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Η θέση της Ελλάδας στηνof Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση: GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types Intervention, Η πρώιμη περίοδος 1975-1990 Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification ConcernsΤου Δρος Γεωργίου ΜΑΡΗ Λέκτορος Πανεπιστημίου ΝΕΑΠΟΛΙΣ, Πάφος
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Της κυρίας Νικολίνας ΠΑΝΤΕΛΗ By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Ανεξάρτητης Ερευνήτριας Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
Εισαγωγή 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept ελληνική ιστορία κρύβει μια the σημαντική ιδιαιτερότητα, την οποία 1. Η Introductory approach: Defining concept (444 ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, - 370 του BC, Athens), οφείλουμε να διατυπώσουμε εξαρχής. Η Ελλάδα, το BC θεμέλιο δυτικού ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the ευρωπαϊκού πολιτισμού, ιστορικά, δεν άνηκε εξ ολοκλήρου στον ευρωπαϊκό among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. κόσμο, και για αυτό το λόγο άλλωστε πολλές φορές, ακόμα και σήμερα, η acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if not final, approach, the term χώρα προκαλεί σύγχυση στους ευρωπαίους (Κωστής, 2013). Αυτή η εικόνα 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) of Planning) (or gentrification της διχασμένης Ελλάδας, έστω και εάν ο isδιχασμός είναι ενarea μέρει 1 (and gentrification urban gentrification) indicated (in the area ofαποτέλεσμα Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various της οικονομικής κρίσης στην Ελλάδα, μεταφέρεται μέχρι σήμερα καθώς Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, σύμφωνα με έρευνες του Eurobarometer, οι Έλληνες κατά ένα ποσοστό που ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of φτάνει στο 47% έχουν αρνητική εικόνα για την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However regardless whatever other has, results risingthis of “change”, land prices (and theof (Eurobarometer, 2016), ενώ το 26% πιστεύειalso ότιrising το ευρώ είναιprices κακό πράγμα whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results of land (and the potential relative για την χώρα τους (Eurobarometer, 2018). Για να κατανοήσουμε όμως τις potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to βαθύτερες αιτίες των γεγονότων καθώς το τοποθετείται η θέση καιof ηto The term gentrification found atpeople firstκαι in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refers the then observed trend ofiswealthy to πώς buy property in poor επιρροή της Ελλάδας μέσα στην Ένωση πρέπει να μελετήσουμε τη διαχρονική the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof θέση της Ελλάδας σε σχέση την ένωση. Για αυτό λόγο σεthus αυτό τοresidents κεφάλαιο London, upgrade them, stay με themselves sometimes there and old are being indirectly “squeezed”. θα διερευνήσουμε πτυχές της πρώιμης περιόδου 1975-1990. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major Η πρώιμη περίοδος 1975-1990 GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Αμέσως το τέλος της δικτατορίας, η ουσιαστική οικονομική και cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, μετά the issue has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more πολιτική αναγέννηση της χώρας ταυτίστηκε με την ένταξη της στην comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various comprehensive approach being summarized from the various Ευρωπαϊκή Κοινότητα (ΕΚ).are Ο Κωνσταντίνος Καραμανλής αντιλήφθηκε τη interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: interpretations the phenomenon the following: σημασία που the θαof έπαιζε ο εξευρωπαισμός της χώρας στην πολιτικοοικονομική In a sense, phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new category of social groups ανάπτυξη Γιαcity, αυτό το λόγο, η πρώτηfor αίτηση ένταξης στην κατατέθηκε to “return”της. to the leaving the purlieus several reasons: highΕΚ costs in money στις 12 Ιουνίου 1975 ενώ οι επίσημες διαπραγματεύσεις για την and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is,ένταξη lack ofτης the 1.of The termat comes from Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS wasbetter born χώρας άρχισαν από τιςSociologist 27 residencies Ιουλίου 1976. Αναφορικά μεsearch το θέμα τηςin sense safety the distributed outside town centres, for Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published important study ευρωπαϊκής προοπτικής δημόσια συζήτηση στο an εσωτερικό καιentitled: στο services of health, education,η entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for εξωτερικό της χώρας δεν ήταν ομαλή καθώς εκφράστηκαν διαφορετικές lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc. studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where 1. Επιπλέον, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher the to another approach, is due a systematic and εκείνη την the πρώιμη περίοδο δεν υπήρχε και in ένα απόψεις University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 1 Στο εσωτερικό το πιο χαρακτηριστικό παράδειγμα είναι η διαμάχη στα μέσα της G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
συγκεκριμένο χρονοδιάγραμμα για την πορεία και το τελικό αποτέλεσμα των διαπραγματεύσεων (Θεοδωρόπουλος, 2012, p. 36). Όμως εξαιτίας της διαπραγματευτικής ικανότητας του Κωνσταντίνου Καραμανλή καθώς και της πολιτικής τακτικής του η Ελλάδα στις 21 Δεκεμβρίου 1978 (επίσημα από τη 1η Ιανουαρίου 1981) αποτέλεσε το δέκατο μέλος των ΕΚ (Tsalicoglou, 1995). Λίγα διάστημα αργότερα, ο χαρισματικός Ανδρέας Παπανδρέου ανήλθε στην εξουσία με τις εκλογές της 18ης Οκτωβρίου 1981 γοητεύοντας το By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS εκλογικό σώμα με τις σοσιαλιστικές ιδέες του, οι οποίες ερχόταν σε Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, σύγκρουση με τη δημοσιονομική πειθαρχεία,C. ATHANASSOPOULOS την αύξηση της By Mr. George-Sp. Architect ανταγωνιστικότητας και της έμφασης στη σκληρή δουλειά που επιχειρήθηκε Student of the School of Architecture την προηγούμενη περίοδο (Βερεμής & Κολιόπουλος, Technical 2015, p. 326). Εκείνη την University of Crete περίοδο το ΠΑΣΟΚ ανέπτυξε ένα ριζοσπαστικό πολιτικό λόγο το οποίο 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept ενσωμάτωνε στο πρόγραμμα του ορισμένες από τις κύριες ιδέες της παλιάς 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept κομμουνιστικής Αριστεράς (Lyrintzis, 2005, p. 244). ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444Στην BC - πραγματικότητα 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among otherαυτό wiseτο heritage he left us, he established a great the όμως, ούτε σοσιαλιστικό του πρόγραμμα κατάφερε να υλοποιήσει, amongαμέσως other wise he left us,definition he established a great the acquisition of knowledge with ofιδεολογία the content of“principle”: concepts. από καθώς μετάheritage τις starts εκλογές ηthe σοσιαλιστική εκφυλίστηκε acquisition of knowledge starts theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, the term τα στοιχεία του λαϊκισμού, τωνwith πελατειακών σχέσεων, και approach, τις ριζοσπαστικής 1 (and urban Based, therefore, “principle” inindicated a first, ifκαι notνα final, approach, term gentrification) is (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification ρητορικής, έτσι ώστε on το this ΠΑΣΟΚ να προσελκύσει κατευνάσει τιςthe μάζες 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various και να εδραιώσει την κομματική οργάνωση και την εκλογική του βάση Sociology as well), the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of andthe theremoval placement of (Lyrintzis, 2005, pp.as246-247). Η low-income λαικιστική ρητορία του Ανδρέα Παπανδρέου ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of the art galleries, restaurants, However this “change”, of περιoperation ύπαρξηςofμη-προνομιούχων όπως etc. εκφράστηκε μέσα από τοregardless σχέδιοartists, του the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the περι πατερναλιστικού καπιταλισμού (Παπανδρέου, 1974), κατάφερεof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative ουσιαστικά να συσπειρώσει όλους τους δυσαρεστημένους Ελληνες, υπέρ του potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found firstπαράδοξο in the UK τρόπο in earlyτην 1960s andπερίοδο it refersμε to ΠΑΣΟΚ, πραγματοποιηθηκε κατάatένα ίδια The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor την ένταξη της χώρας στην ΕΚ (Βερεμής & Κολιόπουλος, 2015, pp. 327-328). the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof Η upgrade επαναστατική του Ανδρέα Παπανδρέου δημιούργησε ήδη London, upgrade them, ρητορική stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. από την πρώιμη “squeezed”. εκείνη περίοδο την πρώτη ουσιαστική σύγκρουση απόψεων being indirectly description of thisστην phenomenon is included theΦεβρουάριο work of Sociologist Ruth καιAθέσεων ανάμεσα Ελλάδα και ΕΚ. in Τον του 1982, η A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is την included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar situations in other major κυβέρνηση του ΠΑΣΟΚ, εξαιτίας των ιδιαιτεροτήτων και των δομικών GLASS at the same period, situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, bywhile othersimilar Researchers. ευπαθειών της χώρας, απέστειλε στην Επιτροπή υπόμνημα αναφορικά με τις cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more θέσεις τηςthen, ελληνικής κυβέρνησης σχετικά several με τις scholars σχέσεις της με την ΕΚ Since the issue has andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from (Καζάκος, 2010). approach Η ελληνικήare πλευρά υποστήριζε ότιbelow, οι κανόνες της κοινής comprehensive being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: αγοράς επηρέαζανthe αρνητικά την ελληνική οικονομία τις περιφέρειές της, interpretations phenomenon theκαι following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new category of social groups σε τέτοιο βαθμό μάλιστα που αυτές δεν μπορούσαν να αντισταθμιστούν από to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money τα κοινοτικά μέτρα στήριξης (Καζάκος, 2010, p. 366). Για αυτό το λόγο, η and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Ελλάδα πρότεινε την εξαίρεση τηςRuth απόGLASS, τους κανόνες τηςRuth κοινής αγοράς καιin 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist 1912-1940. GLASS wasbetter born sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for Berlin, where she madeστήριξης, her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: περισσότερα μέτρα πρόταση η οποία ασφαλώς και απορρίφθηκε services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youthτην Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and Βερεμής after continuous από Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή (Καζάκος, 1982; &markets, Κολιόπουλος, lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, 2015). όμως που έγινε από Inτην πλευρά των ΕΚ in της in According 1943 Η sheπαραχώρηση published studies regarding city planning. 1950 sheto became teacher the to another approach, the phenomenon is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Κωνσταντίνου Καραμανλή και του Ανδρέα Παπανδρέου, αναφορικά με την ένταξη της G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually χώρας στην ΕΟΚ (Βλέπε, κεφάλαιο 12 (Βερεμής & Κολιόπουλος, 2015).
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
δυνατότητας της Ελλάδας λάβει επιπλέον χρηματοδότηση στα «Ολοκληρωμένα Μεσογειακά Προγράμματα» που επρόκειτο να δημιουργηθούν, έδωσε στην ελληνική πλευρά τη δυνατότητα να παρουσιάσει το γεγονός αυτό ως τεράστια νίκη στο σοσιαλιστικό ακροατήριο και στο εσωτερικό της χώρας (Βερεμής & Κολιόπουλος, 2015; Καζάκος, 2010). Η στάση της Ελλάδας καθόρισε τόσο τις προτιμήσεις της όσο και την στρατηγική της συμπεριφορά. Η σοσιαλιστική κυβέρνηση όχι μόνο έβλεπε τη By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS συμμετοχή της χώρας στην ΕΚ υπό το πρίσμα της εξυπηρέτησης των Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, συμφερόντων της, αλλά και ουσιαστικά δεν διαμόρφωσε κανέναArchitect σχέδιο By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS αναφορικά με το ρόλο που θα έπρεπε να παίξει η χώρα μέσα στην Κοινότητα Student of the School of Architecture (Kazakos, 1992). Η Ελλάδα στο ευρωπαϊκό επίπεδοTechnical ενδιαφερόταν μόνο για University of Crete την αύξηση των ευρωπαϊκών κονδυλίων στήριξης καθώς και την διεκδίκηση 1. Introductory «παρατάσεων approach: Defining the conceptκαι «εξαιρέσεων», τα οποία «παρεκκλίσεων», προσαρμογής» 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept συσχέτιζε όχι μόνο the με την απειλή αποχώρησης αλλά μιαBC, γενικότερη ANTISTHENIS, ancient Greek philosopher, (444και BCμε - 370 Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370μάλιστα BC, Athens), among otherστάση wise heritage he left us,pp. he established a great the αντιδυτική (Καζάκος, 2010, 371-372). (444 Στα μέσα της among other wise leftthe us, heάλλαζαν established a great the acquisition of knowledge with definition of the content concepts. δεκαετίας του 1980,heritage τηνstarts ίδιαhe στιγμή που οι ιδέες καιof“principle”: το οικονομικό acquisition ofστο knowledge starts withστο thein definition the content concepts. Based,τόσο therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term πλαίσιο διεθνές όσο και ευρωπαικό επίπεδο, για of παράδειγμα η 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification υιοθέτηση της1 Ενιαίας Ευρωπαικής Πράξης, εκείνη ακριβώς την περίοδο, η gentrification (and urban gentrification) isarea, indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city the removal (in various Ελλάδα δημιουργούσε ένα πενταετές πρόγραμμα σταθεροποίησης στο οποίο Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), ofσημασία social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, δινόταν στον αυξανόμενο ρόλο του κράτους, στις κοινωνικοποιήσεις, ways), social groups, usually of low-income thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of και στιςof κρατικοποιήσεις (Καζάκος, 2010b). Σεand αυτό το πενταετές πρόγραμμα the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the είναι χαρακτηριστικό πως δεν γινόταν καμία αναφορά στην Ευρωπαϊκήof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative Κοινότητα (Καζάκος, 2010, p. 358) potential relative speculation). TheΟιterm gentrification is found at first της in theΕλλάδας UK in early it refersκαι to συνεχιζόμενες παρεκκλίσεις από1960s τις and διεθνείς The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor ευρωπαϊκές πρακτικές τόσο στο πολιτικό όσο και στο οικονομικό επίπεδο the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof είχαν σαν αποτέλεσμα ενός εκρηκτικού οικονομικών London, upgrade them,την stayεμφάνιση themselves sometimes thereμείγματος and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. συνθηκών μέσα στην χώρα. Οι υποτιμήσεις της δραχμής ήταν συνεχόμενες, τα being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work ofαυξανόταν, Sociologist Ruth ελλείματα στο ισοζύγιο τρεχουσών συναλλαγών τα A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major συναλλαγματικά διαθέσιμα της χώρας μειωνόταν, ο πληθωρισμός παρέμενε GLASS at the same period, situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, bywhile othersimilar Researchers. σε έναinυψηλό επίπεδο άνωbyτου 18%, η ανεργία είχε σταθεροποιηθεί πάνω cities Western countries, other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more από Since το 7.5% και ο issue καθαρός δανεισμός τηςseveral χώρας scholars αυξήθηκεand από σε then, the has for2.6% its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from the various 16.1% σε μια δεκαετία (Sklias & Maris, 2016) Σαν αποτέλεσμα ήταν να comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: χειροτερέψει κατάthe πολύ η θέση της Ελλάδας αναφορικά με τους ρυθμούς interpretations phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups ανάπτυξης, τα δημόσια ελλείμματα, και το δημόσιο χρέος (see, Table 3). Οι to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money εκρηκτικές αυτές συνθήκες έφεραν την χώρα ένα βήμα πριν τη χρεοκοπία. and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Στη 1.βάση αυτών συνθηκών ηRuth ελληνική κυβέρνηση, επικαλούμενη τονin term from Sociologist GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS for wasbetter born sense ofThe safety atcomes theτων distributed residencies outside town centres, search ης Μαρτίου Berlin, whereτης she ΕΟΚ made her first studies. In16 1932 she published an 2important study με entitled: Κανονισμό 682/1981, της 1981 , αναφορικά το services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The κοινοτικών same year she δανείων left Germany and after continuous for μηχανισμό χορήγησης για τη στήριξη του ισοζυγίου lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 2 See, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalG. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Table 3. Macroeconomic conditions in Greece 1980-1990 Concerns 1975 1980 1990 1993 1996 2000 2004
πληρωμών των κρατών μελών, στις 9 Δεκεμβρίου 1985, πήρε δάνειο ύψους 1750 εκ. δολαρίων από την Ευρωπαϊκή Κοινότητα3. Ρυθμός Ανάπτυξης (%) Δημόσιο Έλλειμμα (%) Δημόσιο Χρέος (%)
6.4 2.9
18.2
Source: Eurostat
0.7
0
-1.6
2.4
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By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate of Design, 2.6 14.2 12 6.7School3.8 7.5 Student, 15.6 By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect 100. Student of the School of Architecture 22.5 71.7 99.2 104.4 99.8 129.7 3Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, theδάνεια ancient Greek philosopher, Ουσιαστικά, τα της Ελλάδας ξεκίνησαν να παίρνονται από την ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among wise heritage he left us,εποχή he established a great the εποχή other του Ανδρέα Παπανδρέου, όπου ξεκινάει η πολιτική και among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. οικονομική περίοδο μνημονίων της χώρας. Εξαιτίας των πολιτικών του acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if not final, approach, the term κυβερνώντος1 κόμματος, ήδη από εκείνη την πρώιμη εποχή επήλθε, μια Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term urban gentrification) area Planning) (or gentrification χειροτέρευση (and διαπραγματευτικής θέσης της χώρας, ενώ of παράλληλα, το 1της gentrification (and urban gentrification) isarea, indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city the removal (in various ίδιο το κόμμα εκτός όλων των ofάλλων, δενthe εξέφραζε κάποια αξιόλογη Sociology as well), as the “refining” a city area, removal from this, (in various ways), of social usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, δέσμευση υπέρgroups, της ευρωπαϊκής προοπτικής χώρας. Έστω και εάν, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andτης thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of εξαιτίας της επικράτησης των λαϊκίστικών πολιτικών και των συντεχνιακών the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However regardless whatever other has, results risingthis of “change”, land prices (and theof διευθετήσεων (Clogg, 1993), τοhas, ελληνικό πλαίσιο αυτό που whatever other consequences resultsπολιτικό also rising of landήταν prices (and the potential relative speculation). δημιουργούσε αυτούς τους περιορισμούς (Tsakalotos, 1998), η επιρροή της potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to Ελλάδας στο ευρωπαϊκό επίπεδο αναζήτηση The term gentrification found atpeople first inπεριορίστηκε the UK in early στην 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor βραχυπρόθεσμων μάλλον στόχων που κατά κύριο λόγο επικεντρώθηκαν στην the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof αναζήτηση και αύξηση των χρημάτων που εισέρρεαν στην χώρα με London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residentsτα are being indirectly “squeezed”. κοινοτικά πακέτα στήριξης. Η σύλληψη δηλαδή της σχέσεως Ελλάδας-ΕΚ being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth έγινεAμόνο στην βάση ανταμοιβών (Μεσογειακά Προγράμματα, Δάνεια, description ofperiod, thisτων phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major Πακέτα Ντελόρ) που θα δεχόταν η ίδια η χώρα. GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more Συμπεράσματα comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various Παρουσιάσαμε παραπάνω ofσημαντικές πτυχές πολιτικοοικονομικής interpretations of the phenomenon gentrification, the following: interpretations of theΕλλάδα phenomenon thecategory following: κατάστασης στην της πρώιμης περιόδου 1975-1990. In a sense, the phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of socialΒασικό groups συμπέρασμα αυτών των πτυχών είναι πως η πολιτικοοικονομική υποτίμηση to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money της time χώρας παρουσιάστηκε για πρώτη φορά where εκείνηwork τηνplace πρώτη περίοδο and to travel from the purlieus to downtown, is, lack of the 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born in γεγονός που επηρέασε την θέση και την outside διαπραγματευτική της sense of safety at the distributed residencies town centres,ισχύ search forχώρας better Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: μετέπειτα. Αυτές education, οι διχαστικές λογικές είναι αυτές που προσδιόρισαν και services of health, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for συνεχίζουν να προσδιορίζουν το πολιτικό και οικονομικό μέλλον της χώρας lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc. studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, where in According 1943 she published studies city planning. 1950 sheto became teacher in the και οδήγησαν κατά τον ένα ήregarding το άλλο τρόπο στην In οικονομική κρίση. to another approach, the phenomenon is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 3 See, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EL/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31985D0543
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
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Βιβλιογραφικές αναφορές By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard1981-89: University,The Graduate School of Design, Student, Clogg, R., 1993. Greece, Populist Decade. Basingstoke: By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Macmillan. Student of the School of Architecture Eurobarometer, 2016. Standard Eurobarometer 86. Public opinion in the Technical University of Crete European Union, Brussels: European Comission . Eurobarometer, 2018.Defining Flash the Eurobarometer 473. The Euro Area, 1. Introductory approach: concept 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Brussels: European Commission. ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), Kazakos, P., 1992. Attitudes toward European in the ANTISTHENIS, theSocialist ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BCIntegration -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the Eighties. In: T. Kariotis, ed. The Greek socialist experiment: Papandreou's among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the Greece, 1981-1989. New York: Pella, 257-278. acquisition of knowledge starts with pp. thein definition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1P. Based, on this in a first, if (in not final, approach, the and term Sklias,therefore, & Maris, G., “principle” 2016. The is Maastricht Convergence Criteria (and urban gentrification) indicated the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Greece in as the 1980s and 1990s. of In:a S. & P. Sklias, Greek Sociology well), as the “refining” cityRoukanas area, the removal fromeds. this, The (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the fromthere this, of (inartists, various Political 2000-2015. Delf: Eburon, pp. 25-39. ways), ofEconomy: social groups, usually of low-income and theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, Tsakalotos, E., 1998. The Political Economy of the Social Democratic the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless Economic other Politcies: The PASOK Greece. Oxford ofof whatever consequences has,Experiment results also in rising of land pricesReview (and the whatever other14(1), consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the Economic Policy, pp. 114-138. potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). TheTsalicoglou, term gentrification found at first inEntry. the UK in Accession early 1960sofand it refers to I., 1995.isNegotiating for The Greece to the The term gentrification found atpeople first inCollege the UKPress. in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor European Community. Aldeshot: Darmouth the then observed wealthy people to there buy Ελλάδα. property in poor areas London, upgrade stay of themselves sometimes and thusΜια old residents areof Βερέμης, Θ.them, & trend Κολιόπουλος, Ι., 2015. Νεότερη Ιστορία απο London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. το 1821. Αθήνα: Πατάκη. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work Μια of Sociologist Θεοδωρόπουλος, Β., 2012. Τριάντα Χρόνια Ενταξη: ΑφήγησηRuth της A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work Sociologist Ruth GLASS at theΕλλάδας same while similar in other major Πορείας της προς την Ευρώπη. Στο: Σ. Ντάλης, επιμ.ofΑπο την Ενταξη GLASS at the same period, situations wereΑθήνα: recorded in other major cities in Western countries, bywhile othersimilar Researchers. στην Κρίση. Ελλάδα και Ευρωπαικη Ενωση: 1981-2011. Παπαζήση, pp. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more 31-42. Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized Καζάκος, Π., 1982. Παρατηρήσεις στο Μνημόνιο για from την Αναρρύθμιση comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: των Σχέσεων ofΕλλάδας και Ευρωπαικών Κοινοτήτων. Επιθεώρηση των interpretations of the phenomenon of thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon due227-247. togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups Ευρωπαικών Κοινοτήτων, 3(2),ispp. to “return” to the Π., city,2010. leavingΑνάμεσα the purlieus severalκαι reasons: highΟικονομία costs in money Καζάκος, σε for Κράτος Αγορά. και and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place lack of the Οικονομική Πολιτική στη Μεταπολεμική Ελλάδα. 1944-2000. Αθήνα:is,Πατάκη. The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.of safety the residencies outside town centres, Π., distributed 2010. Απο τον Ατελή Εκσυγχρονισμό στην Berlin,Καζάκος, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important studyΚρίση. entitled: services of health, education, “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after (1993-2010). continuous movements Μετταρυθμίσεις, Χρέη και entertainment Αδράνειες στην Ελλάδα Αθήνα:for lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, Πατάκη. in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and Κωστής, Κ.,of2013. Ταwhere κακομαθημένα Παιδιά τηςresearch. Ιστορίας: Η public Διαμόρφωση University College London, she continued her social Her and long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her Νεοελληνικού work are characterized by a 18ος passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. του Κράτους, - 21ος Αιώνας. Αθήνα: Πόλις. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Παπανδρέου, Α., 1974. Πατερναλιστικός Καπιταλισμός. Αθήνα: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually Καρανάση.
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