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Τοις Εντευξομένοις GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Ή Definition, ofΠερί intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Αστικής Ευθύνης του ConcernsΚράτους για παράνομες
πράξεις των Οργάνων του
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Του Κωνστ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ Harvard University, GraduateΓΕ. School of Design, Student, Καθηγητού Σχολ. Νομικών και ΚοινωνικώνArchitect Επιστ. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Student of the School of Architecture και Μεταπτ. Προγραμμάτων Technical University of Crete Πανεπιστημίου ΝΕΑΠΟΛΙΣ, Πάφος,
Καθηγητού Επισκ. Μετ. Προγρ. Σπ. Πανεπ. Αθηνών,
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Ομοτ. Καθηγητού ΠΑΝΤΕΙΟΥ Π.Κ.Π.Ε., 1. Introductory approach: the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), Ex Ch. U. L.BC, Bruxelles, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BCL.-“principle”: 370 Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the Ex. Int. I.I.A.P., Paris among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Γενική προσέγγιση Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, removal from this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe the placement there Το ιδιαζόντως εκτενές εύρος των συννόμων δράσεων της ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operationΔιοίκησης of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of Δημόσιας και των εκφραζόντων «την τεκμαιρομένη» the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However this “change”, regardless whatever other has, results rising of land prices (and the βούληση της Οργάνων της, ενδεχομένως, ενίοτε, πέραν του νομικώςof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative παραδεκτού έργου «να εκτείνεται» εκτός των ορίων της νομιμότητας, potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to (διαThe πράξεων ή παραλείψεων), επιφέρει συννόμως βλάβες σεto term gentrification found atνα first in the UKμη in early 1960s and itareas refers the then observed trend ofiswealthy people to buy property in poor of 1 δικαιώματα και έννομα συμφέροντα Πολιτών κ.ά. the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof Επομένως, τίθεται θέμα επιμερισμού ευθυνών, London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus oldκαταβολής residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. αποζημιώσεων, επαναφοράς των πραγμάτων στην πρότερη A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth κατάσταση GLASS at theκ.ά. same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities inΤο Western by (άρθρο other Researchers. ισχύονcountries, Σύνταγμα 20) προνοεί εν προκειμένω και πέραν cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has scholars and for its more της συγκεκριμμένης επιταγής «εισάγει»several κατευθυντήριες οδηγίες προς Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from Νομοθετούντες και Διοικούντες: κάθε ένας έχει δικαίωμα στην παροχή comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: έννομης προστασίας από τα Δικαστήρια και μπορεί να αναπτύξει σε interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups αυτά τις απόψεις του για τα δικαιώματα ή συμφέροντά του, όπως to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money νόμος ορίζει. Το the δικαίωμα προηγούμενης ακρόασης and time to travel from purlieus toτης downtown, where work place is, lack ofτου the ενδιαφερομένου ισχύει και για κάθε διοικητική ενέργεια ή μέτρο, τοin 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS wasbetter born sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: οποίο λαμβάνεται σε βάρος των δικαιωμάτων ή συμφερόντων του, και services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and 1 University College London, where she continued her social research. Her public and Βλ.informal Αρτ. Δ.ofΣΑΒΒΙΔΟΥ: Οι ειδικώτερες ρυθμίσεις περί Ανθρωπίνων Δικαιωμάτων long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. του Συμβουλίου της Ευρώπης και depreciation της Ε.Ε., Πάφος, 2017, σ. 23 επόμ. Κωνστ. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the initially of part of the urban web,ΓΕ. in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ: Δίκαιο της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης, Τομ. Α΄. Νέα έκδοση. Αθήναι, 2008, G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually σ. 142 επόμ. Κ.Ε.Μ.Ε.Α. Α. ΡΑΪΚΟΣ: Θεμελιώδη Δικαιώματα. Αθήναι, 2002, σ. 203.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
ακόμη το Σύνταγμα (άρθρο 4) διακηρύσσει, ότι οι Έλληνες είναι ίσοι ενώπιον του νόμου, συνεισφέροντες στα δημόσια βάρη ανάλογα με τις δυνάμεις τους… Η προβλεπόμενη ως άνω παροχή έννομης προστασίας «καλύπτει» και τις περιπτώσεις εκείνες κατά τις οποίες η ευθύνη για την προσβολή εννόμων δικαιωμάτων και συμφερόντων των By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Διοικουμένων «βαρύνει» την Δημόσια Διοίκηση και τα Όργανά της. Εν Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, προκειμένω ως ευθύνη νοείται η ευθύνη του Κράτους εν γένει, των By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Νομικών Προσώπων του, (αδιακρίτωςStudent εάν of αυτά διέπωνται υπό the School of Architecture κανόνων Δημοσίου ή Ιδιωτικού Δικαίου), τωνTechnical Οργανισμών Τοπικής University of Crete Αυτοδιοίκησης α΄ και β΄ βαθμού κ.ά., συνεφελκομένη την υποχρέωση 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept καταβολής αποζημίωσης, επαναφοράς των πραγμάτων στην πρότερη 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, theπεριπτώσεις ancient Greekμη philosopher, κατάσταση κ.ά., σε σύννομης πράξης ή παράλειψης the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,τους he established aΩς great the τωνANTISTHENIS, εκφραζόντων την βούλησή Οργάνων. εικός η εν λόγω among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. ευθύνη, καλουμένη και starts αστική ευθύνη η εξωσυμβατική, είναι διάφορος acquisition of knowledge with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term εκείνης, η οποία εξ άλλης αιτίας, π.χ.ifαπό διοικητική σύμβαση. 1 (andαπορρέει Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, notthe final, approach, the term urban gentrification) is (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 Η ευθύνη του Κράτους εν γένει ρυθμίζεται υπό σχετικών gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various διατάξεων του Εισαγωγικού Νόμου του Αστικού Κώδικος, άρθρα 104 Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists,ways), of social groups, usually ofως low-income and thethis placement there of artists, 106, εκλαμβάνεται πάντοτε «αντικειμενική», (μη απαιτουμένης the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of 2 the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever otherτου consequences results also rising of land prices (and theof , «παράγεται» υπό σειρά προϋποθέσεων, υπαιτιότητας Οργάνου) has, whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, resultsσε also risingέργα) of land 3: prices (and the potential relative των ενδιαφερομένων παραπεμπομένων οικεία potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s it refers to Η γενομένη πράξη ή η σημειωθείσα παράλειψη ναand προέρχεται The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor από Όργανο του Κράτους, ή άλλου συσταθέντος υπ΄αυτού Νομικών the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof Προσώπων, όπως αυτά αναφέρθησαν προηγουμένως την άσκηση London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and κατά thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. ανατεθείσας αρμοδιότητας, να είναι παράνομη, να είναι ζημιογόνος για being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth τον A Διοικούμενο, αιτιώδους συνδέσμου πράξης ή description ofυφισταμένου this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded workμεταξύ of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major παράλειψης προκληθείσης ζημίας, να προβλέπεται υπό των cities in Westernκαι countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then,διατάξεων the issue has several scholars and its more ισχυουσών ο preoccupied σε βάρος του Δημοσίου, τωνforΝομικών Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various Προσώπων του κ.ά. καταλογισμός της κ.ά. comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, following: Σε περίπτωση καταλογισμού σε βάροςthe του Δημοσίου και των interpretations the phenomenon of thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is due togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups Οργάνων του της ζημιογόνου πράξης ή παράλειψης η προβλεπόμενη to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money αποζημίωση είναι συνήθως χρηματική, καλύπτουσα ενδεχόμενη θετική, and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the αποθετική ζημία ηθική βλάβη του 1.of The term from Sociologist RuthΔιοικουμένου. GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety atcomes theήdistributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth2Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Βλ. Κωνστ. ΓΕ.in ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ: Διοικητικό Δίκαιο. Νέα έκδοση. Αθήναι,etc. 2014, lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private access markets, studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, where σ.in81, επόμ., 1943 sheΚ.Ε.Μ.Ε.Α. published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the According to another approach, the is due a systematic and 3 University College of London, where sheτου continued her social research. Her public and Bλ.informal Γ. ΠΑΠΑΧΑΤΖΗΣ: Σύστημα ισχύοντος στην Ελλάδα Διοικητικού Δικαίου, long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her workεκδ. are characterized by a passion forΕπ. justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH Διοικητικού DICTIONARY. Εβδόμη 1991. Ανατ. 1996. Αθήνα. ΣΠΗΛΙΟΤΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ: and selling real estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of partΕγχειρίδιο of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Δικαίου. Αθήνα, 2002. Π. ΔΙΑΓΤΟΓΛΟΥ: Γενικό Διοικητικό Δίκαιο. Αθήνα, 2004. Α. ΤΑΧΟΣ: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
4
Ελληνικό Διοικητικό Δίκαιο. Θεσσαλονίκη, 2005.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns Τέλος, σημειώνεται, ότι η
Byάλλοτε Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS ισχύουσα ρύθμιση, βάσει της Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, οποίας ευθύνονταν «εις ολόκληρον», By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect τόσον Student το Κράτος, όσο και τα of the School of Architecture Όργανά του, Technical έναντι University of του Crete
Διοικουμένου,
σε
περίπτωση
1. Introductory approach: Defining επενεχθείσας the concept σε αυτόν βλάβης 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek (άρθρο philosopher, 105 του Εισαγωγικού Νόμου ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,του he established a Κώδικα), great the Αστικού(444 έχει ήδη among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. προβλεπομένης πλέον acquisition of knowledge starts with theκαταργηθεί, the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term υπό των ifοικείων διατάξεων 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, notthe final, approach, the της term gentrification) is (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 ευθύνης του οργάνου κατά την gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various άσκηση των νομίμως ανατεθέντων Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement there of artists, σε καθηκόντων μόνον έναντι the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.αυτό However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results rising of land pricesΝομικών (and theof του also Κράτους, των whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land (and the potential relative Προσώπων κ.α. για την prices αποζημίωση potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in οποία the UKαυτά in early 1960sκαταβάλει and it refersσε to την έχουν The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor Τρίτους προκληθείσης the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people toεξ buyαφορμής property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves there and thus old residents areof βλάβης κ.ά. υπό Οργάνων London, upgrade them, stay themselvesζημίας, sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. των και μόνον λόγω δόλου ή being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth βαρείας αμελείας των. A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar situations in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major Η προσωπική ευθύνη του cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has severalπροβλέπεται scholars and for its more οργάνου πλέον σε Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being ειδικές summarized below, from the various περιπτώσεις, όπως π.χ. στο comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: άρθρο 95 του ισχύοντος interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social Συντάγματος: η Διοίκηση groups έχει to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money υποχρέωση να συμμορφώνεται and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the προς τις1912-1940. Δικαστικές Ηin termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, Ruth Αποφάσεις. GLASS for wasbetter born sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, search Berlin, where she made her first studies. In παράβαση 1932 she published an important studyαυτής entitled: της υποχρέωσης services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for γεννά ευθύνη για to κάθε αρμόδιο lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private easier access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car New York she came back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding city planning.όμως In 1950 sheto became teacher in the Όργανο νόμος Νόμος to another approach, the phenomenon is due aορίζει. systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying ορίζει τα αναγκαία μέτρα για την her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: διασφάλιση της συμμόρφωσης της G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually Διοίκησης.
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