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fraud, and theft. The broad view of integrity is related to the following activities and situations: 1. Corruption, including bribing, ‘kickbacks’, nepotism, cronyism, and patronage (with gain for oneself, family, friends or political party). 2. Fraud and theft of resources, including manipulation of information to cover up fraud. 3. Questionable promises, gifts, or discounts. 4. Conflict of interest through jobs and activities outside the organization (eg ‘moonlighting’). 5. Improper use of violence towards citizens or suspects. 6. Other improper (investigative) methods of policing (including improper means for achieving noble causes). 7. Abuse and manipulation of information (unauthorized and improper use of police files; leaking confidential information). 8. Discrimination and (sexual) harassment (indecent treatment of colleagues/ citizens). 9. The waste and abuse of organizational resources, including time. 10. Misconduct at leisure (domestic violence, drunken driving, use of drugs etc). Finally, the specification of the concept of good governance is made along the lines of the six most common principles: properness, transparency, participation, effectiveness, accountability, and human rights.3 These principles are legal principles and can be enforced in different ways. They are articulated as a response to issues of malfunctioning of state institutions. Therefore, new principles can also be developed (such as the principle of integrity).
3. Studies on the Implementation of the Good Governance Principles. Main Elements of the EU Country and the Non-EU Country Studies For the studies on the implementation of good governance, three elements were relevant: the research questions, the normative framework, and the methodology. We describe here the (structure of the) EU country studies, but their elements were mutatis mutandis applied in the studies for the other states. The central point of the EU country studies was to answer the following question: What interpretations and applications of good governance exist in the member states, taking into account the different functions of the governmental bodies?
Some related questions were: 1. What differences exist among the member states and how are conflicts between principles of good governance dealt with? 2. How do these supposed differences influence the agenda and attitude of member states as to European politics? 3. What are the problems and opportunities of this for the European Union? 3
Addink, 2010a, 28; Addink, 2010b, 11–134.
