E¶.A¶. A¶.TO¶. TO¶.AYT. AYT.¶EP. ¶EP.AN. AN./ R.DEC. / R.DEC.ADM. ADM.LOC. LOC.DEV. DEV.REG. REG./ R. / R.DEC. DEC.LOC. LOC.GOV. GOV.REG. REG.DEV. DEV. E¶.
GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Reflections on Hertfordshire Energy for Waste Development Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification Concerns
Everything in excess is an enemy to nature” [Πᾶν τὸ πολὺ τῇ φύσει πολέμιον] Hippocrates By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS 460-377 BC Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student,
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Georgios - Spyridon Const. ATHANASOPOULOS Technical University of Crete
PhD Candidate Cambridge University, 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Engineering Department 1. Introductory approach: the concept Master of Architecture Urban Design ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, (444 BC -in 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, Athens), Graduate of Design among other wise heritage he left us, heHarvard established a greatSchool “principle”: the among other wise Bachelor heritage left us,definition he established a great the acquisition of knowledge startshe with the of the content of“principle”: concepts. of Architecture Technical University of Crete
acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, (in various In 2007 theasHertfordshire County Council announced its of 20-year ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, 1. One the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However thisAction “change”, regardless of long Joint Municipal Waste Management Strategy Plan of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof the mainrelative targets is to reduce the of waste up in landfill whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, amount results also rising ending of land prices (and the potential potential relative speculation). sites promote more sustainable ways with Theand termtogentrification is found at first in the UKof in dealing early 1960s andmunicipal it refers to The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas the then observed trend of to buy property in poor ofto solid waste. In the year 2014/2015 the county produced 534,000refers tons the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas of London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents are 2(also known as ofLondon, local waste and 268,000 tons were residual waste upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. black bag waste). To phenomenon meet the targets of the plan, in 2009 the council A description of this is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major announced a bid forperiod, the development of a waste disposal siteinthat could GLASS at the same while similar situations were recorded other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. implement energy fromhas waste facilities. In July 2011, theand Council cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue several scholars for itssigned more Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more a contract with approach Veolia forare thebeing development, construction andthe operation comprehensive summarized below, from various comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: 3 to be ofinterpretations an incineration plant located at New Barnfield, Hatfield. the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups However, thethe Communities Secretary refused permithigh planning July to “return” to city, leaving the purlieus for severalto reasons: costs inin money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.of safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin,1http://www.hertfordshire.gov.uk/services/envplan/plan/hccdevplan/wasteplan/w where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for stdevfrmrk/wcsdmpd lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc. studies 2 and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where http://www.hertfordshire.gov.uk/services/envplan/waste/future/ in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and 3 University College of London, where she continued social research. Herused public and Forinformal the purposes ofby this essay, thegroups, term her “incineration” will be to refer to long-term effort organized manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. mass burning incineration process asdepreciation an energy See from waste(EfW) technology, which is and selling real estate, etc., for theCo initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: different from other waste thermal-treatment technologies that are suggested throughout G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
40
the pages of this document.
2521 11
E¶.A¶. A¶.TO¶. TO¶.AYT. AYT.¶EP. ¶EP.AN. AN./ R.DEC. / R.DEC.ADM. ADM.LOC. LOC.DEV. DEV.REG. REG./ R. / R.DEC. DEC.LOC. LOC.GOV. GOV.REG. REG.DEV. DEV. E¶.
GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
20144. Veolia came back with a revised proposal for an incinerator in Rye House, Hoddesdon with a capacity of processing 320,000 tons of waste per year that could generate 33.5MW of energy, enough to provide heat to approximately 69,000 houses5. The plant is expected to start operating in 2020 and construction to begin in 2017. In the next George-Sp. ATHANASOPOULOS pages, this latter developmentBy Mr. plan will beC.examined from a Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, sustainability point of view fromByvarious perspectives. What was the Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect main motivation from the Hertfordshire Student CountyofCouncil forofthis plan? the School Architecture Technical University of How did the public engage through the design process? What are Crete the 1. Introductory Defining the concept benefits from theapproach: operation? Are there any environmental impacts? Are 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, thesolutions ancient Greek philosopher, there any alternative to incineration? ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the The Hertfordshire County Council (from now on HCC) clearly among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with thein definition of the content ofto concepts. bases thetherefore, need ofonthe suggested plan on ifthe necessity abandon Based, this “principle” a first, not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, term 6 gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification under landfilling. On1 HCC’s webpage one may find a dedicated passage the gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various the title “the problem with landfill”. Through the passage, we can see Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, ofactivities low-income and thethis placement of artists, cost estimations on usually landfill based on landfillthere taxes. The the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the environmental implications of landfill are also to be found right belowof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative the landfill’s cost claims. Governmental landfilling may potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in thepenalties UK in earlyfor 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first the UK in early 1960s and refersofto provide a starting point to look for in alternative solutions to itareas landfill, the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas of London, upgrade stay of themselves and thus open old residents however, it maythem, be arguable if a waste discussion should based are on London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. taxes. For sure,“squeezed”. incentives can promote a dialogue, however, being indirectly A description ofeconomic this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description this phenomenon issuch included inwere the recorded work Sociologist Ruth as far asatwaste isofconcerned, as ecology andofenvironmental GLASS the same period, whileissues similar situations in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western other Researchers. impacts may countries, be morebyby valuable to be tabled way earlier in the cities in Western countries, other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more discussion. Additionally, one may also have a look atfrom one of Since then, the issue has several scholars andthe forVeolia’s its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, various comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various 7 (see fig. 1). interpretations theone phenomenon of gentrification, following: The figures shownofin of their leaflets for the the project interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social groups amount of taxes paid for landfill are demonstrated as the initiation of to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money the time development strategy. Thisto can lead to thework conclusion thatofthe and to travel from the purlieus downtown, where place is, lack the The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.of safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin,4http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-28216261 where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth5Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for http://www.veolia.co.uk/ [forfrom unknown reasons full link copies dotonot work-the lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back London, reader this essay can navigate through webpage by typing in According 1943 of she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. Veolia’s In 1950 she teacher in the to another approach, the is due tobecame a systematic and University informal College of London, where her social Her public and “www.veolia.co.uk/hertfordshire” onshe thecontinued web browser; all research. relevant information can be long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. found there] and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 6 http://www.hertfordshire.gov.uk/services/envplan/waste/future/landfill/ G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 7
Ibid http://www.veolia.co.uk/
252141 11
E¶.A¶. A¶.TO¶. TO¶.AYT. AYT.¶EP. ¶EP.AN. AN./ R.DEC. / R.DEC.ADM. ADM.LOC. LOC.DEV. DEV.REG. REG./ R. / R.DEC. DEC.LOC. LOC.GOV. GOV.REG. REG.DEV. DEV. E¶.
GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
project is based primarily on economic sustainability, and therefore this should be recognized as a weak sustainability claim. In comparison with the chart provided by Veolia, we should look at other sustainability diagrams that demonstrate different hierarchy approaches starting with ecology and finishing with economic liability. The Stockholm Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS fig. 2). Resilience Center provides a veryBy good example8 (see
Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth Figure 1: A in diagram GLASS at the same while similar were in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major demonstrating the initial cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more strategy for the Since then, the issue has several below, scholars and for its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied beingdevelopment summarized of the from the various comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, theplant. following: Hertfordshire The interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups reduction of landfilling to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and its taxwhere penalties a is, lack of the and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, workisplace core issue. termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. Inhttp://www.veolia.co.uk/ 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 8
42
http://www.stockholmresilience.org/
2521 11
E¶.A¶. A¶.TO¶. TO¶.AYT. AYT.¶EP. ¶EP.AN. AN./ R.DEC. / R.DEC.ADM. ADM.LOC. LOC.DEV. DEV.REG. REG./ R. / R.DEC. DEC.LOC. LOC.GOV. GOV.REG. REG.DEV. DEV. E¶.
GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the Figure 2: An approach for sustainable development provided by the the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Stockholm Resilience Center.http://www.stockholmresilience.org/ Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology asVeolia well), as the “refining” of atrying city area, from this, (inartists, various Both and the HCC are to the engage with the public and ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and theremoval placement there of ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of inform the residents on the development of the this project. From the early the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However this “change”, regardless of whatever other has, results rising of land prices (and the stages of design multiple community meetings haveofbeen conducted to whatever other consequences has, results also rising land prices (and the potential relative speculation). allow substantial feedback involved parties and toitaddress potential relative speculation). Thefor term gentrification is foundfrom at firstthe in the UK in early 1960s and refers to The term gentrification found first in the UK in early 1960s andprojects, itareas refersofto anythen concerns of the members. Asatin most public infrastructure the observed trend ofiswealthy people to buy property in poor the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof public engagement is a crucial aspect; it is a necessity of strategic London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. importance. However, in the case of the Rye House incineration plant, it being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth is worth mentioning the primary discussion is Veolia.Ruth It A description ofperiod, thisthat phenomenon is situations included inwere thefacilitator work of Sociologist GLASS at the same while similar recorded in other major at the same period, situations were recorded in other major isGLASS the company’s responsibility to organize the meetings, the cities in Western countries, bywhile othersimilar Researchers. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, composition, the issue has preoccupied scholars and for its more participants’ and to set several the gatherings’ agendas. The Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from company provides very well documentation for all the meetings comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: 9. All community member concerns are written through its webpage interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups down tidily.The thattheapurlieus company like reasons: Veolia may have great to “return” to the city,fact leaving for several high costs in money experience in coordinating and arranging thewhere nature of communications and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, work place is, lack of the 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside townHowever, centres, for channels with the public can well be understood. it should bein Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of theacity”, (possibly)for Youth Unemployment. Thethe same yearof shethe left depositary Germany and after continuous movementsin noted that assigning role of such discussion lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, only oneshestakeholder that also will beplanning. responsible for the construction in According 1943 published studies regarding cityphenomenon In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University Collegecan of London, she continued her social research. Her public and and operation raisebywhere concerns regarding the way in which the public long-term informal effort organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 9 Ibid http://www.veolia.co.uk/
252143 11
E¶.A¶. A¶.TO¶. TO¶.AYT. AYT.¶EP. ¶EP.AN. AN./ R.DEC. / R.DEC.ADM. ADM.LOC. LOC.DEV. DEV.REG. REG./ R. / R.DEC. DEC.LOC. LOC.GOV. GOV.REG. REG.DEV. DEV. E¶.
GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
is involved in planning and design decisions. Perhaps it would have been far more effective if the discussion had been initiated way before the contractor’s participation in a local community level. In other words, the HCC could have opened the discussion with the public way before the development had reached the design stage. Additionally, third parties (non-governmental/waste treatment institutions) could By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS have also been involved to University, fertilize the discussion, asStudent, in all Harvard Graduate School ofsince Design, 10 By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect . planning cases, pluralism can unlock multiple potential directions Student of the School of Architecture One of the main sustainability claims of the project is the Technical University of Crete production of energy. Once waste is fed inside the incinerator, the gases 1. Introductory approach:that Defining the concept create high temperatures can boil water and make a high-pressure 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, steam. On its turn, the steam is used to generate electricity through a ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the 11. Eventually, turbine the amount of the electricity produced is relevant among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the toacquisition the mass waste put in the two main ofofknowledge starts withincinerator. theindefinition of the content ofby-products concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, ifThe not final, approach, the term 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term of the process are bottom ash and isin gas emissions. The volume of the (and urban gentrification) indicated area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various bottom ash is relatively way smaller than the volume of waste Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social of low-income andthe theremoval placement imported, andgroups, it can usually be reused as a construction material (e.g. asphalt). ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of Gas emissions are way more crucial than the bottom ash. For the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (andthis theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results alsoplant, risingclaims of land that pricesany (andgas the project, AECOM, Veolia’s partner for the potential relative potential relative speculation). The termclearly gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s it refers to emissions meet the regulation guidelines. There hasand been a lot of The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor research regarding the wealthy emissions incinerators manyof the then observed trend peopleofto there buy property in and poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents are comparisons tothem, the stay emissions alternative thermal London, upgrade themselvesof sometimes there and thus old treatment residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectlyIt“squeezed”. technologies. highly complicated to extract crystal conclusions. A description ofisthis phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same similar situations recordedstandards in other major What should be period, noted while is that there are nowere common for GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. comparison between all the heat-based EfW technologies. Additionally, cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more it isSince very common that juxtaposing the different data provided by then, the issuewhen has several scholars and for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from the comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various operators, results turn to preferable directions and thus, research interpretations of themay phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: 12 In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups methods may even be questionable . to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.of safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin,10where she P. made her firstand studies. In 1932 she published an important studyTheory: entitled: Davidoff, "Advocacy Pluralism in Planning." Readings in Planning services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Fourth Edition., 2016. 427-442. SCOPUS. Web. 23 Nov. lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car2016. easier access to markets, etc. studies 11 and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where forapproach, Environment Food and Rural Affairs, provides a very wellin According 1943The she Department published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another the phenomenon is due a systematic and University description College of London, where she her social research. brokers Her public and articulated of all by known EfWcontinued technologies. https://www.gov.uk/government/ long-term informal effort organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. publications/energy-from-waste-a-guide-to-the-debate and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 12 Thomas Fruergaard Astrup, DavideTonini, Roberto Turconi, Alessio Boldrin, Life G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
44
cycle
assessment
of
thermal
Waste-to-Energy
technologies:
Review
and 2521 11
E¶.A¶. A¶.TO¶. TO¶.AYT. AYT.¶EP. ¶EP.AN. AN./ R.DEC. / R.DEC.ADM. ADM.LOC. LOC.DEV. DEV.REG. REG./ R. / R.DEC. DEC.LOC. LOC.GOV. GOV.REG. REG.DEV. DEV. E¶.
is involved in planning and design decisions. Perhaps it would have been far more effective if the discussion had been initiated way before The energy produced from the incinerator plant in Rye House will the contractor’s participation in a local community level. In other be used to primarily cover the needs for heat in the surrounding area. It words, the HCC could have opened the discussion with the public way is worth mentioning that when EfW plants are used for district heating, before the development had reached the design stage. Additionally, this requires the pre-existence of specific heating infrastructure. There third parties (non-governmental/waste treatment institutions) could are countries such as Sweden that have developed similar highly have also been involved to fertilize the discussion, since as in all advanced systems. However, in the case of the United Kingdom,10it can planning cases, pluralism can unlock multiple potential directions . By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS be questionable whether the University, cost of creating and maintaining such Harvard Graduate School of Design, Student, One of the main sustainability claims of the project is the By Mr. George-Sp. systems can be more affordable than lookingC. ATHANASSOPOULOS directly forArchitect other production of energy. Once waste is fed inside the the gases Student of incinerator, the School of Architecture alternative resources for electricity (wind or solar power)13. create high temperatures that can boil water andTechnical make aUniversity high-pressure of Crete Additionally, it may be important to note that Veolia is the main steam. On its turn, the steam is used to generate electricity through a 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept stakeholder that oversees the operation. This can raise questions on 11. Eventually, the amount of the electricity produced is relevant turbine 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, how the public is engaged in taking decisions about the allocation of the to the mass of waste put in the incinerator. The(444 two main by-products ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the energy produced. other wise leftthe us,definition he a The greatof “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. ofamong the process areheritage bottom ash and gasestablished emissions. volume of the During the procurement process theifHCC did notofprovide the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, not final, approach, the term bottom ash1 is relatively way smaller than the volume of waste Based,with therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term tenders a urban framework towards a specific waste treatment is area of Planning) (or gentrification imported, and(and it can begentrification) reused as a construction material (e.g. asphalt). 1 (and gentrification urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various technology that should be implemented. HCC’s mainly focused on Gas emissions are way more crucial than the bottom ash. For this Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, “safety, social benefit, protection of the environment, cost and ways), ofAECOM, social groups, usually of low-income the placement there of artists, project, Veolia’s partner for theand plant, claims that any gas the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of 14 . It is unknown if etc. there werethis proposals thatof sustainability” the operation ofconsequences art galleries, However “change”, regardless whatever other has, results also rising ofany land prices (and emissions clearly meet therestaurants, regulation guidelines. There has been a lotthe of whatever other consequences has,than results also rising ofTo landname prices a(and the promoted technologies other incineration. few, potential relative speculation). research regarding the emissions of incinerators and many potential relative speculation). The termdigestion, gentrification is found at and first in the UK incan early 1960s and it refers to anaerobic gasification, pyrolysis provide alternatives comparisons to trend the of emissions of inalternative thermal treatment The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed to buy property in poor tothe incineration. However, they all refer to to bio-degradable waste, whichof then observed wealthy people buy property in poor areas technologies. Itthem, is trend highly complicated to extract crystal conclusions. London, upgrade stay of themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are isLondon, not the case forstayresidual waste. Additionally, they can be upgrade them, themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. What should be noted is that there are no common standards for being indirectly “squeezed”. implemented in a wide range of scales, and in that way, promote selfA description of this phenomenon is included the work of Sociologist Ruth comparison between all the heat-based EfWinin technologies. Additionally, A description ofperiod, this phenomenon included theinfrastructure. work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while situations were recorded in otherThese major efficiency without the needsimilar of islarge scale it is very common that when juxtaposing the different data provided by GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, byrequire other Researchers. alternative technologies a very well-organized waste sorting cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. operators, results may turn to preferable directions and thus, research Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more system asthen, well as the minimization of anyseveral waste below, that cannot Since the issue has scholars andbe forrecycled its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being 12 summarized from the various . methods may even be questionable comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various or composted. Indeed, in today’s world the incinerators a interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, following: provide
GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money 10 "Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning." Readings in Planning recommendations, Management, 37, March 2015, 104-115, and timeDavidoff, to travelP.Waste from the purlieus toVolume downtown, where work Pages place is, lackTheory: ofISSN the Fourth Edition., 2016. 427-442. SCOPUS. Web. 23 Nov. 2016. 0956-053X, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.06.011. 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born in sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for better Berlin,11 where she made her studies. In Food 1932 and she published an important The Department forfirst Environment Ruralheart Affairs, provides a(possibly) veryentitled: well(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X14002670) services of health, education, entertainment “at the of the city”,study Youth13Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for articulated description of all known EfW technologies. https://www.gov.uk/government/ ToorajJamasb, Rabindra Nepal, Issues and options in waste management: A social lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, publications/energy-from-waste-a-guide-to-the-debate cost–benefit analysis of waste-to-energy inplanning. the UK,In Resources, Conservation and in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and 12 University College of54, London, where she continued social1341-1352, research.Alessio Her public and Thomas Fruergaard Astrup, DavideTonini, Roberto Turconi, Boldrin, Life Recycling, Volume Issue 12, October 2010,her Pages ISSN 0921-3449, long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion Waste-to-Energy for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. cycle assessment thermal technologies: Review and http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.05.004.(http://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc and selling realCOLLINS estate,ofetc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: e/article/pii/S0921344910001151) G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 14 http://www.hertfordshire.gov.uk/services/envplan/waste/future/
252145 11
E¶.A¶. A¶.TO¶. TO¶.AYT. AYT.¶EP. ¶EP.AN. AN./ R.DEC. / R.DEC.ADM. ADM.LOC. LOC.DEV. DEV.REG. REG./ R. / R.DEC. DEC.LOC. LOC.GOV. GOV.REG. REG.DEV. DEV. E¶.
GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
temporary solution for residual waste that can eliminate landfilling. However, adopting incineration as an absolute solution does not allow for more sustainable perspectives in the future. Incineration admits a materialistic and consumeristic world; it pardons a lifestyle where redundancy is forgiven. At this point it may worth quoting Lewis Mumford and his view on the world created by the machine:
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By emphasis Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect “There is a disproportionate on the physical means of Student of the School of Architecture living: people sacrifice time and present enjoyments in order that they Technical University of Crete
acquire a greater abundance of physical means; for there is supposed to theand concept be 1. a Introductory close relationapproach: betweenDefining well-being the number of bathtubs, motor 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, [1934] cars, and similar machine-made products that one may possess”15.Athens),
ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the Sustainability bewith aiming reusing andofreducing. It acquisition of knowledge starts theindefinition the content concepts. Based, therefore, onshould this “principle” atowards first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 therefore, on this “principle” a this first, stage if (in notthe final, approach, the term can Based, well be understood that even ifisinatindicated thearea responsibility of (and urban gentrification) of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various recycle and reuse can be dealt at the consumer level, a point will come Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income theremoval placement when industry should be addressing theand issue inplacement a gigantic scale. We ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of owe to create products thatetc. can berising wellthis recycled without the operation ofsmarter art galleries, restaurants, However “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also of land prices (and the theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of prices (and the need forrelative incinerating. Positively surprised, a visitor to land Veolia’s webpage potential potential relative speculation). term gentrification is found firstaddress in the UK early 1960s and it refers to willThe find that the company triesat to thein issue in demonstrating The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor how industry owes to work in the year 2050; ideas infor life-cycle the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof product design are well From thatthere point ofthus view, London, upgrade them, stayexpressed. themselves sometimes and old instead residentsof are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. trying to deal with specific design solutions, we should be questioning A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included in the recorded work Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same whileofsimilar were in other major ourselves if the overall idea sustainability should be of challenging our GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in by other Researchers. way ofinWestern life andcountries, the policies that frame it in a wider perspective. In a cities Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more general planning a process for below, envisioning a various better Since sense, then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars andthe for its more comprehensive approach areas being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various environment, of should be shiftingoffrom the designing of a materiality to interpretations the phenomenon gentrification, the following: interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups the revision of existing policies, an approach that has been debated on to “return” the city, leaving the purlieus the field oftoplanning for a long time16. for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and 15 University College ofL.London, where she and continued her social Her public and Mumford, (1934). Technics civilization / byresearch. Lewis Mumford. New York: long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work Brace. are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Harcourt, p.273 and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 16 Krieger, Alex, and William S. Saunders, editors. Urban Design. NED New edition, G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
46
University of Minnesota Press, 2009. p. 128
2521 11