύτερο κοινωνικό χώρο, του, υποτίθεται, ήρεμου, χαρωπού προαστείου, του “suburb”, το οποίο υποσχόταν την απόλυτη ασφάλεια και ευτυχία. Έτσι, στην περίπτωση του κοινωνικού χώρου, η εσωτερικευμένη βία εκδηλώνεται από τους, κατά τα άλλα, φιλήσυχους και χαμογελαστούς ενοίκους των όμορφων σπιτιών, με συσσωρευμένη και By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS κλιμακούμενη ένταση. Harvard ΑφορμήUniversity, για την εξέλιξη γίνεται καιStudent, εδώ, η Graduateαυτή, School of Design, By Mr. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect ξαφνική άφιξη και εγκατάσταση τουGeorge-Sp. ξένου, ενός νεαρού έγχρωμου Student of the School of Architecture ζευγαριού με το μικρό τους αγόρι, σε μια γειτονιά του προαστείου. Technical University of Crete Αυτοί οι άνθρωποι αμέσως αντιμετωπίζονται από τους λευκούς 1. Introductory approach: the concept ενοίκους ως εισβολείς πουDefining διαταράσσουν την (φυλετική) καθαρότητα 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, και την ηρεμία τους. Το, επίσης ιδιόκτητο, σπίτι του ζευγαριού είναι ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the πανομοιότυπο με τα υπόλοιπα του οικισμού, όπως αυτά διαφημίζονται among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the στην αρχή ταινίας μεwith ειδυλλιακές ζωγραφισμένες με acquisition ofτης knowledge starts theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first,εικόνες if of not final, approach, the term 1 Based, therefore, onστο this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in not final, approach, the και term χαρούμενα χρώματα, διαφημιστικό έντυπο της εποχής (1957), (and urban gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various περιγράφονται με ελκυστική γλαφυρότητα και λεπτομέρεια από την Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement φωνή ενός αφηγητή. ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of Όπως δηλαδή ο Trierστο Dogville χρησιμοποιεί το σχέδιο με the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (andτην theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, χώρους results also rising of land pricesσε (andμια the κιμωλία για να περιγράψει και καταστάσεις potential relative potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the in early 1960s it refers to περιθωριοποιημένη πόλη, έτσι και ο UK Clooney στο and Suburbicon The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor χρησιμοποιεί το σχέδιο, την ζωγραφιά, να property ειρωνευτεί και areas αυτόςof the then observed trend wealthy people για to there buy in poor London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents are στην αρχή της ταινίας του, αυτό τον τρόπο ζωής καιresidents να τον London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. κατεδαφίσει στο τέλος. Ενώ όμως στο Dogville κυριαρχεί το μαύρο του A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at theη same while recorded in other major κενού, και μονοχρωμία τηςsimilar ώχρας, σαν να θέλει από την αρχή να GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. μιλήσει για τονcountries, κρυμμένο σκοτεινό κόσμο αυτής της πόλης, στο cities in Western bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Suburbicon όλαthe είναι φωτεινά, λαμπερά και Το Since then, issueπολύχρωμα, has several scholars andδιαυγή. for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from the comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various σκοτάδι που υπάρχει κάτω απόofαυτά, αποκαλύπτεται στο τέλος, όταν interpretations of the phenomenon gentrification, the following: interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category social groups μια κατασκότεινη νύκτα η έκρηξη της βίας καταστρέφει ταofπάντα. to “return” to the city, leaving theείναι purlieus forπροαστειακός several reasons:οικισμός high costsπου in money Το Suburbicon λοιπόν ένας έχει and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the σχεδιαστεί μεcomes βάσηfrom το Sociologist ορθοκανονικό σύστημα. Τα σπίτια προσφέρουν termat Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her firstΚάθε studies. In διαθέτει 1932 she published anτου important study entitled: όλες τις πιθανές ανέσεις. ένα τον δικό κήπο, την δική services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for του θέση στάθμευσης, υπόγειο, ισόγειο μεeasier τηνshe ανοικτή κουζίνα, και lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car New York came to back to London, in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and όροφο με τους χώρους ύπνου, και τα απαραίτητα κεραμίδια στη στέγη. University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying Είναι πλήρως εξοπλισμένο με όλες τις ανέσεις, κ.λ.,DICTIONARY. δωμάτιο her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: τηλεόραση COLLINS ENGLISH and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: για το παιδί. Αυτή η τυπική χωροταξία και αρχιτεκτονική συνιστά το G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, Types of intervention, of Gentrification πρότυπο γιαConcerns την τακτοποιημένη, ευτυχισμένη ζωή για τους ενοίκους του, έναν τρόπο ζωής που υπόσχεται ιδιωτικότητα,και διαρκή ευτυχία. Concerns
Και όμως το υπόγειο γίνεται ο χώρος όπου ο άψογος οικογενειάρχης συνευρίσκεται με την αδερφή της γυναίκας του, στο ισόγειο By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS δηλητηριάζονται κάποιοι πληρωμένοι και άλλα πολλά. Μια Harvard University,δολοφόνοι, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect κόλαση που εκπορεύεται από μια αρχιτεκτονική που υπόσχεται σε Student of the School of Architecture όλους τον φανταστικό παράδεισο. Technical University of Crete Κοινό χαρακτηριστικό και των δύο ταινιών, η αποκάλυψη αυτού Introductory approach: the concept το 1.οποίο κρύβεται πίσωDefining και κάτω από την περίεργη ευτυχία και 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, ευπρέπεια, αυτού που κατοικεί σε χώρους οι οποίοι κρύβουν, (ή μήπως ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the εκκολάπτουν;) πόνο, εξαπάτηση, μισαλλοδοξία, φόβο για άλλο. the among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great τον “principle”:
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acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term ΕΠΙΛΟΓΟΣ gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Ισως ο πιο κατάλληλος, και κυριολεκτικά ο πιο όμορφος,επίλογος Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, from this, of (inartists, various ways), of social usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement για αυτό το groups, τόσο σκοτεινό άρθρο, να είναι μια νέαthere ταινία που ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of προβάλλεται αυτό τον καιρό στους κινηματογράφους. “Lucky” μεof the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However regardless whatever other consequences has, results also risingthis of “change”, land Το prices (and the whatever otherspeculation). consequences results also rising of landτελευταίο prices (and the πρωταγωνιστή τον σπουδαίοhas, Harry Dean Stanton στον του potential relative potential relative speculation). Theκαι termσκηνοθέτη gentrification is found first inLynch, the UKείναι in early andγυρισμένη it refers to ρόλο, τον John at Carrol και1960s αυτή The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor σε απομονωμένη μικρή πόλη. Ο πρωταγωνιστής μόνος σε theκάποια then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property inζει poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof ένα μικρό ισόγειο σπίτι, έξω από αυτήν. there Ο προσωπικός χώρος London, upgrade them, stayλίγο themselves sometimes and thus oldτου residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. συνίσταται από ένα δυο καναπέδες, μια στοιχειώδη κουζίνα, κάπου ένα A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded workανέσεις, of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the while in other major κρεβάτι, εναsame σχεδόν άδειοsimilar ψυγείο, ελάχιστες καμμία GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other πολυτέλεια, καμμία διάθεση γιαResearchers. προβολή. Τα κτίσματα στην πόλη είναι cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more και Since αυτά then, απλά,the ανεπιτήδευτα, φτιαγμένα από below, πολύ απλά υλικά. issue has several scholars andthe for various its Μια more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various αρχιτεκτονικήof the αισιόδοξη, σεof gentrification, μια ταινία the αισιόδοξη interpretations phenomenon following: και βαθιά interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category social groups ουμανιστική. Με στέρεη δομή, με την κάμερα, κάποτε ναofκοιτάζει από to “return” to the purlieus for several in money πολύ κοντά καιcity, μεleaving αγάπηtheτα πρόσωπα, και reasons: κάποτεhigh απόcosts μακρυά τα and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the τοπία. Μια κάμερα που πραγματεύεται την Ruth αιωνιότητα του termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, search Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important entitled: αναπότρεπτου που ο ενενηντάχρονος “Lucky” με services of health,τέλους, education, entertainment “at the heart of theυποδηλώνει city”,study (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for ένα αυθόρμητο τραγούδι και έναandειρωνικό μειδίαμα. Καιetc.where μια lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private car access to markets, studies and research Geneva, Prague, London Neweasier York she came back to London, in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and εκατοντάχρονη χελώνα να συνεχίζει τον αργό της περίπατο στην University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying ερημο. her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Ενας κινηματογράφος λιτός, βαθύς, υπέροχος. G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 252165 11
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns Εκδοτικό Σημείωμα Η έκδοση της Δέλτου είναι αποτέλεσμα της συλλογικής By Mr. το George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard Graduate School τη of Design, Student, προσπάθειας μιας ομάδας νέωνUniversity, επιστημόνων με στόχο συμβολή στην By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect ανάπτυξη και προώθηση των ιστορικών σπουδών στην Κύπρο και τον Student of the School of Architecture ευρύτερο ελληνικό χώρο. Technical University of Crete Βασικός σκοπός μας είναι η έρευνα και η επιστημονική προσέγγιση Defining the concept της1. Introductory νεότερης καιapproach: σύγχρονης ιστορίας, καθώς και της ιστορίας της 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, λογοτεχνίας και των επιστημών γενικότερα. ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the Παρόλο που τα τελευταία χρόνια οι ιστορικές σπουδές στα among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the ελλαδικά και τα on κυπριακά πανεπιστήμια έχουν διευρυνθεί με term την acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the 1 εισαγωγή μεταπτυχιακών σπουδών isinκαι ερευνητικών προγραμμάτων, Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) indicated area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification εντούτοις νέοιas ιστορικοί αντιμετωπίζουν πρόβλημα στηthis, δημοσίευση Sociology asοι well), the “refining” of a city area, the removal from (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the from this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually ofτα low-income and theremoval placement there των εργασιών τους, επειδή ιστορικά επιστημονικά περιοδικά είναι ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of ελάχιστα, χωρίς συχνά σταθερή περιοδικότητα στην έκδοσή τους. the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof Η Δέλτος φιλοδοξεί με has, τη σύμπραξη whatever otherspeculation). consequences results alsoγνωστών rising of και landκαταξιωμένων prices (and the potential relative ιστορικών να καλύψει αυτό το κενό και να αποβεί, κατά κύριο λόγο, χώρος potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto έκφρασης των νέων ιστορικών. the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy people to στο buy property in poor areas Το πρώτο τεύχος είναι αφιερωμένο μεγάλο ποιητή London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes there and thus κύπριο old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Βασίλη Μιχαηλίδη, με αφορμή τη συμπλήρωση εκατό χρόνων από τον being indirectly “squeezed”. A description this phenomenon is included in the work of θάνατό του. Τοofof Υπουργείο Παιδείας και Πολιτισμού τηςSociologist Κύπρου Ruth έχει A description this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar in other major κηρύξει το 2017 έτος Βασίλη Μιχαηλίδη, χωρίς όμως αυτό να έχει GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. απήχηση πέραthe από τον κυπριακό χώρο. Φιλοδοξία το cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, issue has preoccupied several scholarsμας andείναι for itsμε more Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more αφιέρωμα αυτό approach να κάνουμε Μιχαηλίδη ακόμαbelow, πιο γνωστό, πιοvarious οικείο comprehensive areτον being summarized from the comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from theκαι various στην ευρύτερηofελληνική επιστημονική κοινότητα ιστορικών των interpretations the phenomenon of gentrification, theτων following: interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups φιλολόγων. to “return” the city, leaving the purlieus δύο for several high costs in money Το to περιοδικό θα κυκλοφορεί φορέςreasons: τον χρόνο. Οι εργασίες and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the που μαςterm αποστέλλονται υποβάλλονται για Ruth κρίσηGLASS σεwas τρεις from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. born in sense1.ofThe safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for better Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: πανεπιστημιακούς. services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for
lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the isΗdue a systematic and Συντακτική Επιτροπή University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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Η Δέλτος GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Επιθεώρηση Νεότερης Ελληνικής Ιστορίας Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification και Ιστορίας της Νεοελληνικής Λογοτεχνίας Κυκλοφορεί δύο φορές τον χρόνο Concerns Υπεύθυνος έκδοσης: Γιώργος Γεωργής
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
Σύμβουλοι έκδοσης: Παντελής Βουτουρής, Βασίλης Καρδάσης, Ιάκωβος Μιχαηλίδης 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept
1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), Συντακτική among otherΕπιτροπή: wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise Αντώνης heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of Κυριακίδης, the content concepts. the Γιώργος Γεωργής, Κλάψης, Χρίστος Κ. Χαράλαμπος of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term Γ.acquisition Χαραλάμπους, Ανδρέας Χριστοφόρου 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Επιμέλεια -asΣυντονισμός: Sociology well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement Χρίστος Κ. Κυριακίδης, Χαράλαμπος Γ. Χαραλάμπους ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results potential relative Τεύχος 1 also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). The term gentrificationΙούλιος is found-atΔεκέμβριος first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to 2017 The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor Λευκωσία the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Εκδοτικό Σημείωμα Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon gentrification, Κυριάκος Ιωάννου: Ο Βασίλης of Μιχαηλίδης καιthe η following: Ελληνική Επανάσταση interpretations the phenomenon of thecategory following: a sense, theof phenomenon is due togentrification, a trend a new of social groups τουIn1821. Μικρή συμβολή στη μελέτη του of ποιήματος «Εις την εικοσστήν to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money πέμπτην Μαρτίου». and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, η Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Λουίζα Χριστοδούλου: Αφηγηματικές τεχνικές στην «9 Ιουλίου του 1821 services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for ενYouth Λευκωσία (Κύπρου)» του Βασίλη Μιχαηλίδη: Μιαaccess πρώτη προσέγγιση. lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and UniversityΓεωργής: College of London, where she continued social research. brokers Her public and Γιώργος Σεφέρης – Μιχαηλίδης –her Κρανιδιώτης. long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 252167 11
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Κωστής Κοκκινόφτας: Φώτης Concerns Κόντογλου και Βασίλης Μιχαηλίδης.
Μαρία Παναγιώτου: «Πορτ ιν Λίμασσολ άι χαβ νοτ. Γιού μαστ γκο ττου Πισκοπή»: Οι λιμενικές υπηρεσίες της Λεμεσού το 1908 και το αντίστοιχο ποίημα του Βασίλη Μιχαηλίδη.
Χρίστος Κ. Κυριακίδης: «Κ’ ολόχαροι ναGeorge-Sp. κλάψουμεC.μαζί την ένωσίν μας, By Mr. ATHANASOPOULOS University, Graduate School Design, Student, να σβύσουμε την δίψανHarvard μας ν’ αναπαυθ’ η ψυχή μας»: Τοofενωτικό αίτημα By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect στην ποίηση του Βασίλη Μιχαηλίδη. Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
Κωνσταντίνος Κουράτος: Βαρθολομαίος Βαρτέλλας: Ο Κύπριος ευεργέτης 1. την Introductory από Τεργέστη.approach: Defining the concept
1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -της 370 BC, Athens), among wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the Γιώργοςother Γεωργής: Αιχμάλωτοι και αγνοούμενοι Ελληνικής among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Επανάστασης, 1827-1832. acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification Ανδρέας Χριστοφόρου: Σύρος: Η συγκρότηση ενός εμποροναυτιλιακού 1 (and urban gentrification) gentrification indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various κέντρου, 1821-1856. Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of Ευάγγελος Μ. Φωκάς: «Σε μέναν που το σύναξα, τον ποιητή Παλαίσην, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherκι’ consequences results also of Η land prices (and the όταν πεθάνω ύστερα μιανhas, μακαρκάν να rising λέσιν». περίπτωση του potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). λαϊκού ποιητή Χριστόφορου Θ. Παλαίση The term gentrification is found at first inεξ theΑυγόρου. UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof Ξένια Παπαδημητρίου: Η Περσεφόνη Παπαδοπούλου και η πρωτοπόρος London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. της δράση. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major Χαράλαμπος Γ.same Χαραλάμπους: Οι αεροπορικές επιδρομές εναντίον της GLASS at the period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Κύπρου από τον ιταλικό τύπο. Μια πρώτη προσέγγιση. cities in μέσα Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from Ιλιάνα Κουλαφέτη: Ρεμπέτικα και Αριστερά. Μια συζήτηση στον «Ρίζο» comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: του γύρω από την ελληνικότητα καιofτις ταξικές συνιστώσες του In ’47 a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend a new of social groups to “return” toτραγουδιού. the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money ρεμπέτικου and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS was born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, better Χαράλαμπος Αλεξάνδρου: Διατήρηση της ιστορικής μνήμης τουfor αγώνα Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) της ΕΟΚΑ. Η περίπτωση τωνentertainment απομνημονευμάτων. Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and Αντώνης Κλάψης: Πολυδιάστατη διπλωματία. Ο HerΚωνσταντίνος University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also:1974-1980. COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Καραμανλής και η ελληνική εξωτερική πολιτική, and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Μια θεσμική ανάλυση των ανισοτήτων και Types της Definition, of intervention, Concerns of ανάπτυξης Gentrification Concerns Του Δρoς Ανδρέα Ν. ΜΑΣΟΥΡΑ
Λέκτορος Επικοινωνίας, Μάρκετινγκ και ΜΜΕ Πανεπιστημίου ΝΕΑΠΟΛΙΣ, Πάφος By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS
Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student,
By Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASSOPOULOS Η ανισότητα δεν είναι φαινόμενο πλέον μιαςC.μακρινής μαςArchitect χώρας, Student of the School of Architecture δεν είναι φαινόμενο πλέον μιας άλλης πραγματικότητας μακριά από University of Crete την δική μας ή μιας μακρινής – γεωγραφικά Technical - περιοχής. Είναι τόσο κοντά μας, όσο να την χωρίζει έναςthe φράκτης, 1. Introductory approach: Defining concept ένα οδόφραγμα ή ακόμα 1.φυσικό Introductory approach: Defining the concept έναANTISTHENIS, σύνορο. Η δυαδική μορφή της(444 οικονομίας βρίσκεται the ancient Greek philosopher, BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, Athens), ακριβώς δίπλα κάποιοheγειτονικό έθνος ήaακόμα και στην ίδια among other wiseσε heritage left us, heμας established great “principle”: the among wise heritage he left us,definition he established aανισότητα; greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the of the concepts. μας τηνother χώρα. Τι είναι όμως αυτό που οδηγεί σεcontent Αφού οι acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term φυσικοί παράγοντες, όπως είναι ο φυσικός πλούτος, η γεωγραφική 1 (and urban Based, therefore, this “principle” is a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification θέση ενός έθνους, ηonκουλτούρα, άραinindicated τι είναι το τόσο διαφορετικό το 1 (and urban gentrification gentrification) isarea, indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city the removal (in various οποίο να asοδηγεί σε διαφοροποίηση και the ανισότητα; Ποιοι είναι οι Sociology well), as the “refining” of a city area, removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, παράγοντες που συντελούν σεlow-income δυαδικές μορφές οικονομίας; Ίσως η ways), of social groups, usually of and thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of απάντηση ναof βρίσκεται σεrestaurants, μια ειςresults βάθος θεσμική ανάλυση. Στον τρόπο the operation art galleries, etc.also However regardless whatever other consequences has, risingthis of “change”, land prices (and theof δηλαδή που διαφορετικά θεσμικά συστήματα επιδρούν πάνω στις whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). διάφορες κοινωνικές Θέτω The termοικονομικές gentrificationκαι is found at first inδιαδικασίες. the UK in early 1960sτο andζήτημα it refersσε to Theτην term gentrification found atpeople first in the UKτοin early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend wealthy to buy property in poor αυτή βάση όπωςofis άλλωστε επιβάλλει κεντρικό ερευνητικό the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof ερώτημα της έρευνας αυτής. London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Οι Acemoglu and Robinson (2013) δίνουν ακριβώς το στίγμα της being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the workσυγκεκριμένα of Sociologist Ruth παγκόσμιας ανισότητας αλλά και ακόμα –the πιο της A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is –situations included inwere work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar recorded in other major «γειτνιάζουσας» ανισότητας, δηλαδή της ανισότητας εκείνης που GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. χωρίζεται απλά από χρησιμοποιώντας παραδείγματα cities in Western countries, by«φράκτη», other Researchers. Since then, the issueέναν has preoccupied several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars andthe for various its more που καταδεικνύουν αυτό το φαινόμενο. comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the Οι συγγραφείς ξεκινούν ofαπό την «διπλή» αμερικανική various πόλη interpretations of the phenomenon gentrification, the following: interpretations of the phenomenon of thecategory following: Νογκάλες, οποία χωρίζεται στα φράχτη.Γεωγραφικά, In a sense,ηthe phenomenon is due togentrification, aδύο trendμε of aέναν new of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the several reasons: costs in Σάντα money Είναι το Βόρειο Νογκάλες τηςpurlieus Αριζόναforπου ανήκει στηνhigh κομητεία and timeτων to travel from downtown, της whereεπαρχίας work placeΣονόρα is, lack ofπου the Κρουζ ΗΠΑ καιtheτοpurlieus ΝότιοtoΝογκάλες 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, υπάγεται στο Το Νογκάλες των έχει μέσο κατακεφαλήν Berlin, where she Μεξικό. made her first studies. In 1932 sheΗΠΑ study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at published the heartan ofimportant the city”,movements (possibly) Youth Unemployment. same year she Germany and after εισόδημα 30.000 The δολάρια, η left πλειονότητα τωνcontinuous ενηλίκων είναιfor lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, απόφοιτοι Λυκείου, οapproach, πληθυσμός έχει υψηλό ζωής,in οι in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher the to another the isπροσδόκιμο due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and υπηρεσίεςinformal ηλεκτροδότησης, τηλεφωνίας, αποχέτευσης, ύδρευσης, long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. συγκοινωνίας λειτουργούν ικανοποιητικά και υπάρχει αίσθημα and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Ο ALEXANDRI: πολίτης εκεί θεωρεί ότι η κυβέρνηση, παρά τις Gentrification: G. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aασφάλειας. variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
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ανεπάρκειες της και τα κρούσματα διαφθοράς, είναι ο αντιπρόσωπός του και μπορεί με την ψήφο του να αντικαταστήσει το δήμαρχο, τους βουλευτές, τους γερουσιαστές ακόμη και τον πρόεδρο της χώρας. Αντιθέτως, στην άλλη πλευρά του φράχτη, στο Μεξικάνικο Νογκάλες, το κατακεφαλήν εισόδημα μόλις υπερβαίνει τα 5.000 δολάρια και αυτό θωρείται αρκετά υψηλό για τη χώρα. Οι Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS περισσότεροι ενήλικοι δεν έχουνByαπολυτήριο Λυκείου, πολλοί έφηβοι Harvard University, Graduate School of Design,επίπεδα Student, δεν πηγαίνουν σχολείο, οι μητέρες ανησυχούν για τα υψηλά By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect βρεφικής θνησιμότητας, οι δημόσιεςStudent αρχέςof the παρέχουν ελλιπείς School of Architecture υπηρεσίες , οι δρόμοι βρίσκονται σε κακή κατάσταση. Οσο γιαof την Technical University Crete τήρηση της τάξης, ούτε λόγος. Η εγκληματικότητα είναι μεγάλη. Η δε 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept επιχειρηματικότητα βρίσκει τεράστια γραφειοκρατικά εμπόδια. Για τη 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek είναι philosopher, απόκτηση οποιασδήποτε άδειας απαραίτητο το λάδωμα των ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the ανθρώπων σε θέσεις- κλειδιά. Οι ψηφοφόροι έρχονται καθημερινά σε among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. επαφή με τη διαφθορά και την ανικανότητα των πολιτικών τους, acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term οποίους δεν τιμωρήσουν, καθώς υπάρχουν αυτόνομοι 1 μπορούν Based, therefore, on να this “principle” is inindicated a first, ifδεν notthe final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 θεσμοί και κρατούσα αντίληψη, αφού μέχρι το 2000 η πόλη, όπως και gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various όλο το Μεξικό ,τελούσε υπό το διεφθαρμένο έλεγχο του Θεσμικού Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, Επαναστατικού Κόμματος (Acemoglu and Robinson, 2013).there the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever consequences results also rising prices (and theof Για other παράδειγμα, για ναhas, καταγράψουμε μια of πιοland ξεκάθαρη εικόνα whatever other consequences has, results rising of Νογκάλες land prices για (andνα the potential relative όσο αφορά τηνspeculation). εγκληματικότητα στο also Μεξικάνικο potential relative speculation). The termκαι gentrification is found firstάλλες in the UK in early 1960s it refers to διαφανεί η διαφορά με atτις πολιτείες των and Η.Π.Α. είναι The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor χαρακτηριστικό τοtrend report του Bereau of Diplomatic Security (OSAC) το the then observed wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof οποίο αναφέρει: “Thestay general crimerate in there Nogalesis above the U.S. London, upgrade them, themselves sometimes and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. national average […] The Sinaloa cartel has infiltrated many levels of being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth society cartel-related homicides and violence has A description ofperiod, thisDrug phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS atintheNogales. same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major occurred throughout thebyNogales consular district (Caborca, Altar, Agua cities in Western countries, other Researchers. cities inSonoyta) Western countries, bythe other Researchers. Since then, the issue preoccupied several scholars Non-drug and for itscartel more Prieta, but nothas at same level as in Nogales. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various related street crime (armed robberies, assaults, burglaries) continue at comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations the phenomenon of gentrification, following: high rates andofshow a slight increase from 2014the (OSAC, 2016). interpretations the phenomenon of thecategory following: In aΈνα sense,άλλο theof phenomenon togentrification, a trend ofαποτελεί a new of social groups ενδιαφέρονis due παράδειγμα η περίπτωση της to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Κύπρου, που στην συγκεκριμένη περίπτωση δεν την χωρίζει ένας and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the φράκτης, όπως στην Νογκάλες, αλλά έναcentres, οδόφραγμα (δενin 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS for wasbetter born sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town search Berlin, where she made herέννοια first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: χρησιμοποιείται η του «συνόρου» λόγω της πολιτικής services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for κατάστασης) χωρίζει το νησί σεcar δύο τμήματα. north μέρος lower living costτο of,οποίο “withdrawal” from private easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came Στο back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the όπου είναι τοtoτμήμα εκείνο που the είναι υπό τουρκοκυπριακή διοίκηση – another approach, is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying λόγω της τουρκικής εισβολής στο νησί – και το south τμήμα όπου είναι her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, διοίκηση etc., for theCo depreciation initially of part που of the urban web, in edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: η10th ελληνοκυπριακή και η London νόμιμη κυβέρνηση εκπροσωπεί Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aτο variety of ways, in order to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually νησί στο σύνολό του στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση. Είναι χαρακτηριστικό
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
το σημείο όπου περνάς, περπατώντας από τον πεζόδρομο της γνωστής – στην Κύπρο – οδού Λήδρας και πας στην τουρκοκυπριακή – κατεχόμενη από τα τουρκικά στρατεύματα – πλευρά της Λευκωσίας. Μόλις λίγα μέτρα και αμέσως γίνεται αισθητή. Όχι τόσο η πολιτισμική διαφορά , που αυτή αναπόφευκτα υπάρχει, αλλά κυρίως η διαφορά στο βιοτικό επίπεδο των ανθρώπων, στον τρόπο που πραγματεύονται οι By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS καταστηματάρχες και οι διάφοροι έμποροι, στα φθηνά προϊόντα που Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, στηρίζονται πάνω σε μια αγορά υποκατάστατων και απομιμήσεων, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect στις φτωχές αγορές που φαίνεται ξεκάθαρα ότι ο χρόνος σταμάτησε το Student of the School of Architecture 1974. Technical University of Crete Ο Λέανδρος (2012), αναφέρεται στη παγκόσμια φτώχεια ως 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept απόρροια των θεσμών που ασκούσαν αντικοινωνικές πολιτικές και οι 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, ancient Greek philosopher, οποίοι ουσιαστικάthe οδηγούν τις χώρες σε ύφεση με αποτέλεσμα την ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the αύξηση της ανεργίας. among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. Η δυαδική προσέγγιση της the οικονομίας απασχόλησε ήδη πολλούς acquisition of knowledge starts with the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term θεωρητικούς. Μιαurban πρώιμη ανάλυση, αυτή τουifBoeke (1953), βασίστηκε 1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) is (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 πάνω στην αποικιακή οικονομική ανάπτυξη και αντιπαρέβαλε gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various συγκεκριμένα τον δυϊσμό της δυτικής βιομηχανίας με τον παραδοσιακό Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, of low-income and the placement of artists, γεωργικό τομέα, αφούusually ο restaurants, πρωτογενής ήταν ένα απόthere τα βασικά the operation of art galleries, etc.τομέας However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results rising ofΟland prices (and theof χαρακτηριστικά των οικονομιών των also αποικιών. Furnivall (1944, whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative 1948), αναφέρθηκε και στην κοινωνική οικονομική διάσταση potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found atως firstμια in the«πλουραλιστική UK in early 1960s κοινωνία» and it refers to χαρακτηρίζοντας τις αποικίες η The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor οποία επηρεάζει αναλόγως την οικονομική κατάτμηση. Η προσέγγιση the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof αυτή τουupgrade Furnivall αρκετούς ανθρωπολόγους για London, them,ενέπνευσε stay themselves sometimes there and thus oldόπως, residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. παράδειγμα, ο Smith (1965) και ο Rubin (1960)οι οποίοι επικέντρωσαν being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth το ενδιαφέρον τους πάνω στηsimilar περίπτωση των BritishWestIndies. A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major αποικίας είναι και η Κύπρος με cities inΧαρακτηριστική Western countries,περίπτωση by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has scholars and for από its more σημαντικές διοικητικές, οικονομικές καιseveral κοινωνικές επιρροές την Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various Βρετανία. Είναι χαρακτηριστική η θεσμική επιρροή του νησιού σε comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon gentrification, thebelow, following: διάφορα επίπεδα. Εκτός από ofτην συνταγματική αναθεώρηση, έχει interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense,κοινωνιολογικό theof phenomenon is ενδιαφέρον dueof togentrification, a trend ofνα a new of social groups ιδιαίτερο εστιάσει κανείς στην to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money συγκεκριμένη περίοδο αλλά και στην μετέπειτα διαμόρφωση and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the διαφόρων συνηθειών. παράδειγμα, οι επιρροές στην γλώσσα είναι 1.of The term from Για Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born in sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where she madeτην her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: σημαντικές. Μετά αποικιοκρατία η αγγλική γλώσσα καθιερώνεται services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for ως η δεύτερη κύρια γλώσσα του νησιού. άλλο lower living cost of,(ανεπίσημη) “withdrawal” from private access to markets, etc. studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came back toΈνα London, where in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning.από In 1950 she teacher the στοιχείο είναι η τουριστική κινητικότητα Βρετανία αφούin ο to another approach, the isτην due tobecame a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying τουρισμός από την χώρα – αποικιοκράτη είναι ο κατεξοχήν πρώτος her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of partακόμα of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: προορισμός προέλευσης τουριστών στην Κύπρο και μέχρι Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aσήμερα. variety ofΤο ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually σύστημα επίσης οδήγησης, η δομή της δημόσιας 252171 11
E¶.A¶. A¶.TO¶. TO¶.AYT. AYT.¶EP. ¶EP.AN. AN./ R.DEC. / R.DEC.ADM. ADM.LOC. LOC.DEV. DEV.REG. REG./ R. / R.DEC. DEC.LOC. LOC.GOV. GOV.REG. REG.DEV. DEV. E¶.
GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
72
υπηρεσίας, το εκπαιδευτικό σύστημα και άλλα στοιχεία που συνθέτουν ακριβώς της επίδραση της αποιοκρατίας στην Κύπρο. Άρα, η δυαδική προσέγγιση της οικονομίας δεν έχει πάντα την ίδια ερμηνεία, ή τουλάχιστον δεν απευθύνεται πάντα στο ίδιο αντικείμενο συζήτησης. Για παράδειγμα, όπως διαφαίνεται και από τα πιο πάνω παραδείγματα, η δυαδική προσέγγιση μπορεί να ερμηνεύει Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS την συγκριτική διάσταση μεταξύ By διαφορετικών τομέων της οικονομίας, Harvard University, Graduate School of Design,σε Student, σε αγορές με διαφορετικά γνωρίσματα και χαρακτηριστικά, έθνη By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect και γεωγραφικές περιοχές που χαρακτηρίζονται από ιδιόμορφα Student of the School of Architecture θεσμικά και ρυθμιστικά πλαίσια. Οι Acemoglu Technical and Robinson (2013), University of Crete αναφέρονται εκτενώς στην έννοια της δυαδικής οικονομίας 1. Introductory approach: Defining the χρησιμοποιώντας το παράδειγμα τηςconcept Νότιας Αφρικής: «Στη Νότια 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, ancient Greek philosopher, Αφρική η δυαδικήthe οικονομία δεν ήταν αναπόφευκτο αποτέλεσμα μιας ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage heΔημιουργήθηκε left us, he established aτο great the εξελικτικής διαδικασίας. από(444 Κράτος. Καθώς among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. αναπτυσσόταν η οικονομία, δενthe υπήρξε μια ομαλή μετακίνηση των acquisition of knowledge starts with the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term φτωχών τονurban αναχρονιστικό στο σύγχρονο. Αντίθετα, η 1 (and Based,από therefore, on this “principle”τομέα inindicated a first, if (in not final, approach, the term gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 επιτυχία του σύγχρονου τομέα εξαρτιόταν από την ύπαρξη του gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various αναχρονιστικού τομέα, δεδομένου ότι επέτρεπεστους λευκούς Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of πολύ artists, εργοδότες να αποκομίζουν τεράστια αφού κατέβαλλαν the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.κέρδη, However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever consequences has, results also risingεργάτες» of land prices (and theof χαμηλούςother μισθούς στους μαύρους ανειδίκευτους (p.287).Άρα, whatever otherspeculation). consequences results also rising of land prices (andκαι the potential relative ουσιαστικά, οι δυαδικέςhas, οικονομίες δημιουργούνται potential relative speculation). The term gentrification foundεκάστοτε at first in theοικονομική UK in early 1960s and it refers to χαρακτηρίζονται από isτην κουλτούρα που The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor υπάρχει σε ένα έθνος ή σεwealthy κάποιαpeople περιοχή και property η οποία in πηγάζειareas μέσα the then observed trend to there buy London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus oldpoor residents areof από τα θεσμικά χαρακτηριστικά πάνω στα οποία δομημένη η ίδια London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes thereείναι and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. ηbeing κοινωνία. Για παράδειγμα, στην περίπτωση της Ν. Αφρικής, οι indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth ρατσιστικές προσεγγίσεις δημιουργούσαν A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the τέτοιες work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar recorded inκοινωνικές other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major ανισότητες έτσι ώστε ηbyδημιουργία της δυαδικής οικονομίας να ήταν cities in Western countries, other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then,αυτών the issue several scholars and for its more αποτέλεσμα τωνhas θεσμικών και κοινωνικών ανισοτήτων. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for various itsόπως more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the Αναλύοντας αυτές τις περιπτώσεις εθνών αλλά και άλλες comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of Αφρικής gentrification, following: είναι, για παράδειγμα, χώρες της π.χ. the Νιγηρία και Ζιμπάμπουε, interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of socialθεσμοί groups παρατηρείται το πόσο πολύ οι πολιτικοί και κοινωνικοί to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money επιδρούν και επηρεάζουν την οικονομία, το βιοτικό επίπεδο και κατ’ and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the επέκταση την ανθρώπων, κάτι τοfor 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruthτων GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS wasοποίο born in sense safety atcomes theκαθημερινότητα distributed residencies outside town centres, search better Berlin, whereάλλωστε she made her first studies. In 1932 της she published an important study entitled: απασχολεί και το αντικείμενο παρούσας έρευνας. services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Ένα βασικό ζήτημα πουfrom προκύπτει μέσα από αυτή την συζήτηση lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” private easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car New York she came back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the είναι αυτό της πολιτικής και οικονομίας. πόσον δηλαδή ο to σχέσης another approach, the isΚατά due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying πολιτικός παρεμβατισμός επηρεάζει την οικονομία μιας χώρας. her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd.πάνω London παραδείγματα 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Παρατηρούμε και etc., απόfor ταtheCo πιο των διαφόρων Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aεθνών varietyότι of ways, in order Abstract. to παρεμβατισμός achieve the “assisted”, (actually ο πολιτικός παίζει“voluntary”, καταλυτικό ρόλο.
2521 11
E¶.A¶. A¶.TO¶. TO¶.AYT. AYT.¶EP. ¶EP.AN. AN./ R.DEC. / R.DEC.ADM. ADM.LOC. LOC.DEV. DEV.REG. REG./ R. / R.DEC. DEC.LOC. LOC.GOV. GOV.REG. REG.DEV. DEV. E¶.
GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
Παρεμβατισμός είτε υπό την μορφή ρυθμιστικού και νομικού πλαισίου (δηλαδή θεσμικά κατοχυρωμένος παρεμβατισμός), είτε υπό την μορφή μη – θεσμοθετημένου παρεμβατισμού, όπως είναι για παράδειγμα οι φυλετικές διακρίσεις ή η δημιουργία γκέτο που περιθωριοποιούνται περιοχές και ομάδες ανθρώπων. Άρα ο παρεμβατισμός – με την ευρεία πολιτικοποιημένη (και κοινωνικά απορρέουσα) έννοια του μπορεί να Mr. George-Sp.επηρεάζοντας C. ATHANASOPOULOS πάρει διάφορες μορφές άσκησηςBy και εφαρμογής έτσι τις Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, οικονομικές δομές μιας περιοχής. Η κάθε περίπτωση, βέβαια, διαφέρει. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Ο εκάστοτε παρεμβατισμός έχει Student τα δικά του ιδιόμορφα of the School of Architecture χαρακτηριστικά. Για παράδειγμα, όσο αφορά Technical την περίπτωση Ν. Universityτης of Crete Αφρικής ο παρεμβατισμός έχει ρατσιστικά και φυλετικά στοιχεία ενώ 1. Introductory Defining the concept ο όποιος παρεμβατισμός στην περίπτωσηapproach: της κατεχόμενης Κύπρου 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, προκύπτει ως συνέπεια της ιδιόμορφης πολιτικής κατάστασης. ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), amongΟι other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the O’Brienand Williams (2011), αναφερόμενοι στον πολιτικό among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. παρεμβατισμό επί της οικονομίας και πιοthe συγκεκριμένα στον acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term «κυβερνητικό παρεμβατισμό», αναφέρουν «Ηof Planning) νεοκλασική 1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, ifτο(in notεξής: final, approach, the term urban gentrification) is the area (or gentrification 1 οικονομική θεωρία τείνει να αντιμετωπίζει τις κυβερνήσεις και τον gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various κυβερνητικό παρεμβατισμό στην οικονομία ως ανεπαρκή. Οι Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement of artists, κυβερνήσεις αναγκαίες, προκειμένου να παράσχουν κάποια the operation of είναι art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences results also rising of land prices (andτης theof βασικά δημόσια αγαθά […],has, ώστε να διασφαλιστεί η λειτουργία whatever other consequences has, results also rising of landσχολή pricesσκέψης (and the potential relative speculation). ελεύθερης αγοράς» (p.33). Τουναντίον, η φιλελεύθερη potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is foundκαι at first the UK in early and it refers to αντιμετωπίζει την πολιτική τηνinοικονομία ως 1960s δύο διαφορετικά The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor πεδία που δεν θα πρέπει να people το έναto buy να αναμιγνύεται με τιςof the then observed trend wealthy in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes thereproperty and thus old residents are δραστηριότητες του stay άλλου. Ο Cohn (2009)there αναφέρει το residents εξής: «Οι London, upgrade them, themselves sometimes and thus old are being indirectly “squeezed”. φιλελεύθεροι τείνουν να βλέπουν την πολιτική και την οικονομία ως being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth ξεχωριστά και αυτόνομα πεδία δραστηριότητας. φιλελεύθεροι A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the Πολλοί work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major πιστεύουν πως οι κυβερνήσεις δεν πρέπει να αναμιγνύονται στις cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, by other Since then,συναλλαγές the issue has preoccupied several andπεριορίζεται for its more οικονομικές και πωςResearchers. ο ρόλος τουςscholars πρέπει να Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from στη δημιουργία ενός ανοιχτού περιβάλλοντος στο οποίο τα the άτομα και comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations the phenomenon gentrification, the following:ελεύθερα οι ιδιωτικές of επιχειρήσεις να of μπορούν να εκφράσουν τις interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social groups οικονομικές τους προτιμήσεις» (p.136). to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Οι O’Brien and Williams (2011), συγκεκριμενοποιούν ακόμα and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the περισσότερο την συζήτηση περί πολιτικού παρεμβατισμού 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasαφού born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, better Berlin, where she made her έννοια first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: χρησιμοποιούν την του «κυβερνητικού παρεμβατισμού», services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for δηλαδή του παρεμβατισμού εκείνου οand οποίος είναι νομιμοποιημένος. Η lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private car access to markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London Neweasier York she came back to London, in According 1943 sheφόρων, published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the επιβολή για approach, παράδειγμα, σε συγκεκριμένες κατηγορίες to another the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying εργαζομένων και πολιτών γενικότερα, είναι μια περίπτωση her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part και of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: κυβερνητικού παρεμβατισμού, δηλαδή νομικά ρυθμιστικά Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aθεσμοθετημένου variety of ways, in παρεμβατισμού. order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually Από την άλλη, η ανυπαρξία 252173 11
E¶.A¶. A¶.TO¶. TO¶.AYT. AYT.¶EP. ¶EP.AN. AN./ R.DEC. / R.DEC.ADM. ADM.LOC. LOC.DEV. DEV.REG. REG./ R. / R.DEC. DEC.LOC. LOC.GOV. GOV.REG. REG.DEV. DEV. E¶.
GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
θεσμοθετημένου πλαισίου το οποίο να προστατεύει πολίτες ή – για παράδειγμα – κατηγορίες επαγγελμάτων είναι μια μη θεσμοθετημένη πρακτική παρεμβατισμού. Ή όταν δεν υπάρχουν αυστηρές και αποτρεπτικές ποινές για συγκεκριμένα αδικήματα είναι επίσης μια μορφή μη θεσμοθετημένου παρεμβατισμού.
74
Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASOPOULOS Η κρίση ρευστότητας στη By Βενεζουέλα είναιC.ένα χαρακτηριστικό Harvard University, Graduate School of Student, και ενδιαφέρον πρόσφατο παράδειγμα αφού Design, ο πολιτικός By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect παρεμβατισμός είναι τόσο έντονος Student ώστε of ναtheκαταρρεύσουν οι School of Architecture δημοκρατικοί θεσμοί της χώρας και να περιπέσει σε βαθιά οικονομική Technical University of Crete και ανθρωπιστική κρίση. Χαρακτηριστική είναι η τακτική που 1. Introductory approach: Defining the Μαδούρο concept χρησιμοποίησε η κυβέρνηση του για τους πολιτικούς 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept ANTISTHENIS, theαποφύγει ancient Greek BC, Athens), κρατούμενος για να την philosopher, πτώση της (444 από BC την- 370 εξουσία καθώς ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the και οι πρακτικές διακοπής της διαδικασίας για δημοψήφισμα για among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. απομάκρυνση του Μαδούρο απόthe την εξουσία. the Η θεσμική acquisition of knowledge starts with content ofκατάπτωση concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term οδήγησε την Βενεζουέλα σε έλλειψη ρευστότητας και σεtheέναν 1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, term urban gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 ανεξέλεγκτο πληθωρισμό, δημιουργούντας μεγάλες ουρές αναμονής gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various έξω από τις τράπεζες και μπροστά από τα μηχανήματα αυτόματης Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, ανάληψης. the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences also rising of land prices και (andστο theof Η θεσμική ανεπάρκειαhas, τηςresults Βενεζουέλας καταγράφεται whatever other consequences results rising of landάλλες prices (and the potential relative speculation). reportτου Freedom House, has, όπως καιalso για πολλές χώρες. potential relative speculation). The term gentrification found at firstτου in the UK inγια early 1960s and it refers to Συγκεκριμένα αναφέρειis το report 2016 την περίπτωση της The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor Βενεζουέλας: “The trend December elections took place in a context ofareas deepof the then observed wealthy people to there buy property in poor London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents are economic crisis. them, Shortages of basic sometimes goods, massive devaluation of the London, upgrade stay themselves there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Venezuelan currency, and unchecked inflation were widely considered being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth to be causes social protests that in took place throughout the A the description ofperiod, this for phenomenon is situations included the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at main the same while similar were in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major year”in(Freedom House Index, Ενώ το report αναφέρεται και σε cities Western countries, by other2016). Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue πρακτικές has scholars and for its more συγκεκριμένες βίαιες περί several πολιτικών κρατουμένων: “The Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various most prominent criminal case against an opposition figure in 2015 was comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of theLópez, phenomenon of gentrification, that of Leopoldo who had been held inthea following: military prison since interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social groups February 2014 for supposedly instigating violence during that year’s to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money protests” (Freedom House Index, 2016). and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Καταλήγοντας, η Sociologist συζήτηση γύρω από τον βαθμό μεin The termat comes from Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth ανάπτυξης, GLASS for wasbetter born sense1.of safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, search Berlin, where she αλλά made her firstανθρώπινη studies. In 1932 she published an την important study entitled: έμφαση στην και ανάπτυξη και ποιότητα της services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for καθημερινότητας των πολιτών διαprivate μέσου του ρόλου καιto της lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from easier access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car New York she came back toεπίδρασης London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the που διαδραματίζουν οιapproach, θεσμοί, αποτελεί ζήτημα αλλά συνάμα to another the isεπίκαιρο due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying και διαχρονικό και μέσα από την εννοιολογική και θεωρητική her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCo depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: τεκμηρίωση θα μπορεί να συμβάλει τόσο σε επιστημονικό επίπεδο Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aαλλά variety of ways, in στην orderποιότητα to achieve theδημοσίου “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually ευρύτερα και του διαλόγου.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns Πηγές:
Ξενόγλωσση: By Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASOPOULOS Acemoglu, D. and C. Robinson, J.A., 2013. Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Why nations fail: The origins of Student, power, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect prosperity, andStudent poverty. Broadway Business. of the School of Architecture Bereau of Diplomatic Security (OSAC), Technical University of Crete Πρόσβασηστοαρχείο: 2016. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Boeke, J.H., 1953. Economics and 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, economic policy of dual societies as ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the exemplified by Indonesia. AMS Press. among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. P., the O'Brien, J., concepts. Junor, A., acquisition of knowledge starts withFairbrother, theindefinition content of Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term O'Donnell, M. G., 2011. Unions 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is in a and first, Williams, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) indicated area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 and globalization: governments, gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various management, and the state at work (Vol. 7). Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, Routledge. the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has,Freedom results also risingIndex. of landΠρόσβαση prices (andστο theof House whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, 2016. results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative αρχείο: potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in theJ.UK in earlyNetherlands 1960s and it refers to Furnivall, S. 1944. India: The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor Awealthy Studypeople of Plural York:of the then observed trend to there buy Economy. property in New poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents are Macmillan.sometimes there and thus old residents are London, upgrade them, stay themselves being indirectly “squeezed”. Furnivall, J. S. Colonial PolicyRuth and being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in 1948. the work of Sociologist Practice. London:inwere Cambridge University A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by Press. other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied otherRubin, Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and"Social for its more Vera, ed. 1960. and Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various Cultural Pluralism in the Caribbean." Annals comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon gentrification, thebelow, following: of theofNew York Academy of Sciences, vol. 83. interpretations the phenomenon of thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueSmith, togentrification, a trend of 1965. a new of social groups M. G. The Plural Society in to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money the British West Indies. Berkeley: University and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the of residencies California Press. termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Ελληνόγλωσση: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Λέανδρος, Ν., 2012. Οικονομική Κρίση lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car New York she came back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the και Σύγχρονη Ανάπτυξη. Εκδόσεις Διόνικος. to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Cohn, Theodore H., 2009. Διεθνής her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially ofΘεωρία part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Πολιτική Οικονομία. και Πράξη. G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually Εκδόσεις Gutenberg. 252175 11
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Η εικόνα της γυναίκας Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification στο κείμενο του Βασιλείου Διγενή Ακρίτη Concerns
Της κυρίας Κατ. ΠΑΠΑΖΑΧΑΡΙΑ Διδάκτορος Βυζαντινής Ιστορίας By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Ερευνητικής Συνεργάτιδος Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Πανεπιστημίου ΝΕΑΠΟΛΙΣ, Πάφος By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture
Technical University ofέχει Crete Η ανάδειξη της γυναίκας ως ιστορικού υποκειμένου απασχολήσει τη νεότερη που μεταξύ άλλων, σε 1. Introductory approach:έρευνα, Defining theεπικεντρώθηκε, concept θέματα που αφορούν τα στερεότυπα της γυναικείας συμπεριφοράς και 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), των γυναικείων ενασχολήσεων κατά τους μέσους βυζαντινούς ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the χρόνους. Σε αυτό το starts πλαίσιο επιχειρείται συνέχεια η ιστορική acquisition of knowledge with ofστη the content concepts. acquisition ofτων knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. αξιοποίηση υπαρχόντων στοιχείων γιαif of την εικόνα της γυναίκας Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban therefore, this “principle” inindicated a first,στο if (in notκείμενο final, approach, the term gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification στηνBased, κοινωνία που,on εμμέσως, περιγράφεται του Βασιλείου 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various 1. Διγενή Ακρίτη Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income theremoval placement 2 έπουςand 3 Το κείμενο του «λεγόμενου» του Βασιλείου Διγενή Ακρίτη ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of σώζεται σε πέντε έμμετρες παραλλαγές καιrising σε this μια διασκευή σε πεζό the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However regardless whatever other has, results of “change”, land prices (and theof λόγο. Τα έξι χειρόγραφα που το διασώζουν σε ελληνική γλώσσα whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). 4 potential relative speculation). Οι1960s δυο and παλαιότερες χρονολογούνται από τοisΙΓ΄/ΙΔ΄ έως ΙZ΄UK αιώνα. The term gentrification found at firstτον in the in early it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in Διγενή the UK επιβίωσαν in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in στον poor διασκευές του αρχέτυπου κειμένου του κώδικα the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof Grottaferrata (Κρυπτοφέρρης στην ελληνική), που συντάχθηκε London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. ανάμεσα στο δεύτερο μισό του 13ου και των αρχών του 14ου αιώνα και
being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in1 Western countries, by other Researchers. ΤοWestern παρόν the κείμενο παρουσιάστηκε διαφορετική μορφή σε ανακοίνωση cities in countries, bypreoccupied other σε Researchers. Since then, issue has several scholars and forστοitsΔεύτερο more ετήσιο Συνέδριο Βυζαντινών και has Μεσαιωνικών Σπουδών (Λευκωσία, 12-14 Ιανουαρίου 2018). Since then, the issue preoccupied several scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from 2 «Λεγόμενου»,approach καθώς ο αρχικός τίτλος του έργου είναι άγνωστος. Το έναthe εκ των δύο comprehensive are being summarized below, from various interpretations of the phenomenon following: παλαιοτέρων χρονολογικά χειρογράφων of πουgentrification, διασώζουν το the κείμενο είναι ακέφαλο και στο interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a δεν sense, theof phenomenon dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups δεύτερο περιλαμβάνεται αρχικός is τίτλος. 3 to “return” to «έπος» the city, leaving purlieus for several reasons: high costs money Για το του Διγενή the η βιβλιογραφία είναι ιδιαιτέρως εκτεταμένη. Βλ. in ενδεικτικά τις προσεγγίσεις και from τα πορίσματα του διεθνούς συμποσίου, αφιερωμένου στον is, Διγενή and time to travel the purlieus to downtown, where work place lackΑκρίτη, of the R. BEATON-D. RICKS (εκδ.),Sociologist Digenes Akrites. New approaches to Βyzantine heroic poetry, 1.of The termat comes from Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, for Centre Hellenic Studies, CollegeInLondon/University of London, (London, 7-8 May Berlin,for where she made herKing’s first studies. 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth(:Unemployment. 1992), Variorum), 1993.The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” private car access markets, etc.where 4 and research studies Geneva, Prague, London and Neweasier York she came to back to London, Συγκεκριμένα, πρόκειται για ταfrom χειρόγραφα Τραπεζούντας, Αθηνών, Grottaferrata (στο in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and εξής: Κ), Escorial (στο εξής: Ε), Άνδρου, Οξφόρδης, που ανακαλύφθηκαν και δημοσιεύθηκαν University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying μεταξύ των ετών 1868-1912. Οι έξι παραλλαγές παρουσιάζουν διαφορές που οφείλονται στην her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. γραπτή ή προφορική παράδοση από οποία προέρχονται. Βλ. τηνof κριτική έκδοση and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCoτην depreciation initially of part the urban web,των in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: κωδίκων Κ και Ε: E. JEFFREYS, Digenis Akritis. The Grottaferrata and Escorial versions, G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
76
Cambridge 1998, από όπου και τα χωρία που παρατίθενται στην συνέχεια, εδώ xviii-xxvi.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
στον κώδικα Escorial, που συντάχθηκε περίπου στο τέλος του 15ου αιώνα.5 Το κείμενο χωρίζεται σε δύο μέρη.6 Το πρώτο μέρος, που αποκαλείται ως το «Τραγούδι του Εμίρη», αφορά την ιστορία του πατέρα του ήρωα, εμίρη της Συρίας, που εκτυλίσσεται στον ευρύτερο χώρο της Καππαδοκίας και στην Συρία. Το δεύτερο μέρος, με το Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS αποκαλούμενο «Μυθιστόρημα By του Διγενή», είναι χωρισμένο σε Harvard University, Graduate School of Design,από Student, βιογραφικά επεισόδια, όπου κάθε ένα εξιστορεί συμβάντα την By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect παιδική ηλικία, τη νεότητα και την ενηλικίωση του ήρωα. Οι διηγήσεις Student of the School of Architecture σε αυτό το μέρος αφορούν στην αναμέτρησηTechnical του Διγενή με θηρία, University of Crete προσωπικές προκλήσεις και αδυναμίες του, σε μονομαχίες με 1. Introductory approach: Defining προσωπικούς αντιπάλους καιthe concept σε συμπλοκές με ομάδες 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, εμπειροπόλεμων στρατιωτών στην περιοχή του Ευφράτη, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the επαναφέροντας χαμένες περιοχές στην βυζαντινή επικράτεια. among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. Στο έργο περιγράφεται η ζωή των στρατιωτικών αρχόντων της acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 7 Αυτοί Μικράς Ασίας, των εχόντων τίτλουςisinindicated ευγενείας περιουσία. 1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if (in notκαι final, approach, the term urban gentrification) the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and στοremoval ανατολικό σύνορο της διέμεναν οίκους gentrification urban gentrification) isarea, indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology asστους well), asπλούσιους the “refining” of a cityτους the (in various 8 με κήπους, με αριθμό υπηρετών και δούλων, βυζαντινής επικράτειας Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, με ιδιωτική κατέχοντας πολυτελή ενδύματα, άλογα και the operation of φρουρά, art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of
the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However regardless whatever other has, results risingthis of “change”, land prices (and theof whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). The5 term gentrification is found at firstαπό in theυποθετικά, UK in early 1960s and it refers to εν λόγω χειρόγραφαisπροέρχονται χαμένα χειρόγραφα γ και eto TheΤα term gentrification found atpeople first inταthe UK in early 1960s and itareas refers the then observed trend of wealthy to buy property in poor of αντίστοιχα. Αυτά έλαβαν υλικό από το ίδιο αρχέτυπο κείμενο, που δημιουργήθηκε στην the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property inδηλαδή poor areasταof London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents Κωνσταντινούπολη, με προτεινόμενο χρόνο sometimes σύνταξης μεταξύ 1120-1138, κατάare London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. τελευταία έτη της βασιλείας του Ιωάννη Β΄ Κομνηνού (1118-1142), βλ. σχετικά E. JEFFREYS, being indirectly “squeezed”. «Medieval Greek epic poetry», στο: K. REICHL (εκδ.), [Medieval oral literature -17], (W. de A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description of this2012, phenomenon is situations included466. inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GRUYTER, Lexikon) Berlin 457-482, εδώ 463-464, GLASS at the same period, while similar in other major 6 Για την υπόθεση του Διγενή βλ. αναλυτικότερα H. G. BECK, Ιστορία της βυζαντινής GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. δημώδους (μετάφραση Ν. EIDENEIER), (: Μορφωτικό Ίδρυμα Εθνικής Τραπέζης) cities in λογοτεχνίας, Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more 2 1993,then, εδώ 130 κ.εξ. Επίσης, JEFFREYS, (αρ. 4), xxvii-xxviii. Αθήνα Since the issue has preoccupied several scholars andthe for various its more 7 comprehensive approach are being summarized from Στο κείμενο γίνεται λόγος για τους: below, , , comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations the gentrification, , of , phenomenon ,of , the ,following: , interpretations the, phenomenon following: In a sense, theof dueof togentrification, a trend a new category phenomenon is , άνδρεςofκαι γιαthe τις γυναίκες of τουsocial οίκου groups τους. Η που αποτελούν , , money , γυναίκα του Διγενή αποκαλείται to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs,in ,to K travel 4.272, 813, 1569-1571. to downtown, where work place is, lack of the and time fromEthe purlieus 8 Κ 1.56-60. Στο κείμενο γίνεται αναφορά στο θέμα της Καππαδοκίας, στοfor θέμα τωνin 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS was born sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, better Ανατολικών καιshe στοmade θέμαher τηςfirst Λυκανδού. το πόνημα του αυτοκράτορα Κωνσταντίνου Ζ΄ Berlin, where studies.Βλ. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany andέκδ. afterA.continuous Πορφυρογέννητου (913-920) και (945-959), Περί θεμάτων, PERTUSI, Constantinofor lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private car easier access to etc. studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and Newcommento, York she came back to London, where Porfirogenito, De Thematibus, Introduzione, testo critico, [Studi emarkets, Testi -160], Città in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and del Vaticano 1952. Επίσης, βλ. σχετικά στον συλλογικό τόμο, Β. ΒΛΥΣΙΔΟΥ -in Ε. University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying ΚΟΥΝΤΟΥΡΑ-ΓΑΛΑΚΗ - ΣΤ. ΛΑΜΠΑΚΗΣ - Τ. ΛΟΥΓΓΗΣ - Α. ΣΑΒΒΙΔΗΣ (εκδ.), Η her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Μικρά ΑσίαWil. των Θεμάτων. Έρευνες πάνω στη γεωγραφική φυσιογνωμία προσωπογραφία and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of partκαι of the urban web,των in 10th edit. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: ος ος -11 αιώνας), [Ερευνητική Βιβλιοθήκη -1], (: Ίδρυμα βυζαντινών θεμάτων της Μικράς Ασίας (7 G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually Βυζαντινών Ερευνών/Εθνικό Ίδρυμα Ερευνών), Αθήνα 1998.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
μεγάλες εκτάσεις γης. Εκτός από τα στοιχεία που αναδεικνύουν τις καθημερινές ενασχολήσεις τους, γίνεται λόγος σε σημαντικά γεγονότα του βίου τους, στις ψυχαγωγικές τους δραστηριότητες και εκδηλώσεις9 με συμμετοχή μουσικών και χορευτριών.10 Τα πρόσωπα που εμφανίζονται εκτός της βυζαντινής επικράτειας, ιδιαίτερα στον γεωγραφικό χώρο της Συρίας, By Mr. τάξη George-Sp. προέρχονταν, επίσης, από την των C. ATHANASOPOULOS ευγενών.11 Αυτοί Graduate of Design, Student, αντιπαραβάλλονται μεHarvard τους University, Βυζαντινούς ως School προς τα διαφορετικά By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect λατρευτικά στοιχεία και τις παραδόσεις που διέπουν τον ισλαμικό Student of the School of Architecture νόμο, τη δομή της ισλαμικής οικογένειας, την ενδυμασία, την γλώσσα Technical University of Crete και το χρώμα της επιδερμίδας τους. Περιγράφεται η δύναμη, η 1. Introductory approach: η Defining the concept πολεμική τους δεξιότητα, εντυπωσιακή εξωτερική τους εμφάνιση, το 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, theοιancient ευγενικό τους ήθος, τίτλοιGreek και οphilosopher, πλούτος τους. Διαπιστώνεται πως the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the τουςANTISTHENIS, διέπει η ίδια με τον βυζαντινό κόσμο (444 κοινωνική ηθική και among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. σεβασμός προς την οικογένεια την γυναίκα.the Έτσι, παρουσιάζονται acquisition of knowledge starts withκαι thein definition content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term με αντίστοιχους συμπεριφοράς στοifπεδίο των συγκρούσεων, 1 (andκώδικες Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, notthe final, approach, the term urban gentrification) (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 αλλά και ηθικής, καθώς σέβονται και υπακούνε στη τους, gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areaμητέρα of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal this, (in various δίνουν λόγο τιμής και η ανδρειοσύνη, όπως και το ήθος τους, Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, 12 ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andτους. thethis placement of artists, προβάλλονται μέσα από τα ανδραγαθήματά the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever consequences has, results rising of land prices (and theof Στονother ανθρωπολογικό κύκλο του also έπους του Διγενή, η γυναίκα whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also του risingκύκλου of landτης prices (and the potential relative παρουσιάζεται σε όλα τα σημαντικά στάδια ζωής της: potential relative speculation). termμητέρα, gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refersως to ωςThe νύφη, πεθερά και ως χήρα. Τιμάται και προστατεύεται The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor κόρη, ως observed αδελφή, trend ως μητέρα και σύζυγος. με in τοpoor κείμενο, η the then wealthy people to Σύμφωνα buy property areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof γυναίκα φαίνεται πως σημαντικό ρόλο, έχοντας την London, upgrade them, stay αναλαμβάνει themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. ευθύνη της προστασίας της κόρης, κατά την απουσία του συζύγου της, being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth 13 in της δηλαδή του όπως στην της στρατήγισσας, A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included theσυζύγου work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at theπερίπτωση same while similar were recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, bywhile othersimilar Researchers. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from 9 Σχετικά στοιχεία απαντώνται και στουςsummarized δύο κώδικες. Βλ. ενδεικτικά Κ 3.257-259, Κ comprehensive approach are being below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: 4.67-71, 74, 232-234, Ε 746-747. interpretations the phenomenon gentrification, thecategory following: In a10sense, theΚof phenomenon is dueΕof to a trend of a new of social groups Κ 3.313, 4.797-798, 848-849, 1033. 11 to “return” to the του city,Διγενή, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Ο πατέρας ο εμίρης της Συρίας, αποκαλείται πλουσιότατος και πανεύγενος, Κ 1.30, 284-285, 290,from Κ 4.21. εμίρης ένεκα της αγάπης where του για work την κόρη του is, στρατηγού της and time to travel theΟpurlieus to downtown, place lack of the Καππαδοκίας, που κρατούσε αιχμάλωτη στο στρατόπεδό του, ζήτησε από τους αδελφούς της, 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for betterin όταν πήγαν χώρο πουher στρατοπέδευε γιαInνα την she εξαγοράσουν, να important τον δεχθούν ως γαμπρό Berlin, where she made first studies. 1932 published an study entitled: services ofστο health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same she left Germany after continuous τους αφού βαπτισθεί χριστιανός. Σταyear επόμενα επεισόδια τουand έργου φαίνεται πως ενσωματώθηκεfor lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access to markets, etc.where studies and Geneva, Prague, London and New York she cameτου back to London, πλήρως στη research βυζαντινή κοινωνία. Ασχολείται με car τηνeasier ανατροφή νεαρού Διγενή, in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and εκπαιδεύοντάς τον στην οπλασκία και στην θηριομαχία, συνοδεύοντάς τον στο κυνήγι. Έπειτα University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying επέστρεψε στην Συρία όπου κατήχησε και βάπτισε την μητέρα του και λοιπούς μουσουλμάνους her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. συγγενείς του, τους οποίους έπεισε στη να μετοικήσουν σεpart βυζαντινά εδάφη. and selling real estate, etc., for theCoσυνέχεια depreciation initially of of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 12 Κ 1.40-41. G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 13
78
Κ 1.70-74, Κ 2.26.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
στρατηγού της Καππαδοκίας και μητέρας της κόρης που άρπαξε ο εμίρης της Συρίας. Αντίστοιχη και η περίπτωση της εμίρισσας, της μητέρας της εγκαταλελειμμένης κόρης από την Αραβία, που συνάντησε ο Διγενής στην έρημο της Συρίας.14 Στη δεύτερη όμως περίπτωση, η μουσουλμάνα εμίρισσα παρεκκλίνει από το ρόλο της, αφού στο σχετικό επεισόδιο αναφέρεται πως «συνωμότησε» με την κόρη της, Byβυζαντινό Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS προκειμένου να αποδράσει με τον αιχμάλωτο εν αγνοία του 15 Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, συζύγου της, εμίρη του Μεφερκέ. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Από την άλλη, τα αρσενικά τέκναStudent υπακούνε στη μητέρα τους, of the School of Architecture φοβούμενοι τον θυμό της και, ως προστάτες της αδελφής τους, ofείναι Technical University Crete έτοιμοι να θυσιαστούν γι’ αυτήν.16 Είναι ενδεικτικό πως στη 1. Introductoryκαι approach: the concept στρατήγισσα στην Defining εμίρισσα παρουσιάστηκαν καταλυτικές 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, συμφορές στην οικογένειά τους ενόσω απουσίαζε ο σύζυγός τους. ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wiseπρος heritage he left us, he established aΔιγενή, great the Σύμφωνα τα λόγια της μητέρας του(444 της γυναίκας among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. 17 του όπως of και της Μαξιμούς τον εραστή της, τον Διγενή, η acquisition knowledge starts with προς theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 18 που του γυναίκα θεωρεί τοurban σύζυγό της ως αφέντη καιifπροστάτη της, 1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) is (in area of Planning) (or gentrification
1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of 14 the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless Κ 5.70-72. Το κορίτσι από την Αραβία, λόγω της αγάπης της, ακολούθησε στα εδάφη whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof της βυζαντινής επικράτειας τον γιό ενόςhas, βυζαντινού στρατηγού, που of είχεland αιχμαλωτίσει ο εμίρης whatever other consequences results also rising prices (and the potential relative speculation). πατέρας της.relative Στη συνέχεια όμως ο βυζαντινός νέος αθέτησε την υπόσχεσή του και εγκατέλειψε potential speculation). The term gentrification is found atτην firstσυνάντησε in the UKο in early 1960s and itαπό refers to το κορίτσι στηνgentrification έρημο της Συρίας. Εκεί at έσωσε ομάδαto The term iswealthy found first in the UKΔιγενής, in earlyτην 1960s and itareas refers the then observed trend of people to buy property in poor of ένοπλων Αράβων ληστών που της επιτέθηκαν και την βοήθησε να επιστρέψει στον βυζαντινό the then observed trend of wealthyστο people to there buy property inΚ.poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes andκώδικα thus old residents areof νέο. Το σχετικό επεισόδιο καταγράφεται πέμπτο βιβλίο του Βλ. σχετικά London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. JEFFREYS, (αρ. 4), Κ 5 σ.σ. 134-150. 15indirectly “squeezed”. being Κ 5.66, 75. Η Μαρτυρόπολη (Mayyāfāriqīn) βρίσκεται στα βορειο-ανατολικά της A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofτου thisποταμού phenomenon includedΚεδρηνός, inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth Άμιδας και Τίγρη. ΟisΓεώργιος ΙΙ, 419.18, αναφέρει την GLASS at ανατολικά the same period, while similar situations in other major … δεύτερη ονομασία της Μαρτυροπόλεως: « GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. », in βλ.Western έκδ. I. BEKKER, Georgius Cedrenus, Compendium Historiarum, τομ. I-II, [Corpus cities countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae], Bonnae 1838-1839. several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has preoccupied 16 comprehensive approach are being summarized « … », Κ 1.85. below, from the various comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various 17 interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, following: Η Μαξιμού, ως η πολεμοχαρής αρχηγός των the μυθικών Αμαζόνων, αποτελεί interpretations theπρόσωπο phenomenon the following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is κειμένου. dueof togentrification, a trend of aστις new category of social φανταστικό-λογοτεχνικό του Ενέδρευε όχθες του Ευφράτη μαζίgroups με τον ιδιωτικό στρατό της, Ε 1574, 1576-1577 και συχνά πολεμούσε στο πλευρό των απελατών. Ο to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Διγενής συγκρούστηκε με τον στρατό της Μαξιμούς σε κάποιο σημείο του ποταμού, όπου and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the εύκολα τους κατατρόπωσε και Sociologist στη συνέχεια μονομάχησε μεtown την ίδια. Την επόμενη ημέρα τηςin 1.of The term from Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS for was born sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside centres, search better συμπλοκής συναντήθηκε εκ νέου με την Μαξιμού καιpublished την νίκησε δεύτερηstudy φορά. Στη Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she an για important entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly) Youth Unemployment. year she left Germany after continuous συνέχεια του επεισοδίουThe ο same Διγενής συνευρέθηκε με τηνand εντυπωσιακή πολεμίστρια, αλλάfor lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, studies and research in Geneva, Prague, and Newτου York she cameεπέστρεψε back to London, where μετανιωμένος για την αδυναμία του, κατά London μια παραλλαγή κειμένου, στο etc. σημείο in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and που βρισκόταν και την αποκεφάλισε. University College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and 18 long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying «, her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Κ 2.120, Κfor 6.105-106. Βλ. σχετική ανάλυση GALATARIOTOU, real »,COLLINS and selling estate, etc., theCodepreciation initially of partC.of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: «Structural oppositions in the Grottaferrata Digenis Akrites», Byzantine and Modern Greek G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
Studies 11 (1987) 29-68, εδώ 52-53.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
είναι πιστή κι αφοσιωμένη,19 τον φροντίζει,20 του συμπαραστέκεται και τον εμπιστεύεται. Χαρακτηριστικό είναι το επεισόδιο όπου η μητέρα του Διγενή πίστεψε στο λόγο του εμίρη πως δεν θα την εγκαταλείψει, αναχωρώντας για τη Συρία, όταν έλαβε επιστολή από την ανήσυχη μητέρα του, που τον αναζητούσε. 21 Έτσι, σπεύδει να τον υπερασπιστεί στους αδελφούς της, που τον αντιμετώπιζαν με Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS καχυποψία.22 Από την άλλη όμως,Byαναφέρει εμφαντικά στον εμίρη πως Harvard University, Graduate School of Design,μαζί Student, έχει δεσμευτεί μαζί της με το γάμο τους, δίνοντάς του να πάρει του By Mr. George-Sp. C.23ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect ένα δαχτυλίδι ως υπενθύμιση αυτής της δέσμευσης. Student of the School of Architecture Οι γυναίκες στον Διγενή κατηγοριοποιούνται σε όσες λειτουργούν Technical University of Crete σύμφωνα με τις ιδέες-αξίες του κοινωνικού βίου της εποχής τους και σε 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept όσες παρεκκλίνουν στη συμπεριφορά και το ήθος.24 Παρουσιάζονται 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Greek philosopher, (444την BC -άλλη, 370 BC,σταθερή, Athens), ωςANTISTHENIS, ευκολόπιστες the καιancient ενθουσιώδεις, ενώ από ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the συναισθηματικά και ηθικά, είναι η γυναίκα του Διγενή. Το στοιχείο της
among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification 19 Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various «, , », Κ 8.147. Περισσότερα για τις Sociology as well), as υπακοή the “refining” of a city the fromthere this, (in various ways), of groups, usually low-income theremoval placement artists, σχέσεις τωνsocial συζύγων, την τηςofγυναίκας προςarea, τοand σύζυγο και τις φροντίδες τωνof γυναικών, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of σύμφωνα με μαρτυρίες των αγιολογικών κειμένων της μέσηςthis βυζαντινής περιόδου, βλ. Κ. the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless ΝΙΚΟΛΑΟΥ, Η θέση της γυναίκας στηhas, βυζαντινή κοινωνία, [Όψειςof τηςland βυζαντινής whatever other consequences results also rising pricesΚοινωνίας (and the-of 6], Ίδρυμα relative Γουλανδρή - Χορν, Αθήνα 1993, whatever otherspeculation). consequences has,156-165. results also rising of land prices (and the potential 20 « in », Ε 1187. Επίσης, 1194, to Ε potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first the UK in early 1960s and itΕ refers 1196,The Κ 6.248. Αναλυτικότερα βλ. A. Ε. LAIOU, «The role of women in Byzantine society», gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the thenterm observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor στο: Internationaler Byzantinistenkongress, (Wien, 4.-9.property Oktober 1981), Akten I/1, the XVI. then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik 31/1 (1981) 233-260. Για την αντίληψη που είχαν London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being οι ίδιεςindirectly οι γυναίκες“squeezed”. για τον ρόλο τους μέσα στη βυζαντινή κοινωνία από τον 11ο αιώνα κ.εξ. βλ. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included the workwomen», of Sociologist Ruth A. Ε. LAIOU, «Observations on the life and ideology ofinByzantine Byzantinische A description of this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth similar Forschungen 9 (1985) 59-10259-102. GLASS at the same period, while in other major 21 GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major Η μητέρα του εμίρη ανέφερε στο μήνυμά της πως φοβόταν πως θα υποστεί τόσο η ίδια cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. όσο και οι μουσουλμάνες σύζυγοι και τα παιδιά του εμίρη σοβαρά αντίποινα από την ισλαμική cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more κοινότητα, θεωρούσε τον εμίρη παραβάτη του ισλαμικού νόμου. Το and σχετικό Sinceπου then, the issue has several below, scholars for επεισόδιο its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being Κ. summarized from the various περιγράφεται στο δεύτερο βιβλίο του κώδικα Βλ. JEFFREYS,below, (αρ. 4),from Κ 2 σ.σ. 24-42 και comprehensive approach are being summarized the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: στον κώδικα Ε στίχοι 225-609. interpretations the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: In a22sense, theof phenomenon Κ 2.222-235 και Ε 390-406.is due to a trend of a new category of social groups 23 to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Κ 2.271-274, Ε 475-479. 24 μεfrom το ήθος γυναίκας στην βυζαντινή κοινωνία την is, εικόνα ως and timeΣχετικά to travel theτης purlieus to downtown, where workκαι place lack της of the ενάρετης συζύγου και αφοσιωμένης μητέρας, βλ. ενδεικτικά S. MERGIALI-SAHAS, The 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for betterin “other than Ideals and realities in women’s Byzantium, The Berlin,half”, where or sheless made herthat? first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart oflife theincity”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left (February Germany and after continuous movements “Constantinople and its legacy”. Annual lecture 6, 2000), (: The Hellenic Canadianfor lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private car access to markets, etc.where studies andofresearch Geneva, Prague, London andΕπίσης, Neweasier York came back toτης London, Association Constantinople), Toronto 2000, 15-19. γιαshe τα στερεότυπα γυναικείας in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and συμπεριφοράς και των γυναικείων ενασχολήσεων κατά τους μέσους και ύστερους χρόνους, με University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying παραδείγματα που συμπεριλαμβάνουν και τις γυναίκες της αυτοκρατορικής οικογένειας, βλ. L. her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. GARLAND, «The life and ideology ofdepreciation Byzantine women: A further on conventions and selling real estate, etc., for theCo initially of partnote of the urban web, of in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: behaviour and social reality as reflected in eleventh and twelfth century historical sources», G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
80
Byzantion 58 (1988) 361-393.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
ευπιστίας προβάλλεται στο έργο ως η κατ’ εξοχήν αδυναμία της γυναικείας φύσης που παρασύρεται από λόγια, όπως συνέβη στην περίπτωση της κόρης του εμίρη και στην πολεμίστρια Μαξιμώ.25 Σε όλα τα επεισόδια η γυναίκα του ήρωα παρουσιάζεται φοβισμένη και απελπισμένη μπροστά στον κίνδυνο που ανέκυπτε. Επίσης, είναι ευάλωτη και αδύναμη -λόγω της φύσης της- έτσι By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS κρύβεται πάνω σε δέντρα, ανεβαίνει πάνω σε λιθάρι ακόμη και στο 26 Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, κλινάριν. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Η κόρη φυλάσσεται αυστηρά και προστατεύεται από φυσικούς Student of the School of Architecture και ηθικούς κινδύνους από τον πατέρα, τους αδελφούς τηςof Crete και Technical University αργότερα το σύζυγό της στον πλούσιο οίκο της οικογένειάς της, όπου 1. Introductory approach: Defining concept φαίνεται πως τα αρσενικά μέλη the του οίκου της ασκούν διαδοχικά 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, έλεγχο επί των πράξεών της. Σύμφωνα με το κείμενο, η κόρη του ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great στρατηγού της Καππαδοκίας διέμενε σε πολυτελές δωμάτιο όπουthe η among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content of concepts. 27 ώσπου την άρπαξε ο φροντίδα και η προστασία της είναι αδιάλειπτη, acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term ερωτοχτυπημένος κερδίζοντάς την τελικά, αφού 1 (and urban Based, therefore, onΔιγενής, this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in not final, approach, the term gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 κατατρόπωσε το στράτευμα του στρατηγού πατέρα της, που τον gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various 28 Στην περίπτωση μάλιστα της κυνήγησε μαζί με τους αδελφούς της. Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually ofκαι low-income thethis placement there of artists, μητέρας τουof art Διγενή, ακόμη μετά τοand γάμο της, οι αδελφοί της the operation galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also of land pricesόσα (andτης theof εξακολουθούν να είναι προστατευτικοί, ναrising παρακολουθούν whatever otherκαι consequences has, results σε also διάφορα rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). προκύπτουν να παρεμβαίνουν συμβάντα που potential relative speculation). The term gentrification found at first in the UK in early and it refers to αφορούσαν την ευτυχίαisτης. Όπως συνάγεται από τον1960s επιθανάτιο λόγο The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor του Διγενή προς τη γυναίκα του,people η γυναίκα ως χήρα τυγχάνει the then observed trend wealthy to there buy και property in poor areas of London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents 29 are επίβλεψης και προστασίας των αδελφών και της οικογένειάς London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old της. residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Ιδανικά τηςisευγενούς πουofπροκαλούν τον being indirectlyχαρακτηριστικά “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon included inκόρης, the work Sociologist Ruth 30 η σεβασμό καιsame τονofperiod, αληθινό έρωτα, η ομορφιά, A description this phenomenon isείναι included inwere the recorded work η of σεμνότητα, Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the while similar situations in other major 31 GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major σύνεση, το ήθος και η τιμή της, Researchers. που όφειλε να την διαφυλάσσει ακόμη cities in Western countries, by other in Western countries, by32 other Researchers. Since then, the has preoccupied several scholars and for its more κιcities αν απειλείται μεissue θάνατο. Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups 25 « », Κ 6.425. to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money 26 6.89-90, Ε 1165. where Παρόμοια αντίδραση απαντάται και and timeΚto4.804, travelΚfrom the140-141, purlieusΕto1129, downtown, work place is, lack of the στην περίπτωση της κόρης του εμίρη που ανέβηκε σε δέντρο για να σωθεί, ενόσω ο Διγενής 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for betterin συγκρουόταν μεshe ομάδα ενόπλων Αράβων στην έρημο,she Κ 5.193, 196, an Ε 961, Ε 1184.study entitled: Berlin, where made her first studies. In 1932 published important services 27 of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. same year she left Germany and after continuous «The , movements for lower living cost of,», “withdrawal” from private easier markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and car New York came to back to London, Κ 4.492-500. Επίσης, Κ 4.270, 348, 585.she access 28 she published in According 1943 studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and Βλ. σχετικά Κ 4.610-672. University College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and 29 long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Κ 8.132. her work 30 are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Κ Wil. 1.61, Κ 4.264,etc., 272. for and selling realCOLLINS estate, theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 31 Χαρακτηριστικές είναι οι αναφορές στην διαφύλαξη της τιμής της μητέρας του G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually Διγενή, ενόσω βρισκόταν αιχμάλωτη του εμίρη στο αραβικό στρατόπεδο: «
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
Κατά τους Άραβες συγγραφείς του 10ου αιώνα (al-Masʻūdī, al Munadjid), οι Βυζαντινοί ήταν ξακουστοί ανάμεσα σε όλους τους άλλους ανθρώπους ως τα πλάσματα που είχαν τα πιο όμορφα χαρακτηριστικά προσώπων. Ιδιαίτερες αναφορές γίνονταν στις βυζαντινές κόρες ως ξακουστές για την ομορφιά τους και ως Byστερεότυπα Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS ελκυστικές, περιγράφοντάς τις με χαρακτηριστικά (λευκή Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, επιδερμίδα, ξανθές, ίσια μαλλιά και γαλανά μάτια). Σύμφωνα προς τα By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect λεγόμενά τους, αποτελούσαν πειρασμό (fitna) για τους μουσουλμάνους Student of the School of Architecture άντρες, που δυσκολεύονταν να ελέγχουν τον εαυτό τους.33 Technical University of Crete Στο κείμενο του Διγενή ίδια κοινωνική ηθική διέπει και τις 1. Introductory approach: Defining concept μουσουλμάνες κόρες, γι’ αυτό και ηtheκόρη του εμίρη από τη Συρία, που 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, theπιο ancient Greekακολούθησε philosopher, όπως αναφέρθηκε πάνω τον νεαρό βυζαντινό, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the παρουσιάζεται να θρηνεί καθώς ατιμάσθηκε, ντρέπεται τις among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. συνομήλικές της και θεωρεί πως το μόνο που της απέμενε ήταν ν’ acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if not final, approach, the term 34 κατά τονisinσυντάκτη του Διγενή, η ιδέα αυτοκτονήσει. 1 (andΣυνεπώς, Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if (in not final, approach, the της term urban gentrification) indicated the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 καθωσπρέπει συμπεριφοράς και εικόνας μιας κόρης δεν διαφέρει, είτε gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various πρόκειται για χριστιανή είτε για μουσουλμάνα. Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ου ways), of social groups, usually of απαντάται low-income and thethis placement there of artists, Αντίθετη ωστόσο εικόνα σε αραβικά κείμενα του 10of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless ου the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever consequences has, results κόρες, also rising of land prices (and theof αιώνα για τις βυζαντινές όπου οι μουσουλμάνοι και 11 other whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). αποτρέπονταν από το να παντρεύονται βυζαντινές γυναίκες «γιατί potential relative speculation). The term is foundΣύμφωνα at first in theμε UK την in early 1960s and itΑράβων refers to αυτές δεν gentrification ήταν πιστές». αντίληψη The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refersofto the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas ου και 10ου αιώνα (al- Djāḥiẓ, ʻAbd al- Djabbār) «οι συγγραφέων του 9trend the then observed wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof Βυζαντινές συγκαταλέγονταν ανάμεσα στις πιο ανήθικες γυναίκες του London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. κόσμου». Οι δε παντρεμένες «δεν είχαν αίσθημα ντροπής αφού being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth κυκλοφορούσαν σεperiod, δημόσιους χώρους δίχως να καλύπτουν τοother πρόσωπό A description of this phenomenon is situations included inwere the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar recorded in major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major τους,inπροκειμένου να επιδεικνύουν την ομορφιά τους». Γινόταν ωστόσο cities Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: thephenomenon of gentrification, thecategory interpretations In », Κ 1.308, « ,following: groups », Ε a sense, theof phenomenon is due to a trend of anew of social , 166, « to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money », Ε 173-174. « », and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Ε 191. 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born in sense of 32 safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for better Ενδεικτική είναιher η περίπτωση τηςInσφαγής αιχμαλώτων κοριτσιών κοντά Berlin, where she made first studies. 1932 she publishedβυζαντινών an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at theheart of thecity”, (possibly) year and after ,continuous movements for στο στρατόπεδο του εμίρη: « Youth Unemployment. The same she leftGermany lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies andresearch in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, και Ε 72-73.. », Κ 1.224-225 33 she published in According 1943 studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher the to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and Βλ. N. M. El-CHEIKH, «Miscellaneous. Describing the other to get at the in self: University informal College of London, where she her social research. brokers Her public action and th continued th long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Byzantine women in Arabic sources (8 - 11 centuries), Journal of the Economic and Social her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. History of the Orient 40.2 etc., (1997) 239-250, εδώLondon 239-242. and selling real estate, for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 34 « G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
82
», Κ 5.144-145.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
λόγος και σε εκείνες που έμεναν κλεισμένες στα σπίτια τους και ασχολούνταν με το γνέψιμο.35 Στο κείμενο του Διγενή γίνεται λόγος για την συνήθεια κάλυψης του προσώπου με μαντίλα (οθόνη) τόσο των βυζαντινών όσο και των μουσουλμάνων γυναικών. Χαρακτηριστικά, η κόρη στην έρημο μόλις είδε τον Διγενή βιάστηκε να καλύψει το πρόσωπό της. Την ίδια κίνηση By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS έκανε και η γυναίκα του Διγενή, βλέποντας τους απελάτες να την 36 Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, πλησιάζουν. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Στο γυναικείο λοιπόν ιδανικό κόσμοStudent του Διγενή Ακρίτη η γυναίκα of the School of Architecture φροντίζει για την τιμή της, την οικογένεια, τοTechnical σύζυγο,University διατηρώντας of Crete ταυτόχρονα τη θηλυκότητά της, αποφεύγοντας κάθε μίμηση αντρικού 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept στοιχείου στη συμπεριφορά ή στην ενδυμασία της. Η πολεμοχαρής 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, ancientβρίσκεται Greek philosopher, αμαζόνα Μαξιμώ, the ωστόσο, στον αντίποδα των υπολοίπων ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the γυναικών του έργου. Έτσι, «δίκαια», σύμφωνα(444 πάντα με το κείμενο, among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. 37 λόγω της «ταπεινώθηκε και ως starts πολεμίστρια και ως the γυναίκα», acquisition of knowledge with theindefinition content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term απρόσεκτης της, καθώς ξεπέρασε τα 1 συμπεριφοράς Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated aφαίνεται first, if (in notπως final, approach, theόρια term (and urban gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 του ρόλου και της θέσης της. gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various 38 as γυναίκας αποτελούσε ηθικό και κοινωνικό αδίκημα, Η αρπαγή Sociology as well), the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, 39 Στο εξεταζόμενο ways), social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement there of artists, όπου οιof δράστες χαρακτηρίζονταν ωςHowever κλεψίγαμοι. the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever consequences has, results απόδειξη also risingτης of land prices (and theof κείμενο ηother αρπαγή κόρης αποτελούσε ανδρείας και της whatever other consequences has, results also risingκαι of land (and the potential relative speculation). ισχύος των ανδρών, που μπορεί να οδηγούσε στο prices θάνατο του potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is foundτου. at first UK inβεβαίως early 1960sτης and it refers to 40 in Η the πράξη αρπαγής δράστη από τους διώκτες The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor αποτελούσε όνειδος και of γιαwealthy ολόκληρη τηνto οικογένεια της in κόρης. the then observed trend people buy property poor areas of
London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth 35 Βλ. περισσότερα γιαphenomenon τοwhile ήθος similar και την συμπεριφορά των recorded βυζαντινών κατά A description ofperiod, this is situations included inwere the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same inγυναικών other major τους Άραβεςatσυγγραφείς, EL-CHEIKH, (αρ. 31), 241-242. GLASS the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in36 Western countries, by other Researchers. 5.42, Κ 6.134, 137-138. cities inΚWestern countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. 37 Since then, the issue has several and more « scholars for its , Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from , approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: comprehensive », Ε 1596-1599. 38 interpretations of the απαγωγής phenomenon thecategory following: Με τηthe σημασία λήμμα Λεξικόofτης μεσαιωνικής In a sense, phenomenon isπροσώπου dueof togentrification, a βλ. trend of a«αρπαγή», new social groups ελληνικής δημώδους γραμματείας 1100-1669, τομ. Γ΄, (Ε. ΚΡΙΑΡΑΣ), 210-211. to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money 39 Επίσης, purlieus , of and timeΚto4.605. travel from«the to downtown, where work place is,lack the , », 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born in sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for better made studies. In », Εan959. Βλ. ενδεικτικά P. ΚBerlin, 4.725-727, where « she herfirst 1932she study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at published theraptus heart ofimportant the city”,movements (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same she left Germany after or ?»,for KARLIN-HAYTER, «Further notesyear on Byzantine marriage:and - continuous lower living costPapers of, in “withdrawal” from access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, private Dumbarton Oaks 46 (1992)Prague, 133-154. 40 she published in According 1943 studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and «», Κ 4.292, «in the University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying her », work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Κ10th 4.738-739. Η COLLINS προσβολή τηςfor τιμής της γυναίκας και η προστασία τηςof προσωπικότητας and selling real estate, etc., theCo depreciation initially of part the urban web,του in edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: θύματος αποτέλεσε στοιχείο της υπόστασης του εγκλήματος της αρπαγής στο δίκαιο κατά την G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually εποχή της δυναστείας των Ισαύρων, όπου η κεφαλική ποινή (κατά το ιουστινιάνειο δίκαιο)
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
Ο λόγος της αρπαγής κόρης στο έργο ήταν η ομορφιά της. Δεν γίνεται όμως μόνο με σκοπό το γάμο, όπως στην περίπτωση του καλού κι ευγενούς Διγενή, αλλά και από πονηρούς σκοπούς. Ενδεικτικές είναι οι περιπτώσεις των «κακών» ενόπλων Αράβων (ληστών ή στρατιωτών) στην έρημο της Συρίας και των απελατών, που θέλησαν ν’ αρπάξουν εκτός από την γυναίκα του Διγενή, την οποία Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASOPOULOS άλλες γυναίκες.42C.Εν προκειμένω, ως χαρακτήρισαν ως θήραμα41 και By Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, «μόνη» εκλαμβανόταν η ασυνόδευτη γυναίκα, που αποτελούσε εύκολο By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect στόχο ως απροστάτευτη. Student of the School of Architecture Οι δύο από τις τρεις περιπτώσεις γάμου Technical στο έργοUniversity ξεκίνησαν με of Crete την αρπαγή της κόρης στρατηγών. Στην τρίτη περίπτωση, ο βυζαντινός 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept αιχμάλωτος, όπως ήδη αναφέρθηκε, απέδρασε μαζί με την κόρη του 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, ancientDefining Greek philosopher, εμίρη. Τόσο από τιςthe αντιδράσεις των γονέων της νύφης όσο και από τις ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among otherεκδηλώσεις wise heritage he left us, he established(444 aσυνάγεται great δημόσιες που ακολουθούσαν, πως the οι among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. προκείμενοι γάμοι «νομιμοποιήθηκαν» ως σύμφωνοι προς τις περί acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term ηθικής αντιλήψεις του ευρύτερου κοινωνικού 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, ifπεριβάλλοντος. notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) is (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 Στην περίπτωση της μητέρας του Διγενή, αγάπη τον gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (inηthe areathis, ofτης Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal from (inγια various εμίρη ξεπέρασε τα όρια της χριστιανικής πίστης, ενώ της γυναίκας του Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, of low-income and the placement there of artists, Διγενή ξεπέρασε τουςusually κοινωνικούς κανόνες ευπρέπειας και ήθους the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of
the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However regardless whatever other has, results risingthis of “change”, land prices (and theof whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to μεταβλήθηκε σε ακρωτηριασμό της μύτης για τους αυτουργούς και σε εξορία για τους The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property συνεργούς. Στην Εκλογή Νόμων των Ισαύρων, Ecloga, 17.24, 232, έκδ.inL.poor BURGMANN, the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof Ecloga. Das Gesetzbuch Leons III. und Konstantinos V., [Forschungen zur Byzantinischen London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Rechtsgeschichte, D. SIMON (επιμ.), Band 10], Lӧwenklau-Gesellschaft E. V. Frankfurt am being indirectly “squeezed”. Main, 1983, « A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description phenomenon included the work of Sociologist ,period, this is in Ruth of GLASS atthe same while similar situations were recorded in other major ». Στο δίκαιο των Μακεδόνων αυτοκρατόρων η αρπαγή ρυθμιζόταν ανάλογα με τη χρήση ή GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. μη όπλων, όπου στηνcountries, περίπτωση by τηςother ένοπλης αρπαγής ο αυτουργός θανατωνόταν με ξίφος και cities in Western Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more στην Since περίπτωση τηςthe αρπαγής με ακρωτηριασμό τουscholars χεριού, ενώ απαγορευόταν η then, issueχωρίς has όπλα preoccupied several and for various its more comprehensive approach being summarized below, from the σύναψη γάμου μεταξύ δράστη και are θύματος « comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the of gentrification, following: ,phenomenon ,the … interpretations the phenomenon of following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is due togentrification, a trend of anew category socialgroups the of , … , … to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs inmoney », Πρόχειρος Νόμος, διατ. μ΄, Jus Graecoromanum, έκδ. Ι. ΖΕΠΟΣ and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the 2 1962), εδώ II, 220in - Π. ΖΕΠΟΣ, τομ.at I the - VIII, Αθήνα 1931 κ.εξ.Ruth (φωτοτυπική ανατύπωση Aalen 1.of The term comes from Sociologist GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born sense safety distributed residencies outside town centres, for και Επαναγωγή, διατ. με΄,her Jusfirst Graecoromanum, II, she 363.published Βλ. σχετικά Σ. ΤΡΩΙΑΝΟΣ, Berlin, where she made studies. In 1932 an important study «Τύποι entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly) Youth Unemployment. year she left Germany after continuous ερωτικής ˝επικοινωνίας˝ The στιςsame βυζαντινές νομικές πηγές», and 237-273, στο: Η επικοινωνία στοfor lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and in Geneva,(επιμ.), Prague,Πρακτικά London and York she came back(4-6 to London, Βυζάντιο, Ν. research Γ. ΜΟΣΧΟΝΑΣ Β΄ New Διεθνούς Συμποσίου, Οκτωβρίου in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and 1990), (: Κέντρο Βυζαντινών Ερευνών/Εθνικό Ίδρυμα Ερευνών), Αθήνα 1993, εδώ 245 σημ.in 31. University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Οher ίδιος, «Έρως και Νόμος στο Βυζάντιο», στο: Σ. ΤΡΩΙΑΝΟΣ (επιμ.), Έγκλημα και τιμωρία στο work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. the Βυζάντιο, Ίδρυμα Γουλανδρή - Χορν, 173-201, εδώ 190-192. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theΑθήνα depreciation initially of part of urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd.1997, London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 41 Κ 6. 408, Κ 6.462. G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 42
84
Κ 6.126.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
αφού, προκειμένου ν’ ακολουθήσει τον Διγενή, απαρνήθηκε συγγενείς, γονείς, αδέλφια και πλούτο.43 Ιδανικός σύζυγος για μια πλούσια κόρη θεωρείται ο ανδρείος, τολμηρός, γενναίος άνδρας με συγκεκριμένα κοινωνικά χαρακτηριστικά,44 που θα έπρεπε να είναι πρόθυμος να εκπληρώσει το θέλημά της αλλά και να την προστατεύει.45 By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Στην σύντομη αυτή αναδίφηση των στοιχείων που αφορούν Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, ζητήματα του γυναικείου κόσμου της μέσης βυζαντινής εποχής, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect σημειώνεται επιπρόσθετα πως στο υπό Student εξέταση κείμενο απαντώνται of the School of Architecture εκτενείς αναφορές στην προίκα και στα γαμήλιαTechnical δώρα που λαμβάνει η University of Crete κόρη. Κατά τα λεγόμενα της γυναίκας του Διγενή, η προβολή της 1. Introductory Defining the concept κοινωνικής και approach: οικονομικής επιφάνειάς της αποτελούσε σημαντικό 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), 46ancient ANTISTHENIS, the Greek philosopher, Στα σχετικά αποσπάσματα λοιπόν γίνεται λόγος ζήτημα για την ίδια. ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a the στην προίκα της γυναίκας του Διγενή, η οποία ωςgreat φαίνεται λάμβανε among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content of concepts. 47 Ενδεικτικά, η περισσότερα από τα αρσενικά της οικογένειας. acquisition of knowledge starts withτέκνα theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term προίκα περιλάμβανε κτήματα, άλογα, γεράκια 1 (and Based,της therefore, on this “principle” inindicated aκοπάδια, first, if (in notthe final, approach, the και term urban gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 λεοπαρδάλεις για το κυνήγι, οπλισμό, νομίσματα, κοσμήματα, gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various υφάσματα και ενδύματα, εικονίσματα, ένα πολυτελές οίκημα και μία Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, 48 ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement there of artists, πολυτελή σκηνή, υπηρετικό προσωπικό, θεραπαινίδες και δούλους. the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of
the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However regardless whatever other has, results risingthis of “change”, land prices (and theof whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to 43 term the then Κobserved 4.512-3. trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of 44 the then observed trend wealthy peopleto buy in poor London, upgrade them, stayof themselves sometimes there and thus residents areof « , ,property old areas London, upgrade stay themselves there and are … sometimes thus old residents », them, being indirectly “squeezed”. indirectly “squeezed”. Κbeing 4.938-941, 943, Κ 8.140. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth «at the same of is »,the Κ 4.771,« Sociologist in α A45description this phenomenon included inwere work of Ruth GLASS period, while similar situations recorded other major », Κ 6.438. GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in46 Western countries, by other Researchers. …by … cities in«Western countries, other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more ,the preoccupied scholars », Κ and 4.808-811, Ε Since then, issue has several for various its814, more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the 1044-1046. comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various 47 interpretations the phenomenon thebelow, following: «of of gentrification, », Κ.4.707interpretations the phenomenon the4.720. following: a sense, theof phenomenon dueof togentrification, trend of a new of social groups is a », Κ category 708,In« 48 to “return” to theπου city,κατέβαλε leaving οthe purlieusκαταλογίζεται for several reasons: high costs in money Η προίκα στρατηγός στα αποσπάσματα Κ 4.706-719, Κ. 4.899-912, Ε 992-996. παραλλαγήwhere Ε γίνεται λόγος στην και and time to travel fromΕν theπροκειμένω, purlieus toστην downtown, work place is, υποδοχή lack of the στους εορτασμούς που ακολούθησαν και όχι στην απαρίθμηση των στοιχείων της προίκας. 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for betterin Κατά τονwhere M. Hendy, Studies the studies. ByzantineInmonetary c. 300-1450, Cambridge 1985, Berlin, she made herinfirst 1932 sheeconomy an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at published the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. same yearστον she left Germany 216-218, ο πλούτος που The προβάλλεται Διγενή -έστω and και after στην continuous λογοτεχνικήmovements του μορφή-for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, αντιστοιχεί στην έκφραση του ιδιωτικού πλούτου της car κοινωνίας των ανατολικών συνόρων. Οι in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and ακροατές των κατορθωμάτων του ήρωα Διγενή θα άκουγαν πάντως με ενδιαφέρον τους University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying περιπλανώμενους αοιδούς ν’ απαγγέλλουν τις σχετικές αναφορές για τον κόσμο των πλουσίων her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. αρχόντων ανατολικού συνόρου. Για την Διγενή και τον πλούτο τωνEncyclopedia: προσώπων and selling real estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit.του Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd.προίκα Londonτου 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free του έργου βλ. επίσης N. OIKONOMIDES, «The contents of the Byzantine house from the G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually eleventh to the fifteenth century», Dumbarton Oaks Papers 44 (1990) 205-214, εδώ 208.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect StudentМАРИА of the School of Architecture Ευγενία-Μαρία ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ / ЕВГЕНИЯ АФАНАСОПУЛУ Technical University of Crete
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Ανθρωπολογικές και Επικοινωνιακές Προσεγγίσεις της Μουσικής 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he leftτου us, Alexander he established a great the Το Μυστήριο Scriabin among other wiseΜία heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. κριτική ερμηνευτική προσέγγιση acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban ,, Краткое содержание Выводы” gentrification gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑΤΑ ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative «Мистериа» была продолжением Скрябина.Через это potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in theличности UK in early 1960s and it refers to произведении композитор попытался выразить свои философские The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then trend of wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas взгляды иobserved поделиться ими со своейsometimes аудиторией. London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Вbeing «Предварительном Деиствии»isСкрябин сделал попытку объяснить indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth необъяснимое через музыкальное изображение женского и мужского GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major начала, идеи мифа «Эрос и Психея» в то время как в «Божественной cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Поэме» и «Поэме Экстаза» композитор пытался соединить музыку и Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from поэзию. comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: the phenomenon gentrification, thecategory following: Вinterpretations «Предварительном Деиствии» быть хочет выразить In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof toСкрябин a trend ofможет a new of social groups to “return” toЭго the city, leaving времени. the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money отсутствие и понятия and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside centres, Затем вдохновленный древним мифом о1912-1940. «town Прометее» он for написал Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services ofоснованную health, education, entertainment “at the heart of theчтобы city”,movements (possibly) музыку, подвигах героя, воспетьfor Youth Unemployment. The на same year she leftмифического Germany and after continuous lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies researchчеловеческои in Geneva, Prague, London and которые New York she came back London, сили и and подвиги сущности могли бы to приблизить in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and человека к божественному началу. University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in Композитор выразил свои философские идеи через музыкальные 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aмотивы variety ofпоэтических ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “voluntary”, (actually пометок и “assisted”, комментариев в касательно 2521 11
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, динамичности произведения. Музыка Скрябина тесно переплетается с Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification его философскими идеями. Concerns Что касается работы пад «Мистерией» и её составными частями
важную роль сыграли философские тексты в духе того времени, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS оказавшие огромное влияние на композитора.
Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student,
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Символизм, теософия, эсхатология как характерная черта Architect эпохи, Student of the School of Architecture западная и индийская философия составляли идейную и социальную Technical University of Crete основу творчества композитора.
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept
Скрябин пытался approach: приблизиться к теургии через(444 своё произведение. Он 1. Introductory the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, BC - 370 BC, Athens), сам ANTISTHENIS, имелцель стать теургом руководить действием в, «Мистерии». the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he иleft us, he established a great the
among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the «acquisition Прометей» или «Поэма Огня» этоindefinition сочинение выходящее пределы of knowledge starts with the the content of за concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term музыки через которое композитор намерем повлиять на свою 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 аудиторию. gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, Световая строка партитуры определяем философскую и музыкальную ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of оснобу произведения. Но главной целью композитора было заставить the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever other consequences has,иresults also rising of land prices (and the аудиторию переживать деиствие участвовать в нём. potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to Музыка выражает первоначальный хаос перед творением, The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy people toсознания, buy property in poor areas рождением,болей мыслью, пробуждением радостью жизин, London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes thus old residents are любовью,грустью сильным желанием,there and долью любовью, being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this is included inначало the work через of Sociologist самореализацией и phenomenon в итоге творческое смертьRuth и A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major возрождение. GLASS at the same period, situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, bywhile othersimilar Researchers. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the issue hasрадикально preoccupied several scholars and for its more Скрябин пытался создать новое музыкальное произведение Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the с используя своё видение гармоний, свои тональности и цвета. comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: of the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of aбиполярност, new ofсинестесию, social groups Вinterpretations соченении композитора можно выделить to “return” to the city, leaving аккорд the purlieus for several costs in money мистик корд-Прометеев которые он reasons: связал high с философским and time to travel fromиспользовал the purlieus to downtown, where workкак place is, lack of the символизмом.Он такие понятия, смерть и 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, возрождение, иher тьма, таинственный зов....important study entitled: Berlin, where sheсвет first экстаз, studies. In 1932 she published services of health,made education, entertainment “at the heartan of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London New York she came to back to London, Он постоянно работал над формой и and структурой своих произведений. in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and Не исключено,что он использовал части своих композиций не втех University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. also: COLLINS Музыка ENGLISH DICTIONARY. роизведениях для которых он их писалSee изначально. которую and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: он сочинял шлавсовокупности с отдельной философской идеей. G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 252187 11
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Гармония Скрябина была новаторской в истории Русской Музыки и Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification стала уникальним феноменом как считала В.Дернова (1979:449). Concerns Очень сложно отнести последние произведения Скрябина к
определённому хронологическому периоду так на пример для By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS «Мистерии» характерна как тональная так и атональная музыка!
Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student,
George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Скрябин первым создал «tastieraBy perMr.luce» и использовал цвета Architect в своей Student of the School of Architecture музыке. Technical University of Crete
Тем самым он approach: внёс огромный в развитие технологического 1. Introductory Definingвклад the concept процесса. 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher,
ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the Но несмотря на быстрое развитие технологий их было недостаточно among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the чтобы полностью осуществить идею «Мистерии» какofтого хотел acquisition of knowledge starts with the the content concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term Скрябин. 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Вяч. Иванов считал чтоof low-income теургическая идея «Мистерии» была Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually andthe theremoval placement утопической невыполнимой, хотяetc. и However был со Скрябиным в ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andсогласен thethis placement there of artists, the operation ofиart galleries, restaurants, “change”, regardless of теургическом смысле искусства! the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative Если представить чтоis found идея at«Мистерии» это теургия это potential relative speculation). The term gentrification first in the UK in early 1960s andтогда it refers to произведение должно быть исполнено только один раз. Это The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property inвыходило poor areas подтверждает мнение Вяч.Иванова. Произведение далеко заof London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents are London, upgrade them, stay themselves рамки привычной формы искусства.sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, thisв phenomenon is situations included inwere the work of Sociologist Ruth Очень важную роль осознаний «Мистерии» сыграли ключевые идеи GLASS at the same while similar recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major Символизма говорили о радикальном обновлений через cities in Westernкоторые countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more творческое начало. Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various Скрябин имел целью помочьof обществу онtheбыл вестник высокой interpretations of the phenomenon gentrification, following: interpretations of the phenomenon the following: In a sense, theмысли. phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trendвofсебе a new category of social groups философской «Мистерия» несёт черты универсализма и to “return” toфилософский the city, leaving the purlieus for high costs in money глубокий контекст в several челом,reasons: из чего видно что and time to travel from theпод purlieus to downtown, work placeтекстов. is, lack of the композитор находился влиянием разныхwhere философских termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at theв heart the city”,movements (possibly) Это переносим мирof свободы котораяfor Youthпроизведение Unemployment. The same year sheслушателя left Germany and after continuous lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies andнеотъемлимой research in Geneva,частью Prague, London and New she cameсмысле back to London, является Гармонии в York широком которую in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and мы воспринимаем но where необязательно понимаем. Эту Her Гармонию мы University informal College of London, she continued her social research. brokers public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH слышим в characterized Прометеевской «дерзости» композитора которыDICTIONARY. украл у and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: богов огонь созидания чтобы сотворить свою Поэму ОгняМистерию. G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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Ο ΡΟΛΟΣ ΤΩΝ ΕΠΙΜΕΛΗΤΗΡΙΩΝ GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, ΣΤΗΝ ΕΛΛΑΔΑ ΤΗΣ ΚΡΙΣΗΣ Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification Του Δρος Γεωργ. ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΙΔΗ Concerns
Οικονομολόγου
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Στις μέρες μας, περισσότερο από ποτέ, τα Επιμελητήρια, ως Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, νομικά πρόσωπα και φορείςBy των εργοδοτών, διαδραματίζουν Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect σημαντικό ρόλο στη στήριξη τωνStudent επιχειρήσεων των of the School ofκαι Architecture University of Crete επιχειρηματιών στην Ελλάδα της κρίσης και τηςTechnical οικονομικοκοινωνικής καχεξίας, ταυτόχρονα όμως έχουν και συμβουλευτικό χαρακτήρα, 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept επειδή προτείνουνapproach: μέτρα οικονομικής πολιτικής προς την κυβέρνηση 1. Introductory the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), και τα αρμόδια Υπουργεία και συμμετέχουν σεa great διαβουλεύσεις που ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 the πραγματοποιούνται γιαhe ποικίλα επιχειρηματικά, εμπορικά, among other wise heritage left us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the of the content concepts. βιομηχανικά, βιοτεχνικά ή“principle” λοιπά ζητήματα. acquisition of knowledge starts with επαγγελματικά theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and των Based, therefore, on Επιμελητηρίων this “principle” is inείναι a first,από if (in not final, approach, the term Ο θεσμός τους σημαντικότερους urban gentrification) indicated the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various με μεγάλη συνεισφορά διαχρονικά στο επιχειρηματικό γίγνεσθαι της Sociology asΑποτελούν well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), ofμας. social groups, usually of low-income and the placement χώρας φορείς εργοδοτών και έχουν συμβουλευτικό και ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of γνωμοδοτικό ρόλο στα ζητήματα της εθνικής οικονομίας, της the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However this “change”, regardless of whatever other has, results rising of land prices (and the επιχειρηματικότητας, του εμπορίου καιalso γενικότερα στις prices οικονομικές whatever other consequences has, results rising of land (and the potential relative speculation). συναλλαγές, προσπαθώντας με τη συνδρομή τους να επιλύσουν potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to προβλήματα και αντιξοότητες τη The term gentrification found που atpeople firstπαρουσιάζονται in the UK in early και 1960s and itareas refers the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in απαιτούν poor ofto συνεργασία και τηstayδιαβούλευση τωνto there εκάστοτε the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, themselves and thusεμπλεκόμενων old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes thus old residents are Υπουργείων, Νομικών Προσώπων Δημοσίουthere καιand Ιδιωτικού Δικαίου, being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this in the work Sociologist Ruth λοιπών φορέων καιphenomenon υπηρεσιώνis included του στενού και ofτου ευρύτερου A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while in other major δημόσιου τομέα. Βέβαια και similar σε διεθνές επίπεδο ο επιμελητηριακός GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western by otherρόλο Researchers. θεσμός παίζειcountries, καθοριστικό στις οικονομικές πολιτικές που cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more εφαρμόζονται και στην έμπρακτη στήριξη των επιχειρήσεων. Since then, the issue has several scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from Στο παρόν άρθροare θαbeing επικεντρώσουμε στη from συμβολή των comprehensive approach summarized below, the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Επιμελητηρίων στη δύσκολη για την επιχειρηματικότητα ελληνική interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups πραγματικότητα. Με αποφάσεις, ενέργειες και πρωτοβουλίες των to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money διοικήσεων των Επιμελητηρίων της χώρας, επιδιώκεται η πολυεπίπεδη and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the 1.of The termτων from Sociologist GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born in υποστήριξη -Ruth μελών τους σε περιόδους ανάπτυξης sense safety atcomes theεπιχειρήσεων distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) αλλά και σε περιόδους όπως αυτή κατά ταfor Youth Unemployment. The sameκρίσης, year she left Germany andπου after βιώνουμε continuous movements lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc. studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where τελευταία χρόνια. Συγκεκριμένα, αναλαμβάνονται δράσεις που in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and αφορούν στη διοργάνωση ενημερωτικών εκδηλώσεων, σεμιναρίων και University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are που characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. ημερίδων άπτονται διαφόρων θεμάτων που ενδιαφέρουν τους and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: επιχειρηματίες, όπως είναι τα ευρωπαϊκά προγράμματα π.χ. Εθνικό G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
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Στρατηγικό Πλαίσιο Αναφοράς (Ε.Σ.Π.Α.) 2007 – 2013, Εταιρικό Σύμφωνο για το Πλαίσιο Ανάπτυξης (Ε.Σ.Π.Α.) 2014 - 2020 κτλ., τα διαθέσιμα χρηματοδοτικά εργαλεία, η προώθηση της εξωστρέφειας, τα εμπορικά, φορολογικά και νομικά ζητήματα κ.ά. Επιπρόσθετα, πραγματοποιούν εκδηλώσεις για αμοιβαίες συναντήσεις επιχειρηματιών της Ελλάδας με ομολόγους τους άλλων κρατών, π.χ. Mr. George-Sp. C.Ελλάδα ATHANASOPOULOS επιχειρηματικές αποστολές στην By Ελλάδα ή από την προς χώρες Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, του εξωτερικού, διμερείς (business to business) ή πολυμερείς επαφές, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect με σκοπό τον εντοπισμό αναγκών, την εύρεση νέων πελατών, τη Student of the School of Architecture διείσδυση σε καινούριες αγορές, τη σύναψη Technical αμοιβαίως επωφελών University of Crete συμφωνιών συνεργασίας και την τόνωση των εξαγωγών και της 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept εξωστρέφειας των επιχειρήσεων. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, theτη ancient Greek philosopher, Επιπλέον με συνδρομή των Επιμελητηρίων οργανώνονται ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the εκπαιδευτικά σεμινάρια για διάφορα θέματα που ενδιαφέρουν τους among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. εργοδότες και τους εργαζόμενους, όπως, για παράδειγμα, σεμινάρια για acquisition of knowledge starts with the the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term την Based, πιστοποίηση ασφαλείας στις εταιρείες (σε συνεργασία με 1 (and τεχνικών therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term urban gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 το Υπουργείο Εργασίας, Κοινωνικής Ασφάλισης και Κοινωνικής gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various Αλληλεγγύης), σεμινάρια υγιεινής και ασφάλειας τροφίμων, Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, αρμοδιότητας του Ενιαίου Φορέα Ελέγχου Τροφίμων (ΕΦΕΤ), the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences results also rising of land prices (and theof εκπαιδεύσεις σχετικές με has, τον τρόπο δημιουργίας εξαγώγιμου whatever other consequences also rising of land (and the potential relative speculation). προϊόντος και τις διαδικασίεςhas, τωνresults εξαγωγών γενικά κτλ. prices Στο πλαίσιο potential relative speculation). term gentrification is found at first in the UK early 1960s and itγια refersνα to τηςTheπροσπάθειας που καταβάλλουν τα inΕπιμελητήρια The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor υποβοηθήσουν το έργοwealthy των people μικρών, μεσαίων και μεγάλων the then observed trend to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof επιχειρήσεων της χώρας, γίνονται sometimes διάφορεςthere παρεμβάσεις London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus oldΠροέδρων residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. και στα έντυπα being indirectly “squeezed”. AΔιοικήσεων description ofτων this Επιμελητηρίων phenomenon is included in the και workηλεκτρονικά of Sociologistμέσα Ruth μαζικής επικοινωνίας π.χ. similar εφημερίδες, περιοδικά, A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while inτηλεόραση, other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major ραδιόφωνο, κτλ.,Researchers. με στόχο την ενημέρωση του cities in Western διαδίκτυο countries, by other cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more ενδιαφερόμενου κοινού, τηpreoccupied συζήτηση και την ανταλλαγή απόψεων για Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various τρέχοντα ζητήματα του επιχειρηματικού κόσμου και της οικονομίας comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: γενικότερα. Όλα αυτά συνδράμουν στη βελτίωση του δημόσιου interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new social groups διαλόγου και στην επιδίωξη εξεύρεσης αποτελεσματικώνofλύσεων στα to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money σοβαρά προβλήματα που αντιμετωπίζουν στην καθημερινότητά τους and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the οι επιχειρήσεις καιdistributed οι διοικήσεις τους.GLASS, 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her firstτης studies. In 1932 sheαβεβαιότητας published an important study entitled: Τα καίρια θέματα οικονομικής και αστάθειας, services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for της απουσίας επαρκούς ρευστότητας, των γραφειοκρατικών lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access to markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the αγκυλώσεων στην πρώτη προτεραιότητα των διοικήσεων toβρίσκονται another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying των Επιμελητηρίων, τα οποία ορισμένες φορές καταθέτουν χρήσιμες her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling real estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: προτάσεις και υπομνήματα για τα προαναφερθέντα. Επιπρόσθετα, Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aπροτείνουν variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually εφαρμόσιμες δράσεις για εμπορικά, επενδυτικά,
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
φορολογικά, βιομηχανικά, βιοτεχνικά ζητήματα, για όλους τους ελεύθερους επαγγελματίες και όλους τους τομείς και κλάδους της οικονομικής δραστηριότητας (πρωτογενής, δευτερογενής τριτογενής τομέας). Κρίσιμη κρίνεται η συνδρομή τους στην υποστήριξη της μεταποίησης, της παραγωγής των βιομηχανικών προϊόντων, η οποία στην Ελλάδα έχει υποστεί τεράστιο πλήγμα λόγω της συνεχούς By Mr. κατά George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS αποβιομηχάνισης της χώρας, κυρίως τα τελευταία επτά χρόνια Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, της ύφεσης, της διαρκούς αύξησης της φορολογίας των επιχειρήσεων, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect της εσωτερικής υποτίμησης και της βίαιης δημοσιονομικής Student of the School of Architecture προσαρμογής. Technical University of Crete Θα ήταν παράλειψη, εάν δεν αναφερόμασταν και στο θετικό 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept των επιχειρήσεων και ρόλο των Επιμελητηρίων στην εξυπηρέτηση 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient philosopher, στον περιορισμό του χρόνουGreek διεκπεραίωσης των διαδικασιών για την ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the ίδρυση νέων εταιρειών (π.χ. έλεγχος επωνυμίας, διακριτικού τίτλου, among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. κωδικοί δραστηριότητας, απαραίτητα νομιμοποιητικά έγγραφα κτλ.) ή acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term για Based, λοιπέςtherefore, που απαιτούνται για τηthe σύσταση και τη 1 ενέργειες on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in not final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 λειτουργία μιας επιχείρησης – μέλος ενός Επιμελητηρίου. Οι υπηρεσίες gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various μιας στάσης (one – stop shop) των Επιμελητηρίων έχουν συνδράμει Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually low-income and thethis placement of καθοριστικά σε αυτό το ofσημαντικό θέμα. Γενικότερα, μεartists, τη the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever otherπριν consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof θεσμοθέτηση από μερικά χρόνια του Γενικού Εμπορικού Μητρώου whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising land prices (and the potential relative (Γ.Ε.ΜΗ.) βελτιώθηκε αισθητά η εξυπηρέτηση τωνofσυναλλασσομένων potential relative speculation). The term gentrification found at first in δημιουργηθεί the UK in early 1960s and itχρήσιμο refers to των Επιμελητηρίων καιisεπιτέλους έχει ένα πολύ The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor «εργαλείο», μια ολοκληρωμένη καιpeople λειτουργική βάση δεδομένων τωνof the then observed trend wealthy to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents are εταιρειών οι οποίες εγγεγραμμένες σταthere Επιμελητήρια χώρας London, upgrade them,είναι stay themselves sometimes and thus oldτης residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. μας. Με αυτόν τον τρόπο έχει επιτευχθεί ένας υψηλός βαθμός being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth ανταποδοτικότητας των ποσών που καταβάλλουν οι επιχειρήσεις στα A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major ταμεία των Επιμελητηρίων και των υπηρεσιών που απολαμβάνουν από cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more αυτά. Since then, the issue has preoccupied severalπρέπει scholars for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the Το παραγωγικό πρότυπο της Ελλάδας ναand αλλάξει, εάν comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: θέλουμε πραγματικά μια λειτουργική οικονομία στα πρότυπα των interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon dueof togentrification, a trendΤα of aΕπιμελητήρια new ofμπορούν social groups αναπτυγμένων οικονομιώνisτης Δύσης. να to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money παίξουν πρωταγωνιστικό ρόλο σε αυτήν την μετεξέλιξη της ελληνικής and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the οικονομίας από μια χώρα που παρέχει κυρίως υπηρεσίες (τουριστικές, 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born in sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where sheκ.ά.) made her first studies. In 1932 sheκράτος published an important study entitled: ναυτιλιακές σε ένα σύγχρονο με αναπτυσσόμενη services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for βιομηχανική παραγωγή, τουλάχιστον σε που έχουμε lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private easier access markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and car New Yorkκλάδους she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the ανταγωνιστικά καιstudies συγκριτικά πλεονεκτήματα, γεωργικά, to another approach, the is όπως due aπ.χ. systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying διατροφικά προϊόντα (ελαιόλαδο, κρασί, γαλακτοκομικά, πουλερικά her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially ofπροέλευσης part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: κτλ.), προϊόντα προστατευόμενης ονομασίας (κρόκος Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aΚοζάνης, variety of ways, in order to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually αυγοτάραχο Μεσολογγίου, γραβιέρα Νάξου, μαστίχα Χίου 252191 11
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns κτλ.), στον ενεργειακό κλάδο (ηλεκτρική, ηλιακή, αιολική ενέργεια),
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στις μεταφορές, στη διαχείριση της εφοδιαστικής αλυσίδας (logistics). By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Τέλος, καθοριστική είναι η συμβολή των Επιμελητηρίων στην Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, υποστήριξη και προώθηση της επιχειρηματικότητας και των By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect καινοτόμων ιδεών, μέσω των θερμοκοιτίδων νεοφυών επιχειρήσεων Student of the School of Architecture (startup business incubators), οι οποίες παρέχουν ποικίλες υπηρεσίες Technical University of Crete στις συμμετέχουσες εταιρείες π.χ. φιλοξενία, συμβουλευτική, δικτύωση κ.ά.1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, Χρειάζεται συνεργασία μεταξύ των εκάστοτε κυβερνώντων και ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the των Επιμελητηρίων, ώστε να διευκολυνθούν οι ενέργειες των among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. Επιμελητηρίων και ναstarts στηριχθούν οι επιχειρήσεις που βάλλονται acquisition of knowledge with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term πανταχόθεν στο urban σημερινό αντίξοοisinindicated οικονομικό και επιχειρηματικό 1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 περιβάλλον. Οι κυβερνητικοί παράγοντες πρέπει να αφουγκράζονται gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various και να λαμβάνουν υπόψη στη χάραξη της οικονομικής τους πολιτικής Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement artists, τις προτάσεις των Επιμελητηρίων, διότι αυτές αποτελούν τηνofκοινή the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other των consequences has, results rising of land (andτης theof συνισταμένη εργοδοτών, των also ανθρώπων της prices αγοράς, whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). «πιάτσας», όπως έχει επικρατήσει να λέγεται και τις περισσότερες potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first inανθεκτικότητα the UK in early 1960s it refers to φορές διαθέτουν δημιουργικότητα, στις and κρίσεις και The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor πίστη στοobserved τελικό αποτέλεσμα και στην επιτυχία. the then trend wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof Αςupgrade ενισχυθεί απόthemselves την επίσημη πολιτεία ο thus επιχειρηματικός London, them, stay sometimes there and old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. κόσμος της χώρας όπως και isόσο απαιτείται, χωρίς ιδεοληψίες, being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon included in the work of Sociologist Ruth παρωχημένες αντιλήψεις και στερεότυπα του παρελθόντος. Όλα major αυτά A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major έχουνinκοστίσει πολύ ακριβά στην ελληνική κοινωνία. Αναμφίβολα, στη cities Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied otherεποχή, Researchers. Since then, the issue has scholars and for its more σημερινή παγκοσμιοποιημένη ηseveral οικονομία προπορεύεται της Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various πολιτικής και οι οικονομικές αποφάσεις των πολιτικών. Άλλωστε, comprehensivethe approach are being summarized from the various interpretations phenomenon gentrification, thebelow, χωρίς υγιείς of επιχειρήσεις και ofνομικό πλαίσιο –following: νομοθεσία που να interpretations the phenomenon gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, στις theof phenomenon is dueof toπρωτοβουλίες a trend of a new of social groups συνδράμει επιχειρηματικές και στρατηγικές, δε to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money γίνεται να καρποφορήσουν οι προσπάθειες των επιχειρηματιών – and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the εργοδοτών προσφερθούν θέσεις απασχόλησης, που τιςin 1.of The termκαι from Sociologist Ruthνέες GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for was born sense safety atcomes theναdistributed residencies outside town centres, better Berlin, where she madeανάγκη, her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: έχουμε τόσο πολύ ειδικά στις μέρες μας… services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Κυβέρνηση, επιμελητήρια και λοιποί εργοδοτικοί φορείς, lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private easier access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car New York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published regarding cityphenomenon planning.να In 1950 sheto became in the επιχειρηματίες και studies εργαζόμενοι οφείλουν αναλάβουν τιςteacher ευθύνες to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying τους, με σκοπό την αναζωογόνηση της ελληνικής επιχειρηματικότητας her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. «επιχειρείν», Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: και του ώστε να διαμορφωθούν, επιτέλους, οι συνθήκες Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aγια variety of ways, in order to achieve the “assisted”, (actually την πολυπόθητη ανάπτυξη της οικονομίας μας.“voluntary”,
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Ειδικότερες ρυθμίσεις Ανθρωπίνων GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types ofπερί Intervention, Δικαιωμάτων στην Ε.Ε.: Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification Ρυθμίσεις περί ισότητας Concerns
Της κυρίας Αρτ. Δ. ΣΑΒΒΙΔΟΥ Μέλ. Ειδ. Διδ. Προσωπ. Πανεπ. ΝΕΑΠΟΛΙΣ, Πάφος By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Υποψ.ofΔιδ., Δικηγόρου Harvard University, Graduate School Design, Student,
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect
Student of the School of Architecture Ισότητα έναντι του νόμου1 Technical University of Crete Όλοι οι Άνθρωποι είναι ίσοι έναντι του νόμου, άρθρο 20. Η ρύθμιση approach: απηχεί αντίστοιχες όλων των Συνταγμάτων 1. Introductory Defining theρυθμίσεις concept 2. των1.Κρατών Μελών της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, Το Δικαστήριοthe με ancient σειρά αποφάσεών του έχει αναγάγει ANTISTHENIS, Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370την BC,ρύθμιση Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the σε θεμελιώδη αρχή του Κοινοτικού Δικαίου. among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Απαγόρευση διακρίσεων Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) 1. as Απαγορεύεται κάθε of διάκριση ιδίως λόγω φύλου, gentrification indicated (in thefrom area of Planning) (or Sociology well), as the “refining” a cityisarea, the removal this, (in φυλής, various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various χρώματος, εθνοτικής καταγωγής ή κοινωνικής προέλευσης, γενετικών ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of θρησκείας low-income and placement of artists, χαρακτηριστικών, γλώσσας, ή the πεποιθήσεων, πολιτικών the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also μέλους rising ofεθνικής land prices (and theof φρονημάτων ή κάθε άλλης γνώμης, ιδιότητας μειονότητας, whatever other consequences has,ηλικίας resultsήalso rising ofπροσανατολισμού. land prices (and the potential relative speculation). περιουσίας, γέννησης, αναπηρίας, γενετήσιου potential relative speculation). The2.term gentrification found at firstτων in the UK in early andεπιφύλαξη it refers to Εντός του πεδίουisεφαρμογής Συνθηκών και1960s με την The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor των ειδικών διατάξεών τους, απαγορεύεται κάθε διάκριση λόγω the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas of London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents ιθαγένειας, άρθροthem, 21. stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residentsare London, upgrade are being indirectly “squeezed”. Ηindirectly «επίνευση» της παραγράφου 1 πρέπει να αναζητηθεί στις being “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth ρυθμίσεις του άρθρου 19 της is Συνθήκης για την of λειτουργία της A description ofperiod, this phenomenon included inwere the recorded work Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar situations in other major Ευρωπαϊκής Ενωσης, (το οποίο αντικατέστησε το άρθρο 12 της GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Συνέλευσης Ευρωπαϊκής Κοινότητας), του άρθρου 14 της ΕΣΑΔ καιmore του cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its άρθρου 11 της Σύμβασης για την Βιοϊατρική και τα Ανθρώπινα Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various Δικαιώματα σεofό,τι αφορά στην γενετική κληρονομία. interpretations the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: interpretations theπαραγράφου phenomenon following: ρύθμιση της 2 αντιστοιχεί σεthe ρύθμιση άρθρου της In aΗsense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new category of social 18 groups Σ.Λ.Ε.Ε. (πρώην άρθρο 18 Σ.Ε.Κ.). Εντός του πεδίου εφαρμογής των to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel to downtown, workδιατάξεών place is, lack of the Συνθηκών και from με the τηνpurlieus επιφύλαξη των where ειδικών τους, 3.town centres, 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside απαγορεύεται κάθε διάκριση λόγω ιθαγενείας Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for 1 lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” private easier access markets, etc.where studies Μέρος and research Geneva, London and New York she came to back to London, εκτενούς εργασίαςPrague, υπόfrom τον τίτλο: «Οι car ειδικώτερες ρυθμίσεις περί Ανθρωπίνων in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and Δικαιωμάτων. Θεμιτές προσδοκίες, αλυσιτελείς ρυθμίσεις», Πάφος, 2017 University College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and 2 long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Βλ. και Κωνστ. ΓΕ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ: Διοικητικό Δίκαιο, Αθήναι, 2014, σ. 229 επόμ. Εκδ. her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Κέντρου Επιμόρφωσης, Μελετών, Έρευνας, Ανάπτυξης, and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. LondonΑθήναι. 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 3 ης Βλ. αποφάσεις της 13 Νοεμβρίου 1984, Racke, υπόθεση 283/83, Συλλ. 1984, σ. 3791, της G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually ης ης 17 Απριλίου 1997, υπόθεση 15/95, EARL, Συλλ. 1997, σ. Ι-1961, της 13 Απριλίου 2000.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns Το Ευρωπαϊκό Κοινοβούλιο και το Συμβούλιο, αποφασίζοντας
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σύμφωνα με τη συνήθη νομοθετική διαδικασία, δύνανται να λαμβάνουν μέτρα για την απαγόρευση των διακρίσεων αυτών. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Πολιτιστική, θρησκευτική γλωσσική πολυμορφία Harvard και University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Η Ένωση σέβεται την πολιτιστική, θρησκευτική και γλωσσική By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect πολυμορφία, άρθρο 22. Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete Το άρθρο απηχεί ρύθμιση του άρθρου 167, παράγρ.1 και 4 της Συνθήκης Λειτουργίας της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης, το οποίο αποκατέστησαν 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept το άρθρο 151 παράγρ. 1 και 4Defining της Συνθήκης Ευρωπαϊκής Κοινότητας. 1. Introductory approach: the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), Άρθρο 167, παράγρ. 1: ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the Η Ένωση συμβάλλει στην ανάπτυξη των πολιτισμών των Κρατών among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the Μελών και of σέβεται την starts Εθνική Περιφερειακή πολυμορφία του, ενώ acquisition knowledge withκαι thein definition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term ταυτοχρόνως προβάλλει την κοινή πολιτιστική κληρονομία…. 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and Εξ άλλης πλευράς ηgentrification) ρύθμιση το του άρθρου της gentrification urban indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a απηχεί cityisarea, theπνεύμα removal from this, (in 17 various Συνθήκης Λειτουργίας της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης: Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, Άρθρο 17:art the operation of galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless 1. Ηother Ενωση σέβεται και has, δεν results θίγει τοalso καθεστώς whatever consequences rising ofπου landέχουν pricesσύμφωνα (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results of land prices (and the potential relative με το εθνικό δίκαιο οι Εκκλησίες καιalso οι rising Θρησκευτικές Ενώσεις ή potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to Κοινότητες στα Κράτη Μέλη. The gentrification found at first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refers the then trend ofisεπίσης wealthy to buy property in poor ofto 2. term Ηobserved Ένωση σέβεται τοpeople καθεστώς που έχουν σύμφωνα με το the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas of London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents are εθνικό δίκαιο οι φιλοσοφικές και μη ομολογιακές οργανώσεις. London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. 3.indirectly Η Ένωση διατηρεί ανοιχτό, διαφανή και τακτικό διάλογο με τις being “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenonαυτές, is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth Εκκλησίες και τις Οργανώσεις αναγνωρίζοντας ιδιαίτερη A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of την Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major ταυτότητα και same συμβολή τους. GLASS at the period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Ισότητα γυναικών και ανδρών Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from Η ισότητα γυναικών και ανδρών πρέπει να εξασφαλίζεται σε όλους comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations of the phenomenon of thecategory following: τους άλλωνis due στην την εργασία τις In aτομείς, sense, theμεταξύ phenomenon togentrification, aαπασχόληση, trend of a new of socialκαι groups αποδοχές. to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Η αρχή τηςfrom ισότητας δεν αποκλείει τηνwhere διατήρηση ή την θέσπιση and time to travel the purlieus to downtown, work place is, lack of the 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born sense of safety at the προβλέπουν distributed residencies town centres, search for better μέτρων, που ειδικάoutside πλεονεκτήματα υπέρ τουin Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment υποεκπροσωπούμενου φύλου, άρθρο 23. “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc. Ηand φιλοσοφία της ρύθμισης πρέπει ναeasier αναζητηθεί σε των studies research in Geneva, Prague, London and car New York she came to back toεκείνη London, where in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and άρθρων 2 και 3 της Συνθήκης Ε.Κ., τα οποία έχουν ήδη αντικατασταθεί University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying υπό τουare άρθρου 3 της Ευρωπαϊκής 8 της DICTIONARY. Συνθήκης her work characterized by Συνθήκης a passion for justice. See also: Ενωσης, COLLINS ENGLISH and selling real estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Λειτουργίας της Ευρωπαϊκής Ενωσης και προνοούν περί της ισότητας G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually ανδρών και γυναικών εντός της Ένωσης, 157 της Συνθήκης Λειτουργίας
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, Types of intervention, της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης και 2 της Οδηγίας 76/207/ΕΟΚ, περί κοινών Concerns of Gentrification συνθηκών εργασίας . Concerns 4
Δικαιώματα του παιδιού 1. Τα παιδιά έχουν δικαίωμαByστην προστασίαC.και τη φροντίδα που Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASOPOULOS απαιτούνται για την Harvard καλή διαβίωσή τους. ΤαSchool παιδιά μπορούν να University, Graduate of Design, Student, By Mr. ATHANASSOPOULOS εκφράζουν ελεύθερα τη γνώμη τους. Η George-Sp. γνώμη τουςC.σχετικά με ζητήματα Architect Student of the School of Architecture που τα αφορούν λαμβάνεται υπόψη σε συνάρτηση με την ηλικία και την Technical University of Crete ωριμότητά τους. 2. Σε όλες τιςapproach: πράξεις που αφορούν τα παιδιά, είτε επιχειρούνται από 1. Introductory Defining the concept δημόσιες αρχές είτε από ιδιωτικούς οργανισμούς, σημασία 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444πρωταρχική ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, BC - 370 BC, Athens), πρέπει να δίνεται υπέρτατο συμφέρον του παιδιού. ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise στο heritage he left us, he established a great the 3. Κάθε παιδί έχει δικαίωμα να διατηρεί τακτικά προσωπικές among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. σχέσεις επαφές μεthe τους δύο γονείς του, εκτός εάνtheτούτο acquisition ofαπ΄ευθείας knowledge starts with the content of concepts. Based,και therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, term 1 (and therefore, onσυμφέρον this “principle” inindicated a first, notthe final, approach, the term είναιBased, αντίθετο προς το του, is άρθρο 24.if (in urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Το άρθρο αποδίδει ρύθμιση Σύμβασης περί this, δικαιωμάτων Sociology as well), as the “refining” of συναφούς a city area, the removal from (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the from this, (inΥόρκη various ways), of social usually of low-income and theremoval placement there of artists, των Παιδιών, ηgroups, οποία υπεγράφη την 20ή Νοεμβρίου 1989 εν Νέα ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the art galleries, restaurants, etc. However of καιoperation έχει γίνειof δεκτή υπό όλων των Κρατών Μελών this της“change”, Ένωσης. regardless the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative Δικαιώματα των ηλικιωμένων potential relative speculation). TheΗterm gentrification is found first in the in early 1960s it refers to Ένωση αναγνωρίζει καιatσέβεται τοUK δικαίωμα των and ηλικιωμένων The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor προσώπων να διάγουν αξιοπρεπή καιpeople ανεξάρτητη και ναinσυμμετέχουν the then observed trend wealthy to there buy ζωή property poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof στον κοινωνικό και πολιτιστικό βίο, άρθρο 25. there and thus old residents are London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes being indirectly “squeezed”. Ηindirectly εν λόγω“squeezed”. ρύθμιση αφορμάται από αντίστοιχες, mutatis mutandis being A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth ρυθμίσεις τουsame Ευρωπαϊκού Κοινωνικού Χάρτη in και του Χάρτη Θεμελιωδών A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the while similar were recorded in other major Κοινωνικών Δικαιωμάτων των Εργαζομένων της Ένωσης. GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for various its more Ένταξη των ατόμων με comprehensive approach areαναπηρίες being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various Η Ένωση αναγνωρίζει καιof σέβεται το δικαίωμα των ατόμων με interpretations of the phenomenon gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon of the following: In a sense,να theof phenomenon is due togentrification, a trend a new category of social groups αναπηρίες επωφελούνται μέτρων πουofθα τους εξασφαλίζουν την to “return” toτην the city, leaving the for severalένταξη reasons:και highτη costs in money αυτονομία, κοινωνική καιpurlieus επαγγελματική συμμετοχή and to travelβίο, from the purlieus στονtime κοινοτικό άρθρο 26. to downtown, where work place is, lack of the The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.of safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Πρόκειται περί «οριοθέτησης» αρχής αφορμομένης από ρυθμίσεις Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at heart of the city”, (possibly) του Κοινωνικού καιthe του Θεμελιωδών YouthΕυρωπαϊκού Unemployment. The same year sheΧάρτη left Germany and afterΧάρτη continuous movements for lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, Κοινωνικών Δικαιωμάτων των Εργαζομένων. in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 4 Βλ.Wil. εν εκτάσει: Άρτεμις Δ.AND ΣΑΒΒΙΔΟΥ: συμπεριφορές εντός χώρων εργασίας. and selling real estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. COLLINS SONS Ltd.Παραβατικές London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Εν ΝΟΜΙΚΟ ΒΗΜΑ, Αθήναι, τόμ. 63, τεύχ. 1, Ιανουάριος, 2015, σ. 176 επόμ. Έκδοση Δικηγορικού G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually Συλλόγου Αθηνών.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, ofofintervention, Concerns of Gentrification The EconomicTypes Diplomacy Small States A Case Study of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg: Trade Concerns
and Services, Official Development Assistance (ODA), Foreign DirectByInvestment (FDI) Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Dr Helen Marie Christine Architect ADAM, ByKAVVADIA, Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Student of the Enrico School ofGIROTTO, Architecture Kimberly CLEMONS, Vivien DEVENYI, Technical of Crete Yuliya LISOVA, Fei MO andUniversity Zarja VOJTA
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1. Introductory approach: Defining the conceptUniversity of Luxembourg 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the Abstract among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the In the contemporary globalised, and competitive conditions, acquisition of knowledge starts with themulti-polar the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term small states, which count for more than half of the world’s states, through 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 economic endeavours position themselves the best gentrification (and urban gentrification) isarea, indicated (in thefrom areathis, ofin Planning) (or Sociology asdiplomacy well), as the “refining” ofaim a cityto the removal (in various possible way, in order to assure their economic development and political Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, influence. Being constrained bylow-income theiretc.size, in the terms of population and ways), of social groups, usually of and placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless economy, small states follow different strategic choices in different regions ofof whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the whatever otherspeculation). consequences results of land prices (and in the the world. With an area totallinghas, 2,586 km2also andrising a population of 590,667 potential relative potential relative speculation). 2017, Duchy of Luxembourg one smallest countries Thethe termGrand gentrification is found at first inisthe UKofinthe early 1960s and it refers in to The term gentrification found first the UKindependent in early 1960s and itareas refers Europe, and ranked 179th in size atofpeople all in the states of the the then observed trend ofiswealthy to194 buy property in poor ofto the then observed trend of wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas world. Despite itsthem, size the hassometimes been advocating openness, and enjoys aof London, upgrade staycountry themselves and thus old residents are London, upgrade them, stay themselvesdiplomacy. sometimes there thus old residents are successful track“squeezed”. record in economic Thereand are, however, no inbeing indirectly being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in theofwork of Sociologist Ruth depth academic studies to take a detailed account its parameters and to A description ofperiod, this isThe included inwere the recorded work Sociologist Ruth GLASS same while similar situations in other major identify at itsthe strengths andphenomenon weaknesses. present work usesofLuxembourg, as at the period, while situations were states. recorded in other cities Western countries, by othersimilar Researchers. aGLASS caseinstudy forsame evaluating economic diplomacy of small This is the major first cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the issue haseconomic preoccupied severalBased scholars and for itsdata, more study of the Grand Duchy’s diplomacy. on statistical it Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various goes beyond a mere account, by critically evaluating Luxembourg’s economic comprehensive approach being summarized fromand the Official various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: diplomacy in terms of trade,are Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) interpretations of the phenomenon of thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is dueWhile togentrification, a trend of a new ofinsocial groups Development Assistance (ODA). in need of imports trade and to “return” todue the to city,itsleaving theproduction purlieus forpossibilities several reasons: high money investment limited given itscosts sizeinand the and time to travel from purlieussociety, to downtown, where work placeshying is, lack away, of the consumption needs of the its affluent we claim that, without 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety thetodistributed residencies outside town centres, the country dared compete in theRuth globalised markets using an efficient and Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services ofwell health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly) effective, developed economic diplomacy, inand order a) export its goodsfor Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany afterto: continuous lower living cost “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc. studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London andc) New York she cameof back to London, where and services, b)of, attract inward FDI, while sharing part its wealth with in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and developing countries through the provision of ODA of 1.06% GNI, outreaching University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying most EU are countries and exceeding UN target of 0.7% GNI ENGLISH by 2015.DICTIONARY. Based on her work characterized by a passionthe for justice. See also: COLLINS and selling real estate, etc., for the initially of partthat of the urban 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: the results ofCOLLINS Luxembourg asCodepreciation aLtd. case study, we argue size is web, not in a G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually determinant of a state’s economic diplomacy success.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
1. Introduction The era of globalization brought forward major changes in the functioning of world economies. Barriers have been eliminated or seriously lowered, and countries gain access to international markets which has had, forthe most part, beneficial effects on national and foreign economies, viewing the world as their market. Mohr, A (2018), claims that the globalized economy has had a positive impact on developing countries. A good number of these By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS countries are small states, in terms of the size of their population and/or Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, economy. The present study investigates whether C. small states are also By Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect benefiting from the globalised markets, despite the constraints of their size, Student of the School of Architecture through the lens of the economic diplomacy and taking Luxembourg as of a case Technical University Crete study. 1, Defining 1. Introductory approach: the concept Economic diplomacy as an integral part and “means by which states 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept pursue their foreign (Berridge 2002)can as a ANTISTHENIS, the policies” ancient Greek philosopher, (444 be BC -understood 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BCand -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage healeft us, he established a great constantly changing sphere of country’s external relations activities. Itthe is other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established aofgreat the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content of“principle”: concepts. aamong manifestation of needs andhe preferences, the pursuit which is driven by acquisition of knowledge with theto the content concepts. Based, interests therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, theMany term domestic and in starts accordance international rules andofnorms. 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification branches of diplomacy have developed throughout history, with economic 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various diplomacy developing as a front liner in the globalised world. This is especially Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, removal fromthere this, (inartists, various ways), social groups, usually of market. low-income andthe the placement of true inoftoday’s integrated global Gaining access to foreign markets for ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, this “change”, of domestic companies can berestaurants, seen as oneetc. of However the primary objectivesregardless a country’s the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the economic diplomacy aims to achieve. Establishing good diplomatic ties withof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative foreign countries in order to internationalize one’s economy, strengthening potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found in the domestic UK in earlymarkets 1960s andtoit refers to relations between partners andat first opening foreign The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor investment, while sharing wealth with developing countries, is an integral the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas of London, upgrade themselves and the thusGrand old residents objective of one them, of thestay world’s best known tax havens, Duchyare of London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Luxembourg. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon included in the work of Sociologist Ruth the contemporary globalised,isismulti-polar and conditions, AIn description ofperiod, this phenomenon included inwere thecompetitive work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar situations recorded in other major small states, which count for more thansituations half of the world’s states, through GLASS at the same period, while similar were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. economic diplomacy endeavours to position themselves in the best cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other aim Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more possible order to has assure their economic Sinceway, then,inthe issue severaldevelopment scholars andand forpolitical its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from the various influence. Being approach constrainedarebybeing theirsummarized size, in terms of from population and comprehensive below, the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: economy, small states follow different strategic choices in different regions of interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups the world. In Europe, 20 of the 39 small states in this region have opted to join to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money the time European Union integration process, where whichwork has place been is, successfully and to travel from(EU) the purlieus to downtown, lack of the The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born in sense1.of 1 safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for better diplomacy canfirst be defined different ways ranging from economic statecraft to a Berlin,Economic where she made her studies.inIn 1932 she published important entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heartan of the city”,study (possibly) Youth of Unemployment. The same year she left Germany continuous process international economic decision making, as shown and in theafter different ways ofmovements its definition:for lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private access to markets, etc. studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and car New York she came back to London, where «Economic statecraft which is the strategic use of positive andeasier negative economic sanctions such as in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and trade embargoes as well as aid programs by states and other actors such as UN to coerce other University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying states to cooperate» (Baldwin, 1985), «Two forms of economic warfare – use of economic power for her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. political purposes…or the use of for political power for economic purposes…»(Arndt, 1991), «Aweb, process and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: of international economic decision-making and negotiation»…. «much broader in scope than G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually classical diplomacy» (Bayne &Woolcock, 2007).
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, pursued for sixty years. In other parts of the world, small states also try to join Definition, Types of beyond intervention, Concerns Gentrification forces, but “the integration has of not developed the level of free-trade areas” (Kurecic, P. 2017). With an area totalling 2,586 km2 and a population of Concerns 590,667 in 2017, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is one of the smallest
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countries in Europe, and ranked 179th in size of all the 194 independent states of the world. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School Student, Despite its small size, however, Luxembourg belies of itsDesign, influence and Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect success in international matters. By “Luxembourg is aC.country where small Student of the School Architecture works. Smallness rarely hinders Luxembourg’s foreign policy; in of fact it often Technical University of Crete enhances it. The Grand Duchy is unique in its ability to define foreign policy goals clearly and to devise successful strategies 1. Introductory approach: Defining the conceptto pursue those goals” (Hey, J.K. 2003). While Luxembourg strives for EU integrated policy objectives, it 1. Introductory approach: the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), advocates its own policy interests, and especially those in of ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370the BC,area Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the economics and business, in the context of its successful diplomacy. among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a economic greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. Foresight, vision and consistency enabled Luxembourg to adapt its economic acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term diplomacy andthis increase rather than decrease its importance, interm an 1 (and urban Based, objectives therefore, on “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 ever larger globalised world playfield. From iron ore and steel before and just gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various after WWII, Luxembourg’s prosperity kept increasing from headquartering a Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, number of EU institutions, a flourishing banking sector, and inward Foreign ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of Direct Investment The restaurants, latter promoted strongly Grand Duke Henri, the operation ofconsequences art(FDI). galleries, etc.also However “change”, regardless whatever other has,isresults risingthis ofby land prices (and theof who as crown prince had led a campaign, involving numerous world travels to whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). make the country known as a trade and services, as well as FDI destination, The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term iswealthy found at first the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto which lead togentrification a significant ofpeople the in Grand Duchy’s economic diplomacy the then observed trend ofincrease to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy people buy property in poor areas returns, making Luxembourg one of the mosttoimportant markets ofof London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes there and financial thus old residents are London, upgrade them, themselves sometimes andinternational thus old residents are the world and, after the stay United States, the second there biggest centre being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. for investment funds, while attracting among others global corporate giants A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth ofAmazon this phenomenon is situations included workwith of Sociologist Ruth suchAasdescription Goodyear, Arcelor Mittal etc. Asinwere athe result, USD 107,708, GLASS at the same period, while similar recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major Luxembourg hascountries, the biggest GDP Researchers. per capita in the world, an unemployment cities in Western by other cities Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, issue has several scholars and forand its more rate ofin5.5%, a the general government gross debt of 17,5% of the GDP has a then, the issueinhas scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being from real Since GDP growth of 3.6% 2017 (IMF, summarized 2017).several below, comprehensive approach are being summarized fromfrom the various interpretations of the of gentrification, thebelow, following: This is due to phenomenon many interlaced reasons which set it apart other, interpretations the phenomenon of theposition following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is due togentrification, a trend a new category of the social groups similar countries. Smallness and location of theofstate's in centre of to “return” to the city, leavingrole, the as purlieus foreffective several reasons: highand costs in money Europe plays an important well as governance a peaceful, and time to stable, travel from the and purlieus to downtown, where work lack of the politically social economic environment. In place termsis,of foreign 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS for was born sense safety atcomes the distributed outside town centres, search investment, the Grand Duchyresidencies focuses mostly on the promotion ofbetter thein Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, entertainment “at thetechnology-oriented heart of the city”, (possibly) development of aeducation, sophisticated post-industrial servicefor Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access markets, studies and(financial, research in Geneva, Prague,and London and New York she came back to London, where economy technology business sector) andto boosts aetc. very in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and advanced communication infrastructure. University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Despite the country’s successful track in economic her work are characterized by a passion for justice. Seerecord also: COLLINS ENGLISHdiplomacy, DICTIONARY. and selling real estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: there are no in-depth academic studies to take a detailed account of its Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aparameters variety of and ways, orderits tostrengths achieve the “voluntary”, (actually to in identify and“assisted”, weaknesses.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
Which factors set Luxembourg apart from other tax havens and make it a desirable environment to invest in and attract foreign businesses? A business-friendly image of the country is mostly achieved due to low corporate taxes (to be 18% in 2018), having the lowest VAT in the European Union (at 17%), a stable and highly qualified workforce and state-given tax incentives to numerous sectors (small businesses, environment, innovation and development). Moreover, a strong rule-of law and a push towards greater By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS transparency have served to battle corruption practices on all governmental Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, and bureaucratic levels, with regulations in place C. byATHANASSOPOULOS the FinancialArchitect Sector By Mr. put George-Sp. Surveillance Commission. A politically stable environment and strong Student of the School of Architecture incentives towards innovation, especially in regards to University industrialof Crete and Technical technological sectors show the immense growth potential the country has, 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept which is one of the main reasons foreign investors choose to conduct their 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), businesses here, U.S.the Department of State (2017). ANTISTHENIS, ancient Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BCnot -“principle”: 370only BC,tries Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the The present study will also show that the country to among foreign other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a great the acquisition of knowledge starts with ofpromotes the content of“principle”: concepts. attract capital, buthe the government and encourages acquisition of knowledge starts withLuxembourg theindefinition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, ifshares not final, approach, the term investment in the outside world. values and principles 1 (and urban therefore, this “principle” is inindicated a first, notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) (in area of Planning) (or gentrification withBased, the rest of theonEU Member-States and if operates under a common 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various European normative framework. Promoting peace, development, economic Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityand area, the fromthere this, (inartists, various ways), ofhuman social groups, usually and theremoval placement of growth, rights, as well of as low-income freedom democracy leads the country to ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation ofparts art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, of invest in other of the world with less-ideal circumstances andregardless conditions the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the for development. As a second largest donor and a member of Officialof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative Development Committee (DAC), Luxembourg has contributed 0.7% of its GNI potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found first in the UKAssistance in early 1960s refers of to (Gross National Income) to OfficialatDevelopment withand theitintent The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor helping Developing Countries fight poverty and achieve Sustainable the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof Development Goals (SDGs) the yearsometimes of 2030, as stated the Luxembourg London, upgrade them, stay by themselves there andin thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Official Portal, (2017). Most of it official assistance is directed towards being indirectly “squeezed”. A description ofand thisdevelopment phenomenon cooperation. is included in In the2015 workalone, of Sociologist Ruth humanitarian aid Luxembourg A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major contributed more than 320 Million Eurossituations which were consequently managed GLASS at the same period, while similar were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. by various Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), Luxembourg Official cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Portal (2017). Sectors thathas receive most donations are heavily focused-on Since then, the issue severaland scholars andthe for its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from various are mainly education, renewable energy and microfinance (ibid). Thevarious latter comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: has been hailed as one of the more suitable economic approaches to lessinterpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups developed economies whose main beneficiaries are mainly women, Yasuhiko to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money (2011). and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the The present uses residencies Luxembourg, as1912-1940. atown casecentres, study for evaluating The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born in sense1.of safety atcomes the work distributed outside for Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 sheispublished an study important study entitled: economic diplomacy of small states. This the first of the Grand services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youth Unemployment. The same year she on left statistical Germany and afteritcontinuous Duchy’s economic diplomacy. Based data, goes beyond aetc. mere lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where account, by critically evaluating Luxembourg’s economic diplomacy in terms in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public and ofUniversity trade, Foreign Direct (FDI) and Official Development Assistance long-term informal effortInvestment by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. (ODA). While in needetc., of for imports in trade and investment due to its limited and selling realCOLLINS estate, theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: production possibilities given its size and the consumption needs of its G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
affluent society, we claim that, without shying away, the country dared to compete in the globalised markets using an efficient and effective, well developed economic diplomacy, in order to: a) export its goods and services, b) attract inward FDI, while c) sharing part of its wealth with developing countries through the provision of ODA. Based on the results of Luxembourg as a case study, we claim we argue that size is not a determinant of a state’s economic diplomacy success.
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, 2. Trade of goods and services By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Trade has always been a fundamental factor toSchool determine state’s Student of the of Architecture influence. Together with other variables (finance, investments, environmental Technical University of Crete
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and development policies, commerce and consular work) it is subject to the 1. Introductory approach: diplomacy. Defining theWorld concept above mentioned economic trade boosted, in particular in 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept recent decades thanks to many driving forces(444 such new ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BCas - 370 BC,products, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370ofBC, Athens), among otherreduced wise heritage left us, he established a number great the innovation, costancient ofhetransportation, growing FTAs and among other wise heritage left us, he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition knowledge startshe with the definition of the content concepts. emerging ofofnew actors. Also, the way sovereign states promote their interests acquisition of knowledge starts with the the content of concepts. Based,trade therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, term through has changed, going beyond bilateral agreements andthe simple 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle”bodies. inindicated a first, if is not final, approach, the gentrification) is (in the area ofevident Planning) (or gentrification involvement of1 countries’ institutional This even more at term the gentrification (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various European level, where trade policy is an exclusive EU competence that Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of complex social groups, usually of low-income and the placement of artists, requires negotiations within Institutions. Indeed, with there the creation of ways), of social groups, ofand low-income and thethis placement of artists, the operation ofMarket art galleries, restaurants, etc. with However “change”,there regardless of the Common inusually 1960s later Single European Market, the the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the former Member States voluntarily delegated a big part of their power in thisof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative field to European Community. Luxembourg was part of them. Today, the potential relative speculation). The term gentrification found at first the UK States in earlyin 1960s it refers to commissioner for Trade is represents all in Member the and international The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor trade fora and ensures the respect of vertical and horizontal coherence when the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof negotiating new agreements. London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. The specificity of Luxembourg’s trade diplomacy is defined by its small being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of thispotential. phenomenon in the work of Sociologist Ruth territory but great Theisisincluded Grand Duchy member of major A description ofperiod, this phenomenon included inwere the is work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar situations recorded in other major organizations such as EU, while WTO,similar OECDsituations and is were actively involved in major the GLASS at the same period, recorded in other cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. international trade arena. Its high-level diplomats work worldwide promoting cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more commercial interests andhas shaping trade relations of the country. Several Since then, the issue several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from national bodies are co-responsible for imports facilitation and exports comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: stimulation. On the highest level these are Ministry of Economy and Ministry interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups of Foreign Affairs. These operate through embassies, consulates andinvarious to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs money representation offices as well as national agencies like Luxembourg and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of for the Business and Luxembourg Trade & Invest. Together with Chamber ofin 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruththe GLASS wasbetter born sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for Berlin, whereand she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Commerce specific government departments, these agencies regularly services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youth Unemployment. The same year she Germany and after continuous conduct trade missions around theleft globe. According to to the Chamber of lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, Commerce Luxembourg (201), in addition, there also exist nine Luxembourg in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and Trade andinformal Investments worldwide to support and facilitate trade, in long-term effort offices by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. India, China, Israel, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, United Emirates and 2 in and selling real estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of Arab part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: USA. Given the importance of Germany, France and Belgium for Luxembourg G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
foreign trade (Graph 1), the Chamber of Commerce and the Ministry of European and Foreign Affairs have, in close cooperation, established a Trade Department at the Embassies of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg in Berlin, Paris and Brussels. Effective trade and commercial diplomacy means providing information, building trust and public involvement both for imports and for exports. Despite the latter is more commonly used indicator to define state’s wellness, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS imports require a detailed consideration too. Before proceeding, a brief word Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, on definitions is needed. Are considered imports all C. goods Compared to its By Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect neighbours (with the exception of France). Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
Graph 1: Luxembourg – trade imbalance 2006 - 2016 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas Source: WITS London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of thisdimension phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth 2.1 The Export A description ofperiod, this is situations included the recorded workTrade, of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in particularly other major The promotion of phenomenon activities in the fields ofinwere Foreign GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, other Researchers. the Exports of goods and by services, is one of the priorities of the trade policy cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied otherand Researchers. Since then, issue has several scholars and Duchy for its bases more and strategy at the both the European national levels. The Grand Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various this approach on the fact that, in the conditions of the increasing globalisation, comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the of gentrification, following: the high degree of phenomenon cohesion and coordination the (under the Single Market interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: social groups In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new framework), combined with the increasing openness of market,of the prosperity to to the city, leaving the purlieus high costs in money of “return” Grand Duchy is highly dependent onfor itsseveral abilityreasons: to promote its economic and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the interests bilaterally, minilaterally and multilaterally. As a founding member of 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, varied international organizations like BENELUX, the EU, NATO, OECD and the Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly) UN, Grand education, Duchy has international cooperation andfor Youththe Unemployment. The same yearadvocated she left Germany and after continuous lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, anddecades New York in sheorder came back to London, coordination in different fields in London the past to guarantee its in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to to another approach, the istrade due a systematic and sovereignty and enhance its economic diplomacy in and investment. University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Undoubtedly, foreign trade activities vital part her work are characterized by a passion for justice.of SeeLuxembourg also: COLLINSpossess ENGLISHaDICTIONARY. and sellingWil. realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: of10th theedit. economic life. SONS MostAND of theLtd. Luxembourg production is for exports of G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually goods and services. With a dynamic and widely open economy, Luxembourg
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Table 1 : Luxembourg – Concerns Foreign trade indicators 2009-2016
exports are around 85% to 90% of its production during the recent years. The share of foreign trade in the State's GDP is more than 400%, and the exports contribute more than half around 228% (Table1). By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
102
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1WB, Source: gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), asWTO the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, Fully integrated into theof European economic landscape, theofGrand ways), of social groups, usually low-income and thethis placement artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of Duchy is perfectly in line with the development of cross-border tradeof the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the activities. According to the has, Chamber Luxembourg & whatever other consequences results of alsoCommerce rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). International Affairs (2017), approximately 87% of these exports go to potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to European countries. The main attrade regarding exports ofto The term gentrification found first in partners the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersof the then observed trend ofiswealthy people to buy property in poor Luxembourg’s goods & services are its three neighbouring countries, Germany the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof (USD 3.46bn; 26.9%), France (USD 1.9bn; 14.8%); there Belgium 1.51bn; 11%) London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes and(USD thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. and then followed by the Netherlands (USD 727 m; 5.7%), and Italy (USD 499 being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth m; 3.9%). A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at (Table2) the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Table 2 : Luxembourg –other Exports geographical distribution2016 cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually Source: Comtrade
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect 2.1.2 Exports of goods and services Student of the School of Architecture Due to the Grand Duchy’s territorial and population constraints, a deficit Technical University of Crete
of trade balance always consistently in the last years, mainly in merchandise 1. Introductory trade. (Graph 1) approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept According statistics dataDefining from WTO & WB, the Duchy ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444Grand BC - 370 BC,exported Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -5.46 370 BC, Athens), among other wiseresulting heritageinhe left us, he established aofgreat “principle”: the USD 9.46 billion, a negative trade balance USD billion. The among other heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a great the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content of“principle”: concepts. main exports ofwise goods are Iron Blocks (USD 753M; 5.9%), Rubber Tires (USD acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of429M; concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the3.4%) term 524M; 4.1%), Cars (USD 505M; 3.9%), Iron Sheet Piling (USD 1 (and urban onIron this “principle” in a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) indicated area of Planning) (or gentrification and Based, Coated therefore, Flat-Rolled (USD 396M;is 3.1%). (Table3) 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as3: well), as the “refining” of a city area, removal fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually low-income andthe the placement Table Luxembourg –of Exports of goods sectoral distribution 2016 ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Source: Comtrade interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups to “return” to the city, for several reasons: costsexports in money Luxembourg is leaving one of the the purlieus top 20 global players in thehigh world of and time toThe travel from the purlieus to downtown, where workare place is, lack of the services. main exports of services of Luxembourg Travel (4.6%), 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, better Transport (4.5%), Goods-related (0.1%), and remaining other was services Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly)for including Financial (64.6%), Business related (19.7%), and Personal Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements& lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research inAccording Geneva, Prague, and New YorkCommission she came back to London, Cultural (5.0%). to London the European (2014), the in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and outstanding services exported are the result of a long-standing tradition in University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying innovation, industrial by excellence, know-how in theENGLISH services sector, her work are characterized a passion forand justice. See also: COLLINS DICTIONARY. and selling real estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London(Table 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: particularly business and financial services. 4)of part of G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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2016
GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
Table 4: Luxembourg – Exports of services sectoral distribution
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
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1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term Source: WTOurban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various 2.1.3. Luxembourg’s Market Share ofthe Exports ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, “change”, regardless of The Grand Duchy isrestaurants, classified etc. as However a small this open economy since it the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever consequences has, rising of land pricesin(and theof accountedother for around 0.007% of theresults world also population and 0.097% the EU. whatever other consequences has, results also rising of landfocusing prices (and the potential relative speculation). According to Peter H. K. & Schuller, G. (2009), however on its potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found first in theEuropean UK in early 1960s and it refers to contribution to GDP or exports onat world and level, a different scene The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of appears. The share of the Luxembourg GDP & share of exports of goods isto the then observed trend of wealthyshare. peopleUnfortunately, to there buy property in poor London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof 1300% larger than its population exports of areas goods London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. contributed less than one quarter to Luxembourg’s total exports in the last being indirectly “squeezed”. description of thiseconomic phenomenon included in the work of Sociologist fiveAyears. The world crisisishit Luxembourg’s exports of goods,Ruth but A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major the intensity and the degree of shock is same as the rest of the world and GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, other Researchers. Europe. In comparison tobythe export of services, Luxembourg’s exports of cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since thesmall issueinhas severalUp scholars andLuxembourg’s for its more goods arethen, rather thepreoccupied European context. to 2008, Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from exports of goods to EU greware at the approximately same ratefrom as the intra-EU comprehensive approach being summarized below, the various interpretations oftrade the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: and Euro Area of goods, but then progressively lost power in the interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social groups following years. On the other hand, the market share of exports of services is to “return” to the city, leaving purlieus for several reasons: high costs has in money getting more remarkable andthe distinguishable. The European market been and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the deemed as the main arena for Luxembourg’s exports of services. According to termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, statistical data of WTO, IMF, STATEC and Eurostat, more than 70% of Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous Luxembourg’s exports of services go to the EU (28 Member States) and more lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access to markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she back to London, than 60% to the Euro Area. Merely, around 12% --came 15% are exported in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and externally outside Europe. While world level, theresearch. degree brokers of Luxembourg’s University informal College of London, where sheat continued her social Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her workshare are characterized by a passion for justice. also: driven COLLINSby ENGLISH DICTIONARY. market inestate, worldetc., exports ofdepreciation services is See mainly the development and selling realCOLLINS for the initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: of global financial markets. Its contribution to the world’s exports of financial G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Graph 2: Luxembourg’s share of major economical indicators Concerns
services is significant, the ratio of these contributions is approximately 2500% larger than its population share. (Graph 2)
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1WTO, Source: IMF, Eurostat, gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” ofSTATEC, a cityisarea, the removal (in various Luxembourg's weak performance in exports of goods highlights Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, competitiveness issues both in terms ofetc. geographical orientation and product ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, However “change”,there regardless of specialization. The exportation of raw materials and manufacturing products the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof has also relative been steadily until the but showed whatever otherexpanding consequences has, results alsocrisis risinginof 2008, land prices (and the potential speculation). persistent losses in overall export market shares in the recent decade. It to is potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers associated with comparatively real wage increases the The term gentrification foundhigh atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refers the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property inindicating poor ofto the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas existence of labour market rigidities. Unit labour costs Luxembourg have London, upgrade them, stay of themselves andinthus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay sometimes andcountries, thus old residents are been rising much faster thanthemselves in European trading there partner driven to being indirectly “squeezed”. indirectly “squeezed”. abeing certain extent by the wage setting mechanism. However, exports of services A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth description ofperiod, thisthe phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth haveAmore than offset bad performance in exports of goods, GLASS at the same while similar in particularly other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major the financial Grand Duchy has been the main growth cities in Westernservices countries,inbythe other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied otherthe Researchers. momentum for the decades. economy’s reliance on financial Since then, issue Although has severalstrong scholars and for its more Since then,with the issue has several scholars andthe forhowever its more services comes an inherent risk, the exports of financial services comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from various comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations thetophenomenon of gentrification, the following: has turned thisof risk a new opportunity for the Grand Duchy. interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In aFurthermore, sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trendofofForeign a new of social Affairs groups Luxembourg's Ministry and European to “return” to the city, and leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high in money holds apermanent regular Diplomatic Conference in costs Luxembourg, and time to travel from the purlieusand to downtown, where work place lack of the bringing together ambassadors consuls-general, heads of is, cooperation 1.of The term comes from Sociologist RuthofGLASS, 1912-1940. Ruthand GLASS wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for offices of the at Grand Duchy, directors Luxembourg Trade Investment Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health,aseducation, entertainment “at the heart of of thethe city”, (possibly)for Offices (LTIOs) well as economic and trade attachés Chamber Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movementsof lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and NewEuropean York she came back toin London, Commerce and the Ministry of Foreign and Affairs order to in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and exchange views, communicate experiences, and set forth initiatives of in depth University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying cooperation with the international relations, and economic actors of her work are characterized by a passion for justice. Seepolitical also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling real estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: the State. Diplomatic conferences also organize several workshops involving Gentrification: G.outstanding ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aLuxembourg's variety of ways, in order Abstract. tofields achieve the “assisted”, (actually of exports such as“voluntary”, ICT and innovation,
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
environmental technologies, automotive and logistics sectors enabled companies, diplomatic representatives, and representatives of the ministries and the Chamber of Commerce to reflect together on the conveyed important messages, and provide opportunities to the Luxembourg diplomatic representatives around the world to share success experiences in trade and investment. All these efforts made by public bodies aim at achieving the State goals of promoting exports and investment, to provide an efficient strategy for By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS the Grand Duchy’s economic diplomacy, as well as to enhance the external Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, competitiveness of Luxembourg economy the world C. stage. By Mr. in George-Sp. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture
106
2.2 The Import dimension Technical University of Crete Luxembourg has always experienced a deficit in the balance of trade and approach: Defining the concept this1.isIntroductory not surprising due to its small territory and its affluent society, in need 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept of consumption. As mentioned recent World Bank World Trade ANTISTHENIS, the ancient in Greek philosopher, (444 BC - Integrated 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC was -“principle”: 370only BC, around Athens), among other wisestatistics, heritage he left us,in he established a great the Solutions (WITS) however, 2016 its imbalance among other wise he leftthe us,definition he established a (2017), greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. USD 6 billion. In fact,heritage World Economic Outlook Database UN comtrade acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content ofall concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term (2016) and National Statistical Institute of Luxembourg (2016), show the 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated afive first, if (in notwhich final, approach, the term gentrification) is the area Planning) (or gentrification decreasing trend in imports over the last years is of due to various 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various internal and external factors. Indeed, the country evolved into a mixed Sociology as well), the “refining” of a city area, the fromthere this, (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andbased theremoval placement of manufacturing andasservice economy, mainly on finance. The trade ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation art galleries, restaurants, However this “change”, regardless of balance with of other EU countries is very etc. polarised. The overwhelming majority the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the of the nation's trade has been with its EU partners. In terms of imports, theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential picture isrelative the same due the geographical position of Luxembourg. In fact, as potential relative speculation). The term is found at firstDatabasein the UK WITS in early 1960s and refers to estimated bygentrification World Economic Outlook (2017), UN itcomtrade The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor (2016), and the National Statistical Institute of Luxembourg (2016), the major the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof partners exporting to stay the themselves Grand Duchy are Germany Belgium London, upgrade them, sometimes there and(24,37%), thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. (22,90%) and France (11,52%), followed by the Netherlands (3,39%), Italy being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon in the work of Sociologist Ruth (2,69%) and UK (1,67%). (Graph 3) isisincluded A description ofperiod, this phenomenon included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar situations in other major Graph 3: same Luxembourg - geographic distribution of imports GLASS at the period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G.WITS, ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually Source: Comtrade? STATEC
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
In dealing with imports, as well as with exports, one can distinguish between trade relations inside and outside the EU. (Table 5), whereby totals of import flows to Luxembourg from other EU Member States are significantly higher compared to imports from the rest of the world. (Table 6). In fact, EU nations have provided 74,75% of Luxembourgish imports in 2016. On the other hand, the considerable amount of goods and services coming from countries like the US, Canada, Switzerland, China and Japan is not to be By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS underestimated. To deeply study these results, it is important to consider Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, what specific goods and services By areMr.demanded affluent Architect internal George-Sp.byC. the ATHANASSOPOULOS market of the Grand Duchy. Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
Table 5: Luxembourg - total imports from EU in USD 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 Partner Name ImportDefining (US$ Thousand) % ofBC totalimports ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, - 370 BC, Athens), World 19123618,19 100,00% ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the Germany 4659853,89 24,37% among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the Belgium 4379548,94 22,90% acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term France 2202919,25 11,52% 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in not final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) the area of Planning) (or gentrification Netherlands1 (and urban 649093,29 3,39% gentrification gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various Italy 514270,68 2,69% from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, United 319889,30 1,67% ways), of Kingdom social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of Spain 273230,28 1,43% the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof Poland other consequences 249788,45 1,31% whatever potential relative speculation). has, results also rising of land prices (and the Czech Republic 190267,02 0,99% potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to Luxembourg 136745,14 0,72% The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the Austria then observed trend126394,23 ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy 0,66% property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof Swedenupgrade them, stay 94472,01 0,49% London, themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Hungary 93902,28 0,49% being indirectly “squeezed”. APortugal description of this phenomenon is included in the0,45% work of Sociologist Ruth 85873,49 A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major Ireland 82484,94 0,43% GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Denmark 51906,16 0,27% cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars Slovakia 51298,35 0,27% and for its more Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized Finland 35739,23 0,19% from the various comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon following: Romania 24490,75 of gentrification, the 0,13% interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups Greece 18897,77 0,10% to “return” the purlieus for several reasons: Sloveniato the city, leaving 18734,57 0,10% high costs in money and Lithuania time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the 10145,49 0,05% 1.of The termat comes from6776,81 Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Croatia 0,04% Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Latvia 0,03% Youth Unemployment. The 6314,00 same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access markets, etc.where Bulgaria 4720,53 0,02% studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and Cyprus 2885,48 0,02% University informal where she continued her social research. brokers and long-term effort1905,19 by organized groups, manufacturers, buying EstoniaCollege of London, 0,01% Her publicofaction her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in Malta 1465,19 0,01% 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually Source: WITS
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
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Table 6: Total imports from non-EU in USD UnitedStates 1266979,23 6,63% Japan 501744,45 2,62% China 472219,25 2,47% Canada 238781,88 1,25% Switzerland 227341,09 1,19% Indonesia 107903,23 By Mr. George-Sp.0,56% C. ATHANASOPOULOS Vietnam 99771,50 0,52% of Design, Student, Harvard University, Graduate School By Mr. George-Sp.0,49% C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Sweden 94472,01 Architect Student of the School of Architecture South Asia 90296,04 0,47% Technical Korea, Rep. 88383,09 0,46% University of Crete Brazil 70959,00the concept 0,37% 1. Introductory approach: Defining Turkey 58958,10 0,31% 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, BC - 370 BC, Athens), Indiawise heritage 57026,18 0,30% ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the Source: WITS acquisition of knowledge starts with theconsumer of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, ifgoods not final, the term Imported products are mainly andapproach, services such as 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification food and beverage, clothing, furniture and household appliances, personal 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityequipment area, the removal from this,These (in various electronics, communication, transport and services. are Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income placement there of artists, followed by capital goods and raw materials. and The the nation also strongly depends ways), of social groups, usually of low-income thethis placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of on energy from other countries. Imports areand also influenced by significant the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the cross-border flows of workers, thus consumers of goods and services. Inof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative Luxembourg, the number of these people, called frontaliers , has reached the potential relative speculation). The term is found first in the UK inCommission, early 1960s and it refers to record scoregentrification of 176.000 per day inat2015 (European 2016 Annual The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor Report on intra-EU Labour Mobility: p.80). the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof Toupgrade conclude, despite adoptionsometimes of common trade and practices London, upgrade them, staythe themselves there andrules thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. has eased the “squeezed”. ability to conduct foreign trade, Luxembourg invests a being indirectly A description of this phenomenon is included in theMany work of of Sociologist Ruth significant amount resources in trade diplomacy. functions of A description ofof this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work ofthe Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar in other major embassies and consulates such as providing information, building trust or GLASS at the same period, situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, bywhile othersimilar Researchers. public involvement matter by asother muchResearchers. for imports as for exports. According to cities in Western countries, Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more van Since Veenstraet (2011), attracting business and imports the then,al.the issue indeed, has several below, scholars andtowards for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from the domestic economyapproach is considered to besummarized an essentialbelow, function of the economic comprehensive are being from various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: diplomacy. Each year, it is strengthened by a number of high-level visits and interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups specific trade missions to maintain the existing diplomatic connections and to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money create new ones. The responsible institutions and agencies (Ministry of and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Foreign and European Affairs, Ministry ofoutside Economy, of Commerce, 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born in sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies townChamber centres, for Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932and she take published an important study entitled: Luxembourg Trade & Invest, etc) organize part in numerous business services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youth Unemployment. The same year she left can Germany and after continuous about events andcost fairs where companies gather information new lower living of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc. studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where opportunities and establish profitable partnerships during round tables. In in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and 2017, as reported the by Official Agenda of Foreign Trade bybrokers the Chamber of long-term informal in effort organized groups, manufacturers, of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Commerce Luxembourg, a wide range of above-mentioned occasions took and selling real estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification 3. Foreign direct investment Concerns FDI has been an important factor in spurring economic growth due to its
place both in Europe and worldwide to deepen further exchanges and cooperation between Luxembourg and foreign markets. beneficial impacts on national economies. As indicated in Economy Watch (2010), FDIs can contribute to creating new jobs, technological improvements, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS boost regional development processes and allocate resources more efficiently Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, (transfer of knowledge and humanByskills). It also plays a role in attracting Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect additional tax incomes and helps integratingStudent regional businesses supply of the School ofinto Architecture chains of transnational companies. According to Technical Loungani,University P., &Razin, A. of Crete (2001), foreign capital flows have shown to be more resilient compared to 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept other financial flows, due to them getting repriced in times of crisis. Arrival of 1. Introductory approach: Defining the to concept a foreign company the onancient a market leads a higher competitiveness and ANTISTHENIS, Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -itself. 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the subsequently a higher competitiveness of the economy FDI's are among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a great the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content of“principle”: concepts.spillnecessary for developing andhe developed countries as they have positive acquisition of knowledge starts with thein definition the content concepts. Based, therefore, oneconomy this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term over effects from the to the technological sector andofsubsequently 1 (and urban Based,development therefore, onofthis inwhole. a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) indicated area of Planning) (or gentrification stimulate the“principle” society as ais 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various The volume of investments in a certain country depends on many Sociology as well), as the of anegative city area, the fromthere this, of (in various ways), ofwhich social groups, usually of low-income and theremoval placement factors can have a“refining” positive or effect on investments. Inartists, most ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. thisinvestment “change”, regardless of cases governments have a big influence onHowever their own climate. In the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the order to get a better understanding of a capital expenditure environment it isof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative firstly needed to present a few definitions. According to Warrick Smith and potential relative speculation). TheHallward-Driemeier, term gentrification is(2005) found at first in the UK climate in early presents 1960s and»the it refers to Mary the investment set of The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor location-specific factors shaping the opportunities and incentives for firms to the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and old residents areof invest productively, create and expand—focused on thus broad indicators London, upgrade them, stayjobs, themselves sometimes there and thus old residents of are being indirectly “squeezed”. country risk, often based on surveys of international experts and usually being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of thisscore phenomenon is included in As the argued work of by Sociologist Ruthresulting in a single for each the EBRD A description ofperiod, this phenomenon iscountry. included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar situations in other major Investment climate and governance, “moreover, the recorded European Bankmajor for GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were in other cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Reconstruction and Development states the investment climate is defined »by cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more a wide range of factors thatpreoccupied determine several whetherscholars domestic foreign Since then, the issue has andand for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the investment happens: by the soundness of macroeconomic policies, the comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: strength of economic and political institutions, the functioning of the legal and interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups regulatory framework, the quality of infrastructure and other services, to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money amongst others”. and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the The relevance of Sociologist Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) for the The term from Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasglobal born in sense1.of safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, for better Berlin, where shebeen made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: economy has massively emphasized since the 1990s because of services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous for globalization and more particularly, more capital flows around the world. lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, Policy-makers, both developed and emerging have increasingly in According 1943 she published studies regarding city planning.economies, In 1950 sheto became teacher in the toinanother approach, the phenomenon is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public and made more effortseffort to attract FDI. Some of their policies include and long-term informal by organized groups, manufacturers, brokersfiscal ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. financial incentives well as depreciation measures to enhance theof local regulatory and selling realCOLLINS estate, as etc., for the initially of part the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: environment and the costs of doing business (UNCTAD, 1999). The rationale G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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behind these policies stems from the empirically proved positive effects of inward FDI for the host economy. Some of these effects include, inter alia, productivity gains, technology transfers, the introduction of new processes to the domestic market, managerial skills and know-how, employee training, international production networks, and access to markets (Alfaro et al., 2000). However, FDI's contributions to the development of a country are highly dependent on domestic market conditions of the host economy determining By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS not only the quantity but also the quality of FDI. These conditions Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, embrace−but are not limited to− theBypolicy environment of the local country, Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect productive assets available, the stock of human capital, and Student of theinfrastructures, School of Architecture development of local financial markets fostering access to credit (GuglerP. & Technical University of Crete Brunner, S., 2007, McKinnon, R. I., 1973). In this regard, the Grand Duchy of 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Luxembourg presents all these conditions to attract high quality FDI. As this 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 current paper underlines, Luxembourg represents a truly story as a ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC success - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other he left us, he established a inward great the country whichwise hasheritage increasingly strived benefits from foreign direct among other wise heritage he left us, he established acompetitive greatof“principle”: the acquisition ofThis knowledge starts with the definition of concepts. investment. success is not only explained bythe thecontent domestic acquisition ofcountry, knowledge starts with theefforts the content of concepts. Based, on but this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term market of therefore, the also by the of policy-makers and specialized 1 (and urban Based, on this “principle” inideal a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the and term gentrification) indicated area of Planning) (or gentrification agencies totherefore, promote Luxembourg as anis destination for FDI. Time 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various space concerns prevent this paper from providing a complete detailed picture as well), as the “refining” of aevolution, city area, from this, of (in various ways), social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement there artists, ofSociology the of Luxembourgish economy, its and the role played by FDI. ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation ofitart galleries, restaurants, this “change”, of Nevertheless, offers a good summaryetc. ofHowever the country situation regardless in terms of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the inward foreign direct investment, the main actors in the promotion of theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential country’srelative economy, and the main strengths of the economy to attract potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to investors. The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof 3.1 upgrade Outward foreign investment London, them, stay direct themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Following the 4th edition of the benchmark definition of FDI given by being indirectly “squeezed”. description of2008), this phenomenon is included in the work ofinvestment Sociologistmade Ruth theAOECD (OECD, FDI “is a category of cross-border A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major by a resident insame one economy (the similar direct investor orwere parent) with the objective GLASS at the period, while situations recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. ofcities establishing acountries, lasting interest in an enterprise (the direct investment in Western bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more enterprise or affiliate) thathas is resident in anseveral economy other than thatits ofmore the Since then, the issue scholars andthe for comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from various direct investor”. As the name already implies, outward FDIfrom are the the various direct comprehensive approach are being summarized below, interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: investments (expressed in year-endofstocks, income and annual flows) that the interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is due togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups domestic companies are investing in a foreign partner country. Outward FDI to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money can take different forms: by building up an operational branch of a domestic and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the company fromatcomes the ground in residencies a foreign country or by aRuth foreign company’s 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. GLASS wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed outside town centres, search for Berlin, wheremerger she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: acquisition, or expansion by the domestic company. services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for YouthReasons Unemployment. The same year she left FDI Germany and afterand continuous for carrying out outward are various dependent on the lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, investors position and possibilities: investors from developed countries, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public and which areinformal usually in theby possession of sufficient capital forbrokers investment, are long-term effort organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. profiting from “market andthe trade conditions, production costs, domestic and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: business conditions, and home government policies” (Al-Sadig, A.J., 2013) and G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
/ or more generally from the access to further resources and new markets, which is especially lucrative, if the domestic market is already saturated. Investors from developing economies can additionally profit from “intangible capabilities in the form of additional knowledge, skills, technological upgrading, managerial expertise and a brand’s goodwill” (Knoerich, J., 2017). As developed countries are in a more beneficial economic position for investing, they still represent today the most important source of outward FDI By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS in the world, as they make out around 72 to 74 % of outward FDI in 2015 Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, (UNCTAD, 2017). However, developing countries haveC.shown to profit from By Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect their outward FDI returns as well and thus showed a rapid increase in the past Student of the School of Architecture years (Knoerich, J., 2017). This fits the observation, that the worldwide FDI did Technical University of Crete increase as a result of globalisation and the promotion of free capital flow 1. Introductory approach: (Andersen, C. J.et al., 2013). Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Developing countries have a become a significant recipient of outward ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: BC, Athens), among wise heritage he lefttous, he established a great the FDI andother the investments carried their economy represent a370 key source of among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he 2017), established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. their financial development (UNCTAD, explainable among other acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, the therefore, on this “principle” atofirst, not final, approach, the term through worldwide commitment theif of promotion of sustainable 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in not final, approach, the term gentrification) is the area of the Planning) (or gentrification development, the demand for the opening of new markets or need for 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various more resources. This dependency however, can especially lead in developing Sociology well), as the “refining” a city area, removal this, (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe the placement of countries toasinfluential takeovers ofofforeign states and actorsfrom onthere far more than ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the art galleries, restaurants, of the operation economicof level (UNCTAD, 2017). etc. However this “change”, regardless the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the The Luxemburgish outward FDI follows the example of the alreadyof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential portrayedrelative inward FDI and attests once more Luxembourg’s remarkable potential relative speculation). The termsituation gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to economic and high interconnection with foreign markets (OECD, The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor 2017). With an outward FDI stock of 353 % and outward FDI flows of 59,30 % the then observed trend of wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay in themselves and thus residents areof ofLondon, the country’s total GDP 2016, thesometimes results lie far above theold average of the upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. European Union “squeezed”. (stocks of 57 % and flow of 2,86 % of GDP), the US (stocks of being indirectly this%) phenomenon is included the work of Sociologist Ruth 34 A %Adescription and flow ofof 1,61 or China (stocks of 12 in % and flow %) (OECD, description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded workof of1,97 Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major 2016a + 2016b). GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. However, this unusual is connected to some inconsistence, as cities in Western countries, byoutcome other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more Luxembourgish flows are characterized by an elevated volatility: Since then, outward the issueFDI has several below, scholars andthe for its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from various while the world approach average ofare outward FDI flows inbelow, the last decade was comprehensive being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: continuously stable and ranged between a minimum of 1,65 % and a interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups maximum of 2,70 % of total GDP, the Luxembourgish outward FDI numbers to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money faced numerous mosttodramatic being in 2008 as a result and time to travel crashes, from the the purlieus downtown, where work place is, lackof of the the world economy crisis, during which the Luxembourgish outward flow, 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASSFDI wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for Berlin, where reached she made aher firstof studies. important study after having peak 144 %Inof1932 GDPshe inpublished 2007, fellan dramatically to entitled: 21 % services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly) Youth Unemployment. TheThis samevolatility year she left Germany and after continuous of GDP (OECD, 2016a). is however explainable, as FDI flows canfor lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, vary dueshe to published large mergers and acquisitions and asInLuxembourg is being home in According 1943 studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and to many multinational and banks, which were highly long-term informal effortenterprises by organized(MNE’s) groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. affected during the world economy crisis. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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Considering the worldwide average outward FDI stocks, the values were 23,8 % of GDP in 2005 and, with an exceptional and non-consequential drop in By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS 2008, constantly increased to finally reach 38 % in 2016. Although the Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, evolution of the Luxembourgish outward FDI stocks C. value was similar and By Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect increased as well constantly since 2012, this process took place a total Student of the School of on Architecture different dimension: from 228 % in 2012 to the already mentioned 353 in Technical University of% Crete 2016, the tenfold of the EU-standard. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept In this regard, it is worth to compare Luxembourg with Ireland, which as 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept only country in thethe EUancient can show similar numbers and when it ANTISTHENIS, Greek philosopher, (444 BCevolutions - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage heFDI. left us, he established aLuxembourg, great the comes the country’s outward Ireland is, similar to known as among other wise heritage he left us,definition heimplications established aare great acquisition of for knowledge starts with the of the content of“principle”: concepts. tax heaven foreign MNE’s, which without doubt the a acquisition ofdriving knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term fundamental force of the country’s economy. Being highly dependent 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on competitive this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification on keeping the country to is attract investments of foreign MNE’s, 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various the range of Irish outward FDI is dependent on the countries inward FDI as Sociology as well), the “refining” of a city area, from this,flows (inartists, various ways), of social usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement there of well. Similar togroups, theas case of Luxembourg, the Irish outward FDI and ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, etc. However this “change”, regardless of stocks are characterized by restaurants, a certain volatility and by key numbers per capita the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the ranging far above the World and EU-level. However, the Irish outward FDIof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative stocks (273 % of GDP in 2016) (OECD, 2016b) are still below the potential relative speculation). The term gentrification found at firstFDI in the UK(57,23 in early and and it refers to Luxembourgish level and is the outward flows %1960s in 2015 14,61 The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor % in 2016) draw a picture that the Irish economy seems to be more the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and old residents areof vulnerable for the fluctuation due to the developments of thus the global economy London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. (OECD, 2016a). “squeezed”. being indirectly A description of thisforeign phenomenon included in the work of Sociologist Ruth Outward directisis investment: geographic and sectoral A3.1.2 description ofperiod, this phenomenon included inwere the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar situations recorded in other major distribution GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Bearing in mind Luxembourg’s outstanding outward FDI figures, it is no cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more surprise thethe small-state is playing a leading rolescholars on the EU as more it is Sincethat then, issue has several andlevel, for various its comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from the indeed carrying out 40 % of all the EU’ssummarized outward FDI below, flows. Infrom 2016, the total comprehensive approach are being the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: ofinterpretations the Luxembourgish outward FDI amounted 4,192,454 Million Euro and the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups generated an income of around 17 % of GDP, which was mostly achieved via to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money activities of affiliates on the foreign markets (Eurostat, 2017). and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the As unfortunately noSociologist precise data found on how much outward FDIin The termat comes from Ruth was GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS wasbetter born sense1.of safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: was carried out by which precise Luxembourgish companies to which services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youth Unemployment. Thethe same year she left Germany andthe after continuous countries orcost sectors in past years, only a car list easier of recipient countries lower living of, “withdrawal” from private access to markets, etc.and studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where sectors of Luxembourgish outward FDI can be given and discussed. The 10 in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and most important countries, received 83,3 % of the total outward FDI long-term informal effort by which organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. from Luxembourg in 2016, were the followinginitially (STATEC, 2016b): and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
Table 7: Luxembourg – outward FDI – geographical distribution 2016 1) the US (992,655 Million Euro/ 23,67 % of Luxemburgishoutward FDI) 2) the UK (660,886 Million Euro / 15,76 % of Luxemburgishoutward FDI) 3) the Netherlands (656,377 Million Euro / 15,65 % of By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Luxemburgishoutward FDI) Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, 4) Switzerland (381,582 Million Euro / 9,10 % of C. ATHANASSOPOULOS By Mr. George-Sp. Architect Luxemburgishoutward FDI) Student of the School of Architecture 5) Ireland (313,201 Million Euro / 7,47 % of Technical University of Crete Luxemburgishoutward FDI) 1. approach: Defining concept 6)Introductory Germany (106,705 Million Euro /the 2,54 % of 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, theFDI) ancient Greek philosopher, Luxemburgishoutward theMillion ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the 7)ANTISTHENIS, Belgium (104,368 Euro / 2,48 % of among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the Luxemburgishoutward FDI) acquisition of(97,717 knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, not final, approach, the term 8) Cyprus Million Euro / 2,33 % of if of 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Luxemburgishoutward FDI) 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various 9) France (97,523 Million Euro / 2,32 % of Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement Luxemburgishoutward FDI) ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the10) operation art galleries, restaurants, etc.% However this “change”, regardless of Canadaof(81,487 Million Euro / 1,94 of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the Luxemburgishoutward FDI) whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor Source:STATEC (2016b) the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Table 8: Luxembourg – outward FDI – sectoral 2016 being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major 1) Financial and insuranceactivities (3.397,116 Million Euro) GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. 2) in Professional, scientific and technicalactivities (460,963and Million cities Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars for Euro) its more 3) Activities of head offices (447,567 Million Euro) Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various 4) Otherfinancial service activities (225,801 Million Euro) interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the retailtrade phenomenon of thecategory following: and (177,946 Million Euro) In5)a Wholesale sense, theof phenomenon is due togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups 6) Manufacturing (120,779 Million Euro) to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money 7) Information andthe communication (28,343 Million Euro)place is, lack of the and time to travel from purlieus to downtown, where work 8) Basic metals (28,257 Million Euro) 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and Source:STATEC (2016b) University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Luxembourgish outward FDIforisjustice. predominantly carriedENGLISH out to developed her work are characterized by a passion See also: COLLINS DICTIONARY. and selling real estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of partofof the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: economies. The US, being the worldwide largest recipient outward FDI and Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. wetzel/gentry.htm athe variety of ways, in order to achieve the holder “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually world’s biggest economy, ishttp://www.uncanny.net/ the of the biggest share of
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Luxembourgish investments. Speaking about the reasons why Luxembourgish domestic companies are investing outward FDI, we can undeniably see the dominance of the insurance, finance and banking sector, which suits the image of Luxembourg being the EU’s “most open economy” (Gouvernement du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, 2017), while 80 % of exports are indeed services: investing and expanding into foreign markets, where Luxembourgish services are already being acquired, seems to be more than a logical step. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Furthermore, it seems that Luxembourgish investors are seeking to create Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, branches and subsidiaries abroad inBy order to make business (especially in the Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect EU, where the investment activities are facilitated through the single market), Student of the School of Architecture while still profiting from the beneficent conditions on Luxemburgish territory Technical University of Crete and without being limited by the size of the domestic market of the small 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept state. 1. At Introductory Defining theSpecial conceptPurpose this stage,approach: theancient importance (SPE’s) for ANTISTHENIS, the Greek of philosopher, (444 BCEntity - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he to leftbeus, he established a great the Luxembourg’s economy needs pointed out: not(444 only did-“principle”: SPE’s activities among wise heritage leftthe us, heincome established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge startsahe with definition of the content concepts. from all other sectors generated very high of 3,131,687 Million Euro acquisition of knowledge with the the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition aoffirst, if of not final, approach, the term (STATEC, 2016a), but thestarts outward FDI SPE’s reached mostly countries, 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a alia first,the if (in not final, approach, the term gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification where SPE’s play a significant role (inter Netherlands or Belgium) 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various (Eurostat, 2017). Thus, more than 74 % of the total of Luxembourgish Sociology as has well), “refining” of a SPE’s, city area, the from this, of (indue various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and theremoval placement there artists, outward FDI toas bethe associated with which are up for criticism to ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of the of art restaurants, etc.assets However this “change”,free. regardless of the operation possibility of galleries, transferring financial consolidation Inartists, this the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the regard, it is worth mentioning that offshore-finance centres were recipients ofof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative Luxembourgish outward FDI as well, although with a minor share of 5,716 potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to Million in 2016 (STATEC, 2017a). The term gentrification is found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property inrise poor Furthermore, all listedwealthy sector experienced a continuous in the last the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof years: especially the results of the financial and insurance activities and the London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. professional, scientific and technical activities are outstanding as their income being indirectly “squeezed”. description of this phenomenon is included in the work ofthis Sociologist Ruth hasAA almost doubled since 2012 (STATEC, 2016a). However, development description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major appears less surprising considering the importance of the banking sectormajor for GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. the Luxembourgish economy and that the most attractive sectors for cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more companies from the developed countries are including services and technologySince then, issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from based activities (UNCTAD, 2017). comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups 3.2 Inward foreign direct investment to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Last on the Luxembourg FDI where highlywork emphasize and time to figures travel from purlieus toinward downtown, place is,an lackoverall of the good1.of performance the Sociologist country economy. The1912-1940. inward FDI stock – the value The termat comes from Ruth GLASS, Ruth GLASS wasbetter born in sense safety theof distributed residencies outside town centres, search for Berlin, whereinvestors’ she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an importantresident study entitled: of foreign equity in and net loans to companies in services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year is sheworth left Germany and after continuous for Luxembourg for the year 2016 351% of total GDP: an outstanding lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, result, especially if compared with other developed (35%),in UK in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In economies: 1950 sheto became teacher the to another approach, the is due a U.S. systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and (53%), Germany and France groups, (28%) manufacturers, (OECD, 2016a).brokers Similarof figures long-term informal(23%) effort by organized buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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appear when comparing inward FDI flows2 as share of GDP for the year 2016; while in Luxembourg such value stands at 65% of GDP, in other countries it is markedly lower: U.S. (2.5%), UK (9%), Germany (0.3%), and France (1.1%) (OECD, 2016a).
3.2.1 Inward foreign direct investment: geographical and sectoral distribution
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, More precisely, a report published by the Institut nationalArchitect de la By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS statistiqueet des etudes économiques duStudent Grand-Duché de Luxembourg of the School of Architecture (STATEC) in 2013 identifies the main contributors to theUniversity country'sof Crete FDI Technical
activities. A major role is played by “Special Purpose Entities (SPEs)", i.e. 1. Introductory approach: Defining concept activities of transferring capital fromthe non-residents to other non-residents 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept which employ little or staff and have little or no(444 productive in the ANTISTHENIS, theno ancient Greek philosopher, BC - 370activity BC, Athens), the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he SPEs left us, he established a on great the hostANTISTHENIS, economy. However, as have little effect national economy among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he a greatof “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with theamount content concepts. activity, they statistically distort data onestablished the of real of inward FDI. acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, this “principle” a first,FDI if of not final, approach, the term Therefore, once SPEon activity is deducted from data, Luxembourg loses its 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on inward this “principle” initindicated aremains first, if (in not final, approach, gentrification) ofspot Planning) (or gentrification leadership position for FDI, butis inthe thearea top asthe farterm as 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various commitments per capita go with 229 million euros, ahead of the UK (137,000 Sociology as well), asKong the “refining” of aeuros) city area, the fromthere this, (inartists, various ways), ofand social groups, usually of low-income and theremoval placement of euros) Hong (103,000 (Genson, 2013). Other large ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of the operation of art galleries, etc. However this “change”, regardless of contributors correspond torestaurants, well-known companies, many of which areartists, also the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the the main employers of the Luxembourg economy such as Amazon,of whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative ArcelorMittal, BGL BNP Paribas, Cargolux, Delphi Automotive, DuPont de potential relative speculation). The termDussmann, gentrification is found at first inG4S the UK in early Husky, 1960s and refers to Nemours, Compass Group, Security, JPit Morgan, The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor Mercedes-Benz, RTLgroup, or Vodafone. the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. This list also suggests that the main investors in Luxembourg are the being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included the work of the Sociologist OECD member countries with a stable share ofinin 98%: while share ofRuth the A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar were in other major European Union amounts at nearly 83%, the United States are the largest nonGLASS at the same period, situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, bywhile othersimilar Researchers. EU investor in Luxembourg with aResearchers. relative share of 16% (2000) and 11% cities in Western countries, by other Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more (2005, 2010) respectively 2013). Finally, STATEC analysis of its inward Since then, the issue (Genson, has several scholars andthe for more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from various FDI stocks between 1995 and 2012 identifies the main interested sectors: comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: banking, insurancetheand manufacturing. While in 1995 inward FDI for the interpretations phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups banking sector accounted for 43% of the total, seventeen years to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: highlater, costs it inalmost money doubled (76%), thus confirming the dominance of the banking sector and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lackin of the the Luxembourg economy 2016c). By 1912-1940. contrast, investments inbetter thein 1.of The termat comes from(STATEC, Sociologist Ruth GLASS, Ruth GLASS for was born sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, search Berlin, where she made her firststable studies. In 1932the shesame an important study while entitled: insurance remained during period (nearly 4%), services of sector health, education, entertainment “at published the heart of the city”,movements (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left highest Germany increase and after continuous manufacturing is the sector with the of inward FDI: if itfor lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc. studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, where accounted only 15% of the totalthe in 1995, it more doubled during in the in According 1943 shefor published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 she teacher the to another approach, isthan due tobecame a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and following years peaking of totalgroups, inwardmanufacturers, FDI (STATEC, 2016d). long-term informal effortatby37% organized brokers of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 2 the value of cross-border transactions increasing the investment that foreign investors have G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually in enterprises resident in the host economy.
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Part of this success is due to the constant efforts by a number of actors in the field of economic promotion. Though such actors do not only deal with issues regarding inward FDI, we shall briefly present them in relation to this topic. First, Luxembourg for Business and Innovation (Luxinnovation) is an official agency run by the government which promotes the Grand Duchy as a platform for foreign investors and constantly publishes documentations on the country’s economy (Luxinnovation). Similarly, Luxembourg for Finance is By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS an institutional agency for the promotion of the local financial sector Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, providing information on products andGeorge-Sp. services for potential investors By Mr. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect (Luxembourg for Finance). Third, the National Credit and ofInvestment Student of the School Architecture Institution is a public-law banking establishment for the financing of Technical University of Crete Luxembourg based companies providing, inter alia, subsidies and loans to 1. Introductory approach: Defining concept newly incorporated or inherited SMEs the (SNDI). Fifth, the Luxembourg Chamber 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept of ANTISTHENIS, Commerce: it assists companies to settle in Luxembourg, thus the ancient Greekwishing philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, among other wise heritage hewith left us, he established athe great the providing potential investors documentations on(444 economic andAthens), social among other heritage he leftthe us,definition he the established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. environment ofwise the country (LCC). Finally, various Luxembourg Trade and acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content ofSeoul, concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term Investment Offices set outside Europe (e.g. Dubai, New York, Tokyo, 1 (and urban therefore, on this in a first, ifin not final, approach, the term gentrification) indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification etc.)Based, offer their assistance to“principle” potential is investors Luxembourg concerning 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various investment opportunities, the establishment of a company, its financing and Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement questions about recruitment (LTIO). ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the 3.2.2 Reasons for attracting inward foreign direct investment whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). TheAs term gentrification is found at first in by theLuxinnovation UK in early 1960s and itthere refersare to reported by an official document (2017), The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor ten main reasons to choose to invest in Luxembourg. First, given its the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof geographical location, Luxembourg represents “anthere excellent gateway” to easily London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. reach the major“squeezed”. European markets corresponding to 60% of the EU’s GDP. being indirectly A description this phenomenon is includedspecialization in the work of in Sociologist Ruth This further of facilitated by the country’s cross-border Aisdescription ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major activities which makeperiod, the Grand Duchy the third most globalized economy in GLASS at the same while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. the world (2017 KOF Index of Globalisation). Second, flexible and attractive cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more legalSince framework andissue policies as well as open-mind public authorities and then, the has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from administrations make Luxembourg a truly businessbelow, friendly economy. For comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: example, the government has established a community income tax and interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups business tax exemption up to 25% for the first 8 years for start-up businesses. to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Third, with the 2nd lowest government debt ratio in the EU (Eurostat, 2017), a and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the consistent growth EUresidencies average (Luxinnovation, 2017), and as the 8thin 1.of The term from the Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS was born sense safety atcomes theabove distributed outside town centres, for better Berlin, where she made her first studies. In2017b)), 1932 she Luxembourg published an important study entitled: most competitive economy (STATEC, presents itself as a services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly) Youth and Unemployment. The samefor year she left Germany and after continuous for stable reliable economy international companies looking for economic lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, certainties. Fourth, theapproach, dynamism of the Inlabour market and in the in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. 1950 sheto became teacher the to another the is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and competitiveness of effort the salaries make the Grandmanufacturers, Duchy a highly attractive work long-term informal by organized groups, brokers of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. environment appealing highly employees andofemployers from abroad. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theskilled depreciation initially part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Indeed, according to Expat Insider Working Abroad Index 2016 (Internations, G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
2016), Luxembourg scores the best results as the best place for expats to build a career. Fifth, among the skills distinguishing the country’s workforce compared to other economies there is the fluency in three or more languages which makes it easier and more advantageous to deal with international clients. According to the Eurobarometer (2012), Luxembourg is at the top among all EU member states in terms of the average number of languages spoken by the population (3.6 languages). Sixth, as highlighted by the By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS presence of significant leaders in internet and global innovation such as the Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Japanese company Rakuten, Luxembourg offersC. ATHANASSOPOULOS outstanding Architect digital By Mr. George-Sp. infrastructures making the country a trusted and highly secure data hub Student of the School of Architecture (Luxinnovation, 2017). Seventh, the Grand Duchy ranks second in the world in Technical University of Crete terms of global logistic capabilities (World Bank’s Logistic Performance Index 1. Introductory approach: the concept 2016) thank to the ongoingDefining development of air, road, rail and waterway 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept infrastructures connecting the Greek countryphilosopher, with the rest Europe and Athens), beyond. ANTISTHENIS, the ancient (444ofBC - 370 BC, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -public 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he us,range he established a great “principle”: the Eighth, Luxembourg offers a left wide of private and financing among fostered other wise he leftthe us,definition he established a institutes, greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge with of the content concepts. sources notheritage onlystarts by its well-developed financial but also by acquisition of knowledge starts with the of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, ifR&D not final, approach, the term the government strategy to promote investment, and innovation through 1 (and urban Based, therefore, this “principle”For inindicated aexample, first, if (in not final, approach, the term gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification specific loans, grantson and incentives. the Luxembourg Future 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Fund is a €150 million fund investing in innovative European technology for Sociology as well), as the “refining” ofinstitutional a city area, removal from this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually ofand low-income andthe the placement SMEs. Ninth, distinct policies measures hasthere favoured the ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However thiswell “change”, regardless of social and economic inclusiveness of the country as as invested in its the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the multicultural identity which attract and welcome foreign nationals. Finally,of whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative despite the high costs of living, Luxembourg and its job opportunities offer a potential relative speculation). The term gentrification found first healthcare in the UK ininearly 1960s (The and itLegatum refers to high quality of life couplediswith theatbest the world The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor Prosperity Index, 2016). the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Despite uncertainties about the global economy, Luxembourg has seen a being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the workthus of Sociologist steady increase of inward FDI during the last years, confirmingRuth its A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar inliterature other major favourable climate for foreign investment as well as the academic on GLASS at the same period, situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, bywhile othersimilar Researchers. both FDI effects and conditions. Indeed, The Luxembourg government has not cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more onlySince put inthen, placethe measures to make the country evenscholars more attractive issue has several andthe forfor itsFDI more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from various tax benefits, equipment and are construction - but also special agencies for the comprehensive approach being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: promotion of the Grand Duchy as an ideal destination for potential investors. interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups As growth is projected to strengthen significantly to 4% by 2019in(OECD, to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs money 2017b), the comparative advantages of Luxembourg compared with other EU and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the member states are further foster inward FDI theRuth country. 1.of The termat comes from to Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety thelikely distributed residencies outside townincentres, search Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth4. Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Official development assistance lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her socialand research. Her public action and The informal Organization Economic Cooperation Development long-term effortfor by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of(OECD) buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. first coined the term Official Development Assistance (ODA) in web, 1969, and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: providing the global standard for indicating international aid flow between G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
countries. ODA is defined as official financing or technical co-operation administered to developing countries with the main objective of promoting economic development and welfare (OECD, 2018). Loans must be concessional in nature with a grant element of at least 25 percent, and cannot be for military purposes or paid to private individuals. ODA is excluded from the other two categories of aid from OECD donors, namely Official Aid (OA) and Other Official Flows (OOF), which may differ in aims or not contain the 25 By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS percent grant element.
Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Roughly 85 percent of the world’s ODA flows come from the thirty Student of the School of Architecture members of the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee In of 2016, Technical (DAC). University Crete
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the gross amount of total aid flows from DAC countries reached its peak of 1. 142.6 Introductory approach: Defining concepttrend is primarily due to the USD billion (OECD, 2017c). Thisthe increasing 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept realization of the the international community that(444 in BC order reach the ANTISTHENIS, ancient Greek philosopher, - 370toBC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among otherDevelopment wise heritageGoals he left us, he established a great the Millennium (MDGs) fixed in 2000, more generous and among other wise leftthe us,be headopted established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge startshe with definition of the content concepts. more effective aid heritage principles must (Luxembourg Ministry of acquisition of knowledge starts with theaid of the content of concepts. Based,Affairs, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition aflows first, ifare not final, approach, the term Foreign 2008). International mainly oriented towards 1 (and urban Based, social therefore, this “principle” inindicated a first, notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) is (in area of Planning) (or gentrification improving and on economic infrastructure andif services, as well as general 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various humanitarian aid (OECD, Official bilateral commitments by sector), which Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement of conforms to the global commitment of meeting the MDGs ofthis, eradicating ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, However this “change”, of poverty, improving access to healthcareetc. and education, as well asregardless promoting the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the economic growth. whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). The4.1 term gentrification is found atdevelopment first in the UK inassistance early 1960s and it refers to Luxembourg’sofficial quantitative The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor trends the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Luxembourg plays a strong role in global initiatives to aid developing being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon the work ofmultilateral Sociologist Ruth countries by financing diverse setisisincluded ofincluded needs,inin with and A description ofperiod, this aphenomenon the many work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar situations were recorded in otherofmajor bilateral partnerships in place. Luxembourg has been a member the GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Development Assistance Committee (DAC) since 1992, and has demonstrated cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more a commitment to The Paris Declaration several that was reformed under the Since then, the issue has scholars andthe for its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from various Luxembourg EU Presidency in 2005 (Luxembourg Ministry offrom Foreign Affairs, comprehensive approach are being summarized below, the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: 2008). Under a large cross-party consensus in Parliament behind The Paris interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups Declaration, Luxembourg developed a clear strategy to reach its in goals of to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs money improving the quality of aid and its impact on development, including interand time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the governmental coordination, evaluating and mechanisms 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside townplanning centres, for Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: (Luxembourg Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2008). ODA flows from Luxembourg services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous are realized by the cooperation between the Ministry ofaccess Foreign Affairs and its lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, implementing agency for Development Co-operation, Lux-Development (Luxin According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University College London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and Dev), as well as ofother NGOs (Luxembourg Ministry ofofForeign long-term informal effortDevelopment by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Affairs, 2008). and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
Luxembourg was considered the DAC’s second most generous donor after Sweden in 2014 (OECD Peer Review, 2008). For the same year, the By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS United States was the highest donor in gross terms (at 33.1 billion USD) by Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, nearly double the amount in secondBy place (19.31 billion USD from theArchitect United Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Kingdom) (Figure 1). Despite these substantial sums, the US ranks quite Student of the School of Architecture poorly in meeting the UN Target of 0.7 percent ofTechnical a country’s total gross University of Crete national income (GNI), while the UK falls directly on it. In 2014, Luxembourg 1. Introductory approach: the donated an impressive 1.06 Defining percent of itsconcept GNI to ODA – 0.36 percent higher 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept than the UN target and 0.67 percent than the effort ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek higher philosopher, (444average BC - 370country BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, thepercent ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BCwas -“principle”: 370 Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established aODA great the (Figure 2). One hundred of Luxembourg’s total in BC, the form of amonginother wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a great the acquisition of knowledge starts with ofhas the content of“principle”: concepts. grants 2014 (OECD, 2016c). Luxembourg nine priority partner acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a Least first, ifDeveloped not final, approach, the term countries, including some of the world’s Countries (LDCs) 1 (and urban this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notODA final, approach, the and term gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification and Based, fragile therefore, states. In on 2014, 44.4 percent of bilateral went to LDCs 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various 27.8 percent went to fragile states (OECD, 2016c). Bilateral ODA from Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the from this,million (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually low-income and theremoval placement there of Luxembourg primarily goes toofsub-Saharan Africa, totalling 127.2 in ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of the operation art galleries, restaurants, However thisGNI “change”, regardless of 2014 (OECD, of 2016c). At 0.43 percent ofetc. Luxembourg’s in 2014, total artists, ODA the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the to LDCs far exceeds the UN target of 0.15 percent of GNI (OECD, 2016c). whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification is found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor Graph 4: Luxembourgwealthy – net ODA amounts - 2014 the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in Source: OECD 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
Graph 5: Luxembourg – net ODA as percentage of GNI - 2014
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1OECD Source: gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually and placement there of Graph 6: Luxembourg – of netlow-income ODAetc. trends inthe volume as a share of artists, GNIthe operation of art galleries, restaurants, However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless 1999-2015 whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and Source: OECD University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
4.2 Luxembourg’s official development assistance policy and objectives In 2014, Luxembourg developed its Action Plan for Development Effectiveness 2014 - 2016 based on the Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation which developed out of Busan in 2011 (Directorate for Development Cooperation, 2014). In this document, Luxembourg commits to goals like strengthening the local private sector in developing countries and By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS strongly supporting the inclusive finance sector. The microfinance labelling Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, agency LuxFlag emerged out of efforts by the Ministry of Foreign and By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect European Affairs (MFEA), contributing to theStudent strength of the inclusive finance of the School of Architecture sector in Luxembourg and internationally. The MFEA also initiated the Technical University of Crete Luxembourg Microfinance and Development Fund (LMDF), which facilitates 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept access to microcredit loans to individuals or groups in developing countries. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Other initiatives work thephilosopher, private sector provide expertise in ANTISTHENIS, thedirectly ancient with Greek (444toBC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage us, he established a great the particular fields such as ICT he andleft renewable energies.(444 Luxembourg’s “Business among other wise heritage leftthe us,and he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with definition of theenterprises content concepts. Partnership Program” putshe small medium (SMEs) in acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content ofcountries. concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” awith first,SMEs if of not approach, the term developed countries in direct partnership infinal, recipient 1 (and urban Based, on this “principle” is infinances a first, ifand notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) indicated (in area of Planning) (or gentrification Usingtherefore, ODA resources, Luxembourg advises on a number of 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various other economic strategies in developing countries. Known as one of the Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a Luxembourg city area, from this, of (inartists, various ways), ofmost social groups, usually of itself, low-income andthe theremoval placement there world’s notable tax havens donates an estimated USD ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants,activities etc. However regardless of 663,000 of its ODA to tax-related in this its “change”, partner countries to the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the maximize the use of their domestic resources (OECD, 2016). With the aim ofof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative integrating their partner countries into the world economy, contributing to potential relative speculation). The term their gentrification is found first in the UK in and itthat refers to improving partners’ tradeatperformances is early key, 1960s a trend has The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor increased by around 1.7 percent each year since 2013 (OECD, 2016). In line the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof with other Sustainable Development (SDGs), Luxembourg assured London, upgrade them, stay themselvesGoals sometimes there and thus oldhas residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. USD 46.7 million“squeezed”. to the Green Climate Fund – an organization which facilitates being indirectly A description this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth climate finance inofof developing countries Review, A description this phenomenon is(OECD included inwere the 2016). work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar situations recorded other major In the OECD Development Co-operation Peer Review forinLuxembourg GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. 2017, Luxembourg is praised forResearchers. its generosity and high levels of aid cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more effectiveness. The document outlines additional efforts that could be in Since then, the issue has several scholars andthe formade its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from various order to build onapproach existing achievements. While Luxembourg hasthe a various strong comprehensive are being summarized below, from interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: development policy level of policy coherence,the thefollowing: OECD identifies the interpretations theand phenomenon In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new category of social groups need to link it more closely to “other policy instruments”, suchcosts as the SDGs to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high in money (OECD, 2017). Per their recommendations, the concept of development and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the cooperation should continue to expand under efforts to increase people’s 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS for was born in sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, search better Berlin,of where she made her first studies. Inthat 1932 could she published an important study entitled: sense “world citizenship”, a role be taken on by the various services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youth Unemployment. The same 2017). year sheOn leftthe Germany and after continuous ministries and NGOs (OECD, topic of partnerships, Luxembourg lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, could on studies its approach, framework for identifying selecting partner in According 1943improve she published regarding city planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another the phenomenon is and due a systematic and University informal College London, where continued her social research.(OECD, Her public and organizations in ofline with the she results it aims to achieve 2017). In long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. addition, more possibilities could be recognized through the green finance and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: sector in Luxembourg, which it should use to form “innovative partnerships” G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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(OECD, 2017). Evaluation of ODA in Luxembourg is well-organized and administered by three separate but closely-linked entities: the Quality Control Division of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Lux-Dev, and ad-hoc evaluation committees such as partner NGOs. While improvements could be made in the aforementioned areas, efforts are already relatively effective (OECD, 2017). Luxembourg is highly international with nearly 50 percent of its population being foreigners (Statista, 2018). Residents favor an international By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS mindset when it comes to economic tactics, part of which can be achieved Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, through ODA partnerships. Luxembourg’s policiesC.orient around Architect meeting By Mr. ODA George-Sp. ATHANASSOPOULOS the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals, focusing on Student of the School of Architecture measurable impact, shared interests and co-financing, as well as an adherence Technical University of Crete to social, environmental, and fiscal standards. In addition, foreign aid allows 1. Introductory approach: the concept donor countries to pursue Defining their own foreign policy objectives, whether 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept economic, ideological, security-related (Apodaca, Extending the ANTISTHENIS, the or ancient Greek philosopher, (4442017). BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 among other wise he left us, he established apractice great the grant element of heritage ODA loans is considered good(444 andBC, a Athens), future among other wise heritage left us, he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge startshe with definition of the content concepts. requirement for DAC members, athe standard that Luxembourg has already acquisition of knowledge with the definition the content of concepts. Based,(KfW, therefore, on this a first, if of not final, approach, the term adopted 2017). Asstarts a“principle” result of in Luxembourg’s political and economic 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on “principle” in a first, 1if percent notthe final, gentrification) indicated (in area of Planning) (or gentrification stability, the country is this able to donate is roughly ofapproach, its total the GNIterm to 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various recipient countries every year, a commitment which stems from the goal to Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of groups, usually low-income and theremoval placement extend itssocial influence beyond theofborders of the European Union. ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the 5. Conclusions whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). Luxembourg, since its independence from the Netherlands in 1867, has potential relative speculation). The term gentrification found and at first in the UKrelations. in early 1960s to focused on building good is foreign diplomatic It is and one itofrefers the six The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor founding members of the European Union. As a strong supporter of the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus residents areof multilateral organizations, is also a member of the Council ofold Europe, OECD, London, upgrade them, stayitthemselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. NATO, United Nations, and International Monetary Fund for example. The being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this several phenomenon is included in the workinof its Sociologist small country hosts European organizations capital:Ruth the A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major Secretariat-General of the European Parliament, the European Court of Justice, GLASS at the same period, situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, bywhile othersimilar Researchers. the European Investment Bank, the European Court of Auditors, some cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more departments of the European Commission, the European Investment Fund, the Since then, the issue has several scholars andthe for its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from various European Financialapproach Stability Facility, andsummarized the European Financial Stabilization comprehensive are being below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Mechanism. For this Luxembourg City is sometimes referred to as one interpretations thereason, phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups of the three capitals of the European Union alongside Brussels and Strasbourg. to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money In terms of economy, Luxembourg is very open with one of highest and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is,the lack of the GDP1.per capital levels the residencies world. ItGLASS, isoutside a booming financial marketplace, termat comes frominSociologist Ruth 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born in sense ofThe safety the distributed town centres, for Berlin, where she150 madebanks, her first studies. In 1932 sheforeign published an important study entitled: housing almost most of which are from all over the world – services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and afteriscontinuous for not just Europe. Because of its small size, Luxembourg dependent on other lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, countries inpublished terms ofstudies trade. Its main import-export areteacher Germany, in According 1943 she regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became in the to another approach, the is partners due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public and France, Belgium, theby Netherlands, as wellmanufacturers, as the United brokers States and China long-term informaland effort organized groups, ofaction buying work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. inherthe restreal of estate, the world.for Asthe to depreciation Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), mostweb, of in it and selling initially of part of the urban 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS etc., SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: comes from other countries in the European Union, into the banking and G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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insurance sectors. Luxembourg is also committed to Official Development Assistance (ODA), reaching the United Nations’ commitment to donating at least 0.70% of Gross National Income (GNI). Trade, FDI, and ODA, the three main tools of economic diplomacy are thus present and well-functioning in Luxembourg. This paper has studied trade in terms of both imports and exports. Luxembourg, following globalization trends, has gone beyond only bilateral By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS agreements. As an EU Member State, it is succumbed to certain exclusive Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, supranational competences, such as By trade The European Commission is Mr. policy. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect an important negotiator, and keeps in line with the Member States’ wishes as Student of the School of Architecture well as the overall good. Nonetheless, Luxembourg’s tradeUniversity diplomacy is Technical of Crete important, and not limited to its size. There are various national bodies within Introductory approach: Defining the concept the1.country such as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs that are responsible for 1. Introductory approach: Defining the conceptand promoting nationalthe interests. Other philosopher, agencies ANTISTHENIS, ancient Greek (444specific BC - 370governmental BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -As 370anBC, Athens), among other are wiseall heritage he in left us, he established a great “principle”: the departments involved conducting trade missions. economic among other wisetoheritage he leftthe us,definition he established a great the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content of“principle”: concepts.trade diplomacy effort build closer ties, Luxembourg has established acquisition ofatknowledge starts theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term departments its embassies inwith Berlin, Brussels, and Paris. At the worldwide 1 (and urban therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if notthe final, approach, term gentrification) is (in of Planning) (or gentrification level,Based, Luxembourg enacted trade and investment offices inarea China, India,the Israel, 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, the United Arab Emirates and USA. Sociology as well), as “refining” of a city area, the removal this, (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income the placement there of Luxembourg is the experiencing a deficit inand the balance offrom trade, partly due ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of to its small size. Imports have nevertheless becomethis a bit less important over the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the the years. Luxembourg imports significantly more from other EU countriesof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential than therelative rest of the world combined, 74.75% in 2016 to be precise. potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in theas UK in early 1960s and it refers to Luxembourg imports goods and services such food, beverages, clothing, and The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor bigger goods such as transport equipment as well. These imports are followed the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof by capital goods and raw materials, as well as energy. London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Luxembourg exports much less than it imports. Nonetheless, its main being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon includedtires, in theand workcars. of Sociologist Ruth goods are for instance iron blocks,isisrubber The country’s A description ofperiod, this phenomenon included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar situations in other major industry is the characterized bywhile innovation, business,were and recorded finance. in Therefore it GLASS at same period, similar situations other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. comes as no surprise that its main exported services are in the financial cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more sector, followed by personal/cultural serviceseveral exports. It can be the Since then, the issue has scholars andsaid forthat its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from the various export of servicesapproach is much more important for Luxembourg thanthe export of comprehensive are being summarized below, from various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: goods. Additionally, if trade contribution of exports is measured by population interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups to GDP ratio, Luxembourg’s export of financial services is to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: highapproximately costs in money 2,500% than its the population and timelarger to travel from purlieusshare. to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Luxembourg thusSociologist no stranger correctly conducting trade for in terms The termat comes from Ruthto GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS was born in sense1.of safety theis distributed residencies outside town centres, better Berlin, where she made her first studies. In up 1932agencies she published an its important study entitled: of economic diplomacy. It has set with most important services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youth Unemployment. Theexpand same year she left Germany and afteras continuous partners, and aims to its horizon worldwide well. The national lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, institutions are working together incity harmony private sector, in According 1943 she published studies regarding planning.with In 1950 she teacher and in the to another approach, the phenomenon isthe due tobecame a systematic and Universityare College where she her social research. Her risk public and together ableof London, to establish newcontinued partnerships. There is no inaction losing long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Luxembourg’s main import-export partners.initially The balance ofthe trade deficit is and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation of part of urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: normal because of the size of the country. And notwithstanding, the amount of G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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financial services exported by Luxembourg offsets any other bad performance, making it an efficient and competitive economy in the world. The second instrument of economic diplomacy is Inward and Outward Foreign Direct Investments (I/O-FDI). A country is keen on attracting FDI, and sometimes even makes fiscal and financial incentives. IFDI is very important for a country, as it shows very positive effects on the economy, for example productivity gains, technology transfers, and employee training. To attract By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS FDIs, the domestic market conditions such as infrastructures and productive Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, assets must be of a high quality. Luxembourg is very C. successful in attracting By Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect inward foreign direct investment, thanks to its promoting actors as well as its Student of the School of Architecture strong economy. Technical University of Crete 2016’s figures show that the IFDI is worth 65% of the total of 1. Introductory approach: concept Luxembourg’s GDP. Special Defining Purpose the Entities (SPEs) are one of the main 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept activities, that is, transferring capital from non-residents to BC, other nonANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left he established a great the residents. Large companies, some ofus, which are headquartered in Luxembourg among wiseemployers heritage us, he established a agreat the acquisition knowledge startshe with the definition of the content of“principle”: concepts. and are other theofmain of left the country, also have huge effect on the acquisition knowledge starts with the content ofisconcepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, the if of not final, approach, term economy. Asoffar as investments fromthe countries, United States thethe largest 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” insectors a first, that if (in notattract final, approach, the term gentrification) indicated the area of Planning) (or gentrification non-EU investor. As expected, the mainis FDI are banking, 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various insurance, and manufacturing. Sociology as well), asjust the “refining” city area, from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually andthe theremoval placement there artists, Luxembourg, like of in low-income itsof atrade efforts, has also set upof various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation ofand art galleries, etc. However “change”, of organizations agencies restaurants, for promoting FDIs. Thethis public sectorregardless has set up the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the Luxembourg for Business and Innovation; Luxembourg for Finance; Nationalof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative Credit and Investment Institution; and of course various Luxembourg Trade potential relative speculation). term gentrification found at first in thewhere UK in early 1960s investors and it refersare to andThe Investment Offices is around the world potential The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor offered assistance. There are many reasons as to why Luxembourg is the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas of London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents attractive for Foreign Investment. Its smallthere size and location offer are for London, upgrade them,Direct stay themselves sometimes and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. easy investment in cross-border activities; it is a business-friendly economy being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon included in the of Sociologist offering fiscal incentives for start-upsisisfor example; it work recovered fast fromRuth the A description ofperiod, this phenomenon included inwere the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar situations recorded in other major crisis, and has the second lowest government-debt ratio in the EU, offering a GLASS at the same period, situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, bywhile othersimilar Researchers. stable economic environment; the Grand Duchy attracts skilled employees cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more thanks to then, its competitive salaries; the use of 3-4scholars languages in Since the issue has several andthe forworking its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from various environments as well as the are international expat community’s language skills comprehensive approach being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: offer an advantage for international clients; Luxembourg is advancing quickly interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups in Information and Communication Technologies; and the country to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costsiningeneral money enjoys a high quality living. and time to travel fromofthe purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Luxembourg a very welcoming environment for IFDIs. As toin The termat comes fromoffers Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born sense1.of safety thethus distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where she made herInvestments, first studies. InLuxembourg 1932 she published anshowing importantremarkable study entitled: Outward Foreign Direct is also services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youth Unemployment. Themarkets. same year OFDI she leftmeasured Germany and continuous importance in foreign to after 59.30% ofmarkets, the country’s lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, GDP in 2016. The measurement is highly volatile,Ingiven that the banking in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. 1950 she teacher and in the to another approach, the is due tobecame a systematic and Universitysector College of of London, where she her social research. Her public and financial Luxembourg arecontinued the most important, it is normal that in long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 2008, the real percentage fellfordramatically, andinitially has now risen back up. web, It has and selling estate, etc., theCodepreciation of part of the urban in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: actually risen to the point of Luxembourg being a leader in the EU, and G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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actually carrying out 40% of all of the European Union’s OFDI flows. The recipients are a bit different to Luxembourg’s usual partners: the USA, the UK, the Netherlands, and Switzerland have the highest percentages of Luxembourgish outward FDI, respectfully. The usual partners, i.e. Germany, Belgium, and France are also in the top 10, nevertheless. SPEs are just as important for OFDIs as it is for IFDIs. The sectors are coherent with Luxembourg’s strengths: finance, insurance, professional, and scientific above By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS all. Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, ODA is the third and final element ofGeorge-Sp. economic diplomacy this paper has By Mr. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect described. Luxembourg is committed to helping developing countries. It has Student of the School of Architecture been financing several countries, through both bilateral partnerships Technical University of and Crete multilateral organizations’ platforms such as the United Nations. Since the 1. Introductory approach: the concept 2005 Paris Declaration on Defining Aid Effectiveness, Luxembourg is dedicated to 1. Introductory approach: Defining theimpact concepton improving the quality of aid Greek and its development. this ANTISTHENIS, the ancient philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, For Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370asBC, among otheras wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the instrument well, theancient state has well-established actors theAthens), Luxamong other wise heritage he leftthe us,development he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with definition of the content concepts. Development organization, and other NGOs are of also active. The acquisition of knowledge starts with the the content of concepts. Based,oftherefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, not final, approach, the term Ministry Foreign Affairs also plays a large roleifinof establishing foreign aid. 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated agenerous first, if (in notdonor final, approach, the term gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification Luxembourg was the second most after Sweden in 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various 2014. Additionally, it has out-reached the UN target of 0.7% GNI to become Sociology as well), asitthe “refining” of a city area, from this, of (in various ways), social groups, usually of low-income andthe the placement there artists, ODA toof1.06%. All of was in the form of grants. Itsremoval partner countries include ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.as However “change”, of several in sub-Saharan Africa, as well other this fragile statesregardless and artists, least the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the developed countries. Luxembourg’s most important sector, finance, is alsoof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential importantrelative for development. The country allows for loans in developing potential relative speculation). The term found at firstLuxembourg in the UK in is early 1960s and it refers to countries in gentrification fields such asis ICT, where a leader in knowledge The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor and know-how. It is a highly generous country, and sees the benefit of all of its the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof partners developing, leading them to the path of globalization. London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. All in all, Luxembourg’s economic diplomacy strategy is working well on being indirectly “squeezed”. description of this phenomenon is included in theand work of Sociologist Ruth all A three fronts: Trade, Foreign Direct Official Development A description ofperiod, this phenomenon isInvestment, included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar situations in other major Assistance. The country haswhile aneffective and efficient system of actors where GLASS at the same period, similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. each organization has a specific which is communicated to the other. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied otherrole, Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Luxembourg’s sectorhas is that of bankingseveral and finance. This is for used its Since then,main the issue scholars and itstomore comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from the various advantage when conducting any form ofsummarized diplomacy. Not only does itthe make the comprehensive approach are being below, from various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: country a strong player in trade, theofsector allows for a following: great share of the GDP interpretations the phenomenon the In a sense, theof phenomenon is due togentrification, a trend of a new category of social groups to grow thanks to Inward and Outward Foreign Direct Investments. And lastly, to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money the country shows great generosity in its Official Development Assistance and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the strategy. It targets countries’ specific needs, as for example leastin 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASSthe wasbetter born sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for Berlin, wherecountries she made her first studies. In 1932 shedeveloping published an countries important study entitled: developed receive grants, and receiving services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youth Unemployment. The same she left Germany anddevelop after continuous Luxembourgish assistance in year know-how to further important sectors lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, ofinthe economy. Luxembourg is a leader in the European Union’s economic 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the According to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College London, where shein continued her research. brokers Her public and diplomacy, and itofwill onlyby expand the years tosocial come. long-term effort organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Usingreal Luxembourg, as the a case study forinitially evaluating economic diplomacy and selling estate, etc., for depreciation of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: of small states, and after analysing Luxembourg’s economic diplomacy in G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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terms of trade, FDI and ODA, we argue that size is not a determinant of a state’s economic diplomacy success, the Grand Duchy has made proof that without shying away, the country dared to compete successfully in the globalised markets using an efficient and effective, well developed economic diplomacy.
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Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, References By Mr.S.George-Sp. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Alfaro, L,, Chanda, A., Kalemli-Ozcan, & S., Sayek, C. 2000. FDI and Economic Student of the School of Architecture Growth: The Role of Local Financial Markets, Journal of International Economics Technical University of Crete Volume 64, Issue 1. Al-Sadig, A. approach: J., 2013. Outward Direct Investment and Domestic 1. Introductory DefiningForeign the concept Investment: the Case of Developing Countries. IMF Working Paper, WP/13/52. 1. Introductory approach: Definingphilosopher, the concept ANTISTHENIS, - 370 BC, Athens), Andersen, C. the H., ancient Madsen,Greek B. & Klausen, S. (444 V., BC 2013. Foreign Direct ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the Investments.Monetary Review, Second Quarter 2013:103-118. among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. Arndt, R., T., 1991.Cultural Diplomacy: Nurturing Critical Junctures. Volkan, acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if not final, approach, the term V., Montville, J. and Julius, D. (eds.): pp. 25-40. 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification Baldwin,(and 1985.Economic STATECraft. Princeton: Princeton University 1D.A., gentrification (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Press. Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways),Bayne, of social usually low-income andEconomic the placement there of artists, N.groups, &Woolcock, S.,of2007. The New Diplomacy: Decisionways), ofAnd social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, etc. However “change”,there regardless of making Negotiation inrestaurants, International Economic Relations. International the operation ofconsequences art galleries, etc.also However regardless whatever other has, results risingthis of “change”, land prices (and theof rdEdition.restaurants, Economic Relations.3 whatever other consequences has, results rising of landMacmillan. prices (and the potential relative Berridge G.,speculation). 2002. Diplomacy: theory andalso practice. Palgrave potential relative speculation). TheChamber term gentrification isCommerce found at first inLuxembourg the UK in early 1960s and it refers to of & International The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor Affairs(CCL),2017.Foreign Trade Support and Official Agenda 2017. the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof Chambre de Commerce Luxembourg (CCL), http://www.cc.lu/accueil/ London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. (last access on 15th January 2018). being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this2012.Special phenomenonEurobarometer is included in the work of Sociologist Eurobarometer, 386: Europeans and Ruth their A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major Languages. GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities inEuropean Western Commission, countries, by 2016 otherAnnual Researchers. Report on intra-EU Labour Mobility. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars Luxembourg, and for its more European Commission,2014. Macroeconomic Imbalances Since then, the issue has several scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs. below, http://ec.europa.eu comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: /economy_finance/publications/occasional_paper/2014/pdf/ocp183_en.pdf interpretations of the phenomenon the following: 2004.Regulation 883/2004. In aEuropean sense, theCommission, phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend(EC) of aNo. new category of social groups European Investment Fund (EIF), Luxembourg Future Fund, to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money http://www.eif.org/what_we_do/resources/lff/index.htm( last place accessis,on 15th and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work lack of the 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in January 2018). sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin,Eurostat, where she2017a.Foreign made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: direct investment http://ec.europa.eu services of health, education, entertainment “at thestatistics. heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for /eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Foreign_direct_ investment_statistics lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, (last assessed 08.01.2017). in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University College of 2017b. London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and Eurostat, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521 long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. /7826125/2-23012017-AP-EN.pdf/2c7f83e4-7db7-42e0-b6f8-bee8d10f6fa2 and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: (last access on 15th January 2018). G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
Genson, G., 2013. Regards sur les investissements directs étrangers (IDE), STATEC, Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques. Gouvernment du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, 2017. Luxembourg ranks third in the ICC's Open Markets Index 2017.http://www.luxembourg. public.lu/en/actualites/2017/07/21-icc-omi/index.html (last assessed 08.01.2017). Gugler, P. & Brunner, S., 2007. FDI Effects on National Competitiveness: A By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Cluster Approach, International Advances in Economic Research, Volume 13, Issue Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, 3. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Hey, J.K., 2003. Luxembourg: where smallStudent works (and hurt), of thewealthy Schooldoesn’t of Architecture in: Hey, J.K. ed. Small States in World Politics: Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior. Technical University of Crete Lynne Rienner Publishers. London. 1. Introductory Defining the2017. concept Internationalapproach: Monetary Fund (IMF), World economic outlook. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept http://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/W ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), EOWORLD andwise heritage ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other he left us, he established(444 a great the http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/index.aspx. among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the Internations, 2016.The Best to Build Career, acquisition of knowledge starts withPlaces theindefinition the content ofTheir concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a for first,Expats if of not final, approach, the term 1 https://www.internations.org/expat-insider/2016/working-abroad-index( Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the last term (and urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1January access on 15th 2018). gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various Knoerich, J., 2017. How does outward foreign direct investment contribute Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, toways), economic development in restaurants, lessofadvanced countries?Oxford Development of social groups, usually low-income and thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, etc.home However “change”,there regardless of Studies Journal, Volume 45, Issue 4, 2017. the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof KOFrelative Index of Globalization,has, 2017.https://www.kof.ethz.ch/en/news-andwhatever otherspeculation). consequences results also rising of land prices (and the potential events/media/press-releases/2017/04/kof-globalization-index-2017.html (last potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to access on 15th January 2018). The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor Kurecic, P.,them, 2017. Small states and regional economic integration in the the then observed trend of wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade stay themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof multipolar world.Regional differences in the levels of integration and patterns London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents of are being indirectly “squeezed”. small states’ vulnerability.World review of Political Economy. Vol.3, No. 3, Fall being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth 2017. A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major Luxembourg's Development Cooperation, 2014.Action Plan For GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Development Effectiveness 2014-2016. Annual Report 2014, Directorate for cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Development Cooperation. Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from Luxembourg approach for Finance, http://www.luxembourgforfinance.com/en (last comprehensive are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: access on 15th January 2018). interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In aLuxembourg sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups Trade & Investment Office (LTIO), https://www. to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus(last for several high costs in money tradeandinvest.lu/invest-in-luxembourg/ access reasons: on 15th January 2018). and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Luxinnovation, https://www.luxinnovation.lu/ (last access on 15th January 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, 2018). Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at & the heart of the city”, (possibly) Trade Investment, Ten Good Reasonsfor YouthLuxinnovation Unemployment. (2017), The sameLuxembourg year she left Germany and after continuous movements lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, tostudies Choose Luxembourg. in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and McKinnon, R.I., 1973. Money and Capital in Economic Development University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Washington: Brookings Institute. her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: National Statistical Institute of Luxembourg(STATEC),2016.Statistical Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm adatabase: variety http://www.statistiques.public.lu. of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2018.Development Co-operation Report 2016: The Sustainable Development Goals as Business Opportunities. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2018.DAC Glossary of Key Terms and Concepts. Organisation for Economic By Co-operation and C.Development (OECD), Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASOPOULOS 2018.DAC Glossary of Key Harvard Terms and Concepts. University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Organisation for Economic By Co-operation and C.Development (OECD), Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect 2018.Detailed aid statistics: Official bilateral commitments by sector.OECD Student of the School of Architecture International Development Statistics. Technical University of Crete Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 2017a.Luxembourg – Trade and Investment Statistical Note.International Trade, 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Foreign Direct Investment and Global Value Chains, Report 2017. ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 OECD BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, Athens), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2017b. among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the among other wise heritage he left us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: Luxembourg Economic forecast (November 2017), acquisition of -knowledge starts with the of thehttp://www.oecd.org/eco content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. /outlook/economic-forecast-summary-luxembourg-oecd-economic-outlook.pdf Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term (lastBased, access therefore, on1 15th 2018). on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term (and January urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and Organisation Economic Co-operation and 2017c. gentrification urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom area(OECD), of Planning) (or Sociology as well), asfor the “refining” of a cityisarea, the Development removal this, (in various Development Aid Rises Again in 2016. OECD, 11 Apr. 2017. Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, Organisation for usually Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), ways), of social groups, of low-income and the placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”,there regardless of 2017d.OECD Development Co-Operation Peer Reviews LUXEMBOURG 2017. the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof Organisation for Economic Co-operation and rising Development 2016a. whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also of land(OECD), prices (and the potential relative FDI Flows.https://data.oecd.org/fdi/fdi-flows.htm#indicator-chart (last assessed potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to 08.01.2017). The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor Organisation for Economic Co-operation andproperty Development (OECD), the then observed trend of wealthy people to there buy in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof 2016b.FDI Stocks. https://data.oecd.org/fdi/fdi-stocks.htm#indicator-chart (last London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. assessed 08.01.2017). being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), AOrganisation description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major 2016c.Luxembourg: Member Profiles.Evaluation in Development Agencies. GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Organisation for Economic Co-operation Development (OECD), cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has severaland scholars and for its more 2014.Final Officialthe Development Assistance Figures in 2014. Since then, issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various Organisationapproach for Economic Co-operationbelow, andfrom Development comprehensive are being summarized the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: (OECD),2008.OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment.4th interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups edition 2008. to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the 2005.Paris Declaration and Accra Agenda for Action. termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Peter H. K. & Schuller, G., 2009. Theshe Evolution Market Share of Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 publishedof anthe important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly) Youth Unemployment. year sheServices, left Germany and afteretcontinuous Luxembourg’s ExportsThe of same Goods and Economie Statistiques Workingfor lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies andSTATEC. research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, papers du in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and Société Nationale de where Créditshe et continued d'Investissement, (last University College of London, her social https://www.snci.lu/ research. brokers Her public action and long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying access onare 15th January 2018). her work characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, of in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London on 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: STATEC, 2017a.Net annual income foreign direct investment Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. wetzel/gentry.htm aLuxembourg variety of ways, order to achieve “assisted”, “voluntary”, 2012 -in 2016 according tohttp://www.uncanny.net/ thethe extended directional principle.(actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, http://www.statistiques.public.lu/stat/TableViewer/tableViewHTML.aspx? Definition, of intervention, (last ConcernsTypes of Gentrification ReportId=14005&FldrName=4&Language=fra&MainTheme=5&RFPath=112 assessed 08.01.2017). Concerns STATEC, 2017b. MD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2017 et Digital
Competitiveness Ranking,http://www.statistiques.public.lu/fr/actualites/economieBy Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS finances/competitivite/2017/06/20170601/index.html (last ofaccess 15th Harvard University, Graduate School Design,on Student, January 2018). By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect STATEC, 2016a.Net year-ending foreign position of Student investment of the School of Architecture Luxembourg by partner 2012-2016 according to Technical the extended directional University of Crete principle. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept http://www.statistiques.public.lu/stat/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?Repor 1. Introductory the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), tId=15415&IF_Language=eng&MainTheme=5&FldrName=4&RFPath=112%2c15 ANTISTHENIS,approach: the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), 399(lastother assessed among wise08.01.2017). heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: STATEC, 2016b.Net year-ending foreign direct investment position the of acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. acquisition ofbyknowledge starts with thein definition content of concepts. Luxembourg activity 2012 - 2016 according tothe the extended directional Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term principle. gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification http://www.statistiques.public.lu/stat/TableViewer/tableView.aspx(last Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various assessed ways), of 08.01.2017). social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, STATEC,2016c.Inward FDI stocks (in millions EUR) 1995 – the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless 2012.http://www.statistiques.public.lu/stat/TableViewer/tableViewHTML.aspx? whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof ReportId=15487&IF_Language=eng&MainTheme=5&FldrName=4&RFPath=112 whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative %2c15484 (last access on 15th January 2018). potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to STATISTA.Luxembourg: Foreigners 2007-2017. The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK https://www.statista.com/ in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor The Legatum Prosperity Index, 2016.http://www.prosperity.com/ rankings the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof (last access on 15th January London, upgrade them, stay2018). themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. van Veenstra, M.,phenomenon L., E., H., Yakop, M., & in van P., A., G., 2011. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this is included theBergeijk, work of Sociologist Ruth Economic diplomacy, trade and developing countries. Cambridge Journal of A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recordedSociologist in other major Regions, Economy and Society 4.2 (2011): 253-267. GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. World Bank’s Logistic Index, 2016.https://lpi.worldbank.org cities in Western countries, byPerformance other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more /international/global. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from World Trade Organization (WTO),2017. Trade Profiles(Luxembourg) - WTO comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Statistics Database http://stat.wto.org/CountryProfile/ WSDB interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups CountryPFView.aspx?Country=LU&Language=F. to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money World Integrated Trade Solution.2017. Luxembourg Trade Statistics and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the (2016): https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/LUX/Year termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, /2016/Summary. Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly)for YouthUN Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements comtrade (COMTRADE), 2016. Statistical database: lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came to back to London, https://comtrade.un.org/. in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and UNCTAD, Investment Reporther 2017 – Investment theaction Digital University College2017.World of London, where she continued social research. brokers Herand public and long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Economy. Geneva: UnitedbyNations Publication. her work are characterized a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. The Free Encyclopedia: UNCTAD, 1999.Foreign Direct Investment andWIKIPEDIA: Development. G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually United Nations, Sustainable Development Goals.
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Συγκριτική μελέτη του δικαιώματος GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, της μη αυτοενοχοποίησης, όπως παρουσιάζεται Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification στον Ελληνικό Κώδικα Ποινικής Δικονομίας σε αντιδιαστολή με το Concerns αυτό δικαίωμα, όπως υιοθετείται
σύμφωνα με την 5η Τροπολογία (Δίκη και Τιμωρία) By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS του Συντάγματος των Η.Π.Α
Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Του κ. Ορέστη Ν. ΨΑΛΛΙΔΑ, LL.B, B.B.A, M.Sc, M.P.A Student of the School of Architecture Νομικού, Διεθνολόγου, TechnicalΟικονομολόγου University of Crete
Λογιστή-Φοροτεχνικού Α’ τάξης (σε αν/λή άσκ.),
1. Introductory approach: Defining theτ.concept Ελεγκτικό Προσωπικό Σ.Ο.Λ Α.Ε 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the To Σύνταγμα των Η.Π.Α είναι οphilosopher, υπέρτατος νόμος των Ηνωμένων among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the Πολιτειών της Αμερικής.starts Το Σύνταγμα τέθηκε σε ισχύ το 1789 και έχει acquisition of knowledge with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 τροποποιηθεί είκοσι φορές. Σεisinγενικές οι δέκα Based, therefore, onεπτά this “principle” a first, ifγραμμές, notthe final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) indicated (in area ofπρώτες Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification τροποποιήσεις γνωστές ως from Διακήρυξη των Sociology as well), as(τροπολογίες), the “refining” of a city area, the removal this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” ofπροστασίες a city area, removal fromthere this, (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe the placement of Δικαιωμάτων, παρέχουν ειδικές της ατομικής ελευθερίας ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of και της δικαιοσύνης καιrestaurants, θέτουν etc. περιορισμούς στο εξουσίες της the operation of art galleries, However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof κυβέρνησης. Ηconsequences πλειοψηφία των also δεκαεπτά μεταγενέστερων whatever otherspeculation). has, results rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). τροποποιήσεων (τροπολογιών) ταinμέτρα προστασίας των The term gentrification is found at επεκτείνει first in the UK early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to 1 the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of ατομικών δικαιωμάτων . the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are η Τροπολογία (1791) του Συντάγματος τον ΗΠΑ αναφέρει πως Η 5upgrade London, them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. «Κανένας άνθρωπος δεν μπορεί να κατηγορηθεί για έγκλημα being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofή this phenomenon is situations includedεάν inwere the work of Sociologist Ruth αφαίρεσης άλλο σοβαρό έγκλημα δεν του απαγγελθούν GLASS at theζωής same period, while similar recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Westernαπό countries, by other Researchers. κατηγορίες σώμα ενόρκων, εκτός από περιπτώσεις που cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars for its more προκύπτουν κατά την σε στρατό ξηράς ή στο and ναυτικό ή Since then, the issueυπηρεσία has several scholars andthe for various itsστην more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from πολιτοφυλακή, σε καιρό πολέμου ή δημόσιου κινδύνου, ούτε θα comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations of the phenomenon of thecategory following: απαγγελθούν σε κανέναν γιαofτοa new ίδιο έγκλημα δύο φορές, In a sense, theκατηγορίες phenomenon is due togentrification, a trend of social groups to “return” the city,να leaving the purlieus for several highεναντίον costs in money ούτε είναιtoδυνατό υποχρεωθεί κανένας να reasons: καταθέσει του and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the εαυτού του σε υπόθεση για κακούργημα, ούτε θα αφαιρεθεί σε κανένα termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, ηBerlin, ζωή,where η she ελευθερία ή studies. η περιουσία χωρίς αρμόζουσα δικαστική made her first In 1932 she entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at published the heartan ofimportant the city”,study (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for διαδικασία, ούτε θα αφαιρεθεί περιουσία για δημόσια χρήση χωρίς lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, 2. approach, in According 1943αποζημίωση» she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the δίκαιη to another the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 2
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
Η επίκληση του προνομίου (η επίκληση του οποίου γίνεται μόνο όταν το πρόσωπο που καταθέτει δίνει επίσημη κατάθεση, π.χ. στο δικαστήριο) που δίδει η 5η τροπολογία, επιτρέπει σε έναν ανακρινόμενο να αρνηθεί να απαντήσει σε ερωτήσεις όπου οι απαντήσεις που θα έδιδε, θα μπορούσαν να τον ενοχοποιήσουν. Η 5η τροπολογία του Συντάγματος των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών είναι μέρος By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS του Χάρτη των Δικαιωμάτων προστατεύει πρόσωπο από το να Harvardκαι University, Graduateένα School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect υποχρεωθεί να είναι μάρτυρας εναντίον του εαυτού του σε μια ποινική Student of the School of Architecture υπόθεση. Προβλέπει πως ο κατηγορούμενος δεν μπορεί να υποχρεωθεί Technical University of Crete να αποκαλύψει είτε στην αστυνομία, είτε σε εισαγγελέα, είτε σε 1. Introductory Defining the concept πληροφορία η οποία θα δικαστή, είτε σε approach: σώμα ενόρκων οποιαδήποτε 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, μπορούσε να τον ενοχοποιήσει ή να χρησιμοποιηθεί εναντίον του στο ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other3 wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the . δικαστήριο among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the η Τροπολογία λοιπόν, θεσπίζεται το δικαίωμα του Στηνtherefore, acquisition of5knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 Based, therefore, on μη this “principle” is inindicated a first, Η if (in not final, approach, the term ανακρινόμενου αυτοενοχοποίηση. κυβέρνηση δεν έχει τη (andστην urban gentrification) the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various εξουσία να εξαναγκάσει κάποιον να καταθέσει εναντίον του εαυτού Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement του. Αυτός είναι ο λόγος για τον οποίο σε μια δίκη χρησιμοποιούνται ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of αποδεικτικά στοιχεία και μάρτυρες, αντί της κατάθεσης the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (andτου theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences also rising of land pricestenetur (and the κατηγορουμένου. Πηγή αυτήςhas, τηςresults ρήτρας ήταν η ρήση “nemo potential relative potential relative speculation). 4, όπου The termaccusare” gentrification is foundουδείς at first in άνθρωπος the UK in early 1960s and it refers to υποχρεούται στην seipsum The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor ενοχοποίηση του trend εαυτούwealthy του. people Το προνόμιο εναντίον της μη the then observed to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof αυτοενοχοποίησης είναι και δεν μπορεί ναthus χρησιμοποιηθεί London, upgrade them, stayπροσωπικό themselves sometimes there and old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. από ή για λογαριασμό κάποιου νομικού προσώπου, όπως μια εταιρία. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the εταιρεία same period, while similar situations were recorded other major Έτσι, μια δεν μπορεί να αντιταχθεί για inλόγους μη GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. αυτοενοχοποίησης σε κλήτευση των αρχείων και των βιβλίων της5. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Ένας μάρτυρας ήταν σεsummarized θέσηseveral να επικληθείτο προνόμιο σε Since then, the issueανέκαθεν has scholars and for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being below, from the comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various κάθε διαδικασία κατά την διάρκεια της οποίας, μαρτυρία απαιτείται interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, theηfollowing: interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups από το νόμο, όταν η απάντησή του θα μπορούσεfollowing: να χρησιμοποιηθεί to “return” του to theστην city, leaving the purlieus for several high costs in money εναντίον εν λόγω διαδικασία ή σε reasons: μια μελλοντική ποινική and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the διαδικασία ή comes ότανfrom θα Sociologist μπορούσε να αξιοποιηθεί για ναGLASS αποκαλύψει termat Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, for 6 Berlin, αποδεικτικά where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: άλλα στοιχεία εναντίον του . Αντιθέτως, δεν υπάρχει services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for ης τροπολογίας έγκυρο αίτημα επίκλησης τηςfrom 5London την ότι οι lower living cost of, “withdrawal” private access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, and car Neweasier Yorkμε she cameαιτιολογία back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and 3 long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 4 http://constitution.findlaw.com/amendment5/annotation07.html and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 5 http://constitution.findlaw.com/amendment5/annotation07.html G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 6
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
ζητούμενες πληροφορίες μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν σε διαδικασίες οι οποίες δεν είναι ποινικής φύσεως 7. Κατά το άρθρο 273 παρ.2 ΚΠΔ, «αφού εξακριβωθεί η ταυτότητα του κατηγορουμένου και του εξηγηθούν τα δικαιώματά του, σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 103 ΚΠΔ, εκείνος που ενεργεί την εξέτασή του εκθέτει με πληρότητα και σαφήνεια την πράξη για την οποία κατηγορείται και By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS τον προσκαλεί να απολογηθεί και Graduate να υποδείξει μέσα της Harvard University, School of τα Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect υπεράσπισής του». Ο κατηγορούμενος έχει δικαίωμα να αρνηθεί να Student of the School of Architecture απαντήσει. Το δικαίωμα σιωπής και μη αυτοενοχοποίησης Technical University of Crete διασφαλίζεται και από το αρ. 6 παρ. 2 ΕΣΔΑ8, που εισάγει το τεκμήριο 1. Introductory Defining the concept αθωότητας του approach: κατηγορουμένου. Διασφαλίζεται επίσης και από το 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, άρθρο 14 παρ. 3 στοιχ. ζ του Διεθν Συμφ ΟΗΕ (κυρ.ν.2462/1997)9, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the κατά το οποίο κάθε κατηγορούμενος έχει το δικαίωμα να μην among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the καταθέτει εναντίον εαυτού του μην ομολογεί τηνtheενοχή acquisition of knowledge starts with the the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on του this “principle” indefinition aκαι first,να if of not final, approach, term 1 10 therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term . του Based, (and urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Το δικαίωμα σιωπής και μη αυτοενοχοποίησης του Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income theremoval placement κατηγορούμενου αναγνωρίζεται πλήρωςand και από τη νομολογία, ως ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of ειδικότερη έκφραση του δικαιώματος του από την παρούσα διάταξη ναof the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other has, results also rising of land prices (and the whatever other consequences has, results alsoτα rising of land prices (andνα the αρνηθεί την κατάθεση περιστατικών από οποία θα μπορούσε potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). The term ηgentrification found at first in the UK inΚατά early 1960s and itλόγο refersτο to προκύψει ενοχή τουisγια αξιόποινη πράξη. μείζονα The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor δικαίωμα σιωπής trend και μη αυτοενοχοποίησης αναγνωρίζεται καιareas κατάof the then observed wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents are 11. Στο την διαδικασία στο stay ακροατήριο (άρθρο 366 3 old ΚΠΔ) London, upgrade them, themselves sometimes thereπαρ. and thus residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. δικαίωμα σιωπής εμπεριέχεται και το δικαίωμα του κατηγορούμενου A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, thisνα phenomenon is situations included inwere the work Sociologist Ruth GLASS at theτελείως same while similar recorded in other major να αρνηθεί απολογηθεί, όχι όμως και να ofμην προσέλθει GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, αν by other Researchers. καθόλου για απολογία αρμοδίως (άρθρο 104 παρ. 2 ΚΠΔ)12. cities in Western countries, byκληθεί other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more Το δικαίωμα σιωπής είναι απόλυτο και δεν μπορεί η ενοχή να συναχθεί Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: 7 interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups http://constitution.findlaw.com/amendment5/annotation07.html 8 «Παν πρόσωπον κατηγορούμενον επί αδικήματι τεκμαίρεται ότι είναι αθώονinμέχρι της to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs money νομίμου αποδείξεως της ενοχής του». and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the 9 «Κάθε πρόσωπο που για ποινικό αδίκημα απολαύει, σεsearch πλήρη for ισότητα τιςin term fromκατηγορείται Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS wasbetter born sense1.ofThe safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, ακόλουθες τουλάχιστον εγγυήσεις: να μην να καταθέσει εναντίονstudy του εαυτού Berlin, where she made her first …ζ) studies. In εξαναγκάζεται 1932 she published an important entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth The same του ή να Unemployment. ομολογήσει την ενοχή του». year she left Germany and after continuous movements for 10 lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private easier access markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and car NewΔικονομίας, York she came back to London, Μιχαήλ Μαργαρίτης, Ερμηνεία Κώδικα Ποινικής σελ.to 535-536, Δίκαιο και in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and Οικονομία, Π.Ν. Σάκκουλας, Αθήνα, 2008. University College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and 11 long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Μιχαήλ Μαργαρίτης, Ερμηνεία Κώδικα Ποινικής Δικονομίας, σελ. 536, Δίκαιο και her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Οικονομία, Π.Ν. Σάκκουλας, Αθήνα, 2008. and selling real estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 12 Μιχαήλ Μαργαρίτης, Ερμηνεία Κώδικα Ποινικής Δικονομίας, σελ. 536, Δίκαιο και G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
από την άρνηση του κατηγορούμενου να απολογηθεί ή να απαντήσει σε ερωτήσεις. Παρόλα αυτά, αν οι λοιπές αποδείξεις εις βάρος του κατηγορούμενου είναι ισχυρές, δεν αποκλείεται εξαγωγή συμπεράσματος από τη σιωπή του, αρκεί αυτή η σιωπή να μην ερμηνεύεται απόλυτα σε βάρος του, ιδίως εάν ο δικαστής πείθεται ότι υπάρχει αδυναμία απάντησης εκ μέρους του13. Ο κατηγορούμενος By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS δικαιούται να σιωπά σε οποιοδήποτε στάδιο της προδικασίας ή της Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect κύριας διαδικασίας. Από την ύστερη όμως συμπεριφορά του δεν Student of the School of Architecture ακυρώνονται ούτε αναιρούνται τα αποτελέσματα της προηγούμενης Technical University of Crete τυχόν θετικής του στάσης και συμπεριφοράς, έναντι της κατηγορίας14. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Τα δικονομικά δικαιώματα (ένα εκ των οποίων είναι και το 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370Α BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, δικαίωμα σιωπής) τα οποία προβλέπονται στο άρθρο 99 ΚΠΔ, όπως ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC 15 -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the αυτό προστέθηκε με το άρθρο 10 Ν.4236/2014 , πρέπει να among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the
acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term 13 gentrification) area of Planning) gentrification Μιχαήλ1 Μαργαρίτης, Ερμηνεία Κώδικα Ποινικής Δικονομίας, σελ. 536, Δίκαιο (or και gentrification (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Οικονομία, Π.Ν. Σάκκουλας, Αθήνα, 2008. 14 Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), ofΜιχαήλ social groups, usually of low-income and the placement artists, Μαργαρίτης, Ερμηνεία Κώδικα Ποινικής Δικονομίας, σελ.there 536, of Δίκαιο και ways), ofΠ.Ν. social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement there of artists, Οικονομία, Σάκκουλας, Αθήνα, 2008. the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of 15 Δικαίωμα ενημέρωσης (άρθρα 3 και 4results της Οδηγίας 2012/13/ΕΕ). the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However regardless whatever other consequences has, risingthis of “change”, land prices (and theof Μετά το άρθρο 99 του Κώδικα Ποινικής Δικονομίας προστίθεται άρθρο 99Α ως εξής: whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). 1. Ο ύποπτος ήspeculation). ο κατηγορούμενος ενημερώνεται αμέσως όσον αφορά τουλάχιστον στα potential relative The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to ακόλουθα δικαιώματα: α) το δικαίωμα παράστασης με συνήγορο, β) το δικαίωμα και τις The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the buy UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of property in poor προϋποθέσεις παροχής δωρεάν νομικών συμβουλών, γ)to το δικαίωμα ενημέρωσης σχετικά με την the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof κατηγορία, δ) το δικαίωμα διερμηνείας και μετάφρασης και ε) το δικαίωμα σιωπής. London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. 2. Η ενημέρωση σύμφωνα με την παράγραφο 1 παρέχεται σε απλή και κατανοητή γλώσσα, being indirectly “squeezed”. προφορικώς ή εγγράφως, λαμβανομένων υπόψη των ειδικών αναγκών των υπόπτων ή A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth κατηγορουμένων που είναι ευάλωτα πρόσωπα. GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major Στον ύποπτο τέλεσης ήResearchers. στον situations κατηγορούμενο, οποίος συλλαμβάνεται ή GLASS at the same period, while wereο recorded in other major cities in3.Western countries, byπράξης othersimilar κρατείται, παρέχεται countries, αμέσως έγγραφο στο Researchers. οποίο καταγράφονται τα δικαιώματά του και του cities in Western by other Since then, the issue has preoccupied several της scholars and for its more επιτρέπεται το διατηρεί στην κατοχή του καθ’ όλη τη διάρκεια στέρησης and της ελευθερίας του. Sinceναthen, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from Το έγγραφο αυτό περιλαμβάνει πληροφορίες σχετικά με τα ακόλουθα δικαιώματα: the α) το various δικαίωμα comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: παράστασης με συνήγορο, β) το δικαίωμα και τις προϋποθέσεις παροχής δωρεάν νομικών interpretations of the phenomenon of the following: In a sense, phenomenon is due togentrification, aμεtrend of a new of διερμηνείας social groups συμβουλών, γ) τοthe δικαίωμα ενημέρωσης σχετικά την κατηγορία, δ)category το δικαίωμα και μετάφρασης, ε) το δικαίωμα σιωπής, στ) το δικαίωμα πρόσβασης στο υλικό της δικογραφίας, ζ) το to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money δικαίωμα των προξενικών αρχών και ενός επιπλέον η) το σε and timeενημέρωσης to travel from the purlieus to downtown, whereπροσώπου, work place is, δικαίωμα lack of the επείγουσα ιατρική περίθαλψη, θ) τον ανώτατο αριθμό ωρών ή ημερών κατά τις οποίες οin 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for better κατηγορούμενος δύναται στερηθεί της ελευθερίας του published προτού προσαχθεί ενώπιον δικαστικής Berlin, where she madeνα her first studies. In 1932 she an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youthκαι Unemployment. same με year left Germany and after αρχής ι) πληροφορίεςThe σχετικά τιςshe δυνατότητες προσβολής τουcontinuous νόμιμου χαρακτήρα της lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, σύλληψης ή της κράτησης. in According 1943 sheως published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the phenomenon is γλώσσα. due a systematic and 4. Το άνω έγγραφο συντάσσεται σε απλή και κατανοητή Όταν αυτό δεν είναι University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying διαθέσιμο στην κατάλληλη γλώσσα, ο ύποπτος ή ο κατηγορούμενος ενημερώνεται για τα her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. δικαιώματα του προφορικά σε γλώσσα που κατανοεί. Το2009. εν λόγω έγγραφο στη συνέχεια and selling real estate, etc., for theCo depreciation initially of part πρέπει of the urban web,να in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: χορηγείται, χωρίς αδικαιολόγητη καθυστέρηση, σε γλώσσα που ο ύποπτος ή ο κατηγορούμενος G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually κατανοεί».
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
ανακοινώνονται στον κατηγορούμενο16. Κατά το άρθρο 223 παρ.4 ΚΠΔ «Ο μάρτυρας δεν είναι υποχρεωμένος να καταθέσει περιστατικά από τα οποία θα μπορούσε να προκύψει ενοχή του για αξιόποινη πράξη», κατ’ εξαίρεση του γενικού κανόνα του άρθρου 209 ΚΠΔ που καθιερώνει την υποχρέωση προς μαρτυρία, αναγνωρίζει το δικαίωμα του εξεταζόμενου μάρτυρα By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS να αρνηθεί να καταθέσει να μην Graduate απαντήσει σεof συγκεκριμένες HarvardήUniversity, School Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. από C. ATHANASSOPOULOS ερωτήσεις σχετικά με πραγματικά περιστατικά, τα οποία Architect μπορεί Student of the School of Architecture να προκύψει η ενοχή του για αξιόποινη πράξη, με τη σκέψη ότι κανείς Technical University of Crete δεν υποχρεούται σε ομολογία της δικής του ενοχής17. Το άρθρο 223 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept παρ. 4 ΚΠΔ απαλλάσσει τον μάρτυρα από την κατάθεση τέτοιων 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, περιστατικών, παρέχοντας του το δικαίωμα σιωπής. Δεν μπορεί όμως ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great 18the αυτός να καταθέσει αναληθή ή να ανακαλέσει αληθινά περιστατικά . among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the Η απαλλαγή αυτή κατά την the παρούσα όμως δεν εκτείνεται acquisition of knowledge starts with the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first,διάταξη if of not final, approach, the term 1 therefore, onπου this “principle” inindicated a first, ifτου notthe approach, the term και Based, στην περίπτωση από την κατάθεση οfinal, μάρτυρας ή οικείος (and urban gentrification) is (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various του θα υποστεί απλώς περιουσιακή ζημιά ή θα μειωθεί η κοινωνική του Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement 19. υπόληψη ή groups, θα υπάρξει κίνδυνος πειθαρχικής τουthere δίωξης ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of Δικαιολογητικός λόγος της διάταξης αυτής η κατάσταση the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However this “change”, regardless whatever other has, results rising of είναι land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and ανάγκης, στην οποία περιέρχεται ο μάρτυρας καταθέτοντας, δηλ. the ο potential relative potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to κίνδυνος να εκθέσει τον εαυτό του σε ποινική δίωξη και επομένως στη The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor διακινδύνευση εννόμου αγαθού ανώτερης κατ’ είδος καιof the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buyαξίας property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents are σπουδαιότητα σε σύγκριση με το sometimes νομικό καθήκον με το London, upgrade them, stay themselves there andμαρτυρίας, thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. 20. being indirectly “squeezed”. οποίο συγκρούεται A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth AΕίναι description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work να of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at theπροφανές same whileο similar in other major ότι μάρτυρας δικαιούται αρνηθεί τη GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. μαρτυρία του όταν από by τηνother κατάθεση του μπορεί να προκύψει ενοχή cities in Western countries, Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more του Since (και then, όχι συγγενούς του κλπ) summarized για οποιαδήποτε αξιόποινη πράξη, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various ακόμα και αν of δεν σχετίζεται με την πράξη, στα the πλαίσια της οποίας interpretations the phenomenon of gentrification, following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money 16 Θ.Σεβαστίδης, Κώδικας Δικονομίας, κατ’ άρθρο, Τόμος ΙΙΙ, and timeΧαράλαμπος to travel from the purlieus to Ποινικής downtown, whereΕρμηνεία work place is, lack of the άρθρα 177-319, σελ. 2654,2655, εκδ. Σάκκουλα, Αθήνα-Θεσσαλονίκη, 2015. 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born in sense of 17 safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for better Χαράλαμπος Θ. Σεβαστίδης, Κώδικας κατ’ άρθρο, Τόμος Berlin, where she made her first studies. In Ποινικής 1932 sheΔικονομίας, published Ερμηνεία an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for The sameεκδ. year she left Αθήνα-Θεσσαλονίκη, Germany and after continuous ΙΙΙ,Youth άρθραUnemployment. 177-319, σελ. 2654,2655, Σάκκουλα, 2015. 18 lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva,Ερμηνεία Prague, London New York she cameσελ. back440, to London, Μιχαήλ Μαργαρίτης, Κώδικα and Ποινικής Δικονομίας, Δίκαιο και in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and Οικονομία, Π.Ν. Σάκκουλας, Αθήνα, 2008. University College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and 19 long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Μιχαήλ Μαργαρίτης, Ερμηνεία Κώδικα Ποινικής Δικονομίας, σελ. 440, Δίκαιο και her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Οικονομία, Π.Ν. Σάκκουλας, Αθήνα, 2008. and selling real estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 20 Χαράλαμπος Θ. Σεβαστίδης, Κώδικας Ποινικής Δικονομίας, Ερμηνεία κατ’ άρθρο, Τόμος G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
καταθέτει: τούτο προκύπτει και από τη γενική διατύπωση του νόμου «για αξιόποινη πράξη» και όχι μόνο για την δικαζόμενη αξιόποινη πράξη, ενώ είναι και σύμφωνο με το σκοπό αναγνώρισης του δικαιώματος αυτού στον μάρτυρα21. Το δικαίωμα άρνησης μαρτυρίας πρέπει να αναγνωριστεί υπό τους όρους του άρθρου 223 παρ.4 ΚΠΔ By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS και στον κατηγορούμενο για τον οποίοGraduate έπαυσεSchool υφ’ όρον η δίωξη, πχ. Harvard University, of Design, Student, 22 Mr. George-Sp. Architect , C. ανATHANASSOPOULOS αυτός κληθεί να κατ’ άρθρο 8 παρ. 3 περ. α’ By Ν.4198/2013 Student of the School of Architecture καταθέσει ως μάρτυρας σε υπόθεση πρώην συγκατηγορούμενου του Technical University of Crete για έγκλημα συγκλίνουσας ή παράλληλης δράσης, για το οποίο δεν 1. Introductory approach: the concept23. Σύμφωνα με το άρθρο συντρέχει περίπτωση υφ’ Defining όρον παραγραφής 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, ancient Greek philosopher, 227 παρ. 3 ΠΚ, ανthe ο υπαίτιος πράξεων των άρθρων 224 παρ.2 ΠΚ και ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the 225 ΠΚ τις τέλεσε προς αποφυγή ποινικής ευθύνης δικής του ή οικείου among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the του, το δικαστήριο να τον απαλλάξει από κάθε ο acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content ofποινή. concepts. Based, therefore, on μπορεί this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, theΑν term 1 Based, therefore, this “principle” inindicated a first,στην if (in notthe final, approach, term κατηγορούμενος ήon μάρτυρας αρνηθεί προδικασία ήtheστο (and urban gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ακροατήριο να απαντήσει ή να καταθέσει περιστατικά από τα οποία Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement θα μπορούσε να προκύψει δική του ευθύνη, ασκεί δικαίωμα (αρ. 20 ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of εδ.2 ΠΚ) other πουof του ο νόμος (223 παρ. 4, 231 παρ. 3, 273 παρ.the 2,of the operation art παρέχει galleries, restaurants, etc.also However this regardless whatever consequences has, results rising of “change”, land prices (and whatever other consequences has, resultsκαι alsoεπομένως, rising of land pricesτου (and the 357 παρ.4, εδ.α,speculation). 366 παρ.3, εδ. β ΚΠΔ) η πράξη δεν potential relative potential relative speculation). Theάδικη term gentrification is found at first in the UK in earlyΕισάγεται 1960s and it δηλαδή refers to είναι και υποχρεωτικά κηρύσσεται αθώος. The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor δυνητικός λόγος trend απαλλαγής πουpeople καλύπτει μόνο inτην άρνηση the then observed wealthy to there buyόχι property poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof μαρτυρίας αλλά καιstayτην κατάθεση αναληθών ή London, upgrade them, themselves sometimes there and περιστατικών thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly απόκρυψη των“squeezed”. Ο παρώνisλόγος απαλλαγής προσωπικός A description ofαληθών. this phenomenon included in the workείναι of Sociologist Ruth A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, similar situations recorded in other και εφαρμόζεται και επίwhile συμμετόχων, μόνοwere όσον αφορά δική major τους GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western other Researchers. ποινική ευθύνηcountries, ή οικείουbyby του κάθε ενός από αυτούς. cities in Western countries, other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various 21 interpretations of the of gentrification, the following: Χαράλαμπος Θ. phenomenon Σεβαστίδης, Κώδικας Ποινικής Δικονομίας, Ερμηνεία κατ’ άρθρο, Τόμος of the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theσελ. phenomenon isΣάκκουλα, dueof togentrification, a trend of a new ΙΙΙ,interpretations άρθρα 177-319, 2654,2655, εκδ. Αθήνα-Θεσσαλονίκη, 2015. of social groups 22 «Παραγράφεται το αξιόποινο και παύει η δίωξη των ακόλουθων αξιόποινων to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs inπράξεων, money που έχουν τελεσθεί μέχρι 31.8.2013: α) των πταισμάτων και β) των πλημμελημάτων, κατά and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of των the οποίων ο νόμος απειλεί ποινή φυλάκισης μέχρι ένα έτος ή χρηματική ποινή ή και τις δύο ποινές. 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born in sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for better Στην περίπτωση τωνmade πλημμελημάτων, εάν In ο 1932 υπαίτιος σε ένα study έτος από τη Berlin, where she her first studies. she published an important entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at υποπέσει the heartμέσα of the city”,movements (possibly) Youth Unemployment. year she left Germany and after continuous δημοσίευση του νόμου σεThe νέαsame από δόλο αξιόποινη πράξη κακουργήματος ή πλημμελήματος καιfor lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private easier access to markets, studies and αμετάκλητα research Geneva, Prague, London and car New York she came back toτων London, where καταδικαστεί οποτεδήποτε σε ποινή στερητική της ελευθερίας ανώτερη έξιetc. μηνών, in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and συνεχίζεται η κατ’ αυτού παυθείσα ποινική δίωξη και δεν υπολογίζεται στο χρόνο παραγραφήςin του University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying αξιόποινου της πρώτης πράξης ο διανυθείς χρόνος από την παύση της δίωξης μέχρι την her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. αμετάκλητη καταδίκη για τηetc., νέα for πράξη». and selling realCOLLINS estate, theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 23 Χαράλαμπος Θ. Σεβαστίδης, Κώδικας Ποινικής Δικονομίας, Ερμηνεία κατ’ άρθρο, Τόμος G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually ΙΙΙ, άρθρα 177-319, σελ. 2654,2655, εκδ. Σάκκουλα, Αθήνα-Θεσσαλονίκη, 2015.
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«Στο βλέμμα του GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types ofΜπάιρον» Intervention, Μια δράση καινοτομίας στην Tοπική Aυτοδιοίκηση Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns Της κυρίας Δημ. ΝΟΥΣΗ Δ/ντριας Δημ. Περιουσίας Δήμου Αθηναίων, Νομικού, Συγγραφέα
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Σύμφωνα με μια κοινώςByπαραδεκτή μέθοδο, ένα αξιόπιστο Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect of theνα School of Architecture κείμενο παρουσίασης κάποιου θέματος Student θα πρέπει ξεκινά με έναν of Crete ακριβή ορισμό. Εν προκειμένω, αφετηρία Technical σκέψης University αποτελεί το
ερώτημα: τι είναι η δράση που the φέρει τον τίτλο “Στο βλέμμα του 1. Introductory approach: Defining concept 1. Introductory approach: Defining theείμαι concept Μπάιρον” της οποίας την τιμή philosopher, να Συντονίστρια. λοιπόν, ANTISTHENIS, the έχω ancient Greek (444 BC - 370Ιδού, BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the η απάντηση: είναι μια δράση πολιτισμού του Δήμου Βύρωνα, ηAthens), οποία among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. εστιάζεται στην προώθηση της φιλαναγνωσίας και της ενθάρρυνσης acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term λογοτεχνικής έκφρασης ανάμεσα στους εφήβους καιarea τους νέους. 1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, theΕάν term urban gentrification) is of Planning) (or gentrification 1 θέλαμε να δώσουμε έναν εξίσου αλλά ακρίβεια gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (inμεtheλιγότερη areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a αληθινό, cityisarea, the removal from (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), social groups,ότι: usually of low-income and theτου placement of artists, ορισμόof θα λέγαμε είναι η προσπάθεια Δήμουthere Βύρωνα να ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of καθιερώσει ένα θεσμό που θα υπερασπιστεί και θα προβάλλει την ίδια the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However regardless whatever other has, results risingthis of “change”, land prices (and theof την ταυτότητά του, με σκοπό πραγματοποίηση ενός οράματος whatever otherspeculation). consequences has,την results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative αναφερόμενου στον πολιτισμό και τη λογοτεχνική σκέψη. potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to TheΕίναι term gentrification found first inορισμοί the UK in early 1960s and itareas refers αλήθεια και οιatpeople δυο ανταποκρίνονται στην the then observed trendότι ofiswealthy to buy property in poor ofto the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are πραγματικότητα, απλώς ο καθένας θέτει διαφορετική προτεραιότητα:of London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. οbeing πρώτος δίνει έμφαση στις ενέργειες που λαμβάνουν χώρα, ενώ ο indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth δεύτερος δίνει έμφαση στο κίνητρο του ενεργούντος, είναι ο major ίδιος A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded workπου of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major ο Δήμος. Όλα αυτά θα είχαν μεγάλη σημασία για τους θεωρητικούς των cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its εάν more θεσμών, ή για τους σχεδιαστές των πολιτιστικών προγραμμάτων, η Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from δράση «Στο βλέμμα του Μπάιρον» βρισκόταν ακόμη στην αρχή. Επειδή, comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: όμως, η αρχή έγινε πριν από τρία χρόνια και υπάρχει αποτέλεσμα επί interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups τρία χρόνια, μπορούμε να the πούμε ότι: for η δράση τίτλο high «Στοcosts βλέμμα του to “return” to the city, leaving purlieus severalμε reasons: in money and time to travel the purlieus to downtown, where work is, lack of the Μπάιρον» είναι from μια καινοτόμος δράση πολιτισμού πουplace επί τρία χρόνια 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, δοκιμάζεται, μεmade αποτέλεσμα τηνInέκδοση λογοτεχνικών βιβλίων Berlin, where she her first studies. 1932 sheτριών published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youthέγραψαν Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after μέρη continuous που ογδόντα δημιουργοί απόcar διάφορα της Ελλάδας, lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, ηλικίας δεκατριών μέχρι τριάντα ετών. in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Η καινοτόμος αυτή δράση υλοποιείται κάθε χρόνο μέσα από δύο her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: άξονες: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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1. Μέσα από ένανTypes πανελλήνιο διαγωνισμό για GENTRIFICATION Definition, ofλογοτεχνικό Intervention, εφήβους και νέους που διενεργείται κάθε χρόνο. Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification 2. Μέσα από ένα εργαστήρι σκέψης και συγγραφής ομαδικών κειμένων στο οποίο συμμετέχουν αυτοί που έδωσαν κείμενα στο Concerns
διαγωνισμό της προηγούμενης χρονιάς και συγκροτούν μια ομάδα που συνεργάζεται, αρθρώνει λογοτεχνικό διάλογο και συγγράφει ομαδικά. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Η ομάδα αυτή λέγεται Πανελλήνια Λογοτεχνική εφήβων και Harvard University, Graduate Συντροφιά School of Design, Student, By μέσα Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect νέων Δήμου Βύρωνα και δουλεύει από ηλεκτρονική επικοινωνία Student of the School of Architecture και μόνο. Technical University of Crete Αποτέλεσμα της δουλειάς που υλοποιείται στο πλαίσιο των δυο 1. Introductoryαξόνων approach: Defining the concept προηγουμένων είναι το βιβλίο που εκδίδεται κάθε Δεκέμβρη με 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, τα αποτελέσματα της δουλειάς όλων αυτών των νέων δημιουργών. ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the Σκοπός της δράσης είναι τόσο η ενθάρρυνση της λογοτεχνικής among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the έκφρασης μεταξύ των νέων, και η ifδημιουργία μιας νεανικής acquisition of knowledge starts withόσο theindefinition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, not final, approach, the term 1 Based, therefore, on this inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, term δεξαμενής σκέψης που θα “principle” δίνει μια φορά το χρόνο τοarea στίγμα του the λόγου (and urban gentrification) is of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various της. Το γεγονός αυτό αποτελεί και την καινοτόμο διάσταση της Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, of low-income andthe theremoval placement δράσης: με όχημα τοusually λογοτεχνικό διαγωνισμό που απευθύνεται σεartists, όλη ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of την Ελλάδα, δημιουργείται μια σκέψης από όλη την Ελλάδα the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However “change”, regardless whatever other has,δεξαμενή results risingthis of land prices (and theof whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the που λειτουργεί με εξωστρέφεια και εκθέτει τις απόψεις της. Πρόκειται potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). gentrification is found at first the UK in early 1960sως andπρος it refers to γιαThe μιαterm δράση που σπάει τα όρια τηςinτοπικής κοινωνίας, τους The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor συμμετέχοντες, αλλά που wealthy αναβαθμίζει τοtoκύρος της πόλης εντός τηςof the then observed trend people buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are τοπικής κοινωνίας, στο που sometimes την καθιστά γραμμάτων London, upgrade them, stayμέτρο themselves thereως andπόλη thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. και δηλαδή ως βυρωνική Μα, τελικά, Aπολιτιστικής description of καινοτομίας, this phenomenon is included in the workπόλη. of Sociologist Ruth A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS the same period, while situations recorded in other εάν ο at Δήμος Βύρωνα δεν similar δικαιούται να were αποδείξει ότι είναιmajor μια GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. βυρωνική πόλη, ποιος Δήμος δικαιούται να το πράξει; cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Σταthen, τρίαthe χρόνια που πέρασαν εκδόθηκαν τρίαfrom βιβλία Since issue has several below, scholars andthe forμε its«Στο more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized various comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various βλέμμα του Μπάιρον» με τίτλους: interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations of the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of aΒύρωνα new social groups 1. «Οι νέοι μιλούν για of τοgentrification, Λόρδο τηςofνιότης, της to “return” to the και city,της leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money αμφισβήτησης ελευθερίας». and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the 2. term «Στο δρόμο της φυγής, Ruth το φευγιό της ψυχής» from Sociologist GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: 3. «Άνθρωπος και Εξουσία» services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Στα βιβλία της περασμένης τριετίας συμπεριλαμβάνονται τα lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and μηνύματα συμπαράστασης προς τη νεολαία και το Δήμο Βύρωνα από University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying τον αείμνηστο Καθηγητή Κωνσταντίνο δύο μήνες πριν her work are characterized by a passion for justice.Δεσποτόπουλο, See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
το θάνατό του, από τον Καθηγητή Ευτύχη Μπιτσάκη και τον επίσης Καθηγητή Γιώργο Γεραπετρίτη. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Κάθε βιβλίο αποστέλλεται και χαρίζεται σε όλες τις Δημοτικές Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Βιβλιοθήκες της Ελλάδας, στα By σχολεία του Δήμου Βύρωνα,Architect στους Student of the School of Architecture επίσημους προσκεκλημένους – επισκέπτες της πόλης και σε φορείς Technical University of Crete πολιτισμού, ώστε να επιτυγχάνεται η προβολή των απόψεων αυτής της 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept νεανικής δεξαμενής σκέψης που φτιάχτηκε και παράγει αποτελέσματα. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, Το βιβλίο ακολουθεί τη δομή της δράσης και χωρίζεται σε δυο μέρη: το ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the πρώτο μέρος περιλαμβάνει τα κείμενα που διακρίθηκαν στο among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the λογοτεχνικό διαγωνισμό της χρονιάς, το δεύτερο μέρος acquisition of knowledge starts with the of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, ifενώ not final, approach, the term 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, notthe final, approach, the term περιλαμβάνει ταurban κείμενα που έγραψε η ifΠανελλήνια (and gentrification) is (in area ofΛογοτεχνική Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Συντροφιά εφήβων και νέων μετά από πολλούς μήνες συνεργασίας και Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, from this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement δεκάδες ηλεκτρονικά μηνύματα μεταξύ των μελών.there Το ofβιβλίο ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of παρουσιάζεται το Δεκέμβριο κάθε χρονιάς στο πλαίσιο και the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (andτης theof whatever other consequences results also rising of land prices (and the απονομής των speculation). βραβείων τουhas, λογοτεχνικού διαγωνισμού και με την potential relative potential relative speculation). The termτους gentrification is found at ακαδημαϊκοί first in the UK in early 1960sάνθρωποι and it refers to παρουσία τιμούν τη δράση δάσκαλοι, της The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor τέχνης καιobserved των γραμμάτων. Ξεχωριστή στιγμή την προσπάθεια τηςof the then trend wealthy people to there buyγια property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents are Πανελλήνιας Λογοτεχνικής Συντροφιάς υπήρξε η βράβευση μελών London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus oldτων residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. της από την Πρεσβεία της Ρωσίας για να τιμηθεί η ομαδική συγγραφή A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofσε thisκείμενα phenomenon included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar situations in other major κειμένων πάνω του isΝτοστογιέφκσι, στο πλαίσιο του GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. αφιερωματικού έτους Ελλάδας Ρωσίας, το 2016. Συντονίστρια όλου cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more του Since Προγράμματος είναιhas ηare Συντάκτις τουseveral παρόντος κειμένου. then, the issue preoccupied scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach being summarized below, from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various Φέτος of γιορτάζονται τα διακόσια τριάντα από τη γέννηση interpretations the phenomenon of gentrification, theχρόνια following: interpretations the phenomenon of the following: InΜπάιρον. a sense, theof phenomenon togentrification, aκαι trend of a new category social groups του Είναι σπάνιο,is due αλλά όμορφο, ιδέες καιofοράματα να to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus several reasons: high costs in money γίνονται καινοτόμες δράσεις, με for χρονοδιαγράμματα, μέθοδο και and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the αποτέλεσμα, όπωςfrom στην περίπτωση των1912-1940. τριών βιβλίων που ήδη termat comes Sociologist Ruth GLASS, Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where μέσα she made her first studies. In 1932 she published entitled: εκδόθηκαν από τρεις ετήσιους κύκλους services of health, education, entertainment “at theδουλειάς. heartan ofimportant the city”,study (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Ο λογοτεχνικός διαγωνισμός 2018 προκηρύχθηκε ήδη και οι lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private car access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and Neweasier York she came to back to London, in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and όροι του βρίσκονται το σύνδεσμο: University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying http://www.dimosbyrona.gr/article.php?id=7777 her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns ΠΡΑΞΙΤΕΛΗΣ ΣΠ. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, ΚΑΡΑΧΑΛΙΟΣ By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification Ένα χαμόγελο 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in gentrification thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal (in various είναι πηγή ζωής Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), ofΠεριφέρειες social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there(βορράς), of artists, / Κοινότητες, τρεις, Ολλανδόφωνη, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of Χάρισέ το Γαλλόφωνη (νότος), Γερμανόφωνη (πληθυσμός κάτω των 100.000 the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof μ΄ευχαρίστηση whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative ατόμων). potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to δέκα. TheΕπαρχίες, term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof Δήμοι / Κοινότητες, 589: Περιοχή Βρυξελλών 19, Βαλλωνία 262, London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Φλάνδρα 308. “squeezed”. being indirectly A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations includedγια inwere theπολυβάθμια work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar recorded in other major Υπό τεχνική άποψη πρόκειται Τοπική GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Αυτοδιοίκηση μεcountries, Περιφέρειες, Επαρχίες και Δήμους. cities in Western bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has preoccupied severalκατά scholars andthe for various its από more Οι Περιφέρειες ασκούν αρμοδιότητες παραχώρηση comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: την Κεντρική theΚυβέρνηση και αρμοδιότητες αποκλειστικές interpretations phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups εκχωρούμενες σε αυτές δια νόμου. to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and timeΜεταξύ to travel from purlieus to downtown, is, lack of the τωνtheαρμοδιοτήτων εν where γένει work τωνplace Περιφερειών termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first ποιότητας studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: περιλαμβάνονται θέματα ζωής, περιβάλλοντος, χωροταξίας, services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous QPS ΕΚΔΟΣΕΙΣ lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva,πολιτικής, Prague, London and New York she came back toεποπτείας London, ενέργειας, βιομηχανικής μεταφορών, διοικητικής Αθήνα 2017 in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 she teacher in the to another approach, the is due tobecame a systematic and University College of London, where she her social research. brokers Her public and επί των επαρχιών και Δήμων κ.ά.continued long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, KENTPO EPEYNA™ Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification ¶EPIºEPEIAKH™ ANA¶TY•H™ «IÂÚÒÓ˘ÌÔ˜ ¢. ¶INTO™ Concerns Î·È AÓ·ÛÙ·Û›· IÂÚ. ¶INTOY»
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS University, Graduate Aνάπτυ�ης, School of Design, Student, Mε σκ�π� την πρ�ώθησηHarvard της Iδέας της Περι�ερειακής (Oικ�ν�µικής, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect K�ινωνικής και Π�λιτιστικής), έ�ει συσταθεί σήµερα στην Aθήνα απ� Oµάδα KαθηγηStudent of the School of Architecture τών Πανεπιστηµίων και Eιδικών Eπιστηµ�νων τ� Kέντρ� Έρευνας Περι�ερειακής AνάTechnical University of Crete πτυ�ης «Iερώνυµ�ς ∆. ΠINTOΣ και Aναστασία Iερων. ΠINTOY» (αστ. µη κερδ�σκ. εταιρ.), ως �υσιαστικ�ς διάδ���ς,Defining (κατ’ επιθυµία της αειµνήστ�υ Aναστασίας Iερων. 1. Introductory approach: the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept ΠINTOY), τ�υ Kέντρ�υ Έρευνας Περι�ερειακής Aνάπτυ�ης ∆. ΠINTOΣ, συANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, (444 Iερών. BC - 370 BC, Athens), σταθέντ�ς εν Aθήναις την 28η Aυγ�ύστ�υ 1986. ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the O εκ των Πρωτ�π�ρων της Iδέας τηςthe Περι�ερειακής Kαθηγητής Πανεamong other wise heritage he left us,definition he established a great the acquisition of knowledge starts with ofAνάπτυ�ης the content of“principle”: concepts. πιστηµίων Iερώνυµ�ς ∆. ΠINTOΣ απε�ίωσε την 5/8/1981, η δε διακριθείσα διά τ� acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, theπ�λυterm 1 (and σ�ιδές κ�ινωνικ�, �ιλανθρωπικ� και π�λιτιστικ� τ�υ Aναστασία Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated aέργ� first,της if Σύ�υγ�ς notthe final, approach, theαπεterm urban gentrification) is (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or �ίωσε την 14/4/2009. gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, removal from this, (inartists, various Mετα�ύ των σκ�πών τ�υ Kέντρ�υ συγκαταλέγ�νται �ι ε�ής, εντ�ς πνεύµατ�ς ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theκαι placement there of ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, πάντ�τε παραγωγής έργ�υ επ’ αγαθώ της Eπιστήµης και της K�ινωνίας: the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless H συµ��λή στηνconsequences πρ�αγωγή της Eπιστήµης και also της Iδέας τηςof Περι�ερειακής Aνάπτυwhatever other has, results rising land prices (and theof whatever other consequences has, results also rising ofAνάπτυ�ης land prices (and the �ης εν γένει,relative δι’ �ί�υspeculation). δήπ�τε ν�µίµ�υ τρ�π�υ, της Περι�ερειακής ν��υµένης potential potential relative speculation). ως Oικ�ν�µικής, K�ινωνικής, Π�λιτιστικής. The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first inκαι the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the observed trend ofiswealthy toσυνα�ών buy property in και poor H then µελέτη σ�έσεων Περι�ερειακής Aνάπτυ�ης ∆ράσεων Π�λιτικών. the then observed trend wealthy peopleστην to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stayενof themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof H συµ��λή των Iδιωτικών γένει Eπενδύσεων υπ�στήρι�η στρατηγικών, π�λιLondon, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. τικών και µέτρων «παραγωγής» Περι�ερειακής Aνάπτυ�ης. being indirectly “squeezed”. description of thisηphenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth HAεκπ�νηση Mελετών, διενέργεια Eρευνών, η �ργάνωση Συνεδρίων, Hµερίδων, ΣεA description of this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar in other major µιναρίων, ∆ιαλέ�εων επί θεµάτων Περι�ερειακής Aνάπτυ�ης. GLASS atMελετών, the same period, similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, bywhile other Researchers. H έκδ�ση Eρευνών, Περι�δικών, Eντύπων εν γένει, η παραγωγή σ�ετικ�ύ cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more ραδι��ωνικ�ύ καιthe τηλε�πτικ�ύ υλικ�ύ. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from H ��ρήγηση υπ�τρ��ιών, η �ρά�ευση εργασιών Tρίτων και η έκδ�σή τ�υς. various comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of gentrification, the following: H συνεργασία of µεthe �ί�νphenomenon δήπ�τε, ανε�αρτήτως ν�µικής µ�ρ�ής, επιδιώκ�ντα παρεµ�εinterpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: a sense,εντ�ς theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups ρείς In σκ�π�ύς, και εκτ�ς Eλλάδ�ς. to H “return” to theµε city, leaving the purlieus�πως for several reasons:Eυρωπαϊκή high costs in money συνεργασία ∆ιεθνή M�ρ�ώµατα, (ενδεικτικώς) Ένωση, and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Oργανισµ�ς Oικ�ν�µικής Συνεργασίας και Aνάπτυ�ης κ.ά. 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, H παρ��ή επίfirst θεµάτων Aνάπτυ�ης πρ�ς �ί�ν δήπ�τε Berlin, whereυπηρεσιών she made her studies.Περι�ερειακής In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany after continuous Eνδια�ερ�µεν�, �άσει ειδικών συµ�ωνιών, µερίµνει τ�υand ∆ι�ικητικ�ύ Συµ��υλί�υ του της εlower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, ταιρείας κ.ά. κέντρου κ.ά in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and ∆ιεύθυνση: Ίµ�ρ�υ 6, 112 57 Aθήναι, τηλ.: 2108647120, 6944626140, fax:public 2108658868. University College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her and long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion justice. See also: Aθήναι,for 5 Aυγ�ύστ�υ 2009COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: O Eπιστηµ�νικ�ς Yπεύθυν�ς τ�υ Kέντρ�υ G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually Kαθηγητής Kωνσταντίν�ς ΓE. AΘANAΣOΠOYΛOΣ 141 2521 11 10 24
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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EΠIΘEΩPHΣH AΠOKENTPΩΣHΣ, TOΠIKHΣ AYTO∆IOIKHΣHΣ GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, KAI ΠEPIΦEPEIAKHΣ ANAΠTY�HΣ Definition, Types ofD’intervention, REVUE DE DECENTRALISATION, ADMINISTRATION Concerns of Gentrification LOCALE ET DE DEVELOPPEMENT REGIONAL Concerns LOCAL REVIEW OF DECENTRALIZATION,
GOVERNMENT AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT * By Mr. George-Sp. Tριµηνιαία Eπιστηµ�νική Έκδ�σηC. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate Edition scientifique trimestrielleSchool of Design, Student, Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect QuartelyBy scientific review Student of the School of Architecture * Έτος ιρδύσεως έκδοσης1995 Α΄ τεύχους 1995 μ.Χ. University of Crete Έτ�ςκαι ιδρύσεως µ.X. Technical * 1. Introductory approach: Defining the/ Issue concept 90 2017 Numb. Tεύ��ς / Numéro 68 // 2012 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Απρίλι�ς, Μάϊ�ς, Ι�ύνι�ς 2012 ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), Οκτώβριος, Νοέμβριος, Δεκέμβριος 2017 ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), *philosopher, among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: Kωδικ�ς: 014297 acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with the*indefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on Iδι�κτήτης this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term / Propriétaire / Owner gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification
1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various KENTPO EΠIMOPΦΩΣHΣ MEΛETΩN EPEYNAΣ KAI ANAΠTY�HΣ Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement Aστική µη κερδ�σκ�πική Eταιρεία ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other DE consequences has, results alsoDE rising of land prices (and theof CENTRE FORMATION DES ETUDES RECHERCHE ET DU whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the DEVELOPPEMENT potential relative potential relative speculation). sans The term gentrification isSociété foundcivile at first inbut thelucratif UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor CENTER OFtrend EDUCATION RESEARCH the then observed of wealthy people toAND buy DEVELOPMENT property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stayCivil themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof not lucrative Association London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. * being indirectlyYπεύθυν�ς “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included the work of Sociologist Ruth κατά τ�ν ν�µ�, Eκδ�τηςin /Editeur/Editor A description of this phenomenon is AΘANAΣOΠOYΛOΣ included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth Kαθηγητής Kωνστ. ΓE. GLASS at the same period, while similar situations in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major Prof. Const. GE. ATHANASSOPOULOS cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. * cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Eπιστηµ�νικ�ς Yπεύθυν�ς: Kαθηγητής Kωνστ. ΓE. AΘANAΣOΠOYΛOΣ Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from Responsable Scientifique: Professeur Const. GE. ATHANASSOPOULOS comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of Responsible: the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Scientific Professor Const. GE. ATHANASSOPOULOS interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a* trend of a new of social groups Σύµ��υλ�ς Έκδ�σης to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money EΛΛHNIKO KENTPO AΠOKENTPΩΣHΣ, and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the TOΠIKHΣ AYTO∆IOIKHΣHΣ KAI ΠEPIΦEPEIAKHΣ ANAΠTY�HΣ 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS for wasbetter born in sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, search Conseiller d’ édition Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) CENTER DE DECENTRALISATION, Youth Unemployment. TheHELLENIQUE same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came to back to London, D’ ADMINISTRATION LOCALE ET DE DEVELOPPEMENT REGIONAL in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and Edition Counsellor University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying HELLENIC CENTER FOR LOCALDICTIONARY. her work are characterized by a passion forDECENTRALIZATION, justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in GOVERNMENT AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
∆ιευθύνεται υπ� Συντακτικής Eπιτρ�πής εκ Kαθηγητών Πανεπιστηµί�υ και Eιδικών Eπιστηµ�νων. Σύστηµα Kριτών. Dirigée par Comité de rédaction de Professeurs d’ Université et de Scientifiques Spécialisés Directed by Edition Board of University Professors and Specialized Scientists System of external evaluators * Tιµή τεύ��υς: 9 f Συνδρ�µέςBy ετήσιες: Φιλίας: 300C. fATHANASOPOULOS ∆ηµ�σίων Mr. George-Sp. Yπηρεσιών, N.Π.∆. και I.∆., ∆ήµων, N�µαρ�ιακών Aυτ�δι�ικήσεων,Tραπε�ών, Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Eταιρειών: 150 f Iδιωτών: 30 f Φ�ιτητών: 15 f By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect E�ωτερικ�ύ: US $ 100 Student of the School Morales of Architecture Prix: 9 f Abonnements: Prix d’ ami: 300 f Services Publics, Personnes de Technical University of Crete Droit Public ou Privé, Communes, Administrations Départementales, Banques, Sociétés: 150 f Individuels: 30 f Etudiants: 15 f 1. Introductory approach: Defining Etranger:the USconcept $ 100 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Price: 9 f Subscriptions: Friendship: 300 f Public Services, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), Legal Persons of Publicthe or ancient Private Law, Communities, Prefecture ANTISTHENIS, Greek philosopher, (444 BCAdministrations, -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the Banks, Societies: 150 f Individuals: 30 f among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Students: 15 f Abroad: US $ 100 acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term *in Υπεύθυνος Τυπογραφείου 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term Yπεύθυν�ς Tυπ�γρα�εί�υ gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification ΕΚΤΥΠΩΣΕΙΣ ΘΕΟΔΩΡΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΗΣ 1 EI∆IKH EK∆OTIKH A.E.E.B.E. gentrification (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Μάρνη 25, Πλ. Βάθης, Αθήνα, Xαλκ�κ�νδύλη 35,Tηλε�. Kέντρ�: (210) 5242177, (210) 5226641, FAX: (210) 5232409 Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various τηλ.: 210.5234559, φαξ: 2105203633, email: theogi@otenet.gr ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, * etc. However ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, “change”,there regardless of Tα δηµ�σιευ�µενα κείµενα απη��ύν τις απ�ψεις των Συντακτών τ�υς the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof καιother δεν δεσµεύ�υν την EΠIΘ. AYT. KAI ΠEP.prices AN. (and the whatever consequences has,AΠOK.,TOΠ. results also rising of land potential relative speculation). * potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to Oι αναγγελίες εντ�ς πλαισί�υ των νέων εκδ�σεων απ�τελ�ύν πρ�σ��ρά The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early�ιλική 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor τ�υ Eπιστηµ�νικ�ύ Yπευθύν�υ τ�υ Περι�δικ�ύ πρ�ς τ�υς Συγγρα�είς τ�υς the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves* sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Bάσει τ�υ N. 2121/1993 και των σ�ετικών καν�νων τ�υ ∆ιεθν�ύς ∆ικαί�υ απαbeing indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Ruth γ�ρεύεται η αναδηµ�σίευση ή η αναπαραγωγή (�λική ή µερική) µε Sociologist �π�ι�ν δήπ�τε A description ofδήπ�τε this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of πρ�ηγ�ύµενη Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar in other major τρ�π� και µε �π�ι� µέσ� των κειµένων τ�υ παρ�ντ�ς, �ωρίς GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major έγγρα�η άδεια τ�υ εκδ�τ�υ. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Toute reproduction un quelconque de cette Revue, cities in Western countries, byextrait other Researchers. Since then, the issued’has preoccupied several scholars andpar forquelque its more procédé que ce soit, et notamment par photocopie ou microfilm, est strictement Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the interdite. comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations thematerial phenomenon of gentrification, following: The whole ofofthe appearing in this Review isthe a copyright and may not be interpretations of the gentrification, following: In a sense,inthe phenomenon is dueof to a permission trend of a new category reproduced whole orphenomenon in part without the ofthe the Editor. of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus * for several reasons: high costs in money ∆ιεύθυνση / Adresse / Address and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Ίµ�ρ�υ 6, 11257 Aθήναι, τηλ.: (210) 8647120, fax: centres, (210) 8658868 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS for wasbetter born in sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town search IMVROY GR 11257, / ATHENS, teleph.: 8647120, Berlin, where she6,made her first ATHENES studies. In 1932 she published an (210) important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year left8658868 Germany and after continuous movements for fax:she (210) lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, * in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and http : // library.panteion.gr/pandemos • Eλληνικά περι�δικά University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying * her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theISSN depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 1106-91-71 G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns ΤΕΥΧΟΣ Ν. 90/2017/ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ/SOMMAIRE/CONTENTS
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Σελ./P. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS - Κωνστ. ΓΕ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ / Const. GE. ATHANASOPOULOS: Τοις Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Εντευξομένοις Ή Περί των θεμελιωδών αρχών των διεπουσών την δράση By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect της Δημόσιας Διοίκησης…………………………………………………………………………. Student of the School of Architecture 3 - ΤΟ ΔΙΚΑΙΟ ΤΗΣ ΕΥΡΩΠΑΪΚΗΣ ΕΝΩΣΗΣ……………………………………………….. Technical University of Crete10 - Ναπ. ΜΑΡΑΒΕΓΙΑΣ: Διεθνείς Χρηματοπιστωτικές Αγορές και Οίκοι 1. Introductory the concept Αξιολόγησης ή Απόapproach: τον Άννα Defining στον Καϊάφα……………………………………………… 11 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), the ancient Greekανακάμπτοντας philosopher, - Θ.ANTISTHENIS, ΚΑΛΛΙΑΝΟΣ: Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση: από την οικονομική ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among wise heritage heτου left us, he established(444 a great the 13 κρίση. Ηother αντίστροφη μέτρηση BREXIT……………………………………………… among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. - G. MERGOS, N. PATSAVOS: Cultural Heritage and Sustainable acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term Development………………………………………………………………………………………….. 24 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” inSustainable a first, if (in notDevelopment. final, approach, the term gentrification) is indicated the area of Planning) (or gentrification - Σ. ΞΕΝΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ: Cultural Heritag e and 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of aανάπτυξη………………………………………. city area, the removal from this, (in various 32 Πολιτιστική κληρονομιά και βιώσιμη Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement - Θ. ΚΑΛΛΙΑΝΟΣ: Κριτικά Σημειώματα: Ελ. ΚΑΒΒΑΔΙΑ: Το ειδικόthere of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of καθεστώς οικονομικών δραστηριοτήτων του Ελληνικού Κράτους ως the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the Μέλους της Ε.Ε. και Ελλήνων Υπηκόων σε Χώρες των Βαλκανίων …………… 34 whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential speculation). Reflections on Hertfordshire Energy for - G. - Sp. C.relative ATHANASOPOULOS: potential relative speculation). TheDevelopment……………….………………………………………………………………. term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to 40 Waste The term gentrification iswealthy found atΑσυμμετρία first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of people to buy property in poor - Γ. ΜΑΡΗΣ: Εθνική Κυριαρχία, Ισχύος και Οικονομική the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas of London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents Πολιτική στο Διεθνές και Ευρωπαϊκό Δίκαιο…………………………………………… are 47 London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. - V. DELITHEOU: Bookreview: M. KARAGIANNI, Culture Sustainability being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth 59 Policy…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same similar in other major - GLASS Σ. ΞΕΝΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ: Από τοwhile Dogville στοsituations Suburbicon καιrecorded η αρχιτεκτονική at the same period, while similar situations were in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. των προαστείων…………………………………………………………………………………….. 61 cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more 65 - Η ΔΕΛΤΟΣ……………………………………………………………………………………………. Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive arepreoccupied being summarized from - comprehensive Α. ΜΑΣΟΥΡΑΣ:approach Μια θεσμική ανάλυση των ανισοτήτων και τηςthe ανάapproach are being summarized below, from various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: πτυξης…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 69 interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups - Κ. ΠΑΠΑΖΑΧΑΡΙΑ: Η εικόνα της γυναίκας στο κείμενο του Βασιλείου to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Διγενή Ακρίτη………………………………………………………………………………………… 76 and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the - Ευγ. Μαρ. Κ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ / ЕВГЕНИЯ МАРИА АФАНАСОПУЛУ: termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Το Μυστήριο του Alexander προσέγγιση / ,,Краткое Berlin, where she made her first Scriabin. studies. InΜία 1932κριτική she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for86 содержание Выводы”…………………………………………………………………………. lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, - in Γ.According ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΙΔΗΣ: Οapproach, ρόλος τωνthe επιμελητηρίων στην Ελλάδα της 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 she teacher in the to another is due tobecame a systematic and κρίσης …………………………………………………………………………………………………… University College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and89 long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. - her Δ. ΣΑΒΒΙΔΟΥ: Ειδικότερες ρυθμίσεις περί Ανθρωπίνων Δικαιωμάτων and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: στην Ε.Ε.: Ρυθμίσεις περί ισότητας………………………………………………………….. G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 93
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the - whatever Universityother of Luxembourg / Η. KAVVADIA, M. C. ADAM, K. land CLEMONS, V.(and the consequences has, results also rising of prices potential speculation). DEVENYI,relative E. GIROTTO, Y. LISOVA, F. MO, Z. VOJTA: The Economic potential relative speculation). at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification Diplomacy of Small States.isAfound Case Study of the Grand Duchy of The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto96 the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor Luxembourg………………………………………………………………………………………… the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof - Ν. ΨΑΛΛΙΔΑΣ: Συγκριτική μελέτη του δικαιώματος της μη London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents being indirectly “squeezed”. αυτοενοχοποίησης, όπως παρουσιάζεται στον Ελληνικό Κώδικα Ποινικής are being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in όπως the work of Sociologist Ruth Δικονομίας σε αντιδιαστολή με το αυτό δικαίωμα, υιοθετείται A description of this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar in other η σύμφωνα με την 5 Τροπολογία (Δίκη και Τιμωρία) του Συντάγματος τωνmajor GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. ΗΠΑ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 130 cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue του has several scholars andστην for its more - Δ. ΝΟΥΣΗ: «Στο βλέμμα Μπάιρον» Μια δράση καινοτομίας Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from Τοπική Αυτοδιοίκηση…………………………………………………………………………… 136 comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations the phenomenon of Θάνος gentrification, the following: …………… - interpretations ΔΕΥΚΑΛΙΩΝ οofΘεσσαλός. Εκδότης: Κ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ 139 of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social groups - Δ. ΝΟΥΣΗ: ΑΓΑΠΗ σ’ ευχαριστώ που μ’ αγαπάς…………………………………….. 140 to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: costs in money - Π. ΚΑΡΑΧΑΛΙΟΣ: Ένα χαμόγελο είναι πηγή ζωής χάρισέ το high μ’ ευχαand time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the ρίστηση………………………………………………………………………………………………… 140 termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, - Berlin, Κέντρο Έρευνας Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης «Ιερώνυμος Δ. ΠΙΝΤΟΣ και where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Αναστασία Ιερ. ΠΙΝΤΟΥ»……………………………………………………………………….. 141 lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where and research in Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, - studies Δήμος Βύρωνα: Άνθρωπος και Εξουσία…………………………………………………. 142 in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and -long-term ΔΗΜΟΤΙΚΑ ΤΡΑΓΟΥΔΙΑ ΣΟΦΑΔΩΝ.…………………………………………………….. University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying143 her work areΕπιστημονικός characterized by Υπεύθυνος……………………………………………………... a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. -and Εκδότης, selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in144 edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: -a 10th Περιεχόμενα………………………………………………………….……………………………... Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually146
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