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GENTRIFICATION Definition, TypesΑσυμμετρία of Intervention, Εθνική Κυριαρχία, Ισχύος καιConcerns Οικονομική στο Διεθνές Definition, Types of intervention, ofΠολιτική Gentrification και Ευρωπαϊκό Επίπεδο1 Concerns Του Δρος Γεώρ. ΜΑΡΗ By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture σχεδόν 25 χρόνια που έχουν περάσει απόof την Technical University Crete
Εισαγωγή Σίγουρα, τα υπογραφή της Συνθήκης του Μάαστριχτ (ΣτΜ) τεράστιες αλλαγές 1. Introductory approach:ΗDefining the concept έχουν πραγματοποιηθεί. Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση (ΕΕ) έχει μετατραπεί σε 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), the ancient του Greek philosopher, έναANTISTHENIS, πολυσύνθετο οργανισμό οποίου η πολυπλοκότητα και το εύρος ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC 370 αισιόδοξες BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the των αρμοδιοτήτων έχει ξεπεράσει κατά πολύ (444 και τις -πιο among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. προβλέψεις. Όμως, αυτού του είδους η πολυπλοκότητα επηρεάζει την acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term λειτουργία και την on αποτελεσματικότητα τουifίδιου οργανισμού σε 1 (and Based, therefore, “principle” is inindicated a first, notthe final, approach, theόλα term urbanthis gentrification) (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 τα επίπεδα πολιτικής. Εδώ, κάθε θεωρητική προσέγγιση αντιμετωπίζει gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various τεράστιες προκλήσεις αναφορικά με την προσπάθεια ερμηνείας των Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually low-income and placement there of artists, γενόμενων. Από την αρχή τηςofδιαδικασίας έωςthe και σήμερα, οι ερευνητές the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless έτειναν να θεωρούν τα δύο has, επίπεδα πολιτικής τοofδιακυβερνητικό whatever other consequences results also rising land prices (and και theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (andκαι the potential relative το υπερεθνικό τελείως διακριτά. Οι διακυβερνητιστές θεωρούσαν potential relative speculation). The termακόμα gentrification is foundτο at first in theκαι UK τα in early 1960s and itτον refers to θεωρούν και σήμερα κράτος συμφέροντα πιο The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor σημαντικό παράγοντα αλλαγής (Hoffmann Moravcsik 1993), ενώof the then observed trend wealthy people to1966; buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are οιLondon, υπερεθνηκιστές έβλεπαν και βλέπουν τηνthere ΕΕ ως ή upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes andμια thusρυθμιστική old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. γραφειοκρατική δομή όπου οι υπερεθνικοί οργανισμοί παίζουν being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth κυρίαρχο ρόλο (Sandholtz andsimilar Zysman 1989;inwere Bauer andofBecker A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included the recorded work Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while in other2014). major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major Αυτού του είδους η διάκριση όμως τους εμποδίζει να καταπιαστούν με cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. τονSince δυναμικό φανταστικό κόσμοand τηςfor ΕΕits μεmore λίγη then, και the αλληλοσχετιζόμενο issue has preoccupied several scholars Since then, λεπτομέρεια. the issue has several scholars andthe for its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being below, from various περισσότερη Στόχοςsummarized αυτής της εργασίας είναι να comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: μελετήσει την σχέση ανάμεσα στην εθνική κυριαρχία και την interpretations of the phenomenon gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is dueof to a trend of a new of social groups ευρωπαϊκή ολοκλήρωση στο πλαίσιο της οικονομικής πολιτικής to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money στο αξιολογώντας τις κύριες εξελίξεις που συνέβησαν τον 20ο αιώνα and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the διεθνές και ευρωπαϊκό πολιτικοοικονομικό σύστημα προσφέροντας termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published anασυμμετρία important study entitled: παραδείγματα σχετικά με τον τρόπο με τον οποίο η ισχύος services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for
lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc. studies 1 and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where μεταδιδακτορική έρευνα ή η επιστημονική δημοσίευση πραγματοποιήθηκε στο in According 1943Ηshe published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 she teacher in the to another approach, the is due tobecame a systematic and University College London, where she continued her social research. Her public and πλαίσιο τηςinformal πράξηςof«ΕΝΙΣΧΥΣΗ ΜΕΤΑΔΙΔΑΚΤΟΡΩΝ ΕΡΕΥΝΗΤΩΝ/ ΕΡΕΥΝΗΤΡΙΩΝ» του Ε.Π long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: ENGLISH DICTIONARY. «Ανάπτυξη Ανθρώπινου Δυναμικού, Εκπαίδευση και Δια COLLINS Βίου Μάθηση», 2014-2020, η and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: οποία υλοποιείται από το Ι.Κ.Υ. και συγχρηματοδοτήθηκε από το Ευρωπαϊκό Κοινωνικό G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually Ταμείο και το Ελληνικό δημόσιο.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Το διεθνές σύστημα και η ασυμμετρία ισχύος Concerns Κατά την διάρκεια του 20ου αιώνα συνέβησαν τεράστιες αλλαγές
επηρέασε τόσο την δομή όσο και τους κανόνες λειτουργίας του διεθνούς και ευρωπαϊκού συστήματος.
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τόσο στις οικονομικές ιδέες όσο και στους θεσμούς διακυβέρνησης οι By Mr. C. ATHANASOPOULOS οποίες μετασχημάτισαν το διεθνές καιGeorge-Sp. κατά συνέπεια το ευρωπαϊκό Harvard University, Graduate School of Student, πλαίσιο (Blyth 2006). Οι αδυναμίες του σύγχρονου Design, διεθνούς και By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect περιφερειακού συστήματος συνδέονται Student άμεσα ofμεtheαυτές τις αλλαγές School of Architecture εφόσον η κρίση σχετίζεται με τους βαθμούς ελευθερίας που δίνονται Technical University of Crete στους θεσμικούς μηχανισμούς του συστήματος κάθε φορά. 1. Introductoryτις approach: Defining concept Μεταπολεμικά, δεκαετίες του the 1950 και του 1960, οι σχεδιαστές 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, πολιτικής, παίρνοντας σοβαρά μαθήματα από την Μεγάλη Ύφεση, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the επικεντρώθηκαν στις κεϋνσιανές πολιτικές της (444 ζήτησης (Temin 1989), among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. ενώ παράλληλα, οι κυβερνήσεις, στράφηκαν, προς την υιοθέτηση μιας acquisition of knowledge starts with the the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term ξεχωριστής μορφής φιλελευθερισμού του «εμπεδωμένου 1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in not final, approach, the term urban gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 φιλελευθερισμού» (Ruggie 1982). Ο «εμπεδωμένος φιλελευθερισμός» gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various έδινε την δυνατότητα στις κυβερνήσεις να υιοθετήσουν μέτρα Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually low-income and the placement there of artists, κοινωνικής προστασίας καιof με αυτό τον τρόπο να κατευνάσουν the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences also risingναof land prices (andστο theof οποιεσδήποτε διαμάχες has, θα results μπορούσαν ξεσπάσουν whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative περιφερειακό ήspeculation). στο τοπικό επίπεδο. potential relative speculation). TheΌμως, term gentrification foundδεκαετίας at first in the UK1970, in earlyη 1960s and it refers to οι εξελίξειςis της του κατάρρευση του The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor συστήματος του Bretton Woods, δύο πετρελαϊκές κρίσεις καθώς καιof the then observed trend wealthyοιsometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents are το φαινόμενο του στασιμοπληθωρισμού, φανέρωσαν του London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there andτις thusαδυναμίες old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. κεϋνσιανισμού και συνέβαλαν σταδιακά και αποφασιστικά στην being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth δημιουργία σύγχρονου οικονομικού συστήματος A description ofνέου this phenomenon isδιεθνούς included in the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the του same period, while similar situations were in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major μέσαinαπό τονcountries, παραγκωνισμό των κεϋνσιανών πολιτικών και την cities Western by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars andοικονομικών for its more παράλληλη υιοθέτηση του μονεταρισμού ή αλλιώς των Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for various its των more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the της προσφοράς (Hall 1989; De Long 2000). Καθώς οι αναμνήσεις comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, following: χρηματοπιστωτικών ανισορροπιών του the 1930 ξεθώριαζαν, ο interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social groups κανονιστικός αποπαρεμβατισμός εντάθηκε και οι απορρυθμίσεις to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money έγιναν μέσο για την ενίσχυση του χρηματοπιστωτικού ανταγωνισμού and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the διεθνώς (Eichengreen 2009, σ. 56). Παράλληλα, αρχές τουin 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruthοι GLASS wasbetter born sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for Berlin, where she φιλελευθερισμού made her first studies. Inεπέβαλλαν 1932 she published anαποτέλεσμα important study entitled: οικονομικού ως μιας services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for ιδεολογικής τηςfrom ορθόδοξης μακροοικονομικής θεωρίας, lower living costμεροληψίας of, in “withdrawal” private easier access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car New York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she teacher in the την αμφισβήτηση τουapproach, ρόλου της δημοσιονομικής πολιτικής (Kasper to another the phenomenon is due tobecame a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying 2002). Από την μια πλευρά, το έθνος κράτος δεν θα μπορούσε πλέον να her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCoδαπάνες depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. Londonως 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: χρησιμοποιεί τις δημόσιες μηχανισμό ανάπτυξης και Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aδιαφυγής variety ofσε ways, in orderκρίσης to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually περιόδους καθώς αυτές μπορούσαν να αυξήσουν
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification σε υπερβολικό βαθμό τα δημόσια ελλείμματα και τα δημόσια χρέη ενώ από την άλλη, οι θεσμικέςConcerns απορρυθμίσεις μαζί με την εισαγωγή
χρηματοοικονομικών καινοτομιών δημιουργούσαν χρηματοπιστωτικές κρίσεις (Crotty 2009). Από την δεκαετία του 1980, παράλληλα με την By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate of Design, Student, ενίσχυση της οικονομικής παγκοσμιοποίησης, ο School νεοφιλελευθερισμός, ο By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect μονεταρισμός και η Συναίνεση της Ουάσιγκτον αποτέλεσαν τα κύρια Student of the School of Architecture στοιχεία μέσα από τα οποία πρόκυπτε η λήψη και άσκηση οικονομικής Technical University of Crete πολιτικής διεθνώς. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Πως τα διαφορετικά στρατηγικά συμφέροντα και κατ’ επέκταση 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek την philosopher, (444 BC BC,διεθνούς Athens), η ασυμμετρία ισχύος επηρέασαν οικοδόμηση του- 370 νέου ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the οικονομικού συστήματος; Υπάρχουν δύο τεράστιας ιστορικής among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. σημασίας σημεία που αναδεικνύουν αυτό ακριβώς το θέμα. Το πρώτο acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term σχετίζεται με την αντιμετώπιση των in επιπτώσεων της Μεγάλης Ύφεσης 1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term urban gentrification) is indicated area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 του 1929 και το δεύτερο, με την επιλογή της αρχιτεκτονικής του νέου gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various διεθνούς οικονομικού συστήματος μετά τον Δεύτερο Παγκόσμιο Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), ofΑυτό social groups, ofνα low-income and the placement there of artists, Πόλεμο. που θαusually πρέπει έχουμε κατά νου είναι πως σταδιακά the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of ου the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless πραγματοποιήθηκε μια τεράστια από τις other αρχέςconsequences του 20 αιώνα whatever has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever other consequences results alsoτοrising of landΒασίλειο prices (and the potential relative speculation). μεταβίβαση της παγκόσμιας has, ισχύος από Ηνωμένο στις potential relative speculation). TheΈτσι, term gentrification at first inπιστωτικό the UK in early 1960sαπέρριψε and it refers to ΗΠΑ. οι ΗΠΑ, ως is τοfound πιο ισχυρό κράτος, μια The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor σειρά από ριζοσπαστικές προτάσεις διεθνούς συνεργασίες οι οποίες the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof προτάθηκαν από το stay Λονδίνο (Dyson 2010, there σ. 602). Τοold ίδιο βέβαια London, upgrade them, themselves sometimes and thus residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. συνέβη κατά την διάρκεια των διαπραγματεύσεων σχετικά με την δομή being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth τουAνέου διεθνούς οικονομικού συστήματος στο Bretton Για description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar inWoods. other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major παράδειγμα η πρόταση του John Maynard Keynes για την δημιουργία cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. ενός υπερεθνικού International Clearing Union η οποία την Since then, the issue has several scholars andθαforέδινε its more Since then, the issue has several scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being όπως summarized from δυνατότητα στα κράτη οφειλέτες το ΗΒ below, να πραγματοποιήσουν comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, following: επεκτατικές πολιτικές (Dyson 2010, σ. 603). the Όπως βλέπουμε δηλαδή, interpretations the phenomenon gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof to a trend ofτου a new of social groups ακόμα και στο διεθνές επίπεδο, η επιλογή τρόπου αντιμετώπισης to “return” to the city, leavingκαι/ή the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money συγκεκριμένων κρίσεων η επιλογή συγκεκριμένων οικονομικών and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the πολιτικών ποτέ δεν γίνεταιresidencies απολιτικά. Το αντίθετο μάλιστα, πάντα termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed outside town centres, Berlin,και where sheείναι made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: ήταν θα μια καθαρά πολιτικοποιημένη διαδικασία όπου η services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for ασύμμετρη ισχύς των κρατών και τα στρατηγικά συμφέροντα των lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, πιστωτικών κρατών θα επηρεάζει τις επιλογές. Αυτό το πέρα in According 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the phenomenon is due aγεγονός, systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying από την σημασία που παίζει η ασυμμετρία ισχύος στην επιλογή her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in οποιουδήποτε μοντέλου οικονομικής αλλάζει κάθε 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London διακυβέρνησης, 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. wetzel/gentry.htm aφορά variety in order to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually καιofτοways, πλαίσιο άσκησης τηςhttp://www.uncanny.net/ πολιτικής εξουσίας. 252149 11
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
Ιχνηλατώντας τα στοιχεία ασυμμετρίας στην ΟΝΕ Η ασυμμετρία ισχύος παρατηρείται από τις απαρχές αυτής της προσπάθειας ολοκλήρωσης. Άλλωστε, τη δεκαετία του 1970, το απρόβλεπτο διεθνές οικονομικό περιβάλλον, καθώς και οι μεγάλες διαφορές των προσεγγίσεων που θα έπρεπε να ακολουθηθούν ανάμεσα στην Γαλλία και στην Γερμανία, υπήρξαν οι κύριες αιτίες By περί Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS στασιμότητας του εγχειρήματος οικονομικής ενοποίησης της Harvard University, Graduate School of Student, Ευρώπης (Hodson 2010). Έτσι, οι κύριες διαφορές στιςDesign, προσεγγίσεις By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect των δύο χωρών σχετικά με τον τρόπο δημιουργίας της ΟΝΕ Student of the School of Architecture αντικατοπτριζόταν, ήδη από την Έκθεση Werner, διαμάχη Technical στην University of Crete ανάμεσα στους «οικονομιστές» και τους «μονεταριστές» (Rosenthal 1. Introductory Defining theΟι concept 1975; Tsoukalis approach: 1977; Kruse 1980). σχεδιαστές της ΟΝΕ, δεν ήταν 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, βέβαιοι για το ποιος τρόπος ενδεικνύονταν για τη δημιουργία της ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established great (Verdun 2007). Αυτό που δεν άλλαζε ποτέ ήταν(444 οa ρόλος που έπαιζε the σε among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. κάθε στάδιο της διαδικασίας η ασυμμετρία ισχύος ανάμεσα στα κράτη acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term μέληBased, της ΕΕ. 1 (and urban therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and Το κλίμα άλλαξε ριζικά την του 1980 και του Αυτό gentrification urban gentrification) indicated (in the area of1990. Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of δεκαετία a cityisarea, the removal from this, (in various δεν σήμαινε βέβαια πως άλλαξε ο μηχανισμός επιλογής του Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement there of artists, συγκεκριμένου τρόπου οικονομικής ολοκλήρωσης της Ευρώπης. Για the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other has,Νομισματικό results also rising of land pricesτο (and theof παράδειγμα, τοconsequences νέο Ευρωπαϊκό Σύστημα (ΕΝΣ), οποίο whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising σταθερότητας of land prices (and the potential είχε σανrelative κύριο στόχο την παροχή νομισματικής στην potential relative speculation). The term found at first αντικατέστησε in the UK in early 1960s it refers to 2, gentrification το οποίο isτο 1978 τον and Μηχανισμό Ευρώπη The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor Συναλλαγματικών Ισοτιμιών (ΜΣΙ),people μάλλον στουςof the then observed trend wealthy to δεν buy ανταποκρινόταν property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are προγραμματικούς τους σκοπούς τηςsometimes δημιουργίας (De old Cecco 1990). London, upgrade them, stay themselves thereτου and thus residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Στην πραγματικότητα, αντικατόπτριζε την στρατηγική θέση και τον being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth ρόλοA description που θαsame έπαιζε Γερμανική Bundesbank προώθηση της ofperiod, this η phenomenon is situations included inwere the στην work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the while similar recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major νομισματικής στην Ευρώπη (Artus et al. 1991; Smeets cities in Western ολοκλήρωσης countries, by other Researchers. cities inΗWestern countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholarsκράτη and for its more 1990). νομισματική σταθερότητα ήταν για πολλά μέλη ένας Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various τρόπος για να δημιουργήσουν έναν αξιόπιστο «αντιπληθωριστικό comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: μηχανισμό δέσμευσης» (Eichengreen και Frieden 1993, σ. 89). Με αυτό interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social groups τον τρόπο, η δημιουργία του ΕΝΣ, γινόταν ένα σπουδαίο εργαλείο κατά to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money του πληθωρισμού όπου τα κράτη μέλη αποδέχτηκαν την γερμανική and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the κυριαρχία για να ναRuth επωφεληθούν από την τηςin 1.of The term from Sociologist GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruthαξιοπιστία GLASS for wasbetter born sense safety atcomes the μπορέσουν distributed residencies outside town centres, search Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she 1991). published Όλα an important study entitled: Γερμανικής Bundesbank (Alogoskoufis τα παραπάνω services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for σήμαιναν γιαin να ενταχτούν στη νομισματική ένωση τα κράτη μέλη lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc. studies and πως research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, where in According 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the θα έπρεπε, ενδυναμώσουν την ανεξαρτησία των κεντρικών toνα another approach, the phenomenon is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 2 Βλέπε, “Resolution of the European Council of 5 December 1978 on the G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
50
Establishment of the European Monetary System (EMS) and Related Matters”.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
τραπεζών τους και να δεχτούν την απόλυτη ανεξαρτησία της ΕΚΤ έναντι πιθανών πολιτικών πιέσεων (Garrett 1993). Έτσι, από τις απαρχές της δημιουργίας της ΟΝΕ, οι νομισματικές προτιμήσεις της πιο ισχυρής χώρας, θα περιόριζαν την ικανότητα των άλλων κρατών μελών στην άσκηση της οικονομικής πολιτικής (Alogoskoufis 1991). Μετέπειτα ακολούθησε η δημοσίευση της Λευκής Βίβλου, τον Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Ιούνιο του 1985, και της ΕνιαίαςBy Ευρωπαϊκής Πράξης (EEΠ) του 1986. Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, H EEΠ, ένα Θατσερικά εμπνευσμένο κείμενο (Gillingham 2016, σ. 105), By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect το οποίο πρότεινε την ολοκλήρωση της Student εσωτερικής αγοράς μέσα από of the School of Architecture 279 νομοθετικά μέτρα, εξέφραζε την οργανωμένη Technicalαπάντηση University ofτων Crete ευρωπαϊκών κρατών στις πιέσεις της παγκοσμιοποίησης και τις 1. Introductory approach: Defining the προκλήσεις ανταγωνιστικότητας πουconcept αντιμετώπιζαν οι ευρωπαϊκές 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek BC Τα - 370αναμενόμενα BC, Athens), επιχειρήσεις τη δεκαετία του ΄80 philosopher, (Hermann (444 2007). ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great αναπτυξιακά οφέλη της δημιουργίας της ενιαίας αγοράς the θα among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. κυμαίνονταν από 2.5% έως 6.5% του ΑΕΠ (Cecchini, Catinat and acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term Jacquemin 1988). Με ολοκλήρωση πέρασμα την 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on την this “principle” inindicated a της first,ΕΕΠ if (in notτο final, approach, theΟΝΕ term gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 γίνονταν αναγκαιότητα. Έτσι, στο Ευρωπαϊκό Συμβούλιο του gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various Ανόβερου, 27-28 Ιούνιου 1988, ζητήθηκε από τον Jacques Delors να Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually low-income and placement there artists, εκπονήσει μια μελέτη γιαrestaurants, τηofδημιουργία τηςthe ΟΝΕ. Η έκθεση ηofοποία the operation of art galleries, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other τον consequences has,1989 results also rising land pricesτης (andΟΝΕ theof δημοσιεύτηκε Απρίλιο του πρότεινε τηνofδημιουργία whatever other3speculation). has, resultsτην alsoταύτιση rising ofτων landαπόψεων prices (and the potential relative .consequences Η έκθεση επιβεβαίωνε των σε τρία στάδια potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first the UK in early 1960s and it refers to ισχυρών κρατών μελών σχετικά μεinτην ακολουθούμενη οικονομική The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor πολιτική και τη δέσμευση στη μονεταριστική ορθοδοξία. Δεν πρέπει να the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof ξεχνάμε βέβαια πως επιτυχία τηςsometimes βασίζονταν ότι αυτή London, upgrade them,ηstay themselves thereστο andγεγονός thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. ήταν ένα σχέδιο προσαρμοσμένο στις ανάγκες της τότε εποχής χωρίς being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth να περιλαμβάνει μεταβίβαση (Verdun A description of this phenomenon is situations included inwere the2007). work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, whileκυριαρχίας similar recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major μελετητές επικεντρώθηκαν στις θεμελιώδεις αλλαγές που cities inΠολλοί Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issueΜάαστριχτ has severalτην scholars and forμιας its more έφερε η Western Συνθήκη του όσον αφορά δημιουργία νέας Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various κανονικότητας στην ευρωπαϊκή πολιτική μέσω της μεταβίβασης comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations the phenomenon of gentrification, theαλήθεια following:πως η ίδια η εξουσίας στιςofυπερεθνικές αρχές. Βέβαια, είναι interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: social groups In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new συνθήκη εμπεριείχε έναν ασύμμετρο τρόπο αναφορικά μεofτην άσκηση to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money οικονομικής πολιτικής ο οποίος έκανε την ευρύτερη οικονομική and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the διακυβέρνηση αδύνατη (Verdun 1996). Πιοin 1.of The termat comes from Ευρωζώνης Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born sense safety theτης distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: συγκεκριμένα, ενώ η νομισματική πλέον πολιτική των κρατών θα services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for ασκούνταν απόof,έναν υπερεθνικό οργανισμό, τηνshe ΕΚΤ, ηto δημοσιονομική lower living cost “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York came back to London, in According 1943 sheπαρέμενε published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. κυβερνήσεων. In 1950 sheto became the πολιτική σταapproach, χέρια των εθνικών Σεteacher αυτόin το to another the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 3 Βλέπε, Report on Economic and Monetary Union in the European Community G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
(Delors Report) (Brussels: mimeo, 12 April 1990).
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
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σημείο θα μελετήσουμε το πώς ουσιαστικά μετουσιώθηκε η ασυμμετρία ισχύος στην επιλογή των κανόνων της οικονομικής διακυβέρνησης στην ΕΕ μετά το Μάαστριχτ. Πως λοιπόν ασυμμετρία ισχύος επηρέασε την επιλογή συγκεκριμένης μορφής οικονομικής ολοκλήρωσης της ΕΕ; Πρώτα από όλα στο άρθρο 3Α της Συνθήκης αναφέρεται ρητά πως «η δράση των κρατών μελών και της Κοινότητας Mr. οικονομικής George-Sp. C. πολιτικής ATHANASOPOULOS περιλαμβάνει […] τη θέσπιση By μιας […] και Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, ασκείται σύμφωνα με την αρχή της οικονομίας της ανοικτής αγοράς με By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect ελεύθερο ανταγωνισμό». Αυτή είναι μια ξεκάθαρη αρχή η οποία Student of the School of Architecture σχετίζεται κυρίως με την επιλογή του νεοφιλελευθερισμού ωςof του Technical University Crete οικονομικού παραδείγματος γύρω από το οποίο θα χτιστεί η Ένωση. the concept Για1. Introductory αυτό το approach: λόγο, ταDefining κριτήρια ένταξης πέρα από το ότι 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS,στην the ancient Greek philosopher, επικεντρώθηκαν ονομαστική σύγκλιση και στη δημοσιονομική ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage left us, he established a great the πειθαρχεία (Schmidt καιhe Straubhaar 1995), (444 φανέρωναν και τον among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. ασύμμετρο που έπαιξαν ταthe ισχυρά κράτηtheμέλη στον σχεδιασμό acquisition ofρόλο knowledge starts with content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term τωνBased, κανόνων λειτουργίας της Ευρωζώνης. Εξάλλου, όπως τονίστηκε 1 (and therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if notthe final, approach, the term urban gentrification) is (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 εξαρχής για την περίπτωση της Γερμανίας, «[...] εκτός κι αν η Γερμανία gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various αποκτήσει δυσανάλογο βαθμό ελέγχου επί της νομισματικής πολιτικής Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually ofμεγάλο low-income and thethis placement there of Αυτό artists, της Ένωσης, θα έχει πολύ ενδιαφέρον για συμμετοχή. the operation ofδε art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences results also στιγμές». rising of land prices (and the δημιουργεί εντάσεις, κυρίωςhas, σε «δύσκολες [...] δεν μπορεί ναof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative ζητήσει κανείς από τη Γερμανία να πουλήσει «αξιοπιστία» δωρεάν» potential relative speculation). The term is found at first in the UK early 1960s and it refers to (Alesina καιgentrification Grilli (1993, σ. 164). Δηλαδή, οι in υποψήφιες προς ένταξη The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor χώρες θα observed έπρεπε να αποδείξουν στην Γερμανία ενδιαφέρονται γιαof the then trend wealthy people to there buyπως property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents are τον πληθωρισμό με τον τρόπο sometimes που ενδιαφέρονταν και (De London, upgrade them, stayίδιο themselves there and thus oldεκείνη residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Grauwe, 2009, σ. 239). Συμπερασματικά, τα κριτήρια σύγκλισης, being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth εισήχθησαν από πιοisισχυρό μέλος έτσι ώστε να A description ofperiod, this phenomenon includedκράτος inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at theασύμμετρα same whileτο similar situations in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major διαφυλαχθεί η μακροχρόνια εφαρμογή των κανόνων της cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more μονεταριστικής ορθοδοξίας στα πλαίσια της Ευρωζώνης. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, Στο νομισματικό επίπεδο, η ΣτΜ προέβλεπε την from δημιουργία της comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the of gentrification, following: ΕΚΤ στην βάση τουphenomenon Deutsche Bundesbank Act,the εδραιώνοντας κατ’ αυτό interpretations of the phenomenon of thecategory following: sense, theτο phenomenon is due togentrification, a trend ή of a αλλιώς new groups τονIn aτρόπο γερμανικό μοντέλο τηνof social κουλτούρα to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money σταθερότητας που υιοθετούσε η γερμανική κεντρική τράπεζα στη and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the λειτουργία της ενώ παράλληλα κύριος και πρωταρχικός στόχος τηςin 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 sheκύριοι published an important study entitled: γινόταν η σταθερότητα των τιμών και οι λόγοι επικράτησης του services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for γερμανικού προτύπου ήταν: α)London η private μονεταριστική επανάσταση καιetc. β) η lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from access markets, studies and research Geneva, Prague, and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, where in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the στρατηγική θέση της Γερμανίας στη διαδικασία της ΟΝΕ to another approach, the isδημιουργίας due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying (De Grauwe 2009). Η μονεταριστική θέση τόνιζε από τη μια πλευρά ότι her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially ofμείωσης part of the urban web, in edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: οι10th διαθρωτικές πολιτικές ήταν ο μόνος τρόπος του φυσικού Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aποσοστού variety of ways, in order to achieve the “assisted”, (actually ανεργίας ο οποίος θα επέτρεπε την “voluntary”, μόνιμη μείωση της
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
ανεργίας σε κάθε εθνική οικονομία, ενώ από την άλλη, το μόνο που θα έπρεπε να ενδιαφέρει την κεντρική τράπεζα είναι το επίπεδο των τιμών. Κάτω από αυτές τις συνθήκες, η ΕΚΤ γινόταν ίσως η πιο ανεξάρτητη κεντρική τράπεζα στον κόσμο και ταυτόχρονα ενσωμάτωνε τα κύρια χαρακτηριστικά της «νέας συναίνεσης» σχετικά με τα μέσα άσκησης νομισματικής πολιτικής (Αργείτης και Κορατζάνης By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS 2011, σ. 56). Έτσι, ενώ νομιμοποιούνταν ως ο κύριος θεσμός άσκησης Harvard University, Graduate School Design,την Student, σταθεροποιητικής πολιτικής στην Ευρωζώνη (Bibow, of2007), ίδια By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect στιγμή, περιορίζονταν από την νεοφιλελεύθερη ιδεολογία, η οποία Student of the School of Architecture μπορούσε να επηρεάσει άμεσα και έμμεσαTechnical τις αποφάσεις της University of Crete νομισματικής πολιτικής (Arestis and Sawyer 2004, σ. 10). Ο 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept ασύμμετρος ρόλος που έπαιξε η Γερμανία στην διαμόρφωση αυτής της 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greekσυναίνεσης philosopher, ευρωπαϊκής αντιπληθωριστικής είναι επίσης προφανής ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the (Blyth 2013). among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. Στο δημοσιονομικό επίπεδο, δημοσιονομική πολιτική ποτέ δε acquisition of knowledge starts with theη the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term μεταβιβάστηκε σεurban έναν υπερεθνικό 2007). Γιαthe αυτό 1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle”οργανισμό inindicated a first, if (Verdun notthe final, approach, term gentrification) is (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 άλλωστε τον κύριο λόγο σχετικά με τις δημοσιονομικές πολιτικές gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various παίζουν διακυβερνητικοί θεσμοί όπως το Ευρωπαϊκό Συμβούλιο και το Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of Χρειάστηκε social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, ECOFIN. να περάσουν αρκετά χρόνια ώστε ναthere υιοθετηθεί the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and στις 17 Ιουνίου του 1997 στο Άμστερνταμ (αναθεωρήθηκε στις the 27of whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (andτο the potential relative speculation). Ιουνίου του 2005) το Σύμφωνο Σταθερότητας και Ανάπτυξης (ΣΣΑ) potential relative speculation). The term is found at first inδημοσιονομικής the UK in early 1960s and it refers to οποίο έγινεgentrification ο θεσμικός μηχανισμός διακυβέρνησης The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor στην Ευρωζώνη (Heipertz και people Verdun 2004, 2005). Και areas στηνof the then observed trend wealthy to there buy property in poor London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents are περίπτωση δημιουργίας του ΣΣΑ sometimes αντικατοπτριζόταν London, upgrade them, stay themselves there and thusηoldασύμμετρη residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. διαπραγματευτική ισχύ της Γερμανίας (Heipertz και Verdun 2004).Ruth Τα being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist ισχυρά οικονομικά συμφέροντα των Γερμανικών καιofτων Γαλλικών A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major επιχειρήσεων επικεντρώθηκαν στην πραγματοποίηση σημαντικών cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other οι Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more δομικών μεταρρυθμίσεων οποίες θα βελτίωναν την Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various ανταγωνιστικότητα τους σε παγκόσμιο επίπεδο (Crouch 2002). Από τη comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of οικονομικά the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: μια πλευρά, τα συμφέροντα της Γερμανίας ταυτίζονταν με interpretations of the phenomenon thecategory following: a sense, the phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of aελλειμμάτων new of social groups τηνInανάγκη εξάλειψης των δημοσιονομικών στην ΟΝΕ και to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money την επιθυμία μείωσης της πολιτικής παρέμβασης, ενώ από την άλλη, η and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the γαλλική κυβέρνηση συνεχιστεί ηRuth διαδικασία τηςin 1.of The term fromεπιθυμούσε Sociologist Ruthνα GLASS, 1912-1940. GLASS for wasbetter born sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, search Berlin, where she made her first studies. Inταυτόχρονα, 1932 she published an important study entitled: οικονομικής ολοκλήρωσης και, να αποκτήσει όσο το services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for δυνατόν πολιτικό όφελος στο της χώρας lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private easier access markets, etc.where studies andπερισσότερο research Geneva, Prague, London and car New York εσωτερικό she came to back to London, in According 1943 sheκαι published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. 1950 sheto became teacher in the (Heipertz 2005). Παράλληλα με Inτην σύγκλιση toVerdun, another approach, the is οικονομική due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying των κρατών μελών, οι δημοσιονομικές πολιτικές και οι πολιτικές her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, for theCo depreciation initially part of the urban web,να in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: προϋπολογισμού θαetc., έπρεπε να συντονίζονται μεofτέτοιο τρόπο ώστε G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Συμπεράσματα Concerns Όπως αναφέραμε παραπάνω η ασυμμετρία ισχύος καθορίζει όχι
εξασφαλίζουν την επιτυχή άσκηση της νομισματικής πολιτικής (Verdun, 2000, σ. 5).
μόνο τις αλλαγές αλλά και την σχέση των κύριων δρώντων στο διεθνές Byαυτό Mr. George-Sp. C. η ATHANASOPOULOS και στο ευρωπαϊκό επίπεδο. Κατά τον τρόπο, εθνική κυριαρχία Harvard University, Graduate School Design, Student, περιορίζεται στο πλαίσιο της οικονομικής πολιτικής,ofόσο οι ισχυροί By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect κρατικοί δρώντες μπορούν να επιβάλλουν τις προτιμήσεις τους. Πιο Student of the School of Architecture συγκεκριμένα στο ευρωπαϊκό επίπεδο, τα πιο ισχυράUniversity κράτη ofμέλη Technical Crete μπορούν να παρεμβαίνουν ασύμμετρα στην διαδικασία ολοκλήρωσης Introductory approach: Defining the conceptαυτή. Για αυτό το λόγο, η σε 1.οποιοδήποτε επίπεδο και εάν συμβαίνει 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, ancient Greek philosopher, ίδια η διαδικασίαtheολοκλήρωσης χαρακτηρίζεται ως μια εντελώς ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the ιδιότυπη διαδικασία. Έτσι, η ύπαρξη των ασύμμετρων δυναμικών among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. σχέσεων περιορίζει και εμποδίζει την θεσμική ανάπτυξη του acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term οικονομικού συστήματος στην Ευρωζώνη καιif θέτει όρια στην ίδια 1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, notthe final, approach, theτην term urban gentrification) is (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 διαδικασία ολοκλήρωσης. Η ασυμμετρία μπορεί να ασκείται σε όλο το gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various φάσμα των αποφάσεων πολιτικής. Στην πραγματικότητα δηλαδή, ενώ Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually ofδιακυβέρνησης low-income and της thethis placement of αυτό artists, το σύστημα της οικονομικής Ευρώπης, όπως the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever otherμέσα consequences has,εξέλιξη results also of land prices (and theof εκφράστηκε από την της rising διαδικασίας οικονομικής whatever otherτις consequences results also risingπιο of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). ολοκλήρωσης τελευταίες has, δεκαετίες, να έγινε περίπλοκο, στην potential relative speculation). The term is found at the UK in early 1960s and it refersθα to ουσία του, gentrification δηλαδή αναφορικά μεfirst τιςinσημαντικές αλλαγές οι οποίες The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor πρέπει να προκύψουν δεν people άλλαξεto buy σημαντικά. in Έτσι πάντα the then observed trend wealthy areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes thereproperty and thus oldpoor residents areof δημιουργείται η them, ανάγκη μας στιςthere βασικές αρχές. Με αυτό London, upgrade stayπροσφυγής themselves sometimes and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. τον τρόπο, η διαδικασία ολοκλήρωσης γίνεται το μέσο, και η ΕΕ ο being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth χώρος ικανοποίησης των επιδιώξεων τωνof πιο ισχυρών A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same whileεθνικών similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major κρατών μελών,countries, περιορίζοντας την εθνική κυριαρχία στο πλαίσιο της cities in Western by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Since then,πολιτικής, the issue has severalολοκλήρωσης. scholars and for its more οικονομικής μέσω τηςResearchers. διαδικασίας
54
Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Βιβλιογραφία interpretations of the phenomenon of thecategory following: In aAlesina, sense, theA. phenomenon is due togentrification, a trend of aFeasibility new groups and Grilli, V. (1993) On the ofofasocial One-speed to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money or Multispeed European Monetary Union, Economics and Politics 5(2), and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the σσ. 145-165. 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin,Alogoskoufis, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: G. and Martin, 'External Constraints on European services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Unemployment', GeorgePrague, Alogoskoufis, Papademos, and Richard lower living cost of,in “withdrawal” from private car access markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, London and Lucas Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher The in the Portes (eds.), External Constraints on Macroeconomic Policy: to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying European Experience (Cambridge, 1991), σσ. 156-7. her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, for theCodepreciation initially of Οικονομική part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Αργείτης, Γ. etc., και Κορατζάνης, A. 2009. (2011) Πολιτική Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aΣταθεροποίησης variety of ways, in order to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually και Αστάθεια στην ΟΝΕ, (Αθήνα: Παπαζήση).
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of Concerns of(2004) Gentrification Arestis, P. and Sawyer,Types M. On intervention, the Main Ingredients of the European Economic and Monetary Union, International Journal of Concerns Political Economy 34(2), σσ. 5-18.
Artus, P., Avouyi-Dovi, S., Bleuze, E. and F. Lecointe, (1991) By Mr.to George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Transmission of U.S. monetary policy Europe and asymmetry in the Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, European monetary system, European Economic Review, 35(7), σσ. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect 1369-1384. Student of the School of Architecture Bauer, M. W. and Becker, S. (2014). The unexpected winner of the Technical University of Crete crisis: The European Commission’s strengthened role in economic 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept36(3), pp. 213–229. governance, Journal of European Integration, 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, Bibow, J. (2007), How the Maastricht Regime Fosters Divergence ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the as well as Instability, in Aspects of Modern Monetary and Macroeconomic among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. Policies, Arestis Philip,starts Eckhard and Edwin Le ofHeron, eds. acquisition of knowledge with theHein, the content concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term Hampshire: pp. 197-222. 1Palgrave Based, therefore, onMacmillan, this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 Blyth, M. (2006) Economic andthe Institutional in the gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areaChange of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of aIdeas cityisarea, removal this, (in various Twentieth Century, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement there of Idea, artists, Blyth, Mark. 2013, Austerity: TheHowever History of“change”, a Dangerous the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof (Oxford: Oxford University Press). whatever otherP. consequences also rising of landThe prices (and the potential relative speculation). Cecchini, Catinat, M. has, and results Jacquemin, A. (1988) European potential relative speculation). The term1992: gentrification is found in the UK in early 1960s andWildwood it refers to Challenge The Benefits ofatafirst Single Market, (Aldershot: The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor House). the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof Crotty, J. (2009) Structural Causes of thethere Global Crisis: are A London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes andFinancial thus old residents being indirectly “squeezed”. Critical Assessment of the ‘New Financial Architecture’’, Cambridge being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth Journal of the Economics 33(4), σσ.similar 563-580. A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at same while in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major (2002)byThe and Labour Markets and Wage cities inCrouch, Western C. countries, otherEuro, Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Since then, the issueStates has several scholars andeds. for its more Policies, in European and Researchers. the Euro, Kenneth Dyson, Oxford: Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various Oxford University Press, σσ. 278-304. comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the gentrification, following: De Cecco, M. phenomenon (1990) The of EMS and Otherthe International Monetary interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social groups Regimes Compared’, in Piero Ferri (eds.), Prospects for the European to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Monetary System (New York σ. 26). and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the De Long, B. (2000), The Triumph of Monetarism?, The Journal ofin The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born sense1.of safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where she made her 14(1), first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Economic Perspectives σσ. 83-94. services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for De Grauwe, P.Geneva, (1987) International trade and economic growth in lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research Prague, London and car New York she came back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding city planning.Economic In 1950 sheto became teacher in the the european system, European Review, 31(1-2), to monetary another approach, the phenomenon is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying σσ.389-398. her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. The Free Encyclopedia: De Wil. Grauwe, P.etc., (2009) The Economics ofWIKIPEDIA: Monetary Union, (Oxford: Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aOxford varietyUniversity of ways, inPress). order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 252155 11
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Dyson, K. (2010) Norman's Lament: The Greek and Euro Area Concerns Crisis in Historical Perspective, New Political Economy, 15(4), σσ. 597608.
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Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Eichengreen, B. (2009) A ByTale of Two Crises, in Aftershocks Harvard University, Graduate School of Student, Economic Crisis and Institutional Choice, Hemerijck Anton,Design, Ben Knapen, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect and Ellen Van Doorne, eds. Amsterdam:Student Amsterdam University Press, of the School of Architecture σσ. 55-66. Technical University of Crete Eichengreen, B. and Frieden, J.A. (1993) The Political Economy of 1. Introductory approach: Defining concept Introduction, Economics European Monetary Unification: Antheanalytical 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), the85-104. ancient Greek philosopher, andANTISTHENIS, Politics, 5(2), σσ. ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), amongGarrett, other wise leftPolitics us, he established a great the G. heritage (1993) he The of Maastricht, Economics and among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. Politics, 5(2), σσ. 105-124 acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term Giavazzi, F. urban and Giovannini, Limiting exchange 1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle”A. inindicated a(1989) first, if (in not final, approach, therate term gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 flexibility: The European Monetary System, (Cambridge: The MIT Press). gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various Gillingham, J. (2016). The EU: An Obituary (London: Verso). Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually ofThe low-income and thethis placement there ofIdeas: artists, Hall, P.of art (eds). (1989) Political Power of Economic the operation galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever otherAcross consequences results also rising of land prices (and theof Keynesianism Nations, has, (Princeton: Princeton University Press). whatever otherspeculation). consequences has,Aresults also rising land would prices (and the potential relative Heipertz, M. and Verdun, (2004) The Dogofthat Never potential relative speculation). TheWhat term gentrification is found firstOrigins in the UK early 1960s and refers to Bite? we can Learn fromatthe of in the Stability andit Growth The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor Pact, Journal of European Public Policy 11(5), σσ. 765-780. the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof Heipertz, M.them, andstay Verdun, A (2005) The Stability PactLondon, upgrade themselves sometimes there andand thus Growth old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Theorizing a Case in European Integration, Journal of Common Market being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth Studies 43(5), σσ.of985-1008. A description this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major C. (2007) in the European Union, Studies cities inHermann, Western countries, by Neoliberalism other Researchers. in Western countries, byσσ. other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more incities Political Economy 79(1), 61-90. Since then, the has scholars and for various its comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from the Hoffmann, S.issue (1966) Obstinate orseveral Obsolete? The Fate of more the comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Nation-State and the Case of Western Europe, Daedalus, 95(3), σσ. 862interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups 915. to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Hodson, D. (2010) ‘Economic and Monetary Union: An Experiment and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the in New Modes of EU Policy Making’, inoutside Policy-Making in search the European 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies town centres, for Berlin, where she made her first studies. In & 1932 she published an important studyPress, entitled: Union, επιμ H. Wallace, M. Pollack, A. Young, Oxford University services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Oxford. lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became in the Kasper, D. studies (2002) The the Revival of Laissez-Faire in teacher American toS.another approach, is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Macroeconomic Theory, (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar). her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Kruse, D.C. (1980) Monetary Integration inofWestern Europe: EMU, Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aEMS, variety ways, in order Abstract. toButterworths). achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually andof Beyond, (London:
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate Schoolin of Design, Student, Moravcsik, A. (1993) Preferences and Power the European By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Community: A Liberal Intergovernmentalist Approach, JCMS: Journal Student of the School of Architecture of Common Market Studies 31(4), σσ. 473-524.Technical University of Crete
Moravcsik, A. (1998) The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and
1. Introductory approach: the concept State Power from MesinaDefining to Maastricht, (Ithaca NY: Cornell University 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, Press). ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great Rosenthal, G.G. (1975) The Men Behind(444 the Decisions: Casesthe in among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. European Policy-Making, (Toronto and London: Lexington Books). acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term Ruggie, G.on(1982) International Regimes, Transactions, 1 (andJ.urban Based, therefore, this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, theand term gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in Order, various International Organization, 36(2), σσ. 379-415. Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), ofSandholtz, social groups, of low-income and thethis placement of artists, W.usually (1993) Choosing union: monetary politics and the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other International consequencesOrganization, has, results also rising of1-39. land prices (and theof Maastricht, 47(1), σσ. whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results rising1992: of landRecasting prices (andthe the potential relative Sandholtz, W. and Zysman, J. also (1989) potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first42(1), in the σσ. UK 95-128. in early 1960s and it refers to European Bargain, World Politics The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor Schmidt, C.trend and of Straubhaar, Τ. (1995) Areareas Realof the then observed wealthy sometimes people to there buyMaastricht property in II: poor London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents are Convergence Criteria Needed?, Intereconomics 30(5), σσ.old 211-220. London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Smeets,“squeezed”. (1990), Does EMS?, JCMS: being indirectly A description ofH.-D. this phenomenon is Germany included inDominate the work ofthe Sociologist Ruth Journal of Common 29, σσ. 37–52. A description ofperiod, thisMarket phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same whileStudies, similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major Temin,countries, P. (1989) from the Great Depression, cities in Western by otherLessons Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more (Cambridge: MIT Press). SinceTsoukalis, then, the issue has several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from various L. (1977) The Politics and Economics ofthe European comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Monetary Integration, (London: Allen and Unwin) interpretations the phenomenon of thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups Verdun, A. (1996), is Andue “asymmetrical” economic and monetary to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money union in the eu: Perceptions of monetary authorities and social and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the partners, of European Integration, 20(1), σσ. 59-81. 1.of The termJournal from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, search Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 Responses she published to an important study entitled: Verdun, A. (2000), European Globalization and services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Financial Market Integration. Perceptions of Economic and Monetary lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 shein published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the Union France and Germany, (Hampshire: Palgrave toBritain, another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Macmillan). her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit.Verdun, Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: A. (2007), ‘Economic and2009. Monetary Union’ in European G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety ways, in order to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, Union of Politics, επιμ M. Cini, Oxford University Press, Oxford. (actually
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