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§√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ Bringing out the Best in Teachers What Effective Principles Do

Joseph Blase ·≈– Peggy C. Kirby ‡¢’¬π

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Bringing out the Best in Teachers: What Effective Principals Do, 2nd ed., Copyright  2000 by Joseph Blase and Peggy C. Kirby Corwin Press, Inc., A Sage Publications Company, USA, London and New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Àπß— Õ◊ ·ª≈Õπ— ¥∫— ∑’Ë 191 “¢“°“√»°÷ …“ æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë 1 æ.». 2545 ®”π«πæ‘¡æå 45,000 ‡≈à¡ ≈‘¢ ‘∑∏‘Ï‡ªìπ¢Õß°√–∑√«ß»÷°…“∏‘°“√ ·ª≈·≈–®¥— æ¡‘ æ‚å ¥¬ ∂“∫—π°“√·ª≈Àπ—ß ◊Õ °√¡«‘™“°“√ °√–∑√«ß»÷°…“∏‘°“√ ∂ππ√“™¥”‡π‘ππÕ° ‡¢µ¥ÿ ‘µ °√ÿß‡∑æœ 10300 ‚∑√. 02-282-9222 µàÕ 509, 02-628-5341 ‚∑√ “√ 02-628-5336, 02-628-5341 Email: bdctran@emisc.moe.go.th ¢Õâ ¡≈Ÿ ∑“ß∫√√≥“π°ÿ √¡¢ÕßÀÕ ¡¥ÿ ·Àßà ™“µ‘ ‡∫≈ , ‚®‡´ø. §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ. = Bringing out the Best in Teachers: What Effective Principals Do -- °√ÿß‡∑æœ: °√¡«‘™“°“√, 2545. 182 Àπâ“. 1. §√Ÿ„À≠à. I. ‡§Õ√å∫’, ‡ª°°’È ´’., ºŸâ·µàß√à«¡. II. Õ“√’ —≥À©«’, ºŸâ·ª≈. III. °√¡«‘™“°“√. Iv. ™◊Õ Ë ‡√◊ÕË ß. 371.2012 ISBN 974-269-2459

ª√–°“»°√–∑√«ß»÷°…“∏‘°“√ ‡√◊ÕË ß Õπÿ≠“µ„Àâ„™âÀπ—ß ◊Õ„π‚√ß‡√’¬π __________________ ¥â«¬°√¡«‘™“°“√‰¥â®¥— ∑”Àπ—ß ◊Õ·ª≈‡√◊ÕË ß §√Ÿ„À≠à§◊Õ·√ß®Ÿß„® ¢Õß§√Ÿ ´÷ßË ·ª≈®“°©∫—∫¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…‡√◊ÕË ß Bringing out the Best in Teachers: What Effective Principals Do ‡æ◊ËÕ„™â‡ªìπ Àπ—ß ◊Õ§«“¡√Ÿâ ”À√—∫§√Ÿ Õ“®“√¬å ·≈–ºŸâ∫√‘À“√ ∂“π»÷°…“ √–¥—∫ ª√–∂¡»÷°…“·≈–¡—∏¬¡»÷°…“ °√–∑√«ß»÷°…“∏‘°“√æ‘®“√≥“·≈â« Õπÿ≠“µ„Àâ„™âÀπ—ß ◊Õπ’È„π ‚√ß‡√’¬π‰¥â ª√–°“» ≥ «—π∑’Ë 21 æƒ…¿“§¡ æ.». 2545

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§”Õÿ∑»‘ ·¥à§√Ÿ∑°ÿ §π ∑’¡Ë ’ «à π„π°“√«‘®¬— Õ—ππ”¡“ ŸÀà π—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È ·¥à§√Ÿ„À≠à∑¡’Ë ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ µ“¡§”∫√√¬“¬¢Õß§√Ÿ¢“â ßµâπ ·¥à‡¥≈·≈–Õ‘«“π ∑’ÕË ¥∑π‡æ◊ÕË °“√∑”ß“π¢ÕßºŸ«â ®‘ ¬—

§”π” Àπ—ß ◊Õ‡√◊ËÕß§√Ÿ„À≠à§◊Õ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ ·ª≈®“°©∫—∫¿“…“ Õ—ß°ƒ…‡√◊ËÕß Bringing out the Best in Teachers: What Effective Principlas Do ¢Õß Joseph Blase ·≈– Peggy C. Kirby ‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß ¢÷Èπ®“°º≈ß“π°“√«‘®—¬‡™‘ß§ÿ≥¿“æ¥â«¬·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡ª≈“¬‡ªî¥∑’Ë ”√«® ∑—»π–¢Õß§√Ÿº Ÿâ Õπ®”π«π 1,200 §π ·≈–·ª≈º≈§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ¥â«¬∑ƒ…Æ’ªØ‘ —¡æ—π∏å‡™‘ß —≠≈—°…≥å ∑”„Àâ∑√“∫§ÿ≥≈—°…≥–‡©æ“– ¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à∑¡’Ë ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ·≈–¡’¬∑ÿ ∏«‘∏„’ π°“√∫√‘À“√ß“π∑’¡Ë Õ’ ∑‘ ∏‘æ≈ µàÕª√– ‘∑∏‘º≈°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß§√Ÿ Õ“∑‘ °“√ √â“ß·√ß®Ÿß„®„Àâ§√Ÿ¡°’ ”≈—ß„® ∑”ß“π ¡’§«“¡§‘¥√‘‡√‘Ë¡ √â“ß √√§å §«“¡ºŸ°æ—π ·≈–§«“¡√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫ °“√„Àâ‚Õ°“ ·°à§√Ÿ‰¥â¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„® °“√‡ √‘¡ √â“ß∑—°…– ·≈– ¡√√∂π–„π«‘™“™’æ§√Ÿ ·≈–°“√„Àâ‡ √’¿“æ·°à§√Ÿ‡æ◊ÕË æ—≤π“µπ‡Õß∑—ßÈ ¥â“π«‘™“°“√·≈–¥â“π —ß§¡ πÕ°®“°π’È ºŸ‡â ¢’¬π‰¥â‡ πÕ·π«§‘¥ ¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π– ·≈–µ—«Õ¬à“ß∑’‰Ë ª Ÿ°à “√ªØ‘∫µ— „‘ π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å√–À«à“ßºŸ∫â √‘À“√°—∫§√Ÿº Ÿâ Õπ „Àâ¥”‡π‘π‰ª¥â«¬§«“¡√“∫√◊πË ®π “¡“√∂æ—≤π“°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿ„â π∫√√¬“°“» ∑’Ëπà“æ÷ßæÕ„® ‡°‘¥º≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï„π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π °√¡«‘™“°“√¢Õ¢Õ∫§ÿ≥»“ µ√“®“√¬åÕ“√’ —≥À©«’ ºŸâ·ª≈ ·≈– »“ µ√“®“√¬å §ÿ≥À≠‘ß·¡âπ¡“ ™«≈‘µ ºŸâµ√«® ·≈–∑ÿ°∑à“π∑’Ë¡’ à«π√à«¡ „π°“√®—¥∑”Àπ—ß ◊Õπ’È‰«â ≥ ‚Õ°“ π’È À«—ß‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß¬‘Ëß«à“·À≈àß§«“¡√Ÿâ „πÀπ— ß ◊ Õ ‡≈à ¡ π’È ® – √√§å √â “ ßª√–‚¬™πå · °à ° “√∫√‘ À “√®— ¥ °“√·≈– °“√æ—≤π“°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ„π‚√ß‡√’¬π‰¥â‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß¥’

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“√∫—≠ °“√æ‘¡æå§√—ßÈ ∑’ÀË π÷ßË °“√æ‘¡æå§√—ßÈ ∑’ Ë Õß ∂âÕ¬·∂≈ß°“√æ‘¡æå§√—ßÈ ∑’ Ë Õß ‡°’¬Ë «°—∫ºŸ‡â ¢’¬π 1 §√Ÿ„À≠à·≈–ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ 2 Õ“πÿ¿“æ·Ààß§”™¡ 3 °“√ √â“ß°”≈—ß„® ·≈–°“√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß ¥â«¬°“√µ—ßÈ §«“¡§“¥À«—ß 4 º≈ –∑âÕπ®“°°“√¡’ «à π√à«¡ 5 °“√„Àâ‡ √’¿“æ„π«‘™“™’æ 6 °“√π”‚¥¬Õ¬Ÿ‡à ∫◊ÕÈ ßÀ≈—ß 7 –°‘¥‡∫“Ê : ·π–π” ¡‘„™à™π’È ” 8 °“√„™âÕ”π“® (®“°µ”·Àπàß) Àπâ“∑’„Ë π∑“ß √â“ß √√§å 9 °√–®°‡ß“ àÕß¿“æ∑’§Ë «√‡ªìπ 10 √ÿª ¢âÕæ÷ß —ß«√·≈–§«“¡∑â“∑“¬ ·À≈àß∑’Ë¡“¢Õß¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈: «‘∏’°“√·≈–¢—ÈπµÕπ°“√«‘®—¬

Àπ“â 7 10 12 15 17 31 45 65 85 96 114 128 140 159 174

°“√æ‘¡æå§√—ßÈ ∑’ÀË π÷ßË

“π«‘®—¬·≈–¢âÕ‡¢’¬πµà“ßÊ ‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ºŸâ∫√‘À“√‚√ß‡√’¬πÀ√◊Õ §√Ÿ„À≠à ·≈–Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à¡’µàÕ§√Ÿ·≈–‚√ß‡√’¬π ¡—°®–µ—Èß®ÿ¥∑’Ëµ—« §√Ÿ„À≠à«“à §√Ÿ„À≠àæ¥Ÿ Õ–‰√ ∑”Õ–‰√ °“√°√–∑”¥—ß°≈à“«¢â“ßµâπ°Á¡’‡Àµÿº≈ ·µà‡√“¡—°®–≈◊¡π÷°∂÷ß µ—«§√ŸπâÕ¬∏√√¡¥“Ê «à“¡Õß‡ÀÁπæƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß‰√ æƒµ‘°√√¡∑’Ë¡’º≈µàÕ§√ŸπâÕ¬´÷Ëß™à«¬„Àâ§√ŸπâÕ¬∑”ß“π„πÀπâ“∑’Ë‰¥â¥’¢÷Èπ À√◊Õ‰¡à π”„Àâ§√ŸπâÕ¬‡¢â“¡“√à«¡„π°“√·°âªí≠À“¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π‡æ’¬ß‰√ Àπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È®÷ß‡ªìπ°â“« ”§—≠‡æ◊ËÕ‡µ‘¡‡µÁ¡™àÕß«à“ßπ’È À√◊Õ®–°≈à“«‡ªìπ ”π«π‰¥â«“à §Õ¬‚Õ°“ Õ¬Ÿπà “π·≈â« ¥— ß π—È π „π°“√∑”«‘ ®— ¬ ·≈–°“√‡¢’ ¬ π‡√◊Ë Õ ßπ’È ‚®‡´ø ‡∫≈ (Joseph Blase) ·≈– ‡ª°°’È ´’. ‡§Õ√å∫’ (Peggy C. Kirby) ®÷ß‰¥â æ¬“¬“¡»÷°…“„Àâ„°≈â™¥‘ «à“ °“√»÷°…“‡°’¬Ë «°—∫°“√∫√‘À“√‚√ß‡√’¬π®√‘ßÊ π—πÈ ®–‡πâπ∑’µË √ß‰Àπ ¢≥–∑’Ë¢â“æ‡®â“Õà“πÀπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È ¢â“æ‡®â“√Ÿâ ÷°‡À¡◊Õπ«à“ºŸâ‡¢’¬π ·≈–§√Ÿ„πß“π«‘®—¬π’È‡™◊ÈÕ‡™‘≠„Àâ¢â“æ‡®â“§‘¥«‘‡§√“–Àå∂÷ßÕß§åª√–°Õ∫ ”§—≠Ê ¢Õß«‘∏’°“√∫√‘À“√«à“ ∂â“¢â“æ‡®â“‡ªìπ§√Ÿ„À≠à ¢â“æ‡®â“§«√ ™¡‡™¬§√Ÿ‡¡◊ËÕ‰√·≈–Õ¬à“ß‰√ ¢â“æ‡®â“®–§“¥À«—ß„Àâ§√Ÿ‡ªìπ‡™àπ‰√ ·≈– ®– ◊ÕË „Àâ§√Ÿ‡¢â“„®∂÷ß§«“¡§“¥À«—ß¢Õß¢â“æ‡®â“‰¥âÕ¬à“ß‰√ Õ“∑‘ ¢â“æ‡®â“ §«√®–∫Õ°§√Ÿµ—Èß·µàµâπªï°“√»÷°…“„π∑’Ëª√–™ÿ¡§√Ÿ ·≈–„π°“√ª√–™ÿ¡ §√—ÈßµàÕ‰ª«à“ ¢â“æ‡®â“µ—Èß§«“¡À«—ß‰«â¡“°«à“ §√Ÿ·≈–»‘…¬å„πª°§√Õß¢Õß

8 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

§√Ÿ®–µâÕß¡’§ÿ≥¿“æµ“¡¡“µ√∞“π¢—Èπ Ÿß·≈â«°ÁÀ¬ÿ¥·§à‡æ’¬ßπ—Èπ À√◊Õ ¢â“æ‡®â“§«√µ√–Àπ—°«à“æƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õß¢â“æ‡®â“·µà≈–«—ππ—Èπ ◊ËÕ„Àâ§√Ÿ√Ÿâ ∂÷ß§«“¡§“¥À«—ß¢Õß¢â“æ‡®â“‰¥â¡“°°«à“°“√æŸ¥„π∑’Ëª√–™ÿ¡À√◊Õ‰¡à ¢â“æ‡®â“√Ÿâ ÷°§≈âÕ¬µ“¡ºŸâ‡¢’¬π«à“ „π∞“π–§√Ÿ„À≠à ¢â“æ‡®â“‰¥â· ¥ßµπ „π∑’ Ë “∏“√≥–µ≈Õ¥«—π·≈–∑ÿ°«—πÀ√◊Õ‰¡à §√Ÿ„À≠àª√–®”°“√·≈–ºŸ∑â °’Ë ”≈—ß®–‡ªìπ§√Ÿ„À≠à®–‰¥â¢Õâ §‘¥¡“°¡“¬ ®“°Àπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È Õπ÷ËßÀπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È¡‘„™àµ”√“ ”‡√Á®√Ÿª∑’Ë®–∫Õ°µ√ßÊ «à“ºŸ∫â √‘À“√§«√®–∑”Õ–‰√ ·≈–Õ¬à“ß‰√ À“°·µà®–‡ªìπ‡§√◊ÕË ß¡◊Õ„ÀâºÕŸâ “à π §‘¥∂÷ß°“√°√–∑”¢Õßµπ„π∞“π–ºŸâ∫√‘À“√«à“∑”Õ–‰√ Õ¬à“ß‰√ ·≈– ‡æ√“–Õ–‰√ ¢âÕæ÷ß —ß«√¢Õß‡∫≈ ·≈–‡§Õ√å∫’∑’Ë°≈à“«¬È”À≈“¬§√—Èß ‡ªìπ ‘Ëß®”‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß¬‘Ëß °≈à“«§◊Õ ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’·≈–‡∑§π‘§∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à„™â¡—°·Ωß Õ¬Ÿ„à π®ÿ¥¡ÿßà À¡“¬ §«“¡À«—ß §«“¡µ—ßÈ „® ´÷ßË ‡ªìπ “√– ”§—≠∑’ºË ∫Ÿâ √‘À“√„™â Àπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’ÈºŸâ‡¢’¬π‡πâπ°“√π”ß“π«‘®—¬∑“ß«‘™“°“√∑’Ë§àÕπ¢â“ß ‡ªìπ¿“§ªØ‘∫—µ‘ ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ¢â“æ‡®â“®÷ßÀ«—ß«à“§≥“®“√¬å∑“ß°“√»÷°…“ ∑’‰Ë ¥âÕ“à πÀπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’®È –§”π÷ß∂÷ß¢âÕπ’¥È «â ¬ µ≈Õ¥‡≈à¡ºŸ‡â ¢’¬π‰¥â„Àâ¢Õâ §‘¥‡ªìπ√–¬–Ê ´÷ßË §√Ÿ„À≠à·≈–π—°«‘™“°“√ µ≈Õ¥®πºŸâ∫√‘À“√°“√»÷°…“§«√Õà“π ·≈â«§‘¥‰µ√àµ√Õß ‡™àπ §√Ÿ§πÀπ÷Ëß °≈à“«∂÷ß§√Ÿ„À≠à§π„À¡à«“à

ç§√Ÿ„À≠à∑à“ππ’È¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°∑’Ë¥’µàÕ‚√ß‡√’¬π ∑à“π πÿ°°—∫ °“√∑”ß“π æ«°‡√“∑ÿ°§π®÷ß√Ÿâ ÷°µ“¡‰ª¥â«¬ ∑à“π®–‡º™‘≠ ªí≠À“„À¡àÊ ∑ÿ°«—π ‚¥¬∂◊Õ‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß πÿ°∑’Ë∑â“∑“¬ ¢â“æ‡®â“ æ¬“¬“¡®–∑”µ“¡ ªïπ’È¢â“æ‡®â“√Ÿâ ÷°°√–©—∫°√–‡©ß„π°“√ ∑”ß“π∑ÿ°«—π ∑ÿ°‡™â“æÕπ“Ãî°“ª≈ÿ°¢â“æ‡®â“®–√’∫≈ÿ°∑—π∑’é

°“√æ‘¡æå§√—ßÈ ∑’ÀË π÷ßË ◆ 9

¢âÕ§‘¥∑”πÕßπ’È®–¡’µ≈Õ¥‡≈à¡„ÀâºŸâÕà“π‰¥â§‘¥æ‘®“√≥“ ºŸâ∑’Ë‡ªìπ §√Ÿ„À≠à·≈–ºŸ∫â √‘À“√®–‰¥âª√–‚¬™πå®“°°“√Õà“π·≈–°“√§‘¥‰µ√àµ√Õßµ“¡ Õ“®“√¬å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬·≈–π—°«‘™“°“√§ß®–¡’‡√◊ÕË ß„Àâ»°÷ …“°—π ºŸ∑â ‡’Ë √‘¡Ë µâπ ‡ªì π ºŸâ ∫ √‘ À “√§ß®–§‘ ¥ ‰¥â «à “ §«√„™â ∂â Õ ¬§”·≈–∑”Õ¬à “ ß‰√∑’Ë ® –„Àâ § √Ÿ °√–«’°√–«“¥¡“‚√ß‡√’¬π¥—ßµ—«Õ¬à“ß¢â“ßµâπ ·µàµÕâ ßæ÷ß√–«—ß„Àâ¥’ ºŸ∫â √‘À“√ ·µà≈–‚√ß‡√’¬πÕ“®¡’«‘∏’°“√µà“ßÊ °—π‰ª ‚¥¬∑’Ë‰¥âº≈‡À¡◊Õπ°—π

Õ“√å‡∑Õ√å ∫≈—¡‡∫‘√å° (Arthur Blumberg) »“ µ√“®“√¬å«‘™“°“√»÷°…“·≈–π‘‡∑»°“√»÷°…“ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‰´√“§‘« å ‰´√“§‘« å, π‘«¬Õ√å°

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®‡´ø ‡∫≈ ‡ªìπ»“ µ√“®“√¬å “¢“¿“«–ºŸâπ”∑“ß°“√»÷°…“ ∑’Ë¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬®Õ√å‡®’¬√å ”‡√Á®°“√»÷°…“„π §.». 1980 ®“° ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‰´√“§‘« å ß“π«‘®—¬¢Õß‡¢“‡πâπ°“√»÷°…“‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥ §«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡‡¢â“„®ß“π¢Õß§√Ÿ ‡¢“‡¢’¬πÀπ—ß ◊ÕÀ≈“¬‡≈à¡‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ §«“¡‡§√’¬¥¢Õß§√Ÿ —¡æ—π∏¿“æ à«πµ—«·≈–∑“ß«‘™“™’æ¢Õß§√Ÿ —ß§¡ §√Ÿ §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß§√Ÿ°∫— §√Ÿ„À≠à ·µà„π√–¬–À≈—ß‡¢“‡√‘¡Ë ‡¢’¬π ‡°’Ë¬«°—∫≈—°…≥–°“√‡¡◊Õß„π‚√ß‡√’¬π ‡¡◊ËÕ §.». 1988 ‡¢“‰¥â√—∫ √“ß«—≈ Davis Memorial Award ¥â“π∫√‘À“√°“√»÷°…“®“° ¿“¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ πÕ°®“°π’È‡∫≈ ¬—ß‡ªìπ∫√√≥“∏‘°“√Àπ—ß ◊Õ‡√◊ËÕß ™’«µ‘ °“√‡¡◊Õß¿“¬„π‚√ß‡√’¬π: Õ”π“® §«“¡¢—¥·¬âß ·≈–§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ (The Politics of Life in Schools: Power, Conflict, and Cooperation) Àπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’‰È ¥â√∫— √“ß«—≈ Criticûs Choice Award ¢Õß ¡“§¡°“√»÷°…“Õ‡¡√‘°π— §.». 1994 ‡∫≈ ‰¥â√«à ¡‡¢’¬πÀπ—ß ◊Õ ‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°“√∫√‘À“√°“√»÷°…“°—∫π—°°“√»÷°…“Õ◊ËπÕ’°À≈“¬‡≈à¡ √«¡∑—Èß ¬—ß‡¢’¬π∫∑§«“¡«‘™“°“√‡ªìπª√–®”„ππ‘µ¬ “√«‘™“™’æ ª°°’È ´’ . ‡§Õ√å ∫’ ‡ªì π »“ µ√“®“√¬å “¢“«‘ ™ “æ◊È π ∞“π ·≈–¿“«–ºŸπâ ”∑“ß°“√»÷°…“ ‡ªìπ»“ µ√“®“√¬å∑“ß°“√«‘®¬— ∑’¡Ë À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ π‘«ÕÕ√å≈’π å ‡§Õ√å∫’‰¥â√—∫„∫Õπÿ≠“µ‡ªìπ§√Ÿ·≈–ºŸâª√–‡¡‘π‚ª√·°√¡ °“√»÷°…“¢Õß¡≈√—∞≈ÿ¬‡´’¬π“ ·≈–µ—ßÈ ·µà ”‡√Á®°“√»÷°…“√–¥—∫ª√‘≠≠“‡Õ°

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16 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

“¢“∫√‘À“√°“√»÷°…“„π §.». 1987 ‡§Õ√å∫’»÷°…“‡√◊ËÕß¿“«–ºŸâπ”·≈– °“√∫√‘À“√ª°§√Õß„π√–¥—∫‚√ß‡√’¬π∑’Ë¡’º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ§√Ÿ·≈–π—°‡√’¬π ·≈–„π°“√∑”ß“π∑’Ë»Ÿπ¬å§√Ÿ„À≠à¢Õß¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬π‘«ÕÕ√å≈’π å ·≈–∑’Ë ‚¡ √‚√ß‡√’¬πæ—≤π“«‘™“™’æ·Ààß¡≈√—∞®Õ√å‡®’¬√å ‡§Õ√å∫’¡’‚Õ°“ ™à«¬ ºŸâ∫√‘À“√‚√ß‡√’¬π„π°“√»÷°…“æ‘®“√≥“·π«∑“ß‡≈◊Õ°„À¡à„π°“√∫√‘À“√ ª°§√Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π∑’Ë®–‡ √‘¡ √â“ßæ≈—ßÕ”π“®„Àâ·°à§√Ÿ πÕ°®“°π’È¬—ß ‡ªì π ª√–∏“π°√√¡°“√Õ”π«¬°“√°≈ÿà ¡ ‚√ß‡√’ ¬ π∑“ß‡≈◊ Õ °„À¡à · Àà ß ‡®ø‡øÕ√å —π ·≈–√à«¡°àÕµ—Èß‚√ß‡√’¬π™ÿ¡™π‡®ø‡øÕ√å —π ´÷Ëß‡ªìπ‚√ß‡√’¬π √—∞Õÿ¥Àπÿπ (charter school) ·Ààß·√°„π¡≈√—∞≈ÿ¬‡´’¬π“ ‚¥¬√—∫‡¥Á° π—°‡√’¬π¡—∏¬¡µâπ∑’Ë‡ ’Ë¬ßµàÕ§«“¡≈â¡‡À≈«„π°“√‡√’¬πÕ—π‡π◊ËÕß®“° ªí≠À“«‘π—¬ ‡∏Õ‰¥â‡¢’¬πÀπ—ß ◊Õ√à«¡°—∫«‘π‡´πµå ·Õπø“√“ ®Ÿ‡π’¬√å ‡√◊ËÕß‡ ’¬ß‡√’¬°√âÕß®“°‚√ß‡√’¬π¡—∏¬¡µâπ: ¢≥–π’È‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß‰√ ·≈–§«√ ®–‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß‰√ (Voices from the Middle: Decrying What Is, What Could Be) æ‘¡æå„π §.». 1999 ß“π«‘®—¬¢Õß‡§Õ√å∫’¡ÿàß‡πâπ ‚√ß‡√’¬π¡—∏¬¡µâπµ“¡·π«∑“ß‡≈◊Õ°„À¡à ·π«°“√∫√‘À“√√à«¡°—π ·≈– ®√√¬“∫√√≥¢Õßπ—°∫√‘À“√°“√»÷°…“ πÕ°®“°π’È¬—ß‡¢’¬π∫∑§«“¡∑“ß «‘™“°“√≈ß‡ªìπª√–®”„ππ‘µ¬ “√«‘™“™’æÀ≈“¬©∫—∫

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ç§«“¡‡ªìπµ—«µπ¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈µ“¡§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß√–∫∫ ∫√‘À“√‡¥‘¡®–À¡“¬∂÷ßµ”·Àπàß·≈–Àπâ“∑’Ë„πµ”·Àπàß ·µà ªí®®ÿ∫—π®–À¡“¬∂÷ß≈—°…≥–§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈π—ÈπµàÕ °≈ÿ¡à ·≈–µàÕºŸ§â π√Õ∫¢â“ßé ‰≈πå‡∫Õ√å‡°Õ√å·≈–∑—°‡°Õ√å (§.». 1991, Àπâ“ 350)

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ßπ—°«‘™“°“√·≈–π—°ªØ‘∫—µ‘„π “¢“«‘™“∫√‘À“√°“√»÷°…“ ¡’§«“¡‡™◊ËÕµ√ß°—π«à“ §√Ÿ„À≠à‡ªìπºŸâ¡’∫∑∫“∑ ”§—≠¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥„π‚√ß‡√’¬π À≈“¬§π∂÷ß°—∫°≈à“««à“§√Ÿ„À≠à¡’Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈µàÕ∑ÿ°Ê ‡√◊ËÕß ∑ÿ°Ê ¥â“π„π ‚√ß‡√’¬π ·µàº≈®“°°“√«‘®¬— °“√∫√‘À“√°“√»÷°…“¬—ß‰¡àª√“°Ø¿“æ≈—°…≥å ¢Õßæƒµ‘°√√¡ª√–®”«—π¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π∑’Ë¡’√–∫∫∫√‘À“√∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ¡“°π—° ‚¥¬‡©æ“–§«“¡‡¢â“„®∫∑∫“∑ºŸâπ”®“°¡ÿ¡¡Õß¢Õß§√Ÿ·≈– Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈¢ÕßºŸâπ”∑’Ë∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß§√Ÿ Àπ—ß ◊Õ ‡≈à¡π’È¡’®ÿ¥ª√– ß§å∑’Ë®–‡µ‘¡‡µÁ¡™àÕß«à“ßπ’È ‚¥¬°“√»÷°…“«à“ºŸâ∫√‘À“√∑’Ë¡’ ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¡’Õ∑‘ ∏‘æ≈‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß‰ª„π∑“ß∑’¥Ë ’¢Õß§√Ÿ‰¥âÕ¬à“ß‰√

18 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

·π«∑“ß„π°“√«‘ ®— ¬ ‡√◊Ë Õ ß‚√ß‡√’ ¬ π∑’Ë ¡’ ª √– ‘ ∑ ∏‘ ¿ “æ·≈–°“√ ªØ‘√Ÿª‚√ß‡√’¬π√–À«à“ß∑»«√√… 70-80 ∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥§«“¡ π„®Õ¬à“ß °«â“ß¢«“ß∑’Ë®–»÷°…“§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ß“π«‘®—¬„π √–¬– 20 ªï ∑’Ë ºà “ π¡“π’È ‡ πâ π ∂÷ ß §ÿ ≥ ≈— ° …≥–µà “ ßÊ ¢ÕßºŸâ ∫ √‘ À “√∑’Ë ¡’ ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ‡™àπ §«“¡§‘¥√‘‡√‘Ë¡ §«“¡¡—Ëπ„® °“√∑πµàÕ ‘Ëß∑’Ë¬“° ®–‡¢â“„® §«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå §«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√À“ ·À≈àß∑√—æ¬“°√ «‘ —¬∑—»πå §«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√„™â«‘∏’°“√µ“¡·π« ª√–™“∏‘ª‰µ¬_°“√¡’ «à π√à«¡ §«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√øíß §«“¡ “¡“√∂ „π°“√®—∫ª√–‡¥Áπ¢Õßªí≠À“ ¡’≈°— …≥–‡ªî¥‡º¬ ∑—°…–„π°“√∫√‘À“√‡«≈“ ¡’§«“¡§“¥À«—ß„π°“√∑”ß“π Ÿß ¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕßÀ≈—° Ÿµ√ ·≈–§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√®—¥À“∑√—æ¬“°√Õ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ (e.g., Blase, 1987; Blumberg & Greenfield, 1986; Bossert, Dwyer, Rowan, & Lee, 1982; Brady, 1985; Brookover & Lezotte, 1977; Edmonds, 1982; Hallinger & Murphy, 1987; Hannaway & Stevens, 1985; Lipham, 1981; Russell, Mazzarella, White, & Maurer, 1985) °“√»÷°…“«‘®—¬¢Õß°≈ÿà¡¢â“ßµâππ’È„Àâ§«“¡√Ÿâ‡°’Ë¬«°—∫§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ·≈–¬—ß¡’ß“π«‘®—¬Õ’° Õß “¡‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë¡ÿàß‡πâπ„π ‘Ëß∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à ∑”·≈–ªØ‘∫µ— ‘ ‰¥â·°à Blase & Blase, 1994; Peterson, 1978; Wolcutt, 1973 ·µà°Á¡‘‰¥â°≈à“«∂÷ß¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’·≈–‡∑§π‘§¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à„π °“√ √â“ßÕ‘∑∏‘æ≈∑’Ë∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß§√Ÿ ¡’ß“π «‘®—¬Õ¬Ÿà Õß‡√◊ËÕß„π°≈ÿà¡π’È∑’Ë°≈à“«∂÷ß¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’¿“«–ºŸâπ”„π‡√◊ËÕß°“√‡√’¬π °“√ Õπ (Blase and Blase, 1998, and Reitzug, 1997)

§√Ÿ„À≠à·≈–ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ◆ 19

ß“π»÷°…“¢Õß√— ‡´≈·≈–§≥– (Russell et al., 1985) ∑’Ë ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‚Õ‡√°Õπ °≈à“«∂÷ßæƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ —¡æ—π∏å°—∫§ÿ≥≈—°…≥–¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π∑’Ë¥’¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘º≈ ºŸâ‡¢’¬πß“π«‘®—¬ ¢â“ßµâπ‰¥â°≈à“«∂÷ßæƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë®–‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ∑“ß «‘™“°“√„Àâ·°à‡¥Á°‡°àß À√◊Õ π—∫ πÿπ„Àâπ—°‡√’¬π∑”ß“π∑’Ë∑â“∑“¬„π √“¬«‘ ™ “‡√’ ¬ π‡æ◊Ë Õ „Àâ ∫ √√≈ÿ ∂÷ ß ®ÿ ¥ ¡ÿà ß À¡“¬¢Õß‚√ß‡√’ ¬ π∑’Ë ‰ ¥â µ—È ß §«“¡ §“¥À«—ß‰«â Ÿß ß“π«‘®—¬π’È‰¥â°≈à“«∂÷ßæƒµ‘°√√¡§√Ÿ„À≠à´÷Ëß¡’°√≥’»÷°…“ √âÕ¬°«à“°√≥’ ∫Õ ‡´‘√µå ·≈–§≥– (Bossert et al., 1982) ™à«¬„Àâ‡√“‡¢â“„® ≈÷°´÷Èß∂÷ß§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß≈—°…≥–ºŸâπ”¢ÕßºŸâ∫√‘À“√ ·≈–º≈ß“π °“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘¢Õß§√Ÿ‚¥¬„™â√Ÿª·∫∫∑’Ë —¡æ—π∏å°—∫°“√°√–∑”¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à ‡™àπ °“√°”Àπ¥®ÿ¥¡ÿàßÀ¡“¬ °“√ª√–‡¡‘πº≈ °“√µ‘¥µ“¡ß“π ·≈– °“√‡ªìπ·∫∫Õ¬à“ß„π°“√ √â“ß∫√√¬“°“»°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ (§«“¡ √—∫º‘¥™Õ∫¡ÿßà ¡—πË „πß“π¢Õß§√Ÿ ·≈–«‘π¬— ¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π) ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√ ®—¥°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ (‡™àπ À≈—° Ÿµ√°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ «‘∏’ Õπ) º≈ß“π ¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π®–∂◊Õ‡ªìπº≈≈—æ∏å∑“ßÕâÕ¡¢Õßæƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ∫√√¬“°“»°“√‡√’¬π·≈–°“√®—¥™—Èπ‡√’¬π¢Õß§√Ÿ √Ÿª·∫∫ ‡™‘ß∑ƒ…Æ’¢Õß∫Õ ‡´‘√åµ‰¥âπ”‰ª∑¥≈Õß„™â‚¥¬‡Œ°·≈–§≥– (Heck, Laren, & Marcoulides, 1993) æ∫«à“æƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠àÀ≈“¬ ª√–°“√™à«¬„Àâ§√Ÿ¡’¢«—≠°”≈—ß„® Ÿß¢÷Èπ ‡™àπ °“√ ◊ËÕ “√ °“√°”Àπ¥ ®ÿ¥¡ÿàßÀ¡“¬¢Õß°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ√à«¡°—π °“√ √â“ß∫√√¬“°“»§«“¡ ‡ªìπ√–‡∫’¬∫¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à°Á®–™à«¬ √â“ß‡ √‘¡∫√√¬“°“»°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ¢Õß π—°‡√’¬π ≈—°…≥–æƒµ‘°√√¡Õ◊ËπÊ ¢Õß°“√‡ªìπºŸâπ” ‡™àπ °“√æ—≤π“

20 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

‡ªÑ“À¡“¬¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π °“√®—¥À“·À≈àß∑√—æ¬“°√‡æ◊ÕË °“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ °“√ª√–‡¡‘πÀ≈—° Ÿµ√ ‡À≈à“π’≈È «â π‡ªìπæƒµ‘°√√¡∑’™Ë «à ¬ àß‡ √‘¡°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ ‡Œ°·≈–§≥–¬— ß “∏‘ µ „Àâ ‡ ÀÁ π «à “ Àâ Õ ß‡√’ ¬ π∑’Ë ‰ ¥â √— ∫ º≈ –∑â Õ π®“° ≈—°…≥–ºŸâπ”¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à °≈à“«§◊Õ ∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·≈–°“√ ®—¥°“√™—Èπ‡√’¬π∑’Ë‡À¡“– ¡¡’ à«π —¡æ—π∏å‚¥¬µ√ßµàÕº≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï¢Õß π—°‡√’¬π ∫∑ √ÿª§«“¡ ”§—≠¢Õßæƒµ‘°√√¡·∫∫‰¡à‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√¢Õß §√Ÿ„À≠à —¡æ—π∏å°—∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°§√Ÿ ¥—ßπ’È

çº≈°“√»÷ ° …“«‘ ®— ¬ ¢Õß‡√“™’È „ Àâ ‡ ÀÁ π §«“¡ ”§— ≠ ¢Õß ≈— ° …≥–ºŸâ π”∑“ß°“√ Õπ¢Õß§√Ÿ „ À≠à «à “ ¡’ Õ‘ ∑ ∏‘ æ ≈µà Õ º≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π´÷Ëß‰¡à‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°—∫°“√π‘‡∑»·∫∫§≈‘π‘° ¢Õß§√Ÿé ç„π¢≥–∑’Ë¬Õ¡√—∫°—π«à“ °“√π‘‡∑»·≈–ª√–™ÿ¡§√ŸÕ¬à“ß ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ‡ªìπ‡√◊ÕË ß∑’ Ë ”§—≠ ·µàº∫Ÿâ √‘À“√°Á¬ß— ¡’°®‘ °√√¡‡æ‘¡Ë ‡µ‘¡ Õ◊ËπÕ’°¡“° ∫“ß°‘®°√√¡®–‡ªìπ·∫∫‰¡à‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√∑’Ë®–™à«¬ æ— ≤ π“°“√ Õπ·≈– √â “ ß∫√√¬“°“»„Àâ π— ° ‡√’ ¬ π‡√’ ¬ π¥’ ¢÷È π °‘®°√√¡‡À≈à“π’È‰¥â·°à °“√ª√– “πß“π °“√ ◊ËÕ “√ °“√™’È·®ß ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥§«“¡‡ªìππÈ”Àπ÷Ëß„®‡¥’¬«√–À«à“ß§√Ÿ π—°‡√’¬π ·≈– ™ÿ¡™π §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ ¡√√∂¿“æ®– “¡“√∂ √â“ß°“√∑”ß“π ‡ªìπ∑’¡‰¥â„π‚√ß‡√’¬πé (‡Œ°·≈–§≥–, 1990, Àπâ“ 120-121) ‚¥¬ √ÿª∂÷ß·¡â°“√»÷°…“«‘®—¬‡°’Ë¬«°—∫§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß §«“¡‡ªìπºŸâπ”¥â“π°“√ Õπ¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à°—∫º≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬ππ—Èπ ¬—ß´—∫´âÕπ·≈–«‘∏’°“√¬—ß¢÷Èπ°—∫ª√– ∫°“√≥å (Hallinger & Heck,

§√Ÿ„À≠à·≈–ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ◆ 21

1996a, 1996b) Õ’°∑—ßÈ ¬—ß¢“¥·§≈ππ—°«‘™“°“√∑’¡Ë §’ «“¡√Ÿ§â «“¡‡™’¬Ë «™“≠ „π°“√»÷°…“¥â“π§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ßºŸâπ” °“√ Õπ ·≈–º≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï ¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π (Leithwood, Begley, & Cousins, 1990) ·µà°æÁ ∫ ‚¥¬µ√ß·≈–‚¥¬ÕâÕ¡«à“ §«“¡‡ªìπºŸπâ ”∑“ß°“√ Õπ¢ÕßºŸ∫â √‘À“√ —¡æ—π∏å °—∫º≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï∑“ß°“√‡√’¬π¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π

Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠àµÕà §√Ÿ ß“π»÷ ° …“«‘ ®— ¬ „π™à « ß 3 ∑»«√√…∑’Ë ºà “ π¡“‡°’Ë ¬ «°— ∫ °“√„™â Õ”π“®®“°µ”·ÀπàßÀπâ“∑’Ë·≈–Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à„π°“√ ◊ËÕ —¡æ—π∏å °—∫§√Ÿ ∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥·π«§‘¥°“√∫√‘À“√‚¥¬„™â‚√ß‡√’¬π‡ªìπ∞“π °“√»÷°…“ ¢Õß°≈ÿà¡™’È„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠àÕ¬Ÿà∑’Ë°“√„™âÕ‘∑∏‘æ≈¥â“π¥’ µàÕ§√Ÿ´÷Ëß‰¥âº≈¡“°°«à“°“√„™âÕ”π“®®“°µ”·ÀπàßÀπâ“∑’Ë Õ‘™‡™Õ√å«Ÿ¥ (Isherwood, 1973) æ∫«à“ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑¡’Ë ∫’ §ÿ ≈‘°¥’ ¡’§«“¡™”π“≠·≈– ¡πÿ … ¬ — ¡ æ— π ∏å ¥’ ®–∑”„Àâ § √Ÿ ¡’ § «“¡¿— ° ¥’ µà Õ §√Ÿ „ À≠à · ≈–ß“πªØ‘ ∫— µ‘ ¡’§«“¡ ÿ¢„π°“√∑”ß“π ß“π«‘®¬— »÷°…“æ∫«à“ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑„’Ë Àâ§√Ÿ¡ ’ «à π√à«¡ „π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„® ‡™◊ÕË ¡—πË „π§«“¡ “¡“√∂¢Õß§√Ÿ ®–™à«¬„Àâ§√Ÿ¡§’ «“¡§‘¥ √‘‡√‘Ë¡·≈–‡ªìπºŸâπ” °“√ √â“ß§«“¡‰«â‡π◊ÈÕ‡™◊ËÕ„®‡ªìπ°ÿ≠·® ”§—≠„π ∑—°…–§«“¡‡ªìπºŸâπ”¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à ‚√ß‡√’¬π∑’Ë¡’π«—µ°√√¡„À¡àÊ ·≈– ‰¥â√—∫°“√¬°¬àÕß™¡‡™¬Õ¬à“ß®√‘ß„®®“°ºŸâ∫√‘À“√®–™à«¬ª√—∫‡ª≈’Ë¬π æƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õß§√Ÿ‰¥â‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß¥’ ºŸâ∫√‘À“√∑’ËÕ∏‘∫“¬™’È·®ß·°à§√Ÿ‚¥¬µ√ß ∂÷ß ‘ßË ∑’§Ë «√ªØ‘∫µ— „‘ π«‘™“™’æ°Á®–∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß∑’¥Ë „’ πµ—«§√Ÿ °“√»÷ ° …“«‘ ®— ¬ ¬— ß · ¥ß„Àâ ‡ ÀÁ π «à“ §√Ÿ „ À≠à ∑’Ë „ ™â Õ‘ ∑ ∏‘ æ ≈·≈– Õ”π“®Õ¬à“ß‰¡à‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√ ‚¥¬„™â∑—°…–¡πÿ…¬ —¡æ—π∏å·≈–°“√„Àâ

22 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

§«“¡™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ∑“ß‡∑§π‘§«‘™“°“√®–‰¥âº≈¥’°«à“°“√ —ßË °“√µ“¡µ”·Àπàß ºŸ∫â √‘À“√∑’æË ¬“¬“¡™’·È ®ß§à“π‘¬¡¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π ¡’∑°— …–ªØ‘ ¡— æ—π∏å ™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ π—∫ πÿπ„Àâ§√Ÿ‡ÀÁπ«‘ —¬∑—»πå ®–¡’Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈¥â“π¥’µàÕ§√Ÿ ‡™ææ“√å¥ (Sheppard, 1996) æ∫«à“°“√æ—≤π“«‘™“™’æ„Àâ·°à§√Ÿ‡ªìπæƒµ‘°√√¡ ºŸâπ”¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈¥â“π¥’µàÕ§√Ÿ∑—Èß√–¥—∫ª√–∂¡·≈–¡—∏¬¡»÷°…“ ®“°ß“π«‘®—¬√–¬–À≈—ßπ’Èæ∫«à“ æƒµ‘°√√¡ºŸâπ”¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à √â“ß√“°∞“π — ¡ æ— π ∏¿“æ√–À«à “ ßæƒµ‘ ° √√¡§«“¡‡ªì π ºŸâ π”°— ∫ «— ≤ π∏√√¡¢Õß ‚√ß‡√’¬π∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ¡’π«—µ°√√¡ ·≈–¡’§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ°—π‡ªìπ Õ¬à“ß¥’¿“¬„π‚√ß‡√’¬π

¢âÕ§‘¥‡ÀÁπ √ÿª ¢≥–π’È¡’§«“¡‡¢â“„®¡“°¢÷Èπ√–À«à“ß§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à °—∫§√Ÿ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈∑’§Ë √Ÿ„À≠à¡µ’ Õà §√Ÿ °“√»÷°…“ à«π„À≠à®–»÷°…“ Õ”π“®°“√∫√‘À“√°—∫µ—«·ª√∑’Ë®”°—¥ ‡™àπ §«“¡æ÷ßæÕ„®„π°“√∑”ß“π ¢Õß§√Ÿ·≈–§«“¡¿—°¥’µàÕ‚√ß‡√’¬π ¡“°°«à“®–»÷°…“ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õß ºŸ∫â √‘À“√‚¥¬µ√ß ∫≈—¡‡∫‘√°å ·≈–°√’πøî≈¥å (Blumberg & Greenfield, 1986) ∑”«‘®—¬§ÿ≥¿“æ‡°’Ë¬«°—∫≈—°…≥–∑—Ë«‰ª¢Õßª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õß §√Ÿ„À≠à ·µà¡‘‰¥â»÷°…“Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈¢Õßª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ‡À≈à“π—Èπ«à“¡’º≈µàÕ °“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß¢Õß§√ŸÀ√◊Õ‰¡à ·≈–Õ¬à“ß‰√ ‡∫√‡¥ —π (Bredeson, 1986) «‘®—¬‡™‘ß§ÿ≥¿“æ‚¥¬‡πâπ√Ÿª·∫∫°“√ ◊ËÕ “√¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à°—∫§√Ÿ ·≈–ß“π«‘®—¬Õ’° 3 ‡√◊ËÕß¢Õß·Œπ —π·≈–§≥– (Hanson, 1976; Zeithwood and Jantzi, 1990; Blase and Blase, 1994) »÷°…“ ‡æ◊ËÕÀ“≈—°…≥–¢ÕßÕ‘∑∏‘æ≈∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à¡’µàÕ§√Ÿ ‚¥¬æ¬“¬“¡ √â“ß‡ªìπ

§√Ÿ„À≠à·≈–ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ◆ 23

¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’ ·µàß“π«‘®¬— ∑—ßÈ “¡‡√◊ÕË ßπ’°È ¬Á ß— ¡‘‰¥â„Àâ√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏∑’ §’Ë √Ÿ„À≠à„™â ´÷Ëß¡’Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈À√◊Õ∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√æ—≤π“§√Ÿ à«πß“π«‘®—¬ 2 ‡√◊ËÕß·√°°Á¬—ß ¡‘‰¥â„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡°’Ë¬«°—∫º≈°√–∑∫À√◊ÕÕ‘∑∏‘æ≈µàÕ§√Ÿ„π°“√„™â¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’∑’Ë √“¬ß“π Àπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È®÷ßæ¬“¬“¡®–µÕ∫§”∂“¡¢â“ßµâππ’È ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢Õß Àπ— ß ◊ Õ ‡≈à ¡ π’È ‰ ¥â ¡ “®“°ß“π«‘ ®— ¬ ‡™‘ ß §ÿ ≥ ¿“æ¢π“¥„À≠à ∑’Ë »÷ ° …“®“° ∑—»π–¡ÿ¡¡Õß¢Õß§√Ÿ«à“ ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’„¥∑’ËºŸâ∫√‘À“√„™â‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ¡’Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈·≈– ‡°‘¥º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ§√Ÿ ‚¥¬·¬°¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’‡À≈à“π’È‡ªìπ 2 ™π‘¥π’È§◊Õ ºŸâ∫√‘À“√ ·∫∫‡ªî¥‡º¬·≈–¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ·≈–ºŸ∫â √‘À“√·∫∫ªî¥·≈–¥âÕ¬ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ·µà¢Õâ ¡Ÿ≈∑’„Ë ™â„πÀπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’®È –„™â‡©æ“–¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏¢’ ÕßºŸ∫â √‘À“√·∫∫‡ªî¥‡º¬ ·≈–¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ‡∑à“π—Èπ ·≈–„π·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡ª≈“¬‡ªî¥∑’Ë„™â„π°“√ «‘®—¬§√—Èßπ’È®–‰¡à„Àâπ‘¬“¡§”«à“ ù·∫∫‡ªî¥‡º¬·≈–¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æû ‡æ√“– ®–‡ªìπ°“√®”°—¥‡ √’¿“æ„π§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ¢Õß§√ŸºµŸâ Õ∫ ·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡π’È ‡ªî¥‚Õ°“ „Àâ§√Ÿ‰¥âÕ∏‘∫“¬«à“¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’„¥∑’Ë§√Ÿ§‘¥«à“ ºŸâ∫√‘À“√„™â‰¥âº≈µ“¡ ‡®µ§µ‘¢Õß§√Ÿ πÕ°®“°π’Èß“π«‘®—¬»÷°…“‡√◊ËÕßπ’È¬—ß»÷°…“º≈°√–∑∫∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à ¡’µàÕæƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õß§√Ÿ¥â“π«‘™“°“√ —ß§¡ ·≈–Õ“√¡≥å ´÷Ëß‡√“§‘¥«à“ ¬—ß‰¡à¡’°“√»÷°…“∑”πÕßπ’È¡“°àÕπ °“√„™âª√–™“°√§√ŸµÕ∫§”∂“¡‡ªìπ ®”π«π¡“°§ß®–™à«¬„Àâ¢Õâ ¡Ÿ≈∑’‰Ë ¥â‡ªìπ∑’πË “à ‡™◊ÕË ∂◊Õ¡“°¢÷πÈ ·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡ ª≈“¬‡ªî¥ àß‰ª¬—ß§√Ÿ 1,200 §π „π®”π«ππ’È 836 §π ‡πâπ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’ ∑’§Ë √Ÿ„À≠à·∫∫‡ªî¥‡º¬·≈–¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„™â °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡ «‘‡§√“–Àå®“°√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’®”π«π 1,323 «‘∏’ ´÷Ëß§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„™â (√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¢Õß°√–∫«π°“√«‘®—¬Õ¬Ÿà„π·À≈àß∑’Ë¡“¢Õß ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑â“¬‡≈à¡)

24 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

Àπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È‰¥âÕ∏‘∫“¬«‘‡§√“–Àå¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à·∫∫‡ªî¥‡º¬ ·≈–¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„™â ´÷Ëß∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥º≈°√–∑∫À√◊ÕÕ‘∑∏‘æ≈¥â“π¥’µàÕ§√Ÿ ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’∑’Ë»÷°…“®–„™â«‘∏’‡√’¬ß≈”¥—∫§«“¡∂’Ë¢Õß√“¬ß“π®“°¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥∂÷ß πâÕ¬∑’ Ë ¥ÿ ∫∑∑’Ë 2 ∂÷ß∫∑∑’Ë 9 ®–∫√√¬“¬¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏∑’ „’Ë ™â‰¥âº≈ §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å ¢Õß¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’·≈–°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘∑’Ë‡ªìπº≈¥â“π¥’µàÕ§√Ÿ ·≈–„πµÕπ®∫¢Õß ·µà≈–∫∑®–¡’ √ÿª·π«∑“ß°“√„™â¬∑ÿ ∏«‘∏‡’ À≈à“π—πÈ „π∫∑ ÿ¥∑â“¬ (∫∑∑’Ë 10) ºŸâ ‡ ¢’ ¬ π √ÿ ª º≈°“√«‘ ®— ¬ ·≈–‡™‘ ≠ ™«π„Àâ ºŸâ Õà “ π‰¥â „ ™â ° “√§‘ ¥ æ‘ ® “√≥“ ‰µ√àµ√Õßπ”‰ª„™â‡æ◊ËÕæ—≤π“‚√ß‡√’¬π„πÕπ“§µ «‘∏’∑’Ë„™â√«∫√«¡ ·≈– «‘‡§√“–Àå¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„πÀπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’ÈÕ∏‘∫“¬‰«â„π·À≈àß∑’Ë¡“ (·À≈àß∑’Ë¡“¢Õß ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈) À¡“¬‡Àµÿ: ¢Õ¢Õ∫§ÿ≥‡∫≈ ∑’Ë™à«¬‡¢’¬π∫∑π’È·≈–™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ„π°“√æ‘¡æå ·°â‰¢§√—ßÈ π’È

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¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥„π§”µÕ∫®“°·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡ ·≈–‡ªìπ∑’Ëπà“ π„®«à“∫√√¥“ ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’°“√∫√‘À“√∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ‡æ‘Ëß¡’°“√æŸ¥∂÷ß°“√™¡‡™¬‡æ’¬ß‰¡à°’Ë ªïπ’È‡Õß §√Ÿ®–‡ÀÁπ§ÿ≥§à“¢Õß§”™¡·≈–„Àâ§«“¡ π„®µàÕ§√Ÿ„À≠à ·≈â« ∑”‰¡ß“π«‘®—¬‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢ÕßºŸâ∫√‘À“√®÷ß¡‘‰¥â„Àâ§«“¡ π„® „π∫∑∫“∑§”™¡¢ÕßºŸ∫â √‘À“√ °√’πøî≈¥å (Greenfield, 1987) —ππ‘…∞“π«à“Õ“®®–‡ªìπ‡æ√“– °“√™¡‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕßª°µ‘«‘ —¬¢ÕßºŸâ∫√‘À“√ ∑—Èß°“√ Õπ∑’Ë¥’¢Õß§√Ÿ°Á‡ªìπ ‡√◊ÕË ß∑’µË Õâ ß∑”°—π‡ªìπ∏√√¡¥“ §√Ÿ„À≠à´ß÷Ë ‡§¬‡ªìπ§√Ÿ¡“°àÕπ°Á§“¥À«—ß«à“ ∂â“ Õπ¥’°Á∫√‘À“√¥’ ´÷Ëß§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æÀ≈“¬§π„πß“π«‘®—¬π’È °Á§¥‘ ‡™àππ’È Õ¬à“ß‰√°Áµ“¡ °“√™¡‡™¬¬—ß°“√°≈à“«∂÷ßπâÕ¬¡“°„πß“π«‘®—¬ »÷°…“‡√◊ËÕß°“√‡ªìπºŸâπ”∑“ß°“√ Õπ·≈–°“√»÷°…“ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑—Ë«‰ª°Á¬—ß „™â¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’π’ÈπâÕ¬ ‡∑Õ√å‡√π´å ¥’≈ (Terrence Deal, 1987) ‡ªìπ §πÀπ÷ßË „π∫√√¥“π—°«‘®¬— °≈ÿ¡à ·√°Ê ∑’Ë°≈à“««à“ °“√»÷°…“ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ¢ÕßºŸâ∫√‘À“√®”‡ªìπ®–µâÕß»÷°…“≈—°…≥–∑’ËÀ≈“°À≈“¬¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π §√Ÿ„À≠à‰¡à‡ªìπ·µà‡æ’¬ßºŸπâ ”∑“ß°“√ Õπ‡∑à“π—πÈ ·µàµÕâ ß‡ªìπ∑—ßÈ ºŸªâ °§√Õß π—°·π–·π« ∑’Ëª√÷°…“ «‘»«°√ »÷°…“π‘‡∑»°å ºŸâæ‘æ“°…“ °«’ æ√–‡Õ° À√◊Õπ“ß‡Õ° „π∞“π–ºŸªâ °§√Õß·≈–π—°·π–·π« §√Ÿ„À≠à®–æ—≤π“§√Ÿ ∑—ßÈ „π¥â“π à«πµ—«·≈–«‘™“™’æ „Àâ§«“¡√—° §«“¡‡¡µµ“ ·π–π” ™¡‡™¬ „Àâ°”≈—ß„® ¡’∫∑∫“∑øŸ¡øí°‡≈’È¬ß¥Ÿ·∫∫æàÕ·¡à ‡√◊ËÕß‡™àππ’È∑”„Àâ„™â‡«≈“ ¢ÕßºŸâ∫√‘À“√¡“° ºŸâ∫√‘À“√∑’Ë¡ÿàß‡πâπ‡ªìπºŸâπ”∑“ß°“√ Õπ¡“°‡°‘π‰ª °ÁÕ“®®–≈–‡≈¬§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å·∫∫øŸ¡øí°‡≈’¬È ß¥Ÿ

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„π°“√æ‘®“√≥“∫∑∫“∑¢ÕßºŸâ∫√‘À“√„π∞“π–ºŸâª°§√Õß ·≈– π—°·π–·π« µ“¡∑’Ë¥’≈°≈à“«π’ÈÕ“®®–¥Ÿ‡ªìπ·∫∫∫‘¥“∏‘ª‰µ¬ π—°»÷°…“ ∫“ß§π‡ÀÁπ«à“‡ªìπ°“√≈¥»—°¥‘Ï»√’¢Õß§√Ÿ ·µàºŸâ‡¢’¬π°Á¢Õ¬◊π¬—π®“° ß“π«‘®¬— ©∫—∫π’«È “à °“√™¡‡™¬‡ªìπ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏∑’ ‰’Ë ¥âº≈ ‰¥â√∫— °“√°≈à“«∂÷ß®“° §√Ÿ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ·≈–¡’Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈¥â“π¥’¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ¥—ßπ—Èπ®÷ß‰¡à§«√¡Õß¢â“¡ ∫∑∫“∑¢Õß§”™¡ À√◊Õ §‘¥«à“°“√™¡‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë∏√√¡¥“Õ¬Ÿà·≈â«

∑”‰¡µâÕß™¡ §√Ÿ„À≠à¡’∫∑∫“∑·≈–Àπâ“∑’Ë¡“°¡“¬„π°“√∫√‘À“√‚√ß‡√’¬π ·≈â«∑”‰¡§√Ÿ„À≠à®–µâÕß‡ ’¬‡«≈“Õ—π¡’§à“¡“π—Ëß™¡‡™¬§√Ÿ‡≈à“? ß“π«‘®—¬ π’Èæ¬“¬“¡®–»÷°…“∂÷ß¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à„™â·≈â«¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√ ∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥º≈ –∑âÕπ„π¥â“π¥’·°à§√Ÿ Õ—π‡ªìπº≈¥’µÕà °“√ªØ‘∫µ— ß‘ “π¢Õß§√Ÿ °“√™¡¡’º≈¥’µàÕ§√Ÿ ‡æ√“–‡ªìπ°“√ πÕß§«“¡µâÕß°“√¢Õß§√Ÿ¥â“π°“√ ‡ÀÁπ§ÿ≥§à“„πµπ‡Õß (self-esteem) „π¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π §”™¡°Á πÕß §«“¡µâÕß°“√ à«πµ—«¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à¥«â ¬ º≈ß“π‡¢’¬π¢Õß‡∫≈ (Blase and Blase, 1994, 1997, 1998) æ∫«à“®“°ß“π«‘®—¬À≈“¬™‘Èπ „π‡√◊ËÕß§«“¡ ”‡√Á®¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’§«“¡µâÕß°“√· ¥ßÕÕ° Ÿß ·≈–¬Õ¡√—∫„π§«“¡√—°§«“¡Õ∫Õÿàπ ®–‡ªìπºŸâ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°‰«µàÕ§«“¡ µâÕß°“√¥â“ππ’¢È Õß§√Ÿ¥«â ¬ §«“¡ ÿ¢¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë‰¥â®“°°“√™¡‡™¬§√Ÿ„πß“π«‘®—¬¢Õß‡√“ °Áæ∫«à“§√Ÿ„À≠à∑¡’Ë ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¡—°„™â¬∑ÿ ∏«‘∏°’ “√™¡‡™¬„π°“√ √â“ßÕ‘∑∏‘æ≈ À√◊Õº≈ –∑âÕπ¥â“π¥’µàÕ‡®µ§µ‘·≈–æƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õß§√Ÿ §√Ÿ®–π”§”™¡ ¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à‰ª‡™◊ËÕ¡°—∫®ÿ¥¡ÿàßÀ¡“¬¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à„π°“√æ—≤π“°“√ Õπ

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ªØ‘°√‘ ¬‘ “¢Õß§√ŸµÕà §”™¡ ‡√“¡—°®–‡§¬‰¥â¬‘π§”∫àπ¢ÕßºŸâ∫√‘À“√‡√◊ËÕß§«“¡Õ÷¥Õ—¥„®∑’Ë®– · ¥ß§«“¡√—°„§√à‰¬¥’·≈–æŸ¥¬°¬àÕß™¡‡™¬Õ¬à“ß‡ªî¥‡º¬ „π∑”πÕß ‡¥’ ¬ «°— π §√Ÿ ∫ “ß§π°Á ∫à π ‰¡à ™ Õ∫∑’Ë ºŸâ ∫ √‘ À “√æŸ ¥ ¬°¬à Õ ß™¡‡™¬‡æ√“–¥Ÿ ‡ªìπ°“√· ¥ßÕ”π“® Ÿß°«à“¢ÕßºŸ∫â √‘À“√ §√Ÿ∑’ËµÕ∫§”∂“¡„πß“π«‘®—¬π’È °≈à“«∂÷ß§”™¡¢ÕßºŸâ∫√‘À“√«à“ ¡’ à«π„π°“√ √â“ß§«“¡¡—Ëπ„® ·≈–¿“§¿Ÿ¡‘„® ¡’ à«π àß‡ √‘¡„Àâ‡°‘¥ °”≈—ß„® ‡ÀÁπ§ÿ≥§à“·≈–¬Õ¡√—∫ß“π∑’Ë∑”

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36 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

§√Ÿ√“¬ß“πµàÕ‰ª«à“§”™¡¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à¡º’ ≈∑”„Àâ§√Ÿ„Àâ°“√ π—∫ πÿπ §√Ÿ„À≠à¬Õâ π°≈—∫¥â«¬ ‡™àπ ◆ ç©—π°Á™¡§√Ÿ„À≠à¥« â ¬é ◆ ç©—π°√–©—∫°√–‡©ß∑’® Ë – π—∫ πÿπ§√Ÿ„À≠à¡“°¢÷πÈ é §√Ÿ∫“ß§πÕ“ “™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ§√Ÿ„À≠à ◆ ç©—π∑”ß“πæ‘‡»…„Àâ§√Ÿ„À≠àé ◆ ç©—π‡µÁ¡„®∑’Ë∑”ß“π„π‚§√ß°“√„À¡àÊ ¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬πé °“√™¡‡™¬¬—ß™à«¬ √â“ß∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π ‡æ√“–§√Ÿ¡¢’ «—≠ °”≈—ß„® Õ—π¡’º≈µàÕπ—°‡√’¬π ∑”„Àâ§√Ÿ Õπ¥’¢π÷È ·≈–∑ÿ¡à ‡∑„π°“√ Õπ¡“°¢÷πÈ

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Õ“πÿ¿“æ·Ààß§”™¡ ◆ 37

·≈–Õ¬à“ß‰√ ·¥π ≈Õ√åµ’ (Dan Lortie, 1975) „Àâ¢âÕ —ß‡°µ«à“ °“√ Õπ¡’§«“¡¬“°≈”∫“°‡©æ“–∑âÕß∂‘πË ·≈–°“√ª√–‡¡‘πº≈∑’‡Ë °‘¥°—∫ π—°‡√’¬π·≈–§ÿ≥¿“æ°“√ Õπ°Áª√–‡¡‘π‰¥â¬“° º≈°√–∑∫∑’Ë§√Ÿ¡’µàÕ π—°‡√’¬π°Á‰¡à·πàπÕπ §√Ÿ®”‡ªìπµâÕßª√–‡¡‘πµπ‡Õß ·µà∫ÿ§§≈¬àÕ¡ µâÕß°“√°“√¬Õ¡√—∫®“°ºŸâÕ◊Ëπ °“√ª√–‡¡‘πµπ‡Õß®÷ß¬—ß‰¡à‡æ’¬ßæÕ §«“¡‰¡à¡π—Ë „®„πµπ‡Õß¢Õß§√Ÿ™«à ¬‰¥â‚¥¬°“√¬Õ¡√—∫®“°ºŸÕâ π◊Ë §√Ÿ∑‡’Ë °àßÊ °Á¬—ßµâÕß°“√§«“¡¡—Ëπ„® §«“¡‡ÀÁπ™Õ∫®“°∫ÿ§§≈√Õ∫¢â“ß®–™à«¬≈¥§«“¡‰¡à·πà„®·≈– ¢âÕ ß —¬„πµπ‡Õß¢Õß§√Ÿ‰¥â ·µà°“√ª√–‡¡‘πº≈°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘ß“πÕ¬à“ß‡ªìπ ∑“ß°“√ ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπß“π∑’Ë‚¥¥‡¥àπ‡æ’¬ß„¥ ®–™à«¬ √â“ß°”≈—ß„®„Àâ§√Ÿ ‡æ’¬ß‡≈Á°πâÕ¬‡∑à“π—πÈ à«π°“√ºà“πª√–‡¡‘πº≈· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ§«“¡ “¡“√∂ „π√–¥—∫µË” ·≈–·∑∫®–‰¡à‰¥â√∫— °“√‡™‘¥™ŸÀ√◊Õ§«“¡°â“«Àπâ“‡≈¬ ≈Õ√åµ’ √–∫ÿ«à“§√Ÿ∑’Ë¡’ª√– ∫°“√≥å∑”ß“πÕ¬Ÿà∑ÿ°«—π¬àÕ¡µ√–Àπ—°«à“Õ“®¡’§√Ÿ §π„À¡à¡“·∑π∑’‡Ë ¢“‰¥â‡ ¡Õ ‡π◊ÕË ß®“°§√Ÿ¡°— ®–‚¥¥‡¥’¬Ë «Õ¬Ÿ„à πÀâÕß‡√’¬π ‰¡à§Õà ¬¡’ªØ‘ ¡— æ—π∏å °—∫ºŸâÕ◊Ëπ §√Ÿ¬—ß‰¡à¡’°“√ —ß‡°µ°“√ Õπ´÷Ëß°—π·≈–°—π §√Ÿ§πÀπ÷ËßÊ µâÕß Õπ‡¥Á°«—π≈– 150 §π ∂â“¡’«‘∏’°“√ ù§√Ÿπ‘‡∑»§√Ÿû À√◊Õ ù°“√ Õπ ‡ªìπ∑’¡û °Á®–∑”„Àâ§√Ÿ‰¥â‡ÀÁπ°“√ Õπ´÷ßË °—π·≈–°—π·≈– “¡“√∂ª√–‡¡‘πº≈ °—π‰¥â ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ªºŸâ∫√‘À“√‡ªìπºŸâª√–‡¡‘π°“√ Õπ¢Õß§√Ÿ ®“°°“√»÷°…“«‘®—¬¢Õß‡√“æ∫«à“ °“√™¡‡™¬∑’Ë¡’Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈À√◊Õ º≈¥’µàÕ§√Ÿ‡ªìπ°“√™¡‡™¬∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ß“π„πÀπâ“∑’Ë‡∑à“π—Èπ ¡‘‰¥â√«¡∂÷ß °“√™¡‡™¬∑—Ë«‰ª ‡™àπ ‡ ◊ÈÕ™ÿ¥„À¡à º¡∑√ß„À¡à À√◊Õ°“√°√–∑”Õ◊ËπÊ ∑’Ë¡‘„™àß“π„π‚√ß‡√’¬π

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‚¥¬ √ÿª§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„™â«‘∏’™¡‡™¬·∫∫ —ÈπÊ Õ“® ‡ªìπ∑“ß«“®“ À√◊Õ∑à“∑“ß∑’Ë‰¡à‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√„π°“√ √â“ßÕ‘∑∏‘æ≈„π·ßà¥’ „Àâ·°à§≥–§√Ÿ·≈–§√Ÿ·µà≈–§π ‡∑§π‘§∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à„™â¡’À≈“¬·∫∫ ‡™àπ ‡¢’¬π®¥À¡“¬§«“¡ —ÈπÊ ∂÷ß ™¡‡™¬°—∫ºŸâÕ◊Ëπ ª√–°“»™¡‡™¬„π∑’Ë “∏“√≥– À√◊Õ°“√µ∫∫à“‡∫“Ê ®ÿ¥ ”§—≠∑’µË Õâ ß‡πâπ„π∑’πË §’È Õ◊ §√Ÿ„À≠à ∑’Ë„™â¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’π’È¡‘‰¥âµ—Èß„®∑’Ë®– √â“ßÕ‘∑∏‘æ≈ À“°·µà¥Ÿ‡À¡◊Õπ‡ªìπ≈—°…≥– ∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à‡Õß ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ§”™¡®÷ß®√‘ß„®·≈–‡ªìπ∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‰√πåŒ“√åµ, ™Õ√åµ, ™Õ√åµ ·≈–‡Õ§‡≈à¬å (Rinchart, Short, Short, and Eckley, 1998) æ∫«à“§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°„πæ≈—ßÕ”π“®¢Õß§√Ÿ®– —¡æ—π∏å°—∫ Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈„π¥â“π¥’∑“ß —ß§¡¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à

§”·π–π”®“°§√Ÿ ®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢Õß‡√“æ∫«à“ ∂÷ß·¡â®–¡’§«“¡‰¡à·πàπÕπ„π·µà≈– ∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ ·≈–‚§√ß √â“ß¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π∑’Ë∑”„Àâ§√Ÿ·µà≈–§πÕ¬Ÿà‚¥¥‡¥’Ë¬« §√Ÿ„À≠à∑¡’Ë ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–„™â∑°ÿ ‚Õ°“ „π°“√™¡‡™¬„Àâ°”≈—ß„® ´÷ßË §”™¡ π—Èπ°Á¡—° —ÈπÊ ‰¡à‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√ ·≈–‡ªìπ°“√™¡‡™¬‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ß“π„π«‘™“™’æ Õ“® √ÿª —ÈπÊ ®“°§”µÕ∫¢Õß§√Ÿ„π°“√π”‰ª„™â‰¥â¥—ßπ’È 1. ™¡‡™¬Õ¬à“ß®√‘ß„® §√Ÿ∑’ËµÕ∫·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπ«à“§√Ÿ„À≠à™¡‡™¬Õ¬à“ß ®√‘ß„®¡‘„™à‡®µπ“®–„™âÕ‘∑∏‘æ≈ ·≈–°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß °—π‡Õß ∫“¬Ê ·≈–‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘

Õ“πÿ¿“æ·Ààß§”™¡ ◆ 41

2. æ¬“¬“¡„™â°“√ ◊ÕË “√∑“ß°“¬„Àâ¡“°¢÷πÈ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„™â¿“…“∑à“∑“ß ‡™àπ ¬‘È¡ æ¬—°Àπâ“ ·µ–∫à“ ‡æ◊ÕË · ¥ß§«“¡‡ÀÁπ¥â«¬·≈–¬°¬àÕß ‡∑§π‘§π’¡È °— ®–„™â‡«≈“∑’Ë §√Ÿ„À≠à —ß‡°µ°“√ Õπ„π™—Èπ‡√’¬π¢Õß§√Ÿ·∑π°“√æŸ¥ ´÷Ëß®–∑”„Àâ ¢—¥®—ßÀ«–°“√ Õπ¢Õß§√Ÿ 3. °”Àπ¥‡«≈“ ”À√—∫°“√¬°¬àÕß§√Ÿ §√ŸÀ≈“¬§π√“¬ß“π«à“ §√Ÿ„À≠à®–™¡‡™¬§√Ÿ„π√–À«à“ß°“√ ª√–™ÿ¡ §√Ÿ„À≠à∫“ß§π„™â‡«≈“µÕπ‡√‘Ë¡ª√–™ÿ¡ ∫“ß§π„™â‡«≈“µÕπ®– ªî¥ª√–™ÿ¡ °“√¬°¬àÕß™¡‡™¬„π°“√ª√–™ÿ¡π—°‡√’¬π°Á¡—°ªØ‘∫—µ‘‡™àπ°—π À√◊Õ°“√™¡‡™¬ºà“π∑“ß‡ ’¬ßµ“¡ “¬ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑¡’Ë ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–°”Àπ¥ ‡«≈“ª√–®”„π°“√™¡‡™¬§√Ÿ ∂÷ß·¡â°“√„™â¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’°“√™¡‡™¬®–¥Ÿ‡ªìπ ∏√√¡™“µ‘ À“°‡ªìπºŸªâ Ø‘∫µ— „‘ À¡à§ß®–µâÕß»÷°…“·≈–°”Àπ¥‡«≈“„Àâ·πàπÕπ 4. ‡¢’¬π¢âÕ§«“¡ —ÈπÊ „π°“√™¡‡™¬§√Ÿ·µà≈–§π §√Ÿ „ À≠à ∑’Ë ¡’ ª √– ‘ ∑ ∏‘ ¿ “æ¡— ° ®–„™â «‘ ∏’ ‡ ¢’ ¬ π¢â Õ §«“¡ —È π Ê ™¡‡™¬§√Ÿ‡ªìπ√“¬∫ÿ§§≈ §√Ÿ„À≠à¡—°®–‡¢’¬π¥â«¬≈“¬¡◊Õ¢Õßµπ‡Õß ´÷Ëß∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°„°≈â™‘¥ π‘∑ π¡ ·µà¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢Õß§√Ÿ∑’Ë„Àâ¡‘‰¥â √“¬ß“π∂÷ßÕ‘∑∏‘æ≈∑’Ë‰¥â®“°°“√™¡‡™¬º≈ß“π°≈ÿà¡ 5. æŸ¥∂÷ß§«“¡¿“§¿Ÿ¡„‘ ®°—∫§«“¡ “¡“√∂¢Õß§√Ÿ §√Ÿ ¡— ° ®–√Ÿâ ÷ ° «à “ §√Ÿ „ À≠à µ— ¥ ‘ π º≈ß“π¢Õßµπ®“°ºŸâ Õ◊Ë π ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ§√Ÿ„À≠à§«√· ¥ß§«“¡¿“§¿Ÿ¡‘„®„π§≥–§√ŸµàÕºŸâª°§√Õß ‡æ◊ÕË ππ—°∫√‘À“√ ·≈–∫ÿ§§≈„π™ÿ¡™π

42 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

6. ™¡‡™¬ —ÈπÊ °“√™¡‡™¬∑’Ë ¡’ º ≈‰¡à ®”‡ªì π µâ Õ ß‡ªì π °“√™¡‡™¬∑’Ë ¬◊ ¥ ¬“« ·≈–‡ªìπ°“√‡ªìπß“π §√Ÿ®–‡ÀÁπ§ÿ≥§à“„π§”™¡ —ÈπÊ ‡æ’¬ß‰¡à°’Ë«‘π“∑’ °“√™¡‡™¬ —ÈπÊ ∑“ß«“®“·≈–∑“ß°“¬ À√◊Õ™¡‡™¬¥â«¬¿“…“∑à“∑“ß ®–¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¡“° ”À√—∫§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’°‘®∏ÿ√–«ÿàπ ‰¡à¡’‡«≈“¡“° 7. ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬¢Õß°“√™¡‡™¬§◊Õß“π¢Õß§√Ÿ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§√Ÿ·µà≈–§π¡—°‚¥¥‡¥’Ë¬«Õ¬Ÿà„πÀâÕß‡√’¬π¢Õßµπ §√Ÿ„À≠à®÷ß§«√™¡‡™¬°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß§√Ÿ‡ªìπ√“¬∫ÿ§§≈ °“√™¡‡™¬‡ªìπ °≈ÿ¡à °Á®”‡ªìπµâÕß —¡æ—π∏å°∫— ß“π·≈–º≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘¢Ï Õßß“ππ—πÈ

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∫√√≥“πÿ°√¡ Beck, L. G., & Murphy, J. (1994). Ethics in educational leadership programs: An expanding role. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Blase, J., & Blase, J. (1994). Empowering teachers: What successful principals do. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Blase, J., & Blase, J. (1997). The fire is back: Principals sharing school governance. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Blase, J., & Blase, J. (1998). Handbook of instructional leadership: How really good principals promote teaching and learning. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Deal, T. (1987). Effective school principals: Counselors, engineers, pawn brokers, poets ... or instructional leaders? In W. Greenfield (Ed.), Instructional leadership: Concepts, issues, and controversies (pp. 230-245). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Deal. T., & Peterson, K. (1990). The principalûs role in shaping school culture. Washington, DC: Department of Education. Evers, C. W. (1992). Ethics and ethical leadership: A pragmatic and wholistic approach. In P. A. Duignan & R. J. S. MacPherson (Eds.), Educative leadership (pp. 21-43). London: Falmer. Greenfield, W. (1987). Moral imagination and interpersonal competence: Antecedents to instructional leadership. In W. Greenfield (Ed.), Instructional leadership: Concepts, issues, and controversies (pp. 56-73). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

44 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ Lieberman, A., & Miller, L. (1984). Teachers, their world and their work: Implications for school improvement. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Lortie, D. C. (1975). Schoolteacher: A sociological study. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Murphy, J., & Louis, K. S. (1994). Reshaping the principalship: Insights from transformational reform efforts. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Rinehart, J. S., Short, P. M., Short, R. J., & Eckley, M. (1998). Teacher empowerment and principal leadership: Understanding the influence process. Educational Administration Quarterly, 34, 630-649. Rosenholtz. S., & Simpson, C. (1990). Workplace conditions and the rise and fall of teachersû commitment. Sociology of Education, 63, 241-257.

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ç°ÿ»‚≈∫“¬∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à¢Õß¢â“æ‡®â“¡—°®–„™â‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ§√Ÿ‡°‘¥ °“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß§◊Õ §”æŸ¥∑’Ë‡πâπ¬È”«à“ ù‡√“∑”‡æ◊ËÕ≈Ÿ°‡æ◊ËÕ À≈“π¢Õß‡√“û ‡™àπ ‚√ß‡√’¬π„π¡≥±≈¬—ß‰¡à¡‚’ §√ß°“√Õ“À“√‡™â“ ·µà§√Ÿ„À≠à§‘¥«à“‚√ß‡√’¬π‡√“πà“®–¡’‚§√ß°“√π’È ‡æ√“–™ÿ¡™π ∑’Ë‚√ß‡√’¬πµ—ÈßÕ¬Ÿà‡ªìπ™ÿ¡™π∑’Ë¬“°®π §√Ÿ„À≠à¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπ«à“ ‚√ß‡√’¬π§«√®–™à«¬‡¥Á°‡√◊ËÕß‚¿™π“°“√ ´÷Ëß∑“ßΩÉ“¬°“√»÷°…“ ¢Õß¡≥±≈¬—ß‰¡à π—∫ πÿπ ·µà§√Ÿ„À≠à°ÁµàÕ Ÿâ„π‡√◊ËÕßπ’È‚¥¬‡πâπ ∑”‡æ◊ËÕ≈Ÿ°‡æ◊ËÕÀ≈“π¢Õß‡√“ ®π ”‡√Á® ‡«≈“¢â“æ‡®â“∑”ß“π·≈– Õπ ¢â“æ‡®â“°Á®–π÷°∂÷ßº≈∑’Ë π—°‡√’¬π®–‰¥â√—∫ ·≈–‡πâπ°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ∑’Ë¡ÿàßº≈∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥ ·°à‡¥Á° ¢â“æ‡®â“‰¥â·π«§‘¥π’È®“°§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’§«“¡®√‘ß„® ·≈– ∑ÿà¡‡∑∑”ß“π‡æ◊ËÕ‡¥Á°®√‘ßÊ ¢â“æ‡®â“¿Ÿ¡‘„®¡“°∑’Ë‰¥â∑”ß“π°—∫ §√Ÿ„À≠à·≈–‰¥â·π«§‘¥„π°“√∑”ß“π‡™àππ’éÈ §√Ÿª√–∂¡§πÀπ÷ßË

46 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

“√µ—È ß §«“¡§“¥À«— ß «à “ º≈ — ¡ ƒ∑∏‘Ï ∑ “ß°“√‡√’ ¬ π¢Õß π— ° ‡√’ ¬ πµâ Õ ß Ÿ ß ‡ªì π ≈— ° …≥–‡¥à π „π§ÿ ≥ ≈— ° …≥–¢Õß‚√ß‡√’ ¬ π∑’Ë ¡’ ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ (e.g., Edmonds, 1979; Purkey & Smith, 1983) °“√µ—Èß§«“¡§“¥À«—ß¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π ºŸâª°§√Õß §√Ÿ ·≈–ºŸâ∫√‘À“√ ¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å¥â“π¥’°—∫º≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π ®“°°“√»÷°…“æ∫«à“ ºŸâª°§√Õß §√Ÿ ºŸâ∫√‘À“√ µ—Èß§«“¡§“¥À«—ß«à“π—°‡√’¬π®–¡’º≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï Ÿß ‡¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π°Á®–µ—Èß§«“¡§“¥À«—ß Ÿß„πµπ‡Õß¥â«¬ (Heck, Larsen, & Marcoulides, 1990; Heck & Marcoulides, 1993; Sheppard, 1996) ¡’°“√»÷°…“‡©æ“–Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈°“√µ—Èß§«“¡§“¥À«—ß¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à µàÕº≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π¡“°¡“¬ ª√“°Ø«à“§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ëµß—È §«“¡§“¥À«—ß ŸßµàÕ°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß§√Ÿ·≈–°“√‡√’¬π¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π ∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥º≈¥’µÕà §«“¡ ”‡√Á®„π°“√‡√’¬π¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π (Austin, 1979) ·¡â«“à ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¥Ÿ®– ¬—ß‰¡à‡ªìπ∑’Ë¬Õ¡√—∫°—ππ—° Õ“®®–‡ªìπ‡æ√“–«à“Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à§ß®– ¡‘‰¥â¡’º≈‚¥¬µ√ßµàÕπ—°‡√’¬π ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§√Ÿ„À≠à‰¡à¡’‚Õ°“ ªØ‘ —¡æ—π∏å ‚¥¬µ√ß°—∫‡¥Á°∑ÿ°«—π §√Ÿµ“à ßÀ“°∑’‡Ë ªìπºŸ¡â ª’ Ø‘ ¡— æ—π∏å°—∫π—°‡√’¬π∑ÿ°«—π ·µà°“√∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à ◊ËÕ “√§«“¡§“¥À«—ßµàÕπ—°‡√’¬πºà“π§√Ÿπ—Èπ §√Ÿ√Ÿâ ÷° ‡ªìπÀπâ“∑’Ë À√◊Õ‡™◊ËÕ«à“°“√µ—Èß§«“¡§“¥À«—ßπ—Èπ®– àßºà“π∂÷ßπ—°‡√’¬π‰¥â ´÷Ëß∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥º≈µàÕπ—°‡√’¬π·≈–∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π (Heck et al., 1990) ‡√“Õ“®®– √ÿª‰¥â«à“ §«“¡§“¥À«—ß¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à¡’Õ“πÿ¿“æ ∫“ßÕ¬à “ ß§≈â “ ¬°— ∫ ‡ªì π °“√∫Õ°‡Àµÿ „ π®¥À¡“¬≈Ÿ ° ‚´à ù¢â Õ §«“¡û „π®¥À¡“¬∑”„Àâ§√Ÿ√Ÿâ ÷°¡—Ëπ„® À√◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√º≈—°¥—π„Àâ àßºà“π§«“¡

°“√ √â“ß°”≈—ß„® ◆ 47

§“¥À«—ß¥—ß°≈à“«‰ª Ÿπà °— ‡√’¬π ´÷ßË §«“¡§“¥À«—ß¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à®–·æ√à°√–®“¬‰ª ¥—ß‡™àπ¥Õ°‡ÀÁ¥‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫§«“¡√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫¢Õß§√Ÿ ·µà‡√“®–µâÕß¬Õ¡√—∫§«“¡®√‘ß«à“°“√µ—Èß§«“¡§“¥À«—ß¢Õß §√Ÿ„À≠àππ—È ‰¡à·πàπ°— «à“§√Ÿ®–¬Õ¡√—∫·≈–∂à“¬∑Õ¥§«“¡§“¥À«—ßπ—πÈ µàÕ‰ª ‡æ√“–©–π—πÈ °“√∑’®Ë –„Àâ§«“¡§“¥À«—ß¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à¡º’ ≈ –∑âÕπµàÕ§«“¡§‘¥ §«“¡‡™◊ËÕ °“√°√–∑”¢Õß§√Ÿ ®”‡ªìπµâÕß»÷°…“∂÷ß§«“¡·µ°µà“ß¢Õß§√Ÿ ·µà≈–∫ÿ§§≈ Õ—π‰¥â·°à §à“π‘¬¡ §«“¡√Ÿâ §«“¡‡¢â“„® ‡æ√“–°“√∑’®Ë –„Àâ §«“¡§“¥À«—ß¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à¡’º≈ –∑âÕπµàÕπ—°‡√’¬ππ—Èπ¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫§«“¡§‘¥ §«“¡‡¢â“„® §«“¡√Ÿâ¢Õß§√Ÿ „π°“√‡¢â“„®·≈–µ’§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß§«“¡ §“¥À«—ß¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à‡æ◊ÕË ∑’®Ë –π”‰ªªØ‘∫µ— ‘

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®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢Õß‡√“æ∫«à“ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑¡’Ë ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–„™â∑ß—È Õß«‘∏’ §√Ÿ„À≠àµ√–Àπ—°¥’«à“∫“ß∑’§√Ÿ°ÁªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡§«“¡§“¥À«—ß ‡æ√“–‡™◊ËÕ„π §«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡™”π“≠¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à À√◊Õ§√Ÿ∫“ß§πªØ‘∫—µ‘‡æ√“–»√—∑∏“„π µ—«§√Ÿ„À≠à §√Ÿ∫“ß§πµâÕß‡ÀÁπ°àÕπ®÷ß®–‡™◊ËÕ ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ¢Õß‡√“®÷ßæ∫«à“ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–„™â«‘∏’„Àâ§√Ÿ≈Õß∑”¥Ÿ ‚ª√¥ —ß‡°µ§”æŸ¥ 2 ·∫∫¢â“ß≈à“ßπ’È ◆ çº¡À«—ß (µ—Èß§«“¡§“¥À«—ß) «à“§–·ππ°“√Õà“π¢Õß‡¥Á° ®– Ÿß¢÷Èπ ∂â“‡¥Á°‰¥âΩñ°Õà“π„π„®∑ÿ°‡™â“é ◆ çº¡À«—ß (µ—ß È §«“¡§“¥À«—ß) «à“§ÿ≥§√Ÿ·≈–π—°‡√’¬π®–Õà“π „π„®∑ÿ°‡™â“ «—π≈– 15 π“∑’é ª√–‚¬§∑’ËÀπ÷Ëß ºŸâæŸ¥µ—Èß„®æŸ¥∂÷ß§ÿ≥§à“¢Õß°“√Õà“π„π„®∑ÿ°«—π ‡æ◊ËÕ„ÀâºŸâøíß‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß‡®µ§µ‘Õ—ππ”‰ª Ÿà°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘ à«πª√–‚¬§∑’Ë Õß ‡ªìπ°“√∫Õ°µ√ßÊ „ÀâªØ‘∫—µ‘ (®—¥ √√‡«≈“) ‚¥¬¡‘‰¥â§”π÷ß∂÷ß°“√ ‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß‡®µ§µ‘ ·µà§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–„™â§”æŸ¥∑—Èß Õß ·∫∫π’È §√Ÿ„À≠à¡’®ÿ¥¡ÿàßÀ¡“¬Õ–‰√„π°“√∑’Ë®–‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß‡®µ§µ‘·≈– æƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õß§√Ÿ ∂÷ß·¡â°“√µ—Èß§«“¡À«—ß¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à®– –∑âÕπ∂÷ß π‚¬∫“¬¢ÕßΩÉ“¬°“√»÷°…“¢Õß√—∞·≈–‚ª√·°√¡°“√»÷°…“ ·µà„π¢≥– ‡¥’¬«°—π®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈æ∫«à“ §«“¡§“¥À«—ß¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ‰¥â¡“®“°§à“π‘¬¡„π°“√‡§“√æπ—∫∂◊Õ„πµ—«∫ÿ§§≈‡°’Ë¬«°—∫æ—≤π“°“√ ¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å ªØ‘ ¡— æ—π∏å¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å ·≈–‡ªÑ“À¡“¬¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π §√Ÿ„À≠à ∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–‰¡à‡æ’¬ß·µà‡ªìπºŸâ ◊ËÕ “√π‚¬∫“¬¢Õß√—∞‚¥¬µ√ß ·µà®– ◊ËÕ “√„Àâ§√Ÿ√Ÿâ«‘ —¬∑—»πå §à“π‘¬¡ §«“¡§‘¥ ¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à«à“‚√ß‡√’¬π

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∑’Ë¥’§«√‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß‰√ À≈—° Ÿµ√ ∫√√¬“°“»°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ„πÕÿ¥¡§µ‘¢Õß ‚√ß‡√’¬π ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°—∫°“√„Àâ‡°’¬√µ‘ π—°‡√’¬π æƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õß§√Ÿ„πÀâÕß‡√’¬π §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°—∫ºŸâª°§√Õß §«√‡ªìπ‡™àπ‰√ „π∫∑µàÕÊ ‰ª‡√“®–°≈à“«∂÷ß§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ π—∫ πÿπ„Àâ§√Ÿ¡ ’ «à π√à«¡„π°“√µ—ßÈ ®ÿ¥¡ÿßà À¡“¬ À√◊Õ§«“¡§“¥À«—ß¢Õß ‚√ß‡√’¬π·≈–°“√π”‰ªªØ‘∫—µ‘Õ¬à“ß‰√ °“√„Àâ‡°’¬√µ‘π°— ‡√’¬π §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–¡’≈—°…≥–‡¥àπ∑’Ë‡πâπ°“√„Àâ‡°’¬√µ‘ π—°‡√’¬π §√Ÿ„À≠à®–µ—Èß§«“¡§“¥À«—ß«à“§√ŸµâÕß„Àâ‡°’¬√µ‘·≈– àß‡ √‘¡„Àâ π—°‡√’¬π‡ÀÁπ§à“„πµπ‡Õß „π‡√◊ËÕßπ’È§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–µâÕßµ—Èß §«“¡§“¥À«—ß‚¥¬ —¡æ—π∏å°∫— æƒµ‘°√√¡ ‡æ◊ÕË ª√—∫ª√ÿß«‘π¬— ·≈–º≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï ¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π §√Ÿ √ “¬ß“π«à “ §√Ÿ „ À≠à µ—È ß §«“¡§“¥À«— ß „Àâ § √Ÿ ¬ °¬à Õ ß™¡‡™¬ π—°‡√’¬π ‚¥¬§âπÀ“®ÿ¥‡¥àπ¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π„πß“π∑’Ëπ—°‡√’¬π∑” ·≈–°“√ ™¡‡™¬·∫∫∑—«Ë ‰ª ‡™àπ ç‡Õ√‘π ‡∏Õ∑”ß“π‰¥â¥¢’ π÷È π–é °Á§«√®–‡ª≈’¬Ë π ‡ªìπ§”™¡∑’Ë‡©æ“–‡®“–®ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ∂÷ß§«“¡§“¥À«—ß·≈–º≈∑’Ë‰¥â ‡™àπ ç√“¡Õπ §√Ÿ™Õ∫¡“°∑’‡Ë ∏Õ‰¡à≈¡◊ ∑’®Ë –∑Õπ‡»… à«π≈ß¡“é °“√¬Õ¡√—∫§«“¡·µ°µà“ß¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π·µà≈–§π°Á‡ªìπ°“√„Àâ ‡°’¬√µ‘π—°‡√’¬π §√Ÿ√“¬ß“π«à“ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®– àß‡ √‘¡„Àâ§√Ÿ ù§âπÀ“ ‘Ëß∑’Ë¥’¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π·µà≈–§πû ·≈–∫“ß∑’°Á®—¥‚§√ß°“√ àß‡ √‘¡ §«“¡ “¡“√∂¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π∑—Èß¥â“π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·≈–¥â“πÕ◊ËπÊ §√Ÿ„À≠à §πÀπ÷Ëß∂à“¬«’¥‘‚Õ‡∑ªπ—°‡√’¬π„π™—Èπ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâπ—°‡√’¬π‰¥â‡ÀÁπ°“√∑”ß“π ¢Õßµπ À√◊Õ¬°¬àÕß™¡‡™¬π—°‡√’¬π∑’√Ë ∫— º‘¥™Õ∫‡°Á∫¢¬–„π π“¡

50 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

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º≈∑’‡Ë °‘¥¢÷πÈ °—∫§√Ÿ §√Ÿ√Ÿâ ÷°Õ¬à“ß‰√‡¡◊ËÕ§√Ÿ„À≠à¡“µ—Èß§«“¡§“¥À«—ß„Àâ§√Ÿ§‘¥Õ¬à“ßπ’È ∑”Õ¬à“ß‚πâπ ·≈–∑’Ë ”§—≠°Á§◊Õ §«“¡§“¥À«—ß∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠àµ—Èß‰«âπ—Èπ°àÕ„Àâ ‡°‘¥°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß„π°“√§‘¥·≈–°“√°√–∑”¢Õß§√ŸÀ√◊Õ‰¡à? §√Ÿ„πß“π»÷°…“«‘®¬— ¢Õß‡√“√“¬ß“π«à“ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑¡’Ë ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ®– ◊ÕË “√°—∫§√ŸÕ¬à“ß™—¥‡®πµ√ß‰ªµ√ß¡“·≈–πÿ¡à π«≈„π‡√◊ÕË ß§«“¡§“¥À«—ß ¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π§√Ÿ°æÁ Õ„®‡æ√“–‰¥â∑√“∫§«“¡§‘¥·≈–§«“¡µ—ßÈ „®Õ¬à“ß™—¥‡®π ‡∫≈ ·≈–‡∫≈ (Blase and Blase, 1998) »÷°…“æ∫«à“§√Ÿ„À≠à ∑’¡Ë ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–„Àâ‡°’¬√µ‘§√Ÿ·≈– ◊ÕË “√¥â«¬§«“¡§“¥À«—ß ‚¥¬ª√–æƒµ‘ ªØ‘∫—µ‘‡ªìπ·∫∫Õ¬à“ß ¡‘‰¥â„™â«‘∏’ —Ëß°“√·∫∫‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√ §√Ÿ à«π„À≠à √“¬ß“π«à“æÕ„®∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à ◊ËÕ “√„Àâ√Ÿâ§«“¡§“¥À«—ß‚¥¬µ√ß·≈–™—¥‡®π ·≈–§√Ÿ„À≠àª√–æƒµ‘ªØ‘∫µ— ‡‘ ªìπ·∫∫Õ¬à“ß „π°“√»÷ ° …“«‘ ®— ¬ æ∫«à “ §«“¡§“¥À«— ß ¢Õß§√Ÿ „ À≠à ¡’ º ≈µà Õ æƒµ‘°√√¡·≈–‡®µ§µ‘¢Õß§√Ÿ„π‡√◊ËÕß°“√„Àâ‡°’¬√µ‘π—°‡√’¬π ·≈–√–‡∫’¬∫ «‘π—¬ §√Ÿ√“¬ß“π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡Õ“√¡≥å §«“¡¬ÿµ‘∏√√¡·≈–§«“¡ ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ §ß‡ âπ§ß«“ ·≈–°“√§‘¥√‘‡√‘¡Ë ·°â‰¢ªí≠À“µ“¡§«“¡§“¥À«—ß¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à §√Ÿ§πÀπ÷ßË √‘‡√‘¡Ë ∑”¢à“« “√ ù‚√ß‡√’¬π-∫â“πû ‡ªìπ “√ —¡æ—π∏å√“¬ —ª¥“Àå ‡¡◊ËÕ§√Ÿ„À≠à‡πâπ°“√√à«¡¡◊Õ√–À«à“ß∫â“π°—∫‚√ß‡√’¬π §√ŸÕ’°§πÀπ÷Ëß√‘‡√‘Ë¡ °“√√≥√ß§å™«à ¬‡À≈◊ÕºŸªâ √– ∫«“µ¿—¬ §√Ÿ à«π„À≠à√“¬ß“π«à“ªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡§«“¡§“¥À«—ß¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à ¥â«¬‡Àµÿº≈ 2 ª√–°“√§◊Õ Àπ÷Ëß §√Ÿ¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπ Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë §√Ÿ„À≠àµß—È §«“¡§“¥À«—ß Õß §√Ÿ¡§’ «“¡‡ÀÁπ«à“°“√√à«¡°—π∑”ß“πµ“¡ §«“¡§“¥À«—ßπ—πÈ ™à«¬„π°“√æ—≤π“π—°‡√’¬π·≈–æ—≤π“§√Ÿ„π«‘™“™’æ¥â«¬

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·π«∑“ß°“√„™â§«“¡§“¥À«—ßÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ®“°∫∑π’∑È “à π®–‰¥â‡ÀÁπÀ≈“¬·π«∑“ß∑’§Ë √Ÿ„À≠à∑¡’Ë ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ „™â§«“¡§“¥À«—ß∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß‡®µ§µ‘·≈–æƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õß§√Ÿ µàÕ‰ªπ’È‡ªìπ·π«∑“ß 7 ª√–°“√ „π°“√ ◊ËÕ “√§«“¡§“¥À«—ß 1. µ—ßÈ §«“¡§“¥À«—ß ¢—πÈ ·√°·≈– ”§—≠∑’ Ë ¥ÿ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑¡’Ë ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–µâÕß√Ÿ«â “à µâÕß°“√‡®µ§µ‘·≈–æƒµ‘°√√¡„¥®“°§√Ÿ §√Ÿ„À≠àµÕâ ß‡ÀÁπ¿“æ√«¡∑—ßÈ À¡¥ ·≈–∫∑∫“∑¢Õß§√Ÿ„π°“√ √â“ß¿“æπ—πÈ 2. ◊ÕË “√ ‘ßË ∑’§Ë “¥À«—ß‰«â §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–„™â«‘∏’ ◊ËÕ§«“¡À¡“¬∑ÿ°Õ¬à“ß ∑—Èß§”æŸ¥·≈–∑à“∑“ß‡æ◊ËÕ ◊ËÕ “√§«“¡§“¥À«—ß §√Ÿ„À≠à‰¡à§«√∑÷°∑—°«à“ §√Ÿ∑°ÿ §π√Ÿ®â ¥ÿ ¡ÿßà À¡“¬¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π‡À¡◊Õπ°—π 3. ◊ÕË “√‚¥¬ ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–‰¡à ◊ËÕ “√‡√◊ËÕß√“«À≈“¬‡√◊ËÕß„Àâ —∫ π À“°·µàµâÕß‡ªìπ “√– ”§—≠∑’Ë ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ§”æŸ¥·≈–°“√°√–∑” 4. ¬È” ∑∫∑«π Õ∏‘∫“¬™’È·®ß §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–µ√–Àπ—°¥’«à“ °“√æŸ¥Õ∏‘∫“¬ §√—Èß‡¥’¬«‰¡à “¡“√∂„Àâ∑ÿ°§π‡¢â“„®·≈–®”‰¥â ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ§√Ÿ„À≠à ®”‡ªìπµâÕß„™â«∏‘ °’ “√Õ∏‘∫“¬™’·È ®ß´È”‚¥¬ ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ®π‡ªìπ∑’‡Ë ¢â“„®

°“√ √â“ß°”≈—ß„® ◆ 61

5. „™â∑°ÿ ‚Õ°“ ·≈– √â“ß‚Õ°“ „π°“√ ◊ÕË “√§«“¡§“¥À«—ß §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„™â∑ÿ°‚Õ°“ ·≈–∑ÿ°™àÕß∑“ß„π °“√ ◊ËÕ “√§«“¡§“¥À«—ß ‡™àπ „π°“√ª√–™ÿ¡§√Ÿ ª√–™ÿ¡π—°‡√’¬π ®¥À¡“¬¢à“«¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π ∫—π∑÷°∂÷ß§√Ÿ ·≈–°“√æ∫ª–‡ªìπ√“¬∫ÿ§§≈ 6. µ—Èß§«“¡§“¥À«—ß∑—Ë«‰ª ·≈–√—∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¬âÕπ°≈—∫‡ªìπ√“¬ ∫ÿ§§≈ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–√–¡—¥√–«—ß‡√◊ËÕß°“√ ◊ËÕ “√°—∫ §√Ÿ„π‡√◊ÕË ß√“«∑’µË √ß°—π ‡™àπ °“√„Àâ‡°’¬√µ‘π°— ‡√’¬π ‡§“√æ§«“¡·µ°µà“ß ¢Õß·µà≈–∫ÿ§§≈ °“√ √â“ß«‘π—¬¥â«¬«‘∏’ √â“ß √√§å œ≈œ ·µà§√Ÿ·µà≈–§π ®–¡’ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“µàÕ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë‡ªìπ§«“¡§“¥À«—ß·µ°µà“ß°—π ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¬âÕπ°≈—∫®“°§√Ÿ∂÷ß§√Ÿ„À≠à®÷ß§«√‡ªìπ¢Õß·µà≈–∫ÿ§§≈ ‰¡à«à“®– ‡ªìπ°“√™¡‡™¬À√◊Õ°“√™’È·π–¢âÕ∫°æ√àÕß∑’Ë§«√·°â‰¢ ¥—ßπ—Èπ§√Ÿ„À≠à ®÷ß§«√√–∫ÿ§«“¡§“¥À«—ß„Àâ «à π√«¡∑√“∫ À√◊Õ‡¢’¬π™’·È ®ß„π°“√ª√–™ÿ¡ ·µà°“√√—∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¬âÕπ°≈—∫®“°§√Ÿ§«√®—¥√—∫‡ªìπ°“√ à«πµ—« ‡ªìπ√“¬∫ÿ§§≈ 7. ‡ªìπ·∫∫Õ¬à“ß∑’‡Ë À¡“– ¡ „π°“√‡ªìπ·∫∫Õ¬à“ß∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ∑—Èß„π¥â“π‡®µ§µ‘ ·≈–°“√ª√–æƒµ‘ªØ‘∫—µ‘ §√Ÿ„À≠à®”‡ªìπµâÕß‡ªìπµ—«Õ¬à“ß∑’Ë¥’‚¥¬®—¥À“ °√–∫«π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·≈–‚ª√·°√¡°“√»÷°…“‚¥¬‡©æ“– „Àâ Õ¥§≈âÕß °—∫§«“¡§“¥À«—ß∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à‰¥âµ—Èß‰«â ‚¥¬ √ÿª§√Ÿ„À≠à®–‡ªìπ¿“æ·√° ¢Õßπ‘∑√√»°“√ ·≈–™’È™«ππ”„Àâ‡ÀÁπ¿“æÕ◊ËπÊ „π∑’Ë ÿ¥°Á®–∫Ÿ√≥“°“√ ¿“æ‡ªìπ‡√◊ÕË ß‡¥’¬«°—π

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∫√√≥“πÿ°√¡ Ackerman, R. H., Donaldson, G. A., & van der Bogert, R. (1996). Making sense as a school leader: Persisting questions, creative opportunities. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Armor, D., Congry-Oseguera, P., Cox, M., King, N., McDonnell, L., Pascal, A., Pauly, E., & Zellman, G. (1976). Analysis of the school-preferred reading program in selected Los Angeles minority schools. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. Austin, G. R. (1979, April). An analysis of outlier schools and their distinguishing characteristics. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco. Blase, J., & Blase, J. (1998). Handbook of instructional leadership: How really good principals promote teaching and learning. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Brookover, W. B., Beady, C., Flood, P., Schweitzer, J., & Wisenbaker, J. (1979). School social systems and student achievement: Schools can make a difference. New York: Praeger. Dembo, M. H., & Gibson, S. (1985). Teacherû sense of efficacy: An important factor in school improvement. Elementary School Journal, 86(2), 173-184. Edmonds, R. (1979). Effective schools for the urban poor. Educational Leadership, 37(1), 15-24. Glenn, B., & McLean, T. (1981). What works: An examination of effective schools for poor black children. Cambridge, MA:

°“√ √â“ß°”≈—ß„® ◆ 63 Center for Law and Education. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 216 060) Heck, R. H., Larsen, T. J., & Marcoulides, G. A. (1990). Instructional leadership and school achievement: Validation of a causal model. Educational Administration Quarterly, 26(2), 94-125. Heck, R. H., & Marcoulides, G. A. (1993). Principal leader behaviors and student achievement. NASSP Bulletin, 77(553), 20-28. Hipp, K. A., & Bredeson, P. V. (1995). Exploring connections between teacher efficacy and principalsû leadership behavior. Journal of School Leadership, 5(2), 136-150. Hoy, W. K., & Woolfolk, A. E. (1993). Teachersû sense of efficacy and the organizational health of schools. Elementary School Journal, 93, 356-372. Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (1990). The leadership challenge: How to get extraordinary things done in organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Lasserre, C. (1989). Relationships between selected school context variables and teacher self-efficacy and self-confidence. Doctoral dissertation, University of New Orleans. Lee, V., Dedick, R., & Smith, J. (1991). The effect of the social organization of schools on teachersû efficacy and satisfaction. Sociology of Education, 64, 190-208. Purkey, S. C., & Smith, M. S. (1983). Effective schools: A review. Elementary School Journal, 83(4), 427-452. Russell, J. S., Mazzarella, J. A., White, T., & Maurer, S. (1985). Linking the behaviors and activities of secondary school principals

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to school effectiveness: A focus on effective and ineffective behaviors. Eugene: University of Oregon, Center for Educational Policy and Management. Rutter, M., Manugham, B., Mortimore, P., Ouston, J., & Smith, A.(1979). Fifteen thousand hours: Secondary schools and their effects on children. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Sheppard, B. (1996). Exploring the transformational nature of instructional leadership. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 42(4), 325-344. Teddlie, C., Falkowski, C., Stringfield, S., Dessells, S., & Garvue, R. (1984). Louisiana school effectiveness study: Phase two, 1982-84. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Department of Education Bureau of Research. Tschannen-Moran, M., Hoy, A. W., & Hoy, W. K. (1998). Teacher efficacy: Its meaning and measure. Review of Educational Research, 68(2), 204-248. Weil, M., Marshalek, B., Mitman, A., Murphy, J., Hallinger, P., & Pruyn, P. (1984, April). Effective and typical schools: How different are they? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans.

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ç§√Ÿ„À≠à¢Õß‡√“‡ªìπ§π‡ªî¥‡º¬ ‡ªìπ°—π‡Õß ·≈–¡Õß‚≈° „π·ßà¥’ „π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®‡√◊ËÕßµà“ßÊ „π‚√ß‡√’¬π∑à“π„™â«‘∏’·∫∫ ª√–™“∏‘ª‰µ¬ ∑’Ë‚√ß‡√’¬π¢Õß‡√“¡’°“√æ∫ª–§√ŸºŸâπ”´÷Ëß‡ªìπ À—«Àπâ“√–¥—∫™—Èπ∑ÿ° —ª¥“Àå ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ‡√◊ËÕßµà“ßÊ ®–¡“ ®“°°≈ÿà¡æ«°‡√“ ·µà∂â“¡’∫“ß‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë®–µâÕß∑”æ‘‡»… §√Ÿ„À≠à ®–√âÕß¢Õ§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ®“°§≥–§√ŸÕ¬à“ßπÿà¡π«≈ °“√ª√–™ÿ¡ §√Ÿ∑ÿ°§√—Èß°Á®–¡’∫√√¬“°“»‡ªî¥ ∑ÿ°§π°≈â“Õ¿‘ª√“¬ ·≈– º≈ √ÿª°Á®–¡“®“°§≥–§√Ÿ®√‘ßÊ ∫ÿ§≈‘°¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠àµ≈Õ¥®π °‘√‘¬“¡“√¬“∑∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥∫√√¬“°“»·Ààß°“√π—∫∂◊Õ „Àâ‡°’¬√µ‘ ·≈–§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ´÷ßË °—π·≈–°—π ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à§◊Õ „Àâ°“√»÷°…“∑’Ë¥’∑’Ë ÿ¥·°àπ—°‡√’¬π „π∫√√¬“°“»∑’Ë∑”„Àâ§√Ÿ√Ÿâ ÷°¥’·≈– ∫“¬„® ¢â“æ‡®â“√Ÿâ ÷°™Õ∫ «‘∏’°“√¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à·≈–Õ¬“°‡≈’¬π·∫∫ ·≈–¢â“æ‡®â“°Á‰¥âπ” «‘∏’°“√¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à‰ª„™â°—∫π—°‡√’¬π Õß§å°√∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß ·≈– ‡æ◊ËÕπ√à«¡ß“π ‚¥¬¡’‡®µ§µ‘∑’Ë¥’µàÕπ—°‡√’¬π ·≈–ºŸâª°§√Õß ¢â“æ‡®â“§‘¥«à“«‘∏’°“√¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à¥’∑’Ë ÿ¥ ∑à“π‡ªìπ§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¥’ ∑’ Ë ¥ÿ „π¡≥±≈¢Õß‡√“é §√Ÿª√–∂¡§πÀπ÷ßË

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§«“¡™”π“≠æÕ∑’Ë®–µ—¥ ‘π„®°√–∑”„π ‘Ëß∑’Ë‡À¡“– ¡°—∫°≈ÿà¡π—°‡√’¬π ¢Õßµπ ·≈–°“√√à«¡§‘¥µ—¥ ‘π„®¢Õß§√Ÿ∑—Èß‚√ß‡√’¬π°Á¬àÕ¡¥’°«à“°“√ µ—¥ ‘π„®¢ÕßºŸ∫â √‘À“√§π‡¥’¬« °≈ÿà¡π—°«‘®—¬„π√—∞·§≈‘øÕ√å‡π’¬√“¬ß“π°“√‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫‚√ß‡√’¬π ∑’Ëº≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬πµË”«à“ √–∫∫°“√∫√‘À“√¡’º≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ß µàÕº≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï¥â“π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π §√Ÿ„π‚√ß‡√’¬π∑’Ëπ—°‡√’¬π¡’ º≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ Ÿß ®–¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√æ‘®“√≥“µ—¥ ‘π„®‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ ‚ª√·°√¡°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ¡“°°«à“‚√ß‡√’¬π∑’Ëπ—°‡√’¬π¡’º≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘ÏµË” §√Ÿ„À≠à„π‚√ß‡√’¬π∑’Ë¡’º≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬πµË”®–ª≈àÕ¬¡◊Õ „Àâ§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ„®«à“§√Ÿ∑ÿ°§π∑”ß“π‰¥â·≈–„Àâµà“ß§πµà“ß∑” ‚¥¬¡‘‰¥â®—¥ „Àâ¡°’ “√¡“ª√–™ÿ¡À“√◊Õ‡æ◊ÕË µ—¥ ‘π„®√à«¡°—π·≈–√à«¡¡◊Õ°—π∑”ß“π ‡∫≈ ·≈–‡∫≈ (Blase and Blase, 1994) æ∫‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—π«à“ „π°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿß‚√ß‡√’¬π §≥–§√Ÿ®–µâÕß¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√æ—≤π“ª√—∫ª√ÿß ‚√ß‡√’¬π ·≈–‰¥â√–∫ÿ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’∑’Ë ”§—≠∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à„™â§◊Õ °“√ª°§√Õß·∫∫ ¡’ à«π√à«¡´÷Ëß§√Ÿ„À≠à„ÀâÕ”π“®§√Ÿ„π°“√√à«¡°—πæ‘®“√≥“µ—¥ ‘π„®Õ—π°àÕ „Àâ‡°‘¥·√ß®Ÿß„® ¡—Ëπ„® ‰¥â√à«¡§‘¥ °≈â“‡ ’Ë¬ß ¡’§«“¡‡ªìπµ—«¢Õßµ—«‡Õß √Ÿâ ÷°‡ªìπ‡®â“¢Õß ·≈–¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√ Õπ¡“°¢÷Èπ Õ—≈‡≈π·≈–§≥– (Allen, Glickman & Hensley, 1989; Glickman, 1990) æ∫«à“°“√„Àâ§√Ÿ¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√ ¡’º≈∑”„Àâº≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï°“√‡√’¬π¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π Ÿß¢÷Èπ °“√≈“ÕÕ°°≈“ß§—π ≈¥≈ß §√Ÿ§‘¥«‘‡§√“–Àå¡“°¢÷Èπ ∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π¥’¢÷Èπ „π°“√»÷°…“«‘®¬— §√Ÿ√“¬ß“π«à“§√Ÿ„À≠à∑¡’Ë ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®– àß‡ √‘¡ „Àâ§√Ÿ¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√«“ß·ºπß“π ‡≈◊Õ°À“∑“ß‡≈◊Õ°µà“ßÊ ∑’Ë®–ªØ‘∫—µ‘ ·≈–¥”‡π‘π°“√‰¥âµ“¡®ÿ¥¡ÿàßÀ¡“¬∑’Ë√à«¡°—πµ—Èß¢÷Èπ „π∫√√¥“¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’´÷Ëß

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º≈ –∑âÕπ®“°°“√¡’ «à π√à«¡ ◆ 69

ç§√Ÿ„À≠à àß‡ √‘¡„Àâ§√Ÿ¡’ à«π√à«¡„π∑ÿ°‡√◊ËÕß... √≥√ß§åÀ“ ∑ÿπ ∑—»π»÷°…“ ß“π —ß √√§å ‡√“∑ÿ°§π‡ªìπµ—«·∑π¢Õß ‚√ß‡√’¬π ‡√“√Ÿ â °÷ ‡À¡◊Õπ‡ªìπ§√Õ∫§√—«‡¥’¬«°—π µ—ßÈ ®ÿ¥¡ÿßà À¡“¬ «“ß·ºπß“π ∑”ß“π ”‡√Á®¥â«¬°—πé ‡ªÑ“ª√– ß§å¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π∑’Ë®–„Àâ§√Ÿ‡ªìππÈ”Àπ÷Ëß„®‡¥’¬«°—π°Á ‡æ◊ËÕ √â“ß¢«—≠·≈–°”≈—ß„®„π°“√∑”ß“π °“√„Àâ∑ÿ°§π¡’ à«π√à«¡§◊Õ °“√∑”„Àâ§√Ÿ∑ÿ°§π√Ÿâ ÷°«à“µπ ù‡ªìπ à«πÀπ÷Ëß¢Õß§√Õ∫§√—«‚√ß‡√’¬πû °“√ª≈Ÿ°Ωíß·√ß π—∫ πÿπ®“°§√Ÿ „π°“√ π∑π“Õ¿‘ª√“¬°—∫ºŸâ∫√‘À“√‚√ß‡√’¬π ‡√“¡—°®–‰¥â¬‘π °“√∫àπ∂÷ß ù°“√„ÀâÕ”π“®·°à§√Ÿû π—Èπ∑”„Àâ ù≈¥Õ”π“®¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠àÀ√◊Õ ºŸâ∫√‘À“√û §√Ÿ„À≠àÀ≈“¬§πæŸ¥«à“ ç√—∞®â“ß„Àâ‡√“¡“∫√‘À“√‚√ß‡√’¬π ·µà∑”‰¡‡√“®–µâÕß„Àâ§√Ÿ¡“∫√‘À“√‚√ß‡√’¬π¥â«¬‡≈à“é §«“¡‡ªìπ®√‘ß Õ”π“®¡‘„™à∑√—æ¬“°√∑’‡Ë ¡◊ÕË ¡’°“√·∫àß √√·≈â«®– Ÿ≠À“¬‰ª §√Ÿ„À≠à∑¡’Ë ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¡’§«“¡‡™◊ÕË «à“ Õ”π“®∫√‘À“√π’∂È “â ¬‘ßË ·∫àßªíπÕÕ°‰ª°Á¬‘Ëß∑”„Àâ‡æ‘Ë¡æŸπ¡“°¢÷Èπ §√Ÿ§πÀπ÷Ëß∫√√¬“¬∂÷ß§√Ÿ„À≠à ∑’¡Ë ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ«à“ ç§√Ÿ„À≠àµÕâ ß°“√„Àâ§≥–§√Ÿ¡ ’ «à π√à«¡„π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„® ¥â«¬ ‡æ◊ËÕ®–‰¥â‡ªìπ∞“π°”≈—ß π—∫ πÿπ·π«§‘¥¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à ‡æ√“–ß“π ¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à®– ”‡√Á®‰¥â ∂â“‰¥â√∫— §«“¡‰«â„®·≈–§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ®“°§≥–§√Ÿé §Ÿ´·≈–‚æ ‡πÕ√å (Kouzes and Posner, 1990) »÷°…“ ‡√◊ËÕß ùÕ”π“®û „π°“√∫√‘À“√ß“π¢Õß∫√‘…—∑ª√–°—π¿—¬ “¢“µà“ßÊ æ∫«à“ ù “¢“∑’Ë„ÀâºŸâ√à«¡ß“π∑ÿ°§π¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®®–æ—≤π“ °â“«Àπâ“¡“°°«à“ “¢“Õ◊πË û

70 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

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ù°≈—∫®“°Õ∫‘≈π’ û À√◊Õ ù¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏°’ “√¡’ «à π√à«¡û ‡®Õ√å√’ Œ“√å«¬’ å (Jerry Harvey, 1988) ‡≈à“‡√◊ÕË ß§√Õ∫§√—«¢Õß ‡¢“∑’Ë‡¥‘π∑“ßÕ¬à“ß¬“°≈”∫“°∫π∂ππ¢√ÿ¢√– ·≈–Õ“°“»√âÕπ·Àâß·≈âß ‡æ◊ËÕ‰ª√—∫ª√–∑“πÕ“À“√°≈“ß«—π∑’Ë·¬à∑’Ë ÿ¥„π‡¡◊ÕßÕ∫‘≈’π ¡≈√—∞‡∑°´— ‡¡◊ÕË √—∫ª√–∑“π‡ √Á®·≈â«µà“ß°Á∂“¡°—π«à“ ∑”‰¡µâÕß‡¥‘π∑“ß¡“∂÷ßπ’Ë ·µà≈– §πµà“ßµÕ∫«à“§‘¥«à“§πÕ◊ËπµâÕß°“√Õ¬à“ßπ’È Œ“√å«’¬å √ÿª«à“µà“ß§πµà“ß°Á §‘¥«à“§πÕ◊ËπµâÕß°“√Õ¬à“ßπ—Èπ ·µà¡‘‰¥â¡’°“√∑¥ Õ∫¢âÕµ°≈ß√à«¡°—π ®÷ß‡ ’¬‡«≈“·≈–æ≈—ßß“π„π°“√∑” ‘ßË ∑’‰Ë ¡à¡„’ §√Õ¬“°∑”®√‘ßÊ „π ¿“æ‚√ß‡√’¬π°Á‡™àπ°—π ‡√“¡—°®–∑”„π ‘Ëß∑’Ë‡√“§‘¥«à“§πÕ◊Ëπ Õ¬“°„Àâ‡√“∑”‡™àππ—πÈ ‚¥¬∑’¡Ë ‰‘ ¥â¡°’ “√æŸ¥®“µ°≈ß°—π°àÕπ«à“‡¢“µâÕß°“√ Õ¬à“ßπ’ÀÈ √◊Õ‰¡à ·≈–∂â“¡’°“√æŸ¥®“µ°≈ß°—π °Á®–µâÕßæ‘®“√≥“„π‡√◊ËÕßß“π ≈”¥—∫µàÕ‰ª π—Ëπ§◊Õ®–∑”Õ¬à“ß‰√ „π°√≥’‰ªÕ∫‘≈’π°Á®–µâÕßæ‘®“√≥“ ≈—°…≥–∂ππÀπ∑“ß √–¬–∑“ß ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ Õß‡√◊ËÕßπ’È®÷ß ”§—≠ ≈”¥—∫·√°§◊ÕµâÕßµ°≈ß°—π‡√◊ËÕß®ÿ¥¡ÿàßÀ¡“¬ ≈”¥—∫µàÕ‰ªµâÕßµ°≈ß „π¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏À’ √◊Õ«‘∏°’ “√‡æ◊ÕË „Àâ∫√√≈ÿ®¥ÿ ¡ÿßà À¡“¬ ‡æ√“–©–π—πÈ Õß‡√◊ÕË ßπ’È ®–µâÕß·¬°°—πæ‘®“√≥“ ºŸâ‡¢’¬π¢Õ¬°µ—«Õ¬à“ß°“√√à«¡æ‘®“√≥“µ—¥ ‘π„®¢Õß ¡“™‘°„π §√Õ∫§√—«¢ÕßºŸâ‡¢’¬π¥—ßπ’È µÕπ‡™â“«—π‡ “√å„πƒ¥Ÿ√âÕπ Õ“°“»Õ∫Õâ“« ∑ÿ°§π‡∫◊ÕË ∑’®Ë –Õ¬Ÿ∫à “â π ®÷ßµ°≈ß°—π«à“®–ÕÕ°‰ªπÕ°∫â“π ‡æ◊ÕË „Àâ ¡“™‘° ∑—Èß “¡§π¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„® ¡“™‘°§π∑’ËÀπ÷Ëß‡ πÕ‰ª∑–‡≈ ¡“™‘°§π∑’ Ë Õß‡ πÕ‰ª¿Ÿ‡¢“ ¡“™‘°§π∑’ Ë “¡‡ πÕ‰ªµ°ª≈“ ·µà≈–§π

76 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

µà“ß°ÁÕÕ°§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπÕ¿‘ª√“¬°—π·µà°Á‰¡àµ°≈ß°—π‡ ’¬∑’ ‡ªìπÕ—π«à“ ∂÷ß·¡â®–µ°≈ß°—π¿“¬À≈—ß°Á™“â ‡°‘π‰ª‡ ’¬·≈â«∑’®Ë –‡¥‘π∑“ß ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å‡™àππ’È §ß®–æ∫„π∑ÿ° ∂“π°“√≥å„π‚√ß‡√’¬π §≥–§√ŸÕ“®µ°≈ß°—π«à“®–µâÕß ∑”Õ–‰√‡æ◊ËÕª√—∫ª√ÿßß“π ·µà®–∑”Õ¬à“ß‰√π—Èπ°ÁÕ¿‘ª√“¬µ°≈ß°—π ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë¡—°®–‡ªìπªí≠À“„π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®√à«¡°—π §◊Õ ◆ „§√§«√¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®? §√Ÿ∑ÿ°§π À√◊Õµ—«·∑π À“°µ—«·∑π¢Õß§≥–°√√¡°“√‡ªìπºŸâ‡¢â“ª√–™ÿ¡µ—¥ ‘π„® §≥–°√√¡°“√®–¡’°’Ë§π? ·≈–¡’™à«ß‡«≈“ªØ‘∫—µ‘ß“ππ“π ·§à‰Àπ? ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à·≈–ºŸ∫ â √‘À“√§πÕ◊πË ¡’∫∑∫“∑Õ¬à“ß‰√„π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®? ¡’§–·ππÀπ÷Ëß‡ ’¬ß‡À¡◊ÕπºŸâÕ◊Ëπ À√◊Õ‰¡àÕÕ°‡ ’¬ß À√◊Õ¡’ Õ”π“®§—¥§â“π? ◆ ‡√◊ËÕß„¥∑’Ë§«√π”¡“√à«¡æ‘®“√≥“µ—¥ ‘π„®? ·≈–‡√◊ËÕß„¥∑’Ë ‰¡à§«√π”¡“æ‘®“√≥“µ—¥ ‘π„®√à«¡°—π? ◆ „§√‡ªìπºŸâæ‘®“√≥“«à“‡√◊ËÕß„¥§«√®–π”‡¢â“∑’Ëª√–™ÿ¡æ‘®“√≥“ µ—¥ ‘π ◆ °√–∫«π°“√µ°≈ßµ—¥ ‘π„®∑”Õ¬à“ß‰√? „™â‡ ’¬ß¢â“ß¡“° À√◊ÕµâÕß‡ªìπ‡Õ°©—π∑å À√◊Õ®–„™â«‘∏’µ°≈ß√à«¡°—π ◆ ‡¡◊ËÕµ°≈ßµ—¥ ‘π„®·≈â« „§√‡ªìπºŸâ¥”‡π‘π°“√µ“¡‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë µ°≈ßπ—πÈ ‚√ß‡√’¬π·µà≈–‚√ßµà“ß¡’π—°‡√’¬π ¡’§√Ÿ≈—°…≥–·µ°µà“ß°—π ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ‚§√ß √â“ßµ“¡§”∂“¡¢â“ßµâπ¢Õß·µà≈–‚√ß‡√’¬π¬àÕ¡®–

º≈ –∑âÕπ®“°°“√¡’ «à π√à«¡ ◆ 77

·µ°µà“ß°—π °≈‘°·¡π (Glickman, 1990) °≈à“««à“ ç¬‘Ëß‚√ß‡√’¬π∑’Ë ¡Õ∫§«“¡√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫·≈–°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®„Àâ·°à§√Ÿ ‡ªìπ·∫∫Õ¬à“ß¢Õß ‚√ß‡√’¬π∑’Ëª√– ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á®¡“°‡æ’¬ß„¥ ¬‘Ëß¡Õß‡ÀÁπ‚√ß‡√’¬π∑’Ë®– ‡≈’¬π·∫∫‰¥âπÕâ ¬≈ßé ‚√ß‡√’¬π·µà≈–‚√ß®÷ß§«√§‘¥æ‘®“√≥“µ—¥ ‘π®ÿ¥¡ÿàßÀ¡“¬ ·≈– °√–∫«π°“√¥â«¬µπ‡Õß ‰¡à ¡§«√∑’Ë®–‡≈’¬π·∫∫§—¥≈Õ°‚√ß‡√’¬πÕ◊Ëπ ‡æ√“–‡∑à“°—∫‚√ß‡√’¬π‰¡à§‘¥µ—¥ ‘π„®‡Õß ºŸâ ‡ ¢’ ¬ π‰¥â ° ≈à “ «∂÷ ß ‡√◊Ë Õ ß°“√¡’ à « π√à « ¡Õ¬à “ ß¬◊ ¥ ¬“«°Á ‡ æ√“– µâÕß°“√„Àâ√–¡—¥√–«—ß„π°“√„™â Õ¬à“ß‰√°Áµ“¡§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ‰¥â„™â«∏‘ °’ “√„Àâ§√Ÿ¡ ’ «à π√à«¡À≈“°À≈“¬«‘∏’ ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏°’ “√¡’ «à π√à«¡Õ¬à“ß‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√ ®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢Õß‡√“æ∫«à“ °“√„Àâ§≥–§√Ÿ¡ ’ «à π√à«¡„π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„® Õ¬à“ß‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√π—Èπ®–¢¬“¬°«â“ß¡“°¢÷Èπ ¡’∫ÿ§≈“°√®”π«π¡“°·≈– ¡’°“√·∫àß‡ªìπ§≥–∑”ß“π™ÿ¥µà“ßÊ §≥–∑”ß“π∑’‡Ë ªìπ∑“ß°“√®–ª√–™ÿ¡ æ∫ª– ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ ‡™àπ —ª¥“Àå≈–§√—Èß À√◊ÕÕ◊ËπÊ µ“¡∑’Ë®–µ°≈ß°—π à « πºŸâ ∫ √‘ À “√√–¥— ∫ √Õß®“°§√Ÿ „ À≠à ‰ ¥â · °à À— « Àπâ “ À¡«¥«‘ ™ “ À—«Àπâ“√–¥—∫™—Èπ À—«Àπâ“ΩÉ“¬·π–·π« ºŸâ∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√√–¥—∫π’È®– °≈à“«∂÷ß¡“°„π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈°“√«‘®—¬ ∫“ß∑’°Á¡’§√Ÿ∑’Ë‰¡à¡’Àπâ“∑’Ë∫√‘À“√‡¢â“√à«¡ ‡ªìπ§≥–∑”ß“π¥â«¬ ∫ÿ§≈“°√∫“ß§π ‡™àπ À—«Àπâ“ΩÉ“¬‚¿™π“°“√ Õ“®®–‰¥â√∫— ‡™‘≠‡¢â“√à«¡ª√–™ÿ¡‡ªìπ§√—ßÈ §√“« §√Ÿ∑’Ë‰¡à‰¥â‡ªìπºŸâ∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√√–¥—∫√Õß Õ“®®–‡ πÕ¢âÕ§‘¥ À√◊Õ¢âÕ‡ πÕ¥â«¬«“®“ À√◊Õ‡ªìπ≈“¬≈—°…≥åÕ—°…√„Àâ§≥–∑”ß“π™ÿ¥π’È æ‘®“√≥“¥â«¬‰¥â

78 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

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¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π– ”À√—∫°“√¡’ «à π√à«¡Õ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ºŸâ‡¢’¬π§‘¥«à“‰¡à¡’ª√–‚¬™πåÕ—π„¥∑’Ë®–∑”√“¬°“√«à“ §«√∑”À√◊Õ ‰¡à§«√∑”‡√◊ËÕßÕ–‰√ ·≈–Õ¬à“ß‰√ ‡æ√“–°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®√à«¡°—π‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß ¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à·≈–§√Ÿ„π·µà≈–‚√ß‡√’¬π §≥–π—°«‘®—¬°≈ÿà¡Àπ÷Ëß‡æ’¬ß·µà„Àâ ¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–«à“ §«√µ°≈ß«‘ —¬∑—»πå√à«¡°—π µ°≈ßπ‚¬∫“¬√à«¡°—π°àÕπ ·∑π∑’Ë®–æ‘®“√≥“√Ÿª·∫∫ °≈‰° „π°“√®—¥µ—Èß§≥–∑”ß“πµ“¡·π« ¥”‡π‘π°“√¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬πÕ◊Ëπ∑’Ëª√– ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á® ‡æ√“–®–‰¡àµ√ß°—∫ ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π‡√“ °“√≈Õ°‡≈’¬ππ”¡“„™â®–‰¡à‰¥âº≈ §≥–ºŸ‡â ¢’¬π¡’¢Õâ ‡ πÕ·π–®“°º≈ß“π«‘®¬— ¥—ßπ’È 1. ∑”¢âÕµ°≈ß°àÕπ °àÕπ∑’®Ë –®—¥µ—ßÈ §≥–∑”ß“π™ÿ¥µà“ßÊ À√◊Õ°”Àπ¥°“√ª√–™ÿ¡ §√Ÿ„À≠à·≈–§√Ÿ§«√µ°≈ß°—π°àÕπ„π‡√◊ÕË ßÕ”π“®Àπâ“∑’·Ë ≈–§«“¡√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫ 2. „Àâ§√Ÿ·µà≈–§π¡’ «à π√à«¡ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ √â“ß∫√√¬“°“»°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡ ‚¥¬¡Õ∫À¡“¬ß“π„Àâ§√Ÿ∑’Ë¬‘π¥’√à«¡ß“π∑”µ“¡§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’Ë‚¥¥‡¥àπ ‡©æ“–µ—« 3. „™â∑°ÿ ‚Õ°“ „Àâ§√Ÿ¡ ’ «à π√à«¡Õ¬à“ß‰¡à‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑¡’Ë ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–‡™◊ÕÈ ‡™‘≠„Àâ§√Ÿ· ¥ß§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ Õ¬à“ß‡ √’„π°“√„Àâ§”·π–π” °“√·°âªí≠À“ °“√‡ πÕªí≠À“ ‚Õ°“ ∑’Ë ®–„Àâ· ¥ß§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁππ’ÈÕ“®‡ªìπ∑’Ëª√–™ÿ¡§√Ÿ °“√æ∫ª–‚¥¬∫—ß‡Õ‘≠ À√◊Õ§√Ÿ„À≠àπ—¥¡“æ∫‡ªìπ√“¬∫ÿ§§≈ À√◊Õ‡ªìπ°≈ÿà¡

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4. àß‡ √‘¡„Àâ¡’°“√ √â“ß√–∫∫‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√„π°“√„Àâ§√Ÿ¡’ à«π√à«¡ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–√à«¡°—∫§≥–§√Ÿæ—≤π“√–∫∫∑’Ë ‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√„π°“√„Àâ§√Ÿ‡¢â“¡“¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„® ∂â“§√Ÿ‡¢â“¡“ ¡’ à«π√à«¡Õ¬à“ß‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√ ®–∑”„Àâ¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√ ¡“°¢÷πÈ 5. √Ÿ«â “à Õ–‰√∑’‰Ë ¡à§«√„Àâ§√Ÿ¡ ’ «à π√à«¡ §√Ÿ „ À≠à ∑’Ë ¡’ ª √– ‘ ∑ ∏‘ ¿ “æ®–æ¬“¬“¡„Àâ § √Ÿ ¡’ à « π√à « ¡„Àâ ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ‡æ◊ËÕ √â“ß¢«—≠°”≈—ß„® ·≈–ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√∑”ß“π ´÷ËßºŸâ∑’Ë¡’ à«π‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß‡∑à“π—Èπ®÷ß®–µ—¥ ‘π„®‰¥â¥’°«à“°≈ÿà¡∑’Ë‰¡à¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ ‡√◊ËÕßπ—ÈπÊ à«π‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë‰¡à¡’º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ à«π√«¡ À√◊Õ‡√◊ËÕßß“π∑’ËªØ‘∫—µ‘ ª√–®” ‰¡à®”‡ªìπµâÕßµ—¥ ‘π„®√à«¡°—π À“°„ÀâºŸâ∑’Ë‰¡à¡’ à«π‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß ¥”‡π‘π°“√‰ª §√ŸÕ“®®–‰¡àæÕ„®∑’ËµâÕß¡“æ‘®“√≥“„π‡√◊ËÕß∑’ËÀ¬ÿ¡À¬‘¡ ´÷ßË ∑”„Àâ‡ ’¬‡«≈“ 6. ‡§“√æ°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®¢Õß∑’¡ß“π §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–µâÕß‡§“√æ¢âÕµ°≈ß∑’Ë¡“®“° °“√µ—¥ ‘π„®√à«¡°—π¢Õß∑’¡ß“π ´÷ßË ®–‡ªìπºŸ√â ∫— º‘¥™Õ∫„π°“√¥”‡π‘πß“π µàÕ‰ª

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”À√— ∫ ∫∑∫“∑„πµ”·Àπà ß Àπâ “ ∑’Ë § √Ÿ „ À≠à §◊ Õ °“√„Àâ æ ≈— ß ¢—∫‡§≈◊ËÕπæƒµ‘°√√¡µà“ßÊ „π‚√ß‡√’¬π §√ŸµâÕß·∫àß·¬°Àπâ“∑’Ë„π °“√ Õπ¢Õßµπ®“°∫∑∫“∑„πµ”·ÀπàßÀπâ“∑’Ë∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à®—¥µ“√“ß‰«â„Àâ ´÷ßË ‰¥â·°à °“√ª√–™“ —¡æ—π∏å°∫— ™ÿ¡™π °“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√π—°‡√’¬π „π∑“ß°≈—∫°—π §√Ÿ®–‡√’¬°√âÕßÕ”π“®Àπâ“∑’Ë„π§«“¡‡ªìπºŸâ™”π“≠°“√·≈–æ¬“¬“¡∑’Ë®– ¬◊πÀ¬—¥Õ”π“®„π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ §«“¡¢—¥·¬âß „π‡√◊ËÕßÕ”π“®Àπâ“∑’Ëπ’È (Donoldson, 1990) ∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥ªí≠À“‡√◊ËÕß ∫∑∫“∑¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à„π∞“π–‡ªìπºŸâπ”„π°“√æ—≤π“°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ ¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π ŒÕ¬·≈–¡‘ ‡§≈ (Hoy and Miskel, 1996) °≈à“««à“ „π ¿“æ ª°µ‘§√Ÿ®–Õ¬Ÿà„π™—Èπ‡√’¬π¢Õßµπ‡Õß ∑”„Àâ§√Ÿ¡’Õ‘ √–‡ √’„π°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘ ß“π„πÀâÕß‡√’¬π °“√∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à¡—°‰¡à¡’‡«≈“∑’Ë®–¡“µ√«®µ√“§«∫§ÿ¡ ¥Ÿ·≈°“√ Õπ¢Õß§√Ÿ°Á‡∑à“°—∫‡ªìπ°“√„ÀâÕ‘ √–‡ √’∑“ß«‘™“™’æ„πÀâÕß‡√’¬π ‡æ’¬ß·µà«à“§√Ÿ„À≠à®–„ÀâÕ‘ √–‡ √’∑“ß«‘™“™’æ„π√–¥—∫‚√ß‡√’¬π‡æ’¬ß‰√ „πß“π«‘®—¬‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡æ∫«à“ §√ŸµâÕß°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√ «‘π®‘ ©—¬µ—¥ ‘π„®‡√◊ÕË ßµà“ßÊ ∑—ßÈ „π√–¥—∫ÀâÕß‡√’¬π ·≈–√–¥—∫‚√ß‡√’¬π ‡™àπ °“√®—¥™—πÈ ‡√’¬π °“√«“ß·ºπ‡æ◊ÕË Õ”π«¬§«“¡ –¥«°„π°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ (Bacharach, Banberger, Coney & Bauer, 1990) °“√µ—¥ ‘π ‡≈◊Õ°‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë®– Õπ«‘∏’°“√ Õπ µ≈Õ¥®π‚§√ß°“√Õ∫√¡æ—≤π“§√Ÿ

‡ √’¿“æ„π°“√°√–∑”·≈–‡ √’¿“æ®“°°“√°√–∑” ‚√‡´πŒÕ≈∑å (Rosenholtz, 1989) ‰¥â·¬°‡ √’„π«‘™“™’æ„π ‚√ß‡√’¬πÕÕ°‡ªìπ 2 ª√–‡¿∑ §◊Õ ‡ √’¿“æ∑’Ë®–∑”·≈–‡ √’¿“æ®“°°“√

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∂Ÿ°°√–∑” §√Ÿ∑’Ë¡’¿“√–√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫·≈–Õ¬Ÿà„π ¿“æ∑’Ë¢«—≠°”≈—ß„®µË”®– „™â‡ √’¿“æ®“°°“√∂Ÿ°°√–∑” ´÷Ëß· ¥ßÕÕ°‚¥¬°“√≈“ß“π∫àÕ¬ à«π §√Ÿ∑’Ë¡’¢«—≠°”≈—ß„® Ÿß ºŸ°æ—π°—∫ß“π·≈–π—°‡√’¬π ®–√Ÿâ ÷°«à“µπ‡Õß¡’ ‡ √’¿“æ„π°“√∑”ß“π„π°“√æ—≤π“∑’®Ë –‡√’¬π√Ÿ â ß‘Ë „À¡àÊ Õ¬Ÿà‡ ¡Õ §√Ÿ®– ‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ßª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à°—∫Õ”π“®°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®Õ¬à“ß‡µÁ¡∑’Ë „π°“√ Õπ·≈–À≈—° Ÿµ√ √«¡∑—Èß‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß°—∫°“√∂Ÿ°·∑√°·´ß °“√µ√«®‡¬’¬Ë ¡∑’µË Õâ ßÀâ“¡ ‚√‡´πŒÕ≈∑å¬—ß°≈à“«∂÷ß§«“¡µâÕß°“√¢Õß§√Ÿ„π‚√ß‡√’¬π∑’ËµâÕß ùÕ¥∑πÕ¥°≈—πÈ û «à“ Õ¬“°®–Àπ’®“°§«“¡‡∫◊ÕË Àπà“¬ ·≈–§«“¡∑âÕ·∑â „π ¿“æ°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ ‡ÀÁπ«à“°“√∂Ÿ°µ√«®µ√“‡ªìπ°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ ∫—ß§—∫™’«µ‘ ·µà§√Ÿ„π‚§√ß°“√«‘®¬— ‡ÀÁπ«à“ °“√µ√«®µ√“∑’„Ë °≈â™¥‘ ‡ªìπ°“√ ¢—¥µàÕ‡ √’¿“æ„π«‘™“™’æ ‚¥¬„Àâ‡Àµÿº≈«à“§√Ÿ„π∞“π–«‘™“™’æ¬àÕ¡ “¡“√∂ §«∫§ÿ¡¥Ÿ·≈µπ‡Õß‰¥â ºŸ∫â √‘À“√‡ªìπ‡æ’¬ßºŸ®â ¥— °“√ ‡™àπ „π ¿“æ‚√ßæ¬“∫“≈ ºŸâ∫√‘À“√°Á‡ªìπºŸâ®—¥°“√∑—Ë«‰ª §√Ÿ·µà≈–§π°Á‡ª√’¬∫ª√–¥—ßπ“¬·æ∑¬å∑’Ë §«√®–¡’‡ √’¿“æ„π°“√µ√«®§π‰¢â ¥—ß√“¬ß“π¢Õß§√Ÿ§πÀπ÷Ëß«à“

ç...§√Ÿ„À≠à (¢Õß©—π) Õπÿ≠“µ„Àâ©π— ®—¥°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ „πÀâÕß‡√’¬πµ“¡∑’Ë©—π‡ÀÁπ«à“‡À¡“– ¡ ∑à“π‰¡à‡§¬∑’Ë®–„Àâ §”·π–π”À√◊Õ¡“®—¥°“√„π™—πÈ ‡√’¬π¢Õß©—π ©—π§‘¥«à“∑’©Ë π— ∑” ß“π‰¥â¥°’ ‡Á æ√“–‰¡à∂°Ÿ √∫°«πé ‰¡‡ÕÕ√å·≈–‚√·«π (Meyer and Rowan, 1977) ¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπ«à“ ºŸâ∫√‘À“√∑’ËÀ≈’°‡≈’Ë¬ß°“√‡¢â“‰ª¬ÿàß‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ ¿“æ°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ„π

88 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

ÀâÕß‡√’¬ππ—Èπ ¡‘„™à«à“‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ‡ √’¿“æ∑“ß«‘™“™’æ·°à§√Ÿ À“°·µà‡ªìπ ‡æ√“–‰¡à –¥«°„®·≈–‰¡à¡‡’ «≈“¡“°°«à“ ≈—°…≥–§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏åÀ≈«¡Ê ‡™àππ’È∑”„Àâ§√Ÿ√Ÿâ ÷°«à“¡’Õ‘ √–‡ √’„π«‘™“™’æ (‡æ√“–‰¡à∂Ÿ°§«∫§ÿ¡¥Ÿ·≈ Õ¬à“ß„°≈â™¥‘ ) ·µà∂“â §√Ÿ„À≠àµ√«®µ√“¥Ÿ·≈„°≈â™¥‘ °ÁÕ“®®–æ∫¢âÕ∫°æ√àÕß ·≈–¢âÕº‘¥æ≈“¥´÷Ëß®”‡ªìπµâÕß·°â‰¢ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë‰¡àµâÕß°“√‡º™‘≠Àπâ“°—∫ §√Ÿ∑ª’Ë Ø‘∫µ— ß‘ “π∫°æ√àÕß°Á¡°— ®–Õâ“ß∂÷ß ù§«“¡Õ‘ √–‡ √’„π«‘™“™’æ¢Õß§√Ÿû ·µà‡π◊ËÕß®“°°√–· ¢Õß°“√ª√–°—π§ÿ≥¿“æ‚√ß‡√’¬π„π¢≥–π’È∑”„Àâ ¬“°∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à®–À≈’°‡≈’Ë¬ß∫∑∫“∑ºŸâπ”„π°“√æ—≤π“°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ (Okeafor & Teddlie, 1989) ·¡â§√Ÿ®–Õâ“ß«à“°“√µ√«®µ√“¥Ÿ·≈Õ¬à“ß „°≈â™‘¥¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠àπ—Èπ¢—¥µàÕ ùÕ‘ √–‡ √’„π«‘™“™’æ§√Ÿû °Áµ“¡ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°°“√«‘®—¬æ∫«à“§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æµ“¡¡ÿ¡¡Õß ¢Õß§√Ÿ § «√®–‡¢â “ ¡“™à « ¬„π‡√◊Ë Õ ß¢Õß°“√‡√’ ¬ π°“√ Õπ‡¡◊Ë Õ ‰¥â √— ∫ °“√¢Õ√âÕß®“°§√Ÿ À√◊Õ‡¢â“¡“µ√«®‡¬’Ë¬¡„π™—Èπ‡√’¬πÕ¬à“ß‡ªìπ°—π‡Õß ¡‘„™à‡æ◊ÕË ®—¥·≈–ª√–‡¡‘π§√Ÿ „π∑”πÕß‡¥’¬«°—π ‚°≈·¡π, ¥—π·≈π ·≈– §Õπ≈’¬å (Goldman, Dunland and Conley, 1991) √“¬ß“πº≈ ¢Õß‚§√ß°“√ªØ‘√Ÿª‚√ß‡√’¬π«à“ §√Ÿ„À≠à¡Õß‡ÀÁπ∫∑∫“∑¢Õßµπ∑’Ë‰¥â ¡’ à«π√à«¡„π‡√◊ËÕß°“√ Õπ„π™—Èπ‡√’¬ππ—Èπ¡‘„™à‡ªìπ°“√°â“«°à“¬ À“°·µà ‡ªìπ°“√‡¢â“¡“√à«¡™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ°—π ‡∫≈ °—∫‡∫≈ (Blase and Blase, 1994, 1997) æ∫«à“§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ëª√– ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á®„π°“√∫√‘À“√ß“π®– àß‡ √‘¡Õ‘ √–‡ √’„π«‘™“™’æ¢Õß§√Ÿ ‚¥¬°“√· ¥ß§«“¡‰«â„® ‡™◊ËÕ¡—Ëπ „Àâ‚Õ°“ ‡¢â“√à«¡µ—¥ ‘π„®„π°‘®°“√µà“ßÊ ¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π àß‡ √‘¡„Àâ§√Ÿ °≈â“‡ ’Ë¬ß ·≈–§‘¥∑”π«—µ°√√¡°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ §‘¥ √â“ß ◊ËÕ°“√ Õπ ·≈–§√Ÿ„À≠à™«à ¬‡À≈◊Õ§√Ÿ„π°“√∑”ß“π‚¥¬¡‘„Àâ∂°Ÿ √∫°«π

°“√„Àâ‡ √’¿“æ„π«‘™“™’æ ◆ 89

®“°°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈æ∫«à“ Õ‘ √–‡ √’∑“ß«‘™“™’æ¢Õß§√Ÿ ∂Ÿ°®”°—¥®“°√—∞·≈–Àπà«¬ß“π∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ µ≈Õ¥®π§«“¡§“¥À«—ß·≈– §”·π–π”¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à®–®”°—¥¢Õ∫‡¢µ°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®¢Õß§√Ÿ Õ¬à“ß‰√°Áµ“¡ ∂÷ß·¡â§√Ÿ®–‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß‡ √’¿“æ°—∫§«“¡‡ªìπ«‘™“™’æ ·µà§√Ÿ°Á¬Õ¡√—∫ ¢âÕ®”°—¥ ¥—ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È ◆ ç§√Ÿ„À≠à (¢Õß©—π) „Àâ‡ √’¿“æ·°à§√Ÿ„π°“√ Õπµ“¡√Ÿª·∫∫ ¢Õßµπ ·≈–‡§“√æ„π§«“¡·µ°µà“ß√–À«à“ß∫ÿ§§≈¢Õß§√Ÿ §√Ÿ„À≠àµÕâ ß°“√„Àâ§√Ÿ¥”‡π‘πµ“¡·π«ª√—™≠“¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬πé ◆ ç§√Ÿ„À≠à (¢Õß©—π) ‡§“√æ§«“¡‡ªìπ«‘™“™’æ¢Õß§√Ÿ §√Ÿ„À≠à ‡æ’¬ß·µà∫Õ° ‘Ëß∑’Ë∑à“π§“¥À«—ß ·≈–®–∫Õ°‡≈à“„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë ∑—π ¡—¬ à«π√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¢Õß°“√ªØ‘∫µ— ‘ §√Ÿ„À≠à®–¡Õ∫ „Àâæ«°‡√“µ—¥ ‘π„®‡Õßé ®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“§√Ÿ¬Õ¡√—∫„π∫∑∫“∑Õ”π“®Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à„π ‡√◊ËÕß¢Õß°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ„π™—Èπ‡√’¬π §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡™’Ë¬«™“≠‡√◊ËÕß À≈—° Ÿµ√·≈–°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ®–∑”„Àâ§√Ÿ¬Õ¡√—∫π—∫∂◊Õ à«π§√Ÿ∑’Ë‰¡à µâÕß°“√„Àâ§√Ÿ„À≠à‡¢â“¡“µ√«®µ√“„°≈â™‘¥ ¡—°®–‡ªìπ§√Ÿ∑’Ë¡‘‰¥â¡’§«“¡ ‡™’¬Ë «™“≠∑“ß¥â“π°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ ‡ √’∑®’Ë –°√–∑” ‡ √’¿“æ„π«‘™“™’æ§√Ÿ∑’Ë ”§—≠§◊Õ ‡ √’¿“æ∑’Ë®–°√–∑” ‡™àπ ‡ √’¿“æ„π°“√„™â«‘∏’°“√ Õπ∑’Ë§√Ÿ‡ÀÁπ«à“‰¥âº≈ ·≈–§√Ÿ¡’‡ √’¿“æ„π°“√ µ—¥ ‘π„®«à“®– ÕπÕ–‰√ ·≈– ÕπÕ¬à“ß‰√ §√ŸæŸ¥∂÷ß§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë„Àâ‡ √’„π «‘™“™’æ«à“

90 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ ◆ ◆

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‚¥¬º‘«‡º‘π°“√„Àâ‡ √’¿“æ∑“ß«‘™“™’æ¥Ÿ®–‡ªìπ‡∑§π‘§ßà“¬Ê µ√ßÊ ´÷Ëß§√Ÿ‡ªìπºŸâµ—¥ ‘π„®‡Õß«à“®– Õπ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“Õ–‰√¥â«¬«‘∏’°“√Õ¬à“ß‰√ „π™—πÈ ‡√’¬π¢Õßµπ §√Ÿ„À≠àÕ“®®–≈¥À¬àÕπ°“√„™âÕ”π“®„π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„® À√◊Õ„Àâ‡ √’¿“æ§√Ÿ ‚¥¬°“√µ—Èß√–¥—∫§«“¡§“¥À«—ßµàÕ°“√ Õπ¢Õß§√Ÿ À√◊Õ„Àâ§√Ÿ∑—Èß‚√ß‡√’¬π™à«¬°—πæ‘®“√≥“µ—¥ ‘π„®‡ªìπ°≈ÿà¡ ‰¡àª≈àÕ¬„Àâ µà“ß§πµà“ßµ—¥ ‘π„® ·≈–§√Ÿ„À≠à®–‡ªìπºŸâ„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°≈¬ÿ∑∏å°“√ Õπ·∫∫„À¡àÊ ∑’Ë‰¥âº≈ ·Õ§‡§Õ√å·¡π ‚¥π—≈ —π ·≈–·«π‡¥Õ√å ‚∫‡°‘√åµ (Ackerman, Donaldson, and van der Bogert,1996) °≈à“««à“¿“√–Àπâ“∑’Ë„π°“√π‘‡∑»°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ®–µâÕß∑”√à«¡°—π √–À«à“ß§√Ÿ°∫— §√Ÿ„À≠à„π‡√◊ÕË ß¢ÕßÀ≈—° Ÿµ√·≈–°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ §√Ÿ„À≠à ®–µâÕß„Àâ‡ √’¿“æ„π«‘™“™’æ·°à°≈ÿà¡ ¡‘„™à√“¬∫ÿ§§≈ „π°“√æ—≤π“ °“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ °“√π‘‡∑»√à«¡°—π ·≈–°“√µ—¥ ‘π‡ªìπ°≈ÿà¡ ®–‰¥â º≈°«à“°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®√–¥—∫‚√ß‡√’¬π (Wang, Haertel, 1993) ª√–‚¬™πå¢Õß°“√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·π«§‘¥‡¥‘¡ ∂÷ß·¡â‡√◊ËÕß‡ √’¿“æ„π«‘™“™’æ§√Ÿ„π°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ®–‡ªìπ ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë‰¥â·µàæŸ¥°—π ·µàª√–‚¬™πå·≈–§«“¡®”‡ªìπ∑’Ë®–µâÕß‡§“√æ„π «‘™“™’æ§√Ÿπ—Èπ¬—ß‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß ”§—≠·≈–‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß®√‘ß §√Ÿ√“¬ß“π«à“§«“¡ √Ÿâ ÷°∑’Ë¡’‡ √’¿“æ„π«‘™“™’æ∑”„Àâ§√Ÿ√Ÿâ ÷°¿“§¿Ÿ¡‘„® ¡—Ëπ„® Õ‘ √– ·≈– ‰¥â√—∫§«“¡‰«â„®‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ ∑”„Àâ§√Ÿ°≈â“§‘¥ °≈â“·°âªí≠À“„π™—Èπ‡√’¬π

°“√„Àâ‡ √’¿“æ„π«‘™“™’æ ◆ 91 ◆

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ç©—π√Ÿâ ÷°∑—Èß‚°√∏·≈–¢Õ∫§ÿ≥ ©—π™◊Ëπ™¡∑’Ë‰¥â‚Õ°“ „π°“√ ™à«¬§‘¥ª√—∫ª√ÿßæ—≤π“‚√ß‡√’¬π ·µà∫“ß∑’©—π°Á√Ÿâ ÷°§—∫¢âÕß„® ·≈–‚°√∏∑’Ë ∂Ÿ ° ∑Õ¥∑‘È ß „Àâ ‚ ¥¥‡¥’Ë ¬ « ‚¥¬‰¡à ¡’ ° “√·π–π” ·π«∑“ß„¥Ê „π¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π°Á§“¥À«—ß«à“©—π “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â‡Õßé

92 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

°“√π”‰ªª√–¬ÿ°µå„™â ‡√“®”‡ªìπ®–µâÕß√–¡—¥√–«—ß°“√„™â ù‡ √’¿“æ„π«‘™“™’æû ‡æ◊ËÕ „Àâ§√Ÿæ≤ — π“µπ‡Õß §”«à“ ù‡ √’¿“æ„πµπ‡Õßû §√Ÿ·µà≈–§πÕ“®®–·ª≈ §«“¡À¡“¬µà“ß°—π„π ∂“π°“√≥åµà“ßÊ √–¥—∫¢Õß‡ √’¿“æ„πµπ‡Õß ¡’‰¥âµ—Èß·µà ù‡ √’¿“æÕ¬à“ß‡µÁ¡∑’Ëû ·≈– ù°“√∑”Õ–‰√µ“¡Õ”‡¿Õ„®û ∂÷ß ù‡ √’¿“æ∑’Ë®”°—¥°”Àπ¥‡√◊ËÕß‰«â·πàπÕπû º≈∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ·°à§√Ÿ·µà≈–§π ®–·µ°µà“ß°—π√“«øÑ“°—∫¥‘π ®÷ß¢Õ„ÀâºŸâÕà“π√–≈÷°∂÷ß·π«∑“ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È 1. ‡πâπ§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß‡ √’¿“æ„πµπ«à“‡ªìπ‡ √’¿“æ„π°“√ °√–∑” ¡‘„™à‡ √’¿“æ®“°°“√°√–∑” §«√„Àâ§√Ÿ‡¢â“„®«à“ ù‡ √’¿“æ„π«‘™“™’æû §◊Õ ‡ √’¿“æ„π°“√ æ‘ ® “√≥“µ— ¥ ‘ π „®‡°’Ë ¬ «°— ∫ ‡π◊È Õ À“À≈— ° Ÿ µ √·≈–«‘ ∏’ ° “√ Õπ∑’Ë „ ™â „ π ™—Èπ¢Õßµπ ·≈–‡ √’¿“æπ’È¡‘‰¥âÀ¡“¬∂÷ß‡ √’¿“æ∑’Ë®–À≈’°‡≈’Ë¬ß®“° °“√π‘‡∑»·≈–µ‘¥µ“¡º≈ „πÕß§å°√«‘™“™’æ ‡ √’¿“æÀ¡“¬∂÷ß§«“¡ √—∫º‘¥™Õ∫¥â«¬ ·≈–∫“ß§√—ßÈ À¡“¬∂÷ß‡ √’¿“æ®“°§«“¡‡∫◊ÕË Àπà“¬ ·≈– °“√Õ¬Ÿ‚à ¥¥‡¥’¬Ë « (Rosenholtz, 1989) 2. ‡πâ π „Àâ ™— ¥ «à “ ‡ √’ ¿ “æ„πµππ’È ¡ “®“°§«“¡¡—Ë π „®·≈– ”π÷°„π«‘™“™’æ ¡‘„™à‡ √’¿“æ„π°“√‰¡à¬Õ¡√—∫Õ”π“® Àπâ“∑’Ë„π«‘™“™’æ ‚¥¬Àπâ“∑’§Ë √Ÿ„À≠à®–µâÕß‡ªìπºŸ‡â ™’¬Ë «™“≠∑—ßÈ ∑“ß¥â“π°“√‡√’¬π °“√ Õπ·≈–°“√∫√‘À“√ ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ§√Ÿ„À≠à®÷ß‡ªìπºŸâ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π«‘™“™’æ ·≈– “¡“√∂„Àâ§”·π–π” ‡¢â“™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ·∑√°·´ß‡¡◊ÕË ‡°‘¥ªí≠À“ §√Ÿ„À≠à

°“√„Àâ‡ √’¿“æ„π«‘™“™’æ ◆ 93

‰¡à§«√∂◊Õ«à“°“√ª≈àÕ¬§√Ÿµ“¡ ∫“¬À√◊Õµ“¡≈”æ—ßπ—Èπ§◊Õ°“√„Àâ‡ √’¿“æ „π«‘™“™’æ 3. „™â¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’µà“ßÊ º ¡º “π°—∫°“√„Àâ‡ √’¿“æ„π«‘™“™’æ °“√„Àâ‡ √’¿“æ„π«‘™“™’æ·°à§√Ÿ‡©¬Ê ®–‰¡à¡º’ ≈„π°“√æ—≤π“ ‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß§√Ÿ‡≈¬ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–„™â¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’‡™‘ß√ÿ° ‡™àπ Õ∏‘∫“¬§«“¡§“¥À«—ß„Àâ§√Ÿ√à«¡°—πæ‘®“√≥“µ—¥ ‘π„®„π°‘®°√√¡¢Õß ‚√ß‡√’¬π ®—¥À“ ◊ËÕ‡Õ° “√∑’Ë„Àâ§«“¡√Ÿâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„À¡àÊ „π«‘™“™’æ®—¥„Àâ§√Ÿ ‰¥â‡¢â“√—∫°“√Õ∫√¡æ—≤π“«‘™“™’æ 4. °“√ª√–‡¡‘π§«“¡æ√âÕ¡∑’¡Ë ‡’ √’„π«‘™“™’æ §√Ÿ∫“ß§π‰¡à™Õ∫§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë„Àâ·π«∑“ßµ√ßÊ À√◊Õ·π–π” —ßË Õπ„Àâ√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¡“° ·µà§√Ÿ∫“ß§π°Á‰¡à™Õ∫§√Ÿ„À≠à∑‰’Ë ¡à™«à ¬‡À≈◊Õ À√◊Õ‰¡à·π–·π«∑“ß„Àâ‡≈¬ ”À√—∫§√Ÿª√–‡¿∑À≈—ßπ’È‚¥¬‡©æ“–§√Ÿ„À¡à §«√®–‰¥â√—∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¬âÕπ°≈—∫‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°“√ Õπ¢Õßµπ ·≈–§”·π–π” ™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ‚¥¬µ√ß §√Ÿ„À≠à§«√ª√–‡¡‘π§«“¡æ√âÕ¡¢Õß§√ŸÕ¬à“ß ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ ‚¥¬°“√ª√–™ÿ¡æ∫ª–À“√◊Õ ·≈–°“√ —ß‡°µ°“√ ÕπÕ¬à“ß‰¡à‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√

94 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

∫√√≥“πÿ°√¡ Ackerman, R. H., Donaldson, G. A., & van der Bogert, R. (1996) Making sense as a school leader: Persisting questions, creative opportunities. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Bacharach, S. B., Bamberger, P., Conley, S.C. & Bauer, S. (1990). The dimensionality of decision participation in educational organizations. Educational Administration Quarterly, 26, 126-167. Blase, J., & Blase, J. (1994) Empowering teachers: What successful principals do. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Blase, J., & Blase, J. (1997), The Fire is back: Principals sharing school governance. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Donaldson, G. A., Jr. (1990, April) Principals in transition: Dilemmas in moving form manager to instructional leader. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston, MA. Goldman, P., Dunlap, D., & Conley, D. T. (1991, April). Administrative facilitation and site-based school reform projects. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL. Hoy, W.K., & Miskel, C. G. (1996). Educational administration: Theory, research, and practice, New York: McGraw-Hill. Meyer, J. W. & Rowan, B. (1977). Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83, 440-463.

°“√„Àâ‡ √’¿“æ„π«‘™“™’æ ◆ 95 Okeafor, K. R., & Teddlie, C. (1989). Organizational factors related to administratorsû confidence in teachers. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 22, 28-36. Rosenholtz, S. J. (1989). Teachersû workplace: The social organization of school. New York: Longman. Wang, M. C., Haertel, G. D., & Walberg, H. J. (1993). Toward a knowledge base for school learning. Review of Educational Research, 63, (3), 249-294.

°“√π Ì“‚¥¬Õ¬Ÿ‡à ∫◊ÕÈ ßÀ≈—ß

çºŸªâ °§√Õß§πÀπ÷ßË ‚∑√»—æ∑å∂ß÷ §√Ÿ„À≠à«“à ©—π„Àâ≈°Ÿ ¢Õß‡¢“ ∑”·∫∫∑¥ Õ∫‰¡à‡À¡◊Õπ°—∫π—°‡√’¬πÕ◊Ëπ„πÀâÕß §√Ÿ„À≠à‡™‘≠ ©—π‰ªæ∫·≈–„ÀâÕ∏‘∫“¬‡√◊ËÕß∑’ËºŸâª°§√Õß√âÕß∑ÿ°¢å¡“ §√Ÿ„À≠à µâÕß°“√√—°…“ ‘∑∏‘Ï¢Õß∑ÿ°ΩÉ“¬ ºŸâª°§√Õß ‡¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π ·≈– §√Ÿ §√Ÿ„À≠à√—∫øíß§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ¢Õß∑ÿ°§π ©—πÕ∏‘∫“¬„Àâ §√Ÿ „ À≠à øí ß ∂÷ ß «‘ ∏’ ° “√ Õπ¢Õß©— π ∑’Ë ®— ¥ Õ∫‡¥Á ° ‡ªì π °≈ÿà ¡ Ê À≈—ß®“°√—∫øíß§”Õ∏‘∫“¬·≈â« §√Ÿ„À≠à™¡‡™¬∑’Ë©—π‡ªìπ§√Ÿ∑’Ë ‡Õ“„®„ à·≈– π„®™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ‡¥Á°‡ªìπ√“¬∫ÿ§§≈ ·≈â«§√Ÿ„À≠à°Á æŸ¥∂÷ß°“√·°âªí≠À“‚¥¬§√Ÿ„À≠à®–Õ∏‘∫“¬„ÀâºŸâª°§√Õßøíß∂÷ß ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë©—πÕ∏‘∫“¬π’È À≈—ß®“°π—Èπ§√Ÿ„À≠à·®âß„Àâ©—π∑√“∫«à“ ºŸâª°§√Õß‰¥â¢Õ∫§ÿ≥§√Ÿ„À≠à ·≈–Ω“°¢Õ∫§ÿ≥©—π∑’Ë∑”ß“π „Àâ·°àπ°— ‡√’¬π„π™—πÈ é §√Ÿ¡∏— ¬¡§πÀπ÷ßË

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∑∑’Ë 4 ‰¥â°≈à“«∂÷ß‡∑§π‘§æ‘‡»…„Àâ§√Ÿ¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√µ—Èß ®ÿ ¥ ¡ÿà ß À¡“¬¢Õß‚√ß‡√’ ¬ π·≈–ª√– ‘ ∑ ∏‘ ¿ “æ¢Õß¬ÿ ∑ ∏«‘ ∏’ ‡ À≈à “ π—È π ¡’ º≈ –∑âÕπ¥â“π¥’µàÕ°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß§√Ÿ °≈‘°·¡π, °Õ√å¥Õπ ·≈–√Õ °Õ√å¥Õπ (Glickman, Gordon, and Ross Gordon, 1998) Õâ“ß ∑ƒ…Æ’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ¢ÕßºŸâ„À≠à·≈–·√ß®Ÿß„®‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„π°“√π”‰ª„™â π‘‡∑»°“√ Õπ ºŸâ‡¢’¬π§≥–π’È¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπ«à“ §√Ÿ®–æ—≤π“°“√‡√’¬π

°“√π”‚¥¬Õ¬Ÿ‡à ∫◊ÕÈ ßÀ≈—ß ◆ 97

°“√ Õπ‰¥â¥¢’ π÷È ∂â“¡’°“√‚¬ßπ«—µ°√√¡°“√»÷°…“„À¡àÊ °—∫ª√– ∫°“√≥å ‡¥‘¡¢Õß§√Ÿ ·≈–„Àâ‡«≈“§√Ÿ‰¥â‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‡°’Ë¬«°—∫π«—µ°√√¡π—Èπ ·≈–æ∫«à“ °“√Õ¬Ÿà‚¥¥‡¥’Ë¬« ªí≠À“∑“ß®‘µ„® ·≈–°“√¢“¥§«“¡™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ∑“ß «‘™“°“√¢Õß«—≤π∏√√¡π—ÈπÊ ∑”„Àâ‡ªìπªí≠À“„π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ¢ÕßºŸâ„À≠à ∑’Ëπà“ π„®§◊ÕÕß§åª√–°Õ∫∑’Ë∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ„πºŸâ„À≠à °Á¡’≈—°…≥– ‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫Õß§åª√–°Õ∫„π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ¢Õß‡¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π¥â«¬ (Wang, Haertel, & Walberg, 1993) §√Ÿ„À≠à∑¡’Ë ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ∑’æË ∫„πß“π«‘®¬— ®–™à«¬ àß‡ √‘¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ§√Ÿ ‚¥¬°“√™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ‚¥¬µ√ß„π 4 ‡√◊ËÕß §◊Õ 1) ®—¥À“ ◊ÕË Õÿª°√≥å·≈–∑√—æ¬“°√∑’®Ë ”‡ªìπ„π°“√ Õπ 2) π—∫ πÿπ ™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ§√Ÿ„π‡√◊ËÕß«‘π—¬¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π 3) ™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ®—¥‡«≈“„π°“√ Õπ 4) °“√„Àâ√“ß«—≈„πº≈°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß§√Ÿ ‚¥¬ √ÿª·≈â«§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ‡À≈à“π’‡È ¢â“„®¥’«“à ù°“√π”û §◊Õ ù°“√™à«¬‡À≈◊ÕÕ¬Ÿ‡à ∫◊ÕÈ ßÀ≈—ßû

°“√ π—∫ πÿπ∑“ß°“√‡ß‘π·≈– ◊ÕË Õÿª°√≥å Õß§åª√–°Õ∫∑’Ë ”§—≠„π°“√π”‚¥¬Õ¬Ÿà‡∫◊ÈÕßÀ≈—ß §◊Õ °“√®—¥À“ ∑√—æ¬“°√∑’Ë ”§—≠®”‡ªìπ„Àâ °“√§—¥‡≈◊Õ°·≈–¡Õ∫À¡“¬„Àâ§√Ÿ‡¢â“ Õπ „π™—Èπµà“ßÊ ‡ªìπÀπâ“∑’Ë ”§—≠¢ÕßºŸâπ”„π‚√ß‡√’¬π∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ °“√®— ¥ À“∑√— æ ¬“°√‡æ◊Ë Õ „Àâ § √Ÿ ª Ø‘ ∫— µ‘ À πâ “ ∑’Ë ‰ ¥â ¥’ ∑’Ë ÿ ¥ °Á ¡’ § «“¡ ”§— ≠ ‰¡à¬ß‘Ë À¬àÕπ‰ª°«à“‡≈¬ (Hord, 1988) ¡’ß“π«‘®¬— À≈“¬‡√◊ÕË ß∑’·Ë ¥ß„Àâ ‡ÀÁπ§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√®—¥À“∑√—æ¬“°√„Àâ·°à §√Ÿ°—∫º≈¥’µàÕ°“√ Õπ·≈–°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π (¥Ÿ∑’Ë Ackerman, Donaldson, & van der Bogert, 1996; Andrews & Soder, 1987; Blase & Blase, 1994, 1997, 1998; Murphy & Louis, 1994)

98 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

·µà„π°“√®—¥À“∑√—æ¬“°√·≈– ◊ËÕÕÿª°√≥å‡À≈à“π—Èπ ‚√ß‡√’¬π·≈–§√Ÿ µâÕßæ‘®“√≥“º≈≈—æ∏å∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥°—∫π—°‡√’¬π‡ªìπÀ≈—°°—∫§«“¡·µ°µà“ß ¢Õß∑√—æ¬“°√∑’Ë®—¥À“¡“‰¥â¢Õß§√Ÿ·µà≈–§π À√◊Õ·µà≈–‚√ß‡√’¬π ·µà ·ª≈°ª√–À≈“¥°Á§Õ◊ §√Ÿ„À¡à§«√®–‰¥â√∫— °“√™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ¡“°∑’ Ë ¥ÿ °≈—∫‡ªìπ ºŸ∑â ‰’Ë ¥â√∫— §«“¡™à«¬‡À≈◊ÕπâÕ¬∑’ Ë ¥ÿ (Kirby, Stringfield, Teddlie, & Wimpleberg, 1992) πâÕ¬‚√ß‡√’¬ππ—°∑’Ë„Àâ§√Ÿ®—¥´◊ÈÕ ◊ËÕ·≈–Õÿª°√≥å°“√ Õπ‰¥â‡Õß ‚√ß‡√’¬π√—∞∫“≈‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“°°Á¢“¥·§≈π∑√—æ¬“°√À≈—°∑’Ë ”§—≠ ‡™àπ Àπ—ß ◊Õ ·∫∫‡√’¬π ·≈–°√–¥“… π‘ ‘µª√‘≠≠“‚∑¢ÕßºŸâ‡¢’¬π§πÀπ÷Ëß ‡≈à“«à“∑’‚Ë √ß‡√’¬π¡—∏¬¡∑’‡Ë ¢“ ÕπÕ¬Ÿπà π—È ®—¥‚§«µâ“°“√„™â°√–¥“… ∑ÿ°§π ®–„™â‰¥â‰¡à‡°‘π§π≈– 150 ·ºàπµàÕ —ª¥“Àå (1 ·ºàπ µàÕπ—°‡√’¬π 1 §π!) ‚¥¬¡‘‰¥â§”π÷ß«à“‚√ß‡√’¬π¡’π‚¬∫“¬„Àâ¡°’ “√ Õ∫∑ÿ° —ª¥“Àå ·≈–§“¥À«—ß «à“§√Ÿ®–µâÕß àß¢à“« “√ÀâÕß‡√’¬π„ÀâºŸâª°§√Õß‡ªìπª√–®” ®÷ß‰¡àπà“ª√–À≈“¥„®‡≈¬∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ‡≈Áß‡ÀÁπ §«“¡®”‡ªìπ¢Õß°“√¡’∑√—æ¬“°√‡æ◊ËÕ°“√ Õπ·≈– ◊ËÕÕÿª°√≥å„Àâ‡æ’¬ßæÕ ”À√—∫§√Ÿ „π™à«ß‡«≈“ª∞¡π‘‡∑» §√Ÿ„À¡à®–‰¥â√∫— °“√·π–π”∫Õ°‡≈à“ ∂÷ß·À≈àß ◊ËÕÕÿª°√≥å ·≈– àß‡ √‘¡ π—∫ πÿπ„Àâ§√Ÿ„À¡à„™â °“√ π—∫ πÿπ ¥â“π°“√‡ß‘π·≈– ◊ËÕ«— ¥ÿ®–™à«¬ àß‡ √‘¡π«—µ°√√¡°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ¢Õß§√Ÿ ‡æ√“–«à“°“√æ—≤π“‚√ß‡√’¬π¬àÕ¡µâÕßÕ“»—¬ ◊ËÕ«— ¥ÿ„À¡àÊ ·≈–‰¥â√—∫ °“√Õ∫√¡‡√’¬π√Ÿâ„À¡àÊ ´÷Ëß§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–µ√–Àπ—°∂÷ß§«“¡ ”§—≠„π‡√◊ËÕßπ’È ·≈–„Àâ°“√ π—∫ πÿπ §√Ÿ§πÀπ÷Ëß‡≈à“«à“

ç‡«≈“‡ªì π ‡√◊Ë Õ ß ”§— ≠ ¬‘Ë ß „π°“√∑”ß“πæ— ≤ π“‚√ß‡√’ ¬ π §√Ÿ„À≠à¢Õß©—π®—¥‡«≈“ («à“ß) „Àâ©π— °—∫‡æ◊ÕË π§√Ÿ§πÕ◊πË Ê ‰¥â

°“√π”‚¥¬Õ¬Ÿ‡à ∫◊ÕÈ ßÀ≈—ß ◆ 99

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°“√π”‚¥¬Õ¬Ÿ‡à ∫◊ÕÈ ßÀ≈—ß ◆ 101

≈¥‡«≈“∑’ËµâÕß·°âªí≠À“«‘π—¬„π™—Èπ‡√’¬π‰¥â¡“°‡∑à“‰√ °Á®–¡’‡«≈“‡À≈◊Õ ”À√—∫°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ¡“°¢÷Èπ‡∑à“π—Èπ §√Ÿ„À≠à¬àÕ¡®–‰¥âª√–‚¬™πå ®“°°“√≈¥ªí≠À“√–‡∫’¬∫«‘π—¬‡æ√“–‡¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π∑’Ë¡’√–‡∫’¬∫«‘π—¬®– ™à«¬ √â“ß¿“æ≈—°…≥å∑¥’Ë „’ Àâ·°à‚√ß‡√’¬π §√Ÿ∑ÿ°§π„πß“π«‘®—¬¢Õß‡√“√–∫ÿ«à“ °“√∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à π—∫ πÿπÀ√◊Õ Õ¬Ÿà‡∫◊ÈÕßÀ≈—ß§√Ÿ (Õ¬Ÿà¢â“ß‡¥’¬«°—∫§√Ÿ) „π‡√◊ËÕß«‘π—¬¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π™à«¬„Àâ§√Ÿ √Ÿâ ÷° ù¡—Ëπ„®û ùª≈Õ¥¿—¬û ·≈– ù “¡“√∂§«∫§ÿ¡ ∂“π°“√≥å‰¥âû §”°≈à“« ¢â“ß≈à“ßπ’È®–· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«‘∏’°“√´÷Ëß§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ§√Ÿ ‰¥â∑—π°“√≥å ◆ çπ—°‡√’¬π∑ÿ°§π√Ÿâ«à“∂Ÿ°§“¥À«—ß„ÀâªØ‘∫—µ‘µ—«Õ¬à“ß‰√ ‡æ√“– §√Ÿ„À≠à‡ªìπ§π∑’√Ë °— …“§”æŸ¥é ◆ ç§√Ÿ„À≠à®–øíß§√ŸÕ¬à“ßµ—ß È Õ°µ—ßÈ „® ‡¡◊ÕË §√Ÿ¡ª’ ≠ í À“°—∫π—°‡√’¬π ·≈–¥”‡π‘π°“√∑—π∑’∑π— „¥µ“¡°Æ√–‡∫’¬∫∑’µË ß—È ‰«âé ◆ ç‡¡◊ËÕ§√Ÿ∂Ÿ°°≈à“«‚∑…®“°ºŸâª°§√Õß ©—π√Ÿâ«à“§√Ÿ„À≠à√Ÿâ®—° ·≈–‡¢â“„®§√Ÿ∑ÿ°§π ·≈–®–‰¥â√—∫°“√ª°ªÑÕß®“°§√Ÿ„À≠à ·¡â∫“ß∑’§√ŸÕ“®®–º‘¥ §√Ÿ„À≠à°Á®–√–«—ß‰¡à„Àâ§√Ÿ‡ ’¬Àπâ“é §√Ÿ√“¬ß“π«à“∑”ß“πÀπ—°¡“°¢÷πÈ ·≈–‰¥âº≈¥’¢π÷È ‡æ√“–‰¥â√—∫ °“√ π—∫ πÿπ®“°§√Ÿ„À≠à §√Ÿ “¡“√∂®—¥°“√™—Èπ‡√’¬π‰¥â¥’¢÷Èπ ‚¥¬„™â ·π«π‚¬∫“¬¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ëµ—Èß§«“¡§“¥À«—ß‰«â Ÿß·≈–°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡°Æ √–‡∫’¬∫∑’Ëµ—Èß‰«âÕ¬à“ß®√‘ß®—ß ◆ ç§√Ÿ„À≠à·π–π”©—π „Àâ∫Õ°‡¥Á°µ√ßÊ «à“ µ—ß È §«“¡§“¥À«—ß „πµ—«π—°‡√’¬πÕ¬à“ß‰√ „Àâ∑”Õ–‰√‰¥â∫“â ß ·≈â«¬÷¥‰«â„Àâ¡π—Ë §ß Õ¬à“§≈Õπ·§≈π π—°‡√’¬π®–‡§“√æ·≈–∑”µ“¡‰¥âé

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°“√π”‚¥¬Õ¬Ÿ‡à ∫◊ÕÈ ßÀ≈—ß ◆ 103

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ç¬ÿ ∑ ∏«‘ ∏’ À π÷Ë ß ∑’Ë „ ™â √â “ ß√–‡∫’ ¬ ∫«‘ π— ¬ „π‚√ß‡√’ ¬ πª√–∂¡ ¢Õß‡√“ §◊Õ °“√„™â¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’‡™‘ß√ÿ°∑’Ë √â“ß √√§å ‚¥¬§√Ÿ¡Õß‡¥Á° „π·ßà¥’ ·≈–„™â«‘∏’∑“ß √â“ß √√§å„π°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘ ª√“°Ø«à“ «‘∏’°“√π’È‰¥âº≈¡“° ‡¡◊ËÕ°àÕππ’È‡¥Á°®–‡§¬™‘πµàÕ§”¥ÿ«à“µ‘‡µ’¬π ®“°§√Ÿ ·µà¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’∑’Ë √â“ß √√§å¡Õß‡¥Á°„π·ßà¥’ ªØ‘∫—µ‘µàÕ‡¥Á° „π∑“ß àß‡ √‘¡ ∑”„Àâ‡¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π¥’¢π÷È ·≈–µ—«©—π°Á‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß ‰ª„π∑“ß¥’¢π÷È ¥â«¬é „π√“¬∫ÿ§§≈ §√Ÿ„À≠à™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ§√Ÿ„π‡√◊ËÕßªí≠À“«‘π—¬¢Õß π—°‡√’¬π‰¥â¡“°‚¥¬°“√√—∫øíß „Àâ§”·π–π”™à«¬·°âª≠ í À“ §√Ÿ„À≠à®– ¬È” ∂÷ ß §«“¡§“¥À«— ß ∑’Ë µâ Õ ß°“√„Àâ π— ° ‡√’ ¬ π√Ÿâ «à “ ®–µâ Õ ßªØ‘ ∫— µ‘ Õ ¬à “ ß‰√ (√Ÿâ§«“¡§“¥À«—ß¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π∑’Ë¡’µàÕπ—°‡√’¬π) ·≈–°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘µàÕ π—°‡√’¬π∑’Ë¡’ªí≠À“¥â«¬§«“¡¬ÿµ‘∏√√¡ „π°√≥’∑’Ë¡’ªí≠À“°—∫ºŸâª°§√Õß §√Ÿ„À≠à®–· ¥ßÕ¬à“ß‡ªî¥‡º¬«à“ §√Ÿ„À≠àÕ¬Ÿà‡§’¬ß¢â“ß§√Ÿ„π°“√·°âªí≠À“ §√Ÿ„À≠à∫“ß§πÕπÿ≠“µ„Àâ§√Ÿπ”ºŸâª°§√Õß¡“ª√–™ÿ¡°—∫§√Ÿ„À≠à ‡¡◊ËÕ ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ëª√–™ÿ¡‰¡à¡’∑’∑à“®–¬ÿµ‘≈ß‡Õ¬°—π‰¥â §√Ÿ§πÀπ÷Ëß√“¬ß“π«à“ ç√Ÿ â °÷ ª≈Õ¥¿—¬ Õÿàπ„® ∫“¬„® ∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à‡¢â“„®·≈–Õ¬Ÿà¢â“ß§√Ÿ‡ ¡Õ ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’ ∂“π°“√≥å∑’Ë¬ÿàß¬“°‡°‘¥¢÷Èπé ‚¥¬∑“ßÕâÕ¡ °“√∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠àª√“°Øµ—«Õ¬Ÿà „π‚√ß‡√’¬π∑—Èß«—πµ“¡∑’Ëµà“ßÊ ‡™àπ µ“¡√–‡∫’¬ß‚√ß‡√’¬π°Á™à«¬‡ √‘¡ √â“ß °”≈—ß„®·°à§√Ÿ¡“°

104 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

°“√ª°ªÑÕß‡«≈“„π°“√ Õπ ´“‡øï¬ ·≈–´“øï (Safine and Safir, 1990) ‡≈à“‡√◊ËÕß√“« ¢Õß ™“√å≈’ °√‘¡¡å (Charlie Grimm) ´÷Ëß‡ªìπºŸâΩñ° Õπ∑’¡™‘§“‚°§—∫ å ∑’‰Ë ¡àª√– ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á®„π™à«ß∑»«√√… 1930 ·≈– 1940 ‡¡◊ÕË ºŸ â √√À“ π—°‡∫ ∫Õ≈‡ πÕ„Àâ°√‘¡¡åæ‘®“√≥“§π¢«â“ß≈Ÿ° (pitcher) ∑’Ë¢«â“ß ≈Ÿ° ‰µ√§å®π∑”„Àâ§πµ’≈°Ÿ (batter) ÕÕ°®“° π“¡∂÷ß 27 §π ·≈– ∑”ø“«≈å‡æ’¬ß 1 §√—Èß °√‘¡¡å‰¡à¬Õ¡√—∫¢âÕ‡ πÕ ¥—ß°≈à“«¢ÕßºŸâ √√À“ √ÿπà ‡¬“«å ‡¢“°≈—∫·π–π”„Àâ ù‡´Áπ —≠≠“«à“®â“ß§π∑’∑Ë ”§–·ππ‰¥â®“° °“√ø“«≈å‡æ√“–æ«°‡√“°”≈—ß¡ÕßÀ“·∫µ‡µÕ√åÕ¬Ÿàû (Àπâ“ 14) „π≈—°…≥–∑’Ë§≈â“¬§≈÷ß°—π ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢Õß‡√“√–∫ÿ«à“ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–‡¢â“„®«à“ À—«„®¢Õß°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿßª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ‚√ß‡√’¬π ‰¡à ‰ ¥â ¢÷È π Õ¬Ÿà °— ∫ ∫ÿ § §≈∑’Ë ‡ ™’Ë ¬ «™“≠„π°“√ªØ‘ ∫— µ‘ µ “¡°Æ√–‡∫’ ¬ ∫·≈– °“√¥”‡π‘πß“π∑“ß√“™°“√ À√◊Õ°“√Õ¿‘ª√“¬°Æ√–‡∫’¬∫‡À≈à“π—Èπ ·µà ¢÷È π Õ¬Ÿà °— ∫ ∫ÿ § §≈∑’Ë “¡“√∂∫√‘ À “√‡«≈“ Õπ‰¥â Õ ¬à “ ß¡’ ª √– ‘ ∑ ∏‘ ¿ “æ ·¡â«à“∫√√¥“§√Ÿ„À≠à®–¡’§«“¡°¥¥—π‡√◊ËÕß°“√√—°…“ ∂‘µ‘µà“ßÊ ·≈– °”Àπ¥‡«≈“°“√√“¬ß“πº≈ §√Ÿ„À≠à¬—ß√Ÿâ«à“µ—«§√Ÿ„À≠à‡ÕßµâÕß°“√§√Ÿ ¡‘„™à¢â“√“™°“√ ¥—ßπ—Èπ ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’´÷Ëß§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’≈—°…≥–‡ªî¥‡º¬·≈–¡’ ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ π”¡“„™â‡æ◊ÕË ‡æ‘¡Ë ‡«≈“ Õπ·≈– √â“ß¢«—≠·≈–°”≈—ß„®·°à§√Ÿ °Á§◊Õ °“√≈¥¿“√–ß“π∑’Ë‰¡à‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°—∫ß“π Õπ¢Õß§√Ÿ æ«°‡¢“„Àâ‡«≈“ §√Ÿ„π°“√ ÕπÀπ—ß ◊Õ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–æ‘®“√≥“ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õß§√Ÿ®“° º≈°“√ Õπ ¡‘„™à®“°°“√∑”ß“πµ“¡√–‡∫’¬∫¢âÕ∫—ß§—∫ ‡™àπ °“√‡¢’¬π √“¬ß“πµà“ßÊ À√◊Õ°“√ª√–™ÿ¡Õ¿‘ª√“¬‡√◊ÕË ß∑’¡Ë ‰‘ ¥âπ”‰ªªØ‘∫µ— ‘ §√Ÿ„À≠à

°“√π”‚¥¬Õ¬Ÿ‡à ∫◊ÕÈ ßÀ≈—ß ◆ 105

∑’¡Ë ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–‰¡à§”π÷ß∂÷ß°“√∑”√“¬ß“πµà“ßÊ ·µà®–§”π÷ß∂÷ß‡«≈“ ∑’Ë§√Ÿ®–µâÕß Õπ„πÀâÕß‡√’¬π¡“°°«à“ §√Ÿ„À≠à„Àâ°”≈—ß„®§√Ÿ„Àâµ—Èß„® Õπ ‚¥¬°“√≈¥ß“π°√–¥“… ·≈–ß“πª√–™ÿ¡ °«à“ 20 ªï·≈â« ∑’Ë∑“ß√—∞∫“≈ °≈“ß·≈–¡≈√—∞ √â“ß‡°≥±åµ“à ßÊ ¢÷πÈ ¡“¡“° §√ŸµÕâ ß∑”√“¬ß“π√«∫√«¡ ∂‘µ‘‡æ◊ËÕ‡ πÕ√—∞ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–‡¢â“„®ªí≠À“π’È·≈– æ¬“¬“¡·°â‰¢¥—ßπ’È ç°“√∑’ËµâÕß‡¢’¬π√“¬ß“π¡“°¡“¬ ‡ªìπ “‡Àµÿ„Àâ§√Ÿ‡§√’¬¥ ∑âÕ·∑â ¡’‡®µ§µ‘‰¡à¥’µàÕ«‘™“™’æ §√Ÿ„À≠à¢Õß‡√“æ¬“¬“¡≈¥ ß“π°√–¥“…∑’Ëæ«°‡√“µâÕß∑” ©—π√Ÿâ ÷°™◊Ë¡™¡°“√°√–∑”¢Õß §√Ÿ„À≠à·≈–æ¬“¬“¡∑”ß“π„πÀπâ“∑’„Ë Àâ¥∑’ ’Ë ¥ÿ é §√Ÿ„À≠à¬—ß„Àâ§«“¡ ”§—≠·°à‡«≈“„π°“√ Õπ·≈–‡µ√’¬¡°“√ Õπ ‚¥¬®”°—¥®”π«π§√—Èß„π°“√ª√–™ÿ¡≈ß·≈–„™â«‘∏’æ∫§√Ÿ‡ªìπ√“¬∫ÿ§§≈ À√◊Õ°≈ÿà¡‡≈Á°Ê Õ¬à“ß‰¡à‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√·∑π∑’Ë®–ª√–™ÿ¡§√Ÿ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ §«“¡æ¬“¬“¡¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë®–¡‘„Àâ¡’°“√√∫°«π‡«≈“ Õπ¢Õß §√Ÿ‡ªìπ ‘ßË ∑’§Ë √Ÿ™π◊Ë ™¡ §√Ÿ§πÀπ÷ßË √“¬ß“π«à“ ç°“√∑’©Ë π— ¡’‡«≈“ Õπ¡“°¢÷πÈ ‚¥¬‰¡à∂Ÿ°¢—¥®—ßÀ«–∫àÕ¬Ê ∑”„Àâ√Ÿâ ÷°‡§√’¬¥πâÕ¬≈ß ·≈–∑”ß“π‰¥â¡“° ·≈–¥’¢π÷È é ®“°ß“π«‘®¬— ¢Õß‡Œ°°—∫§≥– ·≈–®Õ¬´å°∫— §≥– (Heck et al., 1990 and Joyce et al., 1995) °Áæ∫‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—π«à“°“√∑’Ë §√Ÿ„À≠àæ¬“¬“¡ª°ªÑÕß„Àâ§√Ÿ¡’‡«≈“ Õπ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ¡’º≈¥’µàÕæƒµ‘°√√¡ ·≈–°“√∑¥≈Õß„™âπ«—µ°√√¡„À¡àÊ ¢Õß§√Ÿ ŒÕ√å¥ (Hord, 1997) æ∫«à“°“√‡πâπ§«“¡ ”§—≠·≈–°“√æ¬“¬“¡ª°ªÑÕß„Àâ§√Ÿ¡’‡«≈“ Õπ ¡“°∑’ Ë ¥ÿ ‡ªìπ≈—°…≥–ºŸπâ ”∑’ Ë ”§—≠≈—°…≥–Àπ÷ßË ¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à

106 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

°“√„Àâ·√ß°√–µÿπâ ∑’‡Ë ªìπ√Ÿª∏√√¡ „πªï 1983 ‡¥«‘¥ æ“√å§ å (David Parks) ‡¢’¬π‰«â«“à

çªí≠À“Àπ÷Ëß∑’ËºŸâπ”∑“ß°“√»÷°…“ª√– ∫„π™à«ß√–¬–‡«≈“ ∑’Ë¢“¥·§≈π·≈–‡»√…∞°‘®µ°µË”‡™àππ’È§◊Õ «‘∏’∑’Ë®–√—°…“§«“¡ √à«¡¡◊Õ√à«¡„®„π°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß°≈ÿà¡«‘™“™’æ§√Ÿ∑’Ë°”≈—ß¢“¥¢«—≠ ·≈–°”≈—ß„® ∑”Õ¬à“ß‰√®–™à«¬§√Ÿ„π¿“«–∑’¢Ë “¥·§≈πÀπ—ß ◊Õ Õÿª°√≥å ÀâÕß‡√’¬π °“√¡’π—°‡√’¬π®”π«π¡“° π—°‡√’¬π¢“¥ √–‡∫’¬∫«‘π—¬ °“√«‘æ“°…å«‘®“√≥å®“° ◊ËÕ¡«≈™π·≈–ºŸâª°§√Õß Àπâ“∑’Ë°“√ß“π∑’Ë‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ‡ß‘π‡¥◊Õπ∑’ËπâÕ¬‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫«‘™“™’æ Õ◊ËπÊ ´÷Ëß∑”„Àâ¢«—≠¢Õß§√ŸµË”¡“° ‡æ√“–®“°º≈°“√µÕ∫ ·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡ æ∫«à“√âÕ¬≈– 40 ¢Õß°≈ÿà¡§√ŸºŸâµÕ∫°≈à“««à“ ∂â“‡≈◊Õ°‰¥â°Á®–‰¡à‡≈◊Õ°«‘™“™’æ§√Ÿ√âÕ¬≈– 57 µÕ∫«à“°”≈—ß§‘¥ ®–≈“ÕÕ° ∂â“¡’Àπ∑“ß‰ª∑”Õ“™’æÕ◊πË ‰¥â (Àπâ“ 11)é æ“√å§ å‡ πÕ·π–·π«∑“ßµà“ßÊ À≈“¬·π«∑“ß„π°“√ √â“ß ¢«—≠·≈–°”≈—ß„®·°à§√Ÿ„π¬ÿ§ª√–À¬—¥«à“ §«√ √â“ß ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡„π∑’Ë ∑”ß“π„Àâ¥’¢÷Èπ ¡’√“ß«—≈‡ªìπ√Ÿª∏√√¡·°à§√Ÿ ·µàæ“√å§ å‡Õß°Á‰¡à·πà„®∂÷ß º≈∑’Ë‰¥â®“°√“ß«—≈∑’Ë‡ªìπ√Ÿª∏√√¡π’È „πß“π«‘®—¬æ∫«à“ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„™â«‘∏’°“√ π—∫ πÿπ Õ¬à“ß‡ªìπ√Ÿª∏√√¡ ‡™àπ „Àâ√“ß«—≈ ®—¥ß“π„π‚Õ°“ µà“ßÊ ‡™àπ «—π‡∑»°“≈ «—π‡°‘¥ ·≈–°“√®—¥Õ∫√¡§√Ÿ

°“√π”‚¥¬Õ¬Ÿ‡à ∫◊ÕÈ ßÀ≈—ß ◆ 107

∑ƒ…Æ’¿“«–ºŸâπ”À≈“¬∑ƒ…Æ’√–∫ÿ«à“ °“√‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡¡“π– æ¬“¬“¡À√◊ Õ ∑”ß“π‡ªì π æ‘ ‡ »…¡‘ ‰ ¥â — ¡ æ— π ∏å °— ∫ °“√„Àâ √ “ß«— ≈ ®“° ¿“¬πÕ° ·µà∫Õ°„Àâ√Ÿâ«à“°“√∑”ß“π‡ªìπª°µ‘ ·≈–§«“¡æ÷ßæÕ„®∂Ÿ° ‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß‡ªìπ¢âÕ°”Àπ¥¢âÕµ°≈ß¢Õß°“√∑”ß“π (¥Ÿ∑’Ë Bass, 1990) Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥°“√∑”ß“π„π√–¥—∫≈à“ß ÿ¥∫“ßµ”·Àπàß°Á„Àâ√“ß«—≈∑’Ë‡ªìπ √Ÿª∏√√¡ ¡’ ‡ æ’ ¬ ß∑ƒ…Æ’ ‡ ¥’ ¬ «∑’Ë √ –∫ÿ «à“ §√Ÿ®–¡’·√ß®Ÿß„®„π°“√∑”ß“π ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ®“°√“ß«—≈®“°¿“¬πÕ° „πß“π«‘®—¬¬—ßæ∫«à“ §√Ÿ∫“ß§πµ—Èß„® ∑”ß“π‡æ◊ËÕ®–‰¥â√“ß«—≈®“°¿“¬πÕ° ·µà°Á¡’§√Ÿ∫“ß§π∑’ËµàÕµâ“π°“√„Àâ √“ß«—≈®“°¿“¬πÕ° §√Ÿ§πÀπ÷Ëß√“¬ß“π«à“ ç©—π√Ÿâ ÷°‰¡àæÕ„®Õ¬à“ß ¡“°∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à‰¡à‡™◊ËÕ«à“©—πµ—Èß„®∑”ß“π ‡æ√“–‡°‘¥®“°·√ß®Ÿß„®¿“¬„π ¢Õß©—π‡Õßé §√Ÿ∫“ß§π‡ÀÁπ«à“°“√„Àâ√“ß«—≈®“°¿“¬πÕ°‡ªìπ°“√· ¥ß Õ”π“®§«“¡‡ªìπ„À≠à¢ÕßºŸ∫â √‘À“√ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë„™â√“ß«—≈®“°¿“¬πÕ°‡ªìπ·√ß®Ÿß„®§√Ÿ ®–µâÕß· ¥ß „Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“¡’§«“¡®√‘ß„® ‡Õ◊ÈÕÕ“∑√ ¡‘„™à‡ªìπ°“√„™â ‘Ëß≈àÕ §√Ÿ à«π„À≠à √“¬ß“π«à“ ù√“ß«—≈∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à®—¥„Àâπ—Èπ‡ªìπ°“√· ¥ß«à“ §√Ÿ„À≠à π„® ‡ÀÁπ§ÿ≥§à“û „πß“π«‘®—¬æ∫«à“ §√Ÿ à«π„À≠à®–‰¡à§”π÷ß∂÷ß√“§“§à“ß«¥¢Õß √“ß«—≈ ‡æ√“–√“ß«—≈ à«π„À≠à®–‡ªìπÕ“À“√ ‡™àπ §√Ÿ„À≠à‡≈’È¬ß°“·ø ·≈–‚¥π—∑„π°“√ª√–™ÿ¡§√Ÿ §√Ÿ„À≠à∫“ß§π‡≈’¬È ßÕ“À“√‡™â“ ·≈–Õ“À“√ °≈“ß«—π·°à§≥–§√Ÿ∑’Ë‡¢â“Õ∫√¡ ¡’§√Ÿ§πÀπ÷Ëß√“¬ß“π«à“„π°“√ª√–™ÿ¡ §√Ÿ „ À≠à ∂÷ ß °— ∫ ∑Õ¥ ‡µ°‡≈’È ¬ ßÕ“À“√‡¬Á π „Àâ · °à § ≥–§√Ÿ ∑—È ß À¡¥¥â « ¬ µπ‡Õß Õπ÷ßË ¢Õß‡≈Á°Ê πâÕ¬Ê ‡™àπ ‡¢Á¡°≈—¥ ‚∫«å °√–¥ÿ¡ ‡ ◊ÕÈ ¬◊¥ §Õ°≈¡µ√“‚√ß‡√’¬π °Á„™â‡ªìπ√“ß«—≈‰¥â

108 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

§√Ÿ „ À≠à ∫ “ß§π®— ¥ ß“π — ß √√§å ‡ æ◊Ë Õ √â “ ß¢«— ≠ °”≈— ß „®·°à § √Ÿ πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°«—π§√‘ µå¡“ µ—«Õ¬à“ß‡™àπ§√Ÿ„À≠à§πÀπ÷Ëß®—¥ß“π‡≈’È¬ß ‰Õ»°√’¡«—ππ—°∫ÿ≠·æ∑√‘§ ∫“ß∑’§√Ÿ„À≠à°Á„™â«‘∏’„Àâ√“ß«—≈‚¥¬°“√„Àâ ‘∑∏‘æ‡‘ »…„Àâ≈“§√÷ßË «—π‚¥¬‰¡à∂Õ◊ ‡ªìπ«—π≈“

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°“√π”‚¥¬Õ¬Ÿ‡à ∫◊ÕÈ ßÀ≈—ß ◆ 109

2. „Àâ§√Ÿ∑ÿ°§π∂◊ÕªØ‘∫—µ‘«à“π—°‡√’¬π®–µâÕß‰¥â√—∫Àπ—ß ◊Õ Õÿª°√≥å°“√‡√’¬π §√∫∂â«π∑ÿ°§π ‚√ß‡√’¬π®–µâÕß ”√«®°àÕπÀπâ“‚√ß‡√’¬π‡ªî¥«à“ ¡’Àπ—ß ◊Õ Õÿª°√≥å§√∫∂â«π ”À√—∫π—°‡√’¬πÀ√◊Õ‰¡à Õ¬à“„Àâ‡°‘¥ªí≠À“«à“§√Ÿ Õπ ‰¡à‰¥âº≈‡æ√“–¢“¥Àπ—ß ◊Õ·≈–Õÿª°√≥å°“√‡√’¬π 3. ®—¥‚Õ°“ „Àâ§√Ÿ‰¥â‡¢â“√—∫°“√Õ∫√¡æ—≤π“«‘™“™’æ ‡¡◊ËÕ‰√°Áµ“¡ À“°‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â§√Ÿ®–‡ªìπºŸâ®à“¬§à“≈ß∑–‡∫’¬π °“√ª√–™ÿ¡‡Õß ·≈–∑“ß‚√ß‡√’¬π®–®—¥À“§√Ÿ Õπ¡“·∑π„π™—Ë«‚¡ß∑’Ë¢“¥ („πÕ‡¡√‘°“‚√ß‡√’¬π®–®â“ß§√Ÿ Õπ·∑π‡«≈“∑’Ë§√Ÿ¢“¥ ‚¥¬®à“¬‡ß‘πµ“¡ ‡«≈“∑’Ë Õπ §√Ÿ‡À≈à“π’È‡√’¬°«à“ §√Ÿ Õπ·∑π __ substitute teacher) §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë™“≠©≈“¥®–‡°Á∫‡ªìπ√“¬ß“π°“√Õ∫√¡æ—≤π“«‘™“™’æ ·≈– ¡’ «à π√à«¡„π°“√ àß‡ √‘¡«‘™“™’æ 4. √à « ¡¡◊ Õ °— ∫ §√Ÿ „ π°“√‡¢’ ¬ π‚§√ß°“√‡æ◊Ë Õ ¢Õ∑ÿ π æ— ≤ π“ ª√—∫ª√ÿß‚√ß‡√’¬π ·∑π∑’Ë § √Ÿ „ À≠à ® –∫à π ´È” ·≈â « ´È” Õ’ ° ‡√◊Ë Õ ß§«“¡¢“¥·§≈π ß∫ª√–¡“≥„π°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿßæ—≤π“‚√ß‡√’¬π §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’·π«§‘¥°â“«Àπâ“ ®–√à«¡°—∫§≥–§√Ÿ§‘¥∑”‚§√ß°“√‡æ◊ËÕæ—≤π“‚√ß‡√’¬π ·≈–‡ πÕ¢Õ∑ÿπ ®“°Àπà«¬ß“πµà“ßÊ „π∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ∑—Èß¿“§√—∞·≈–‡Õ°™π 5. ∑”ß“π°—∫§≥–§√Ÿ„π°“√æ—≤π“√–‡∫’¬∫·≈–¢âÕªØ‘∫—µ‘ ‡æ◊ÕË √â“ß«‘π¬— „Àâ·°à‚√ß‡√’¬π

110 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

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°“√π”‚¥¬Õ¬Ÿ‡à ∫◊ÕÈ ßÀ≈—ß ◆ 111

9. ®”°—¥°”Àπ¥°“√ª√–™ÿ¡§√Ÿ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–æ¬“¬“¡„Àâ§√Ÿ¡’‡«≈“ ”À√—∫ °“√ Õπ·≈–‡µ√’¬¡°“√ Õπ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ °“√ª√–™ÿ¡§≥–§√Ÿ§«√®”°—¥„Àâ πâÕ¬§√—Èß ª√–™ÿ¡°≈ÿà¡‡≈Á°Ê À√◊Õ°“√‡¢’¬π¢âÕ§«“¡ ◊ËÕ “√¿“¬„π (∫—π∑÷°™à«¬®”) Õ“®®–™à«¬¡“°°«à“°“√ª√–™ÿ¡§≥–§√Ÿ 10. ®”°—¥°“√‡¢’¬π√“¬ß“π„Àâ≈¥πâÕ¬≈ß ºŸâ™à«¬§√Ÿ·≈–ΩÉ“¬‡≈¢“πÿ°“√¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π§«√™à«¬§√Ÿ≈¥ß“π ‡¢’¬π√“¬ß“π≈ß „π∫“ß°√≥’ √“¬ß“π‡™àππ’È§«√‡ªìπß“π à«π°≈“ß 11. „Àâ√“ß«—≈¥â«¬«‘∏∑’ ’Ë √â“ß √√§å „π™à«ß«‘°ƒµ‡»√…∞°‘®·≈–‡ß‘π‡¥◊Õπ∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫„π«‘™“™’æ§√Ÿ πâÕ¬π’È ºŸâ∫√‘À“√®–æ¬“¬“¡À“∑“ß®—¥ —ß √√§å·∫∫ª√–À¬—¥‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥ ’ —π„π°“√∑”ß“π À√◊Õ„Àâ√“ß«—≈‡≈Á°Ê πâÕ¬Ê ‡™àπ ¢Õß¢«—≠√“§“ ‰¡à·æß Õ“À“√‡§√◊ËÕß¥◊Ë¡ À√◊Õ„Àâ‡«≈“Õ‘ √–∫â“ß‡ªìπ§√—Èß§√“«

112 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

∫√√≥“πÿ°√¡ Ackerman, R. H., Donaldson, G. A., & van der Bogert, R. (1996). Making sense as a school leader: Persisting questions, creative opportunities. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Andrews, R. L., & Sonder, R. (1987). Principal instructional leadership and school achievement. Instructional Leadership, 44, 9-11. Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass and Stogdillûs handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications (2nd ed.) New York: Free Press. Blase, J., & Blase, J. (1994). Empowering teachers: What successful principals do. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Blase, J., & Blase, J. (1997). The fire is back: Principals sharing school governance. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Blase, J., & Blase, J. (1998). Handbook of instructional leadership: How really good principals promote teaching and learning. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Edmonds, R. (1979). Effective schools for the urban poor. Educational Leadership, 37 (1), 15-24. Glickman. C. D., Gordon, S. P., & Ross-Gordon, J. M. (1998). Supervision of instruction: A developmental approach (4th ed.) Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Heck, R. H., Larsen, T. J. & Marchoulides, G. A. (1990). Instructional leadership and school achievement. Validation of a causal model. Educational Administration Quarterly: 26 (2), 94-125.

°“√π”‚¥¬Õ¬Ÿ‡à ∫◊ÕÈ ßÀ≈—ß ◆ 113 Heck, R. H., & Marcoulides, G. A. (1993). Principal leader behaviors and student achievement. NASSP Buletin, 77(553), 20-28. Hord, S. M. (1988). The principal as teacher educator. Journal of Teacher Education, 39 (3), 8-12. Hord, S. M. (1997). Professional learning communities: communities of continuous inquiry and improvement. Austin, TX: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory. Joyce, B. & Showers, B. (1995). Student achievement through staff development: Fundamentals of school renewal (2nd ed.) White Plains, NY: Longman. Kirby, P. C., Stringfield, S., Teddlie, C., & Wimpelberg, R. (1992). School effects on teacher socialization. International Journal of School Effectiveness and Improvement, 4, 187-203.

–°‘¥‡∫“Ê : ·π–π” ¡‘„™à ß—Ë °“√

ç§√Ÿ„À≠à¢Õß‡√“∑”„Àâ‡√“æ—≤π“À≈—° Ÿµ√‰¥âÕ¬à“ß ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ®“°°“√π”¢Õß∑à“π ‡√“µ—ßÈ ®ÿ¥¡ÿßà À¡“¬¢Õß«‘™“ √â“ß®ÿ¥ª√– ß§å ‡™‘ßæƒµ‘°√√¡ ∫Ÿ√≥“°“√ ·≈– √â“ß§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏åµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß ¢Õß‡π◊ÈÕÀ“À≈—° Ÿµ√™—Èπªï∑’Ë 7 ∂÷ß¡—∏¬¡ªï∑’Ë 9 ‘Ëß‡À≈à“π’È ‡ªìπ‡√◊ÕË ß„À¡à ”À√—∫‡√“·≈–‡√“°Á‰¡à‰¥â∑”¥â«¬§«“¡‡µÁ¡„®À√Õ° §√Ÿ„À≠à‡Õß‰¡à‰¥â∫—ß§—∫‚¥¬µ√ß„Àâ‡√“∑” ∑à“π‰¥âπ”º≈°“√«‘®—¬ ∑’Ë · ¥ß∂÷ ß §«“¡ ”§— ≠ ·≈–§«“¡®”‡ªì π ¢Õß°“√æ— ≤ π“ À≈—° Ÿµ√·∫∫π’È ®â“ß„Àâæ«°‡√“∑” §√Ÿ„À≠à®–¬◊¥À¬ÿπà ‡«≈“„Àâ ‡√“∑”ß“ππ’È µ≈Õ¥®π‡«≈“√—∫ª√–∑“πÕ“À“√°≈“ß«—π √–À«à“ß ∑’Ëæ«°‡√“∑”ß“πæ—≤π“À≈—° Ÿµ√ ∑à“π®–·«–‡«’¬π¡“‡¬’Ë¬¡‡√“ ¥â«¬§«“¡ π„® ·µà¡„‘ ™à‡æ◊ÕË ¡“ª√–‡¡‘πµ√«®µ√“é §√Ÿ¡∏— ¬¡µâπ§πÀπ÷ßË

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–°‘¥‡∫“Ê : ·π–π” ¡‘„™à ß—Ë °“√ ◆ 115

¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’∑’Ë°≈à“«‰ª·≈â«®–¡’º≈∑“ßÕâÕ¡µàÕ°“√ Õπ„π™—Èπ‡√’¬π §√Ÿ∑’Ë¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®√–¥—∫‚√ß‡√’¬π¡—°®–¡’§«“¡§‘¥√‘‡√‘Ë¡„π °“√„™âπ«—µ°√√¡„À¡àÊ §√Ÿ∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫°“√¬°¬àÕß„π°“√∑”ß“π°Á®–¡’§«“¡ °√–µ◊Õ√◊Õ√âπ„π°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘ß“π¡“°¢÷Èπ à«π¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’∑’Ë®–°≈à“«∂÷ßµàÕ‰ª ®–¡ÿßà „Àâ¡º’ ≈µàÕ°“√ Õπ‚¥¬µ√ß ‡π◊ËÕß®“°Õ”π“®Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à„π∞“π–ºŸâπ”°“√ Õπ¬—ß ®”°—¥‡ √’¿“æ„π«‘™“™’æ§√Ÿ ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’ËµâÕß°“√æ—≤π“°“√ Õπ¢Õß§√Ÿ®”‡ªìπµâÕß„™â¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’∑’Ë≈–‡Õ’¬¥ÕàÕπ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë· ¥ß„Àâ§√Ÿ ‡ÀÁπ«à“ §√Ÿ„À≠à‡§“√æ„π√Ÿª·∫∫°“√ Õπ¢Õß§√Ÿ §√Ÿ°ÁµâÕß√Ÿâ«à“°“√∑’Ë §√Ÿ„À≠à‡¢â“¡“‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°—∫§√Ÿπ—Èπ‡ªìπ°“√™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ ¡‘„™à°“√ —Ëß°“√ ¥â«¬‡Àµÿπ’È‡√“®÷ßµ—Èß™◊ËÕ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’π’È«à“ ù –°‘¥‡∫“Ê : ·π–π” ¡‘„™à —Ëß°“√û ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏π’ ‰’È ¥â·°à°“√·π–π”‡Õ° “√∑“ß«‘™“™’æ °“√ àß‰ª‡¢â“√—∫°“√Õ∫√¡ À√◊Õ°“√„Àâ§”·π–π”

°“√·∑√°·´ßÕ¬à“ß‡À¡“– ¡ ·¡â § √Ÿ „ À≠à ∑’Ë ¡’ ª √– ‘ ∑ ∏‘ ¿ “æ®–„™â «‘ ∏’ ° “√·∫∫Õâ Õ ¡Ê „π°“√ ·∑√°·´ß°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß§√Ÿ ‡™àπ „Àâ§”·π–π” À√◊Õ¢Õ√âÕß„Àâ§√Ÿ∑” À√◊Õ∑”„ππ“¡¢Õß§√Ÿ ´÷Ëß°“√°√–∑”‡À≈à“π’È¡—°®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’ªí≠À“ «‘°ƒµ∑’®Ë –µâÕß‰¥â√∫— §«“¡™à«¬‡À≈◊ÕÕ¬à“ß‡√àß¥à«π „πß“π«‘®—¬æ∫«à“ §√Ÿ„À≠à¡—°®–‡¢â“·∑√°·´ß‚¥¬µ√ß‡¡◊ËÕ‰¥â√—∫ §”¢Õ√âÕß®“°§√Ÿ ·≈–‡¡◊ÕË §√Ÿ„À≠à‡¢â“‰ª·°â‰¢·≈â«°Á®–·®âßº≈„Àâ§√Ÿ∑√“∫ ‡√◊ÕË ß∑’§Ë √Ÿ„À≠à™«à ¬‡À≈◊Õ·∑√°·´ß‚¥¬µ√ß®–¡’∑ß—È ªí≠À“°“√‡√’¬π °“√ Õπ·≈–ªí≠À“∑’ËπÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°°“√ Õπ ‡™àπ §√ŸºŸâÀ≠‘ß§πÀπ÷ßË

116 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

√“¬ß“π§√Ÿ„À≠à«à“ µπ∂Ÿ°≈–‡¡‘¥∑“ß‡æ»®“°§√ŸºŸâ™“¬§πÀπ÷Ëß ∑—π∑’∑’Ë ∑√“∫ §√Ÿ„À≠à‰¥â¥”‡π‘π°“√·°âª≠ í À“∑—π∑’ ·≈–µ‘¥µ“¡ Õ∫∂“¡§√Ÿ«“à ¬—ß ∂Ÿ°√—ß·°‡™àππ—ÈπÕ’°À√◊Õ‰¡à °“√∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à·°â‰¢‚¥¬∑—π∑’ ∑”„Àâ§√Ÿ∑’Ë¡’ ªí≠À“√Ÿ â °÷ ‡≈◊ÕË ¡„ π—∫∂◊Õ§√Ÿ„À≠à¡“° ‡∏Õ√“¬ß“π«à“ ç©—π√Ÿ â °÷ ‚≈àß„® ·≈– ∫“¬„®∑’ËÀ¡¥ªí≠À“‡ ’¬∑’ ·≈–™◊Ëπ™¡§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë‡§“√æ„πªí≠À“ ¢Õß‡∏Õ ¡‘‰¥â¡Õß‡∏Õ«à“‡∏Õ§‘¥øÿßÑ ´à“πÀ√◊Õ¬—«Ë ¬ÿÕ°’ ΩÉ“¬Àπ÷ßË é „π ∂“π°“√≥å∑’Ë‡ªìπªí≠À“«‘°ƒµ §√Ÿ„À≠à®–‡¢â“·∑√°·´ß ‚¥¬∑—π∑’·≈–µâÕß —Ëß°“√ ‡æ◊ËÕ¡‘„Àâªí≠À“¢¬“¬µ—«¡“°¢÷Èπ §√Ÿ„À≠à®– Õ∏‘∫“¬ ∂“π°“√≥å º≈∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ ·≈–«‘∏’°“√¢—ÈπµÕπªØ‘∫—µ‘‡æ◊ËÕ·°â‰¢ ªí≠À“π—Èπ §√Ÿ√“¬ß“π§«“¡‚≈àß„®∑’Ë√Ÿâ«à“®–ªØ‘∫—µ‘Õ¬à“ß‰√

ç‡¡◊ËÕπ—°‡√’¬π§πÀπ÷Ëß¶à“µ—«µ“¬ §√Ÿ„À≠à√’∫ª√–™ÿ¡§√Ÿ ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥„πµÕπ‡™â“∑—π∑’ „Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë§√Ÿ∑ÿ°§π§«√∑√“∫ ·≈– «‘∏’°“√∑’Ë®–æŸ¥ ◊ËÕ “√ª≈Õ∫„®π—°‡√’¬π∑—Èß‚√ß‡√’¬π ·≈–°“√ ªØ‘∫—µ‘µ—«¢Õß§√Ÿ π—°‡√’¬π ·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√°—∫∫ÿ§§≈¿“¬πÕ°é °“√ª√–™ÿ ¡ ∑”„Àâ ©— π √Ÿâ «‘ ∏’ ∑’Ë ª Ø‘ ∫— µ‘ µà Õ π— ° ‡√’ ¬ π∑’Ë µ◊Ë π µ√–Àπ° ·≈–µÕ∫§”∂“¡µà“ßÊ ¢ÕßæàÕ·¡àºŸâª°§√Õß ´÷Ëß‡ªìπ∫ÿ§§≈¿“¬πÕ°‰¥â Õ¬à“ß‡À¡“– ¡

ù§ÿ≥‰¥âæ®‘ “√≥“À√◊Õ¬—ß...?û ‚¥¬ª°µ‘§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¡—°‰¡à§àÕ¬„™â§” —Ëß ·µà¡—°®– „Àâ§”·π–π”À√◊Õ‡ πÕ·π– ”À√—∫‡√◊ÕË ß°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ·≈–À≈—° Ÿµ√

–°‘¥‡∫“Ê : ·π–π” ¡‘„™à ß—Ë °“√ ◆ 117

®–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπÀπâ“∑’Ë‚¥¬µ√ß¢Õß§√Ÿ §√Ÿ„À≠à¡—°µâÕß„™â«‘∏’À«à“π§«“¡§‘¥ ÕÕ°‰ª„Àâ§√Ÿ≈Õß§‘¥æ‘®“√≥“ ∫≈—¡‡∫‘√°å (Blumberg, 1989) ‡ªìπºŸ‡â √‘¡Ë „Àâ™Õ◊Ë ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏π’ «’È “à ù°“√À«à“π§«“¡§‘¥û §√Ÿ„À≠à®–æ‘®“√≥“∑“ß‡≈◊Õ°µà“ßÊ ¢Õß°“√æ—≤π“°“√‡√’¬π °“√ Õπ·≈â«‡≈◊Õ°∑“ß‡≈◊Õ°∑’Ë§“¥«à“§√Ÿ®–√—∫‰¥â ·≈â«À«à“π§«“¡§‘¥π’È „Àâ§√Ÿ „Àâ¡’Õ”π“®µ—¥ ‘π„®„π∑“ß‡≈◊Õ°¢—Èπ ÿ¥∑â“¬ ¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√ ‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß ‡∫≈ ·≈–‡∫≈ (Blase and Blase, 1998) °Á¬π◊ ¬—π ∂÷ß§«“¡ ”§—≠¢Õß°“√·π–π”∑’∑Ë ”„Àâ‡°‘¥º≈ –∑âÕπ„π°“√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß °“√ Õπ„π™—πÈ ‡√’¬π¢Õß§√Ÿ §√Ÿ„πß“π«‘®¬— √“¬ß“π«à“§√Ÿ„À≠à®–°√–µÿπâ „Àâ§√Ÿæ®‘ “√≥“·π«∑“ß «‘ ∏’ ° “√ Õπ„π∑“ß‡≈◊ Õ °„À¡àÊ ‚¥¬§ÿ ¬ °— π Õ¬à “ ß‡ªì π °— π ‡Õß¡‘ „ ™à ‡ ªì π ∑“ß°“√ ‡¡◊ËÕ§√Ÿ¢Õ§”·π–π”‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°“√ Õπ À√◊Õ‡¡◊ËÕ§√Ÿ„À≠à‡ÀÁπ ªí≠À“ §√Ÿ„À≠à°Á®–‡ πÕ∑“ß‡≈◊Õ°„Àâ§√Ÿ§‘¥æ‘®“√≥“ ·∑π∑’Ë®–∫Õ° „Àâ§√Ÿ·°â‰¢«‘∏’°“√¢Õßµπµ√ßÊ §√Ÿ„À≠à®–‡ πÕ·π«∑“ß«‘∏’°“√„Àâ§√Ÿ æ‘®“√≥“µ—¥ ‘π„®‡Õß §√Ÿ§πÀπ÷Ëß√“¬ß“π«à“

ç§√Ÿ„À≠à®–∂“¡§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ¢Õß©—π‡°’Ë¬«°—∫«‘∏’°“√µà“ßÊ ·≈â«§√Ÿ„À≠à°„Á Àâ§”·π–π” ∫“ß∑’§√Ÿ„À≠à°∂Á “¡«à“‰¥â≈Õß«‘∏π’ π—È «‘∏’π’È·≈â«À√◊Õ¬—ß ©—π¡—°®–‡ªî¥√—∫§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ¢Õß∑à“π·≈– §‘¥æ‘®“√≥“∑’®Ë –π”§«“¡§‘¥∑à“π‰ª„™âé §√Ÿ∫“ß§π‡ªî¥‡º¬«à“§√Ÿ„À≠à∑”„Àâ§√Ÿ‡√‘Ë¡§‘¥‰µ√àµ√Õß«‘∏’°“√ ¢Õßµπ·≈–«‘∏’°“√∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à‡ πÕ·π– §√Ÿ∫“ß§π‡√‘Ë¡§‘¥‰µ√àµ√Õß ·π«∑“ß¢Õßµπ·∑π∑’Ë®–√—∫§«“¡§‘¥¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à ·µà§√Ÿ à«π„À≠à √“¬ß“π«à“‰¥âπ”§”·π–π”À√◊Õ¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à‰ªªØ‘∫µ— ‘

118 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

¿“…“∑’§Ë √Ÿ„À≠à„™â„π°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿß°“√ Õπ §√Ÿ„À≠à¡°— ®–„™â§”æŸ¥ Õ¬à“ß√–¡—¥√–«—ß·≈–≈¥°“√„™âÕ”π“® À“°·µà®–æŸ¥„π‡™‘ß·π–π”¡‘„™à ™’πÈ ”À√◊Õ —ßË °“√ §√Ÿ„À≠à®–„™â§”æŸ¥«à“ ç≈Õß«‘∏’π’È·≈â«À√◊Õ¬—ßé ç‡§¬ §‘¥∂÷ß‡√◊ÕË ßπ’ÀÈ √◊Õ‰¡àé §√Ÿ§πÀπ÷ßË √“¬ß“πæƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à¥ß— π’È

ç§√Ÿ„À≠à‰¡à„™à‡ªìπ§πª√–‡¿∑∑’Ë —Ëß„Àâ∑” ´÷Ëß°Á‡ªìπ°“√¥’ ‡æ√“–™à«¬ √â“ß∫√√¬“°“»∑’Ë √â“ß √√§å ∑à“π§‘¥«à“§√Ÿ∑ÿ°§π §«√®–¡’ à«π√à«¡„πß“π∑ÿ°¥â“π¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π ‡«≈“ª√–™ÿ¡ ‡√◊ËÕß√–‡∫’¬∫«‘π—¬¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π §√Ÿ„À≠à¡—°®–„™â§”∂“¡«à“ §‘¥‰À¡«à“...é „π°“√µÕ∫§”∂“¡°“√π‘‡∑»°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ∑’Ë‰¡à‡§√àß‡§√’¬¥ §√Ÿ√“¬ß“π«à“√Ÿâ ÷°‚≈àß„® ºàÕπ§≈“¬ ¡’Õ‘ √– ·≈–√Ÿâ ÷°¡—Ëπ„®„π‡ √’¿“æ ∑“ß«‘™“™’æ µàÕ‰ªπ’È‡ªìπ¢âÕ§‘¥‡ÀÁπ¢Õß§√Ÿ ◆ ç©—π°≈â“∑¥≈Õß„™â«‘∏’„À¡à ‡æ√“–‰¡àµâÕß°—ß«≈«à“®–≈â¡‡À≈« À√◊Õ‰¡àé ◆ ç©—πæ¬“¬“¡∑”„Àâ Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫ ‘ß Ë ∑’§Ë √Ÿ„À≠àµÕâ ß°“√é ◆ ç©— π æ¬“¬“¡∑”ß“π„Àâ ¥’ ¢÷È π ·≈–®–∑”ß“π„ÀâÀπ—°¢÷Èπ ‡æ◊ÕË „ÀâÀπà«¬ß“π¢Õß‡√“ª√– ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á®é

Õ“πÿ¿“æ¢Õß°“√‡ √‘¡·√ß °“√‡ √‘¡·√ß„Àâ·°à§≥–§√Ÿ¡—°®–µ’§«“¡°—πÕ¬à“ß·§∫Ê «à “ §◊Õ°“√„Àâ¡ ’ «à π√à«¡„π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®‡∑à“π—πÈ ·¡√Õø (Maeroff, 1988)

–°‘¥‡∫“Ê : ·π–π” ¡‘„™à ß—Ë °“√ ◆ 119

π—°∑ƒ…Æ’„π¥â“ππ’√È πÿà ·√°Ê °≈à“««à“ °“√‡ √‘¡·√ß„Àâ·°à§√Ÿ §◊Õ µâÕß¬° ∂“π¿“æ ‡æ‘Ë¡æŸπ§«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡ “¡“√∂„Àâ·°à§√Ÿ „π¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π „Àâ¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®„π√–¥—∫‚√ß‡√’¬π °“√¬° ∂“π¿“æ·≈– ‡æ‘¡Ë æŸπ§«“¡√Ÿ§â «“¡ “¡“√∂§◊Õ°“√„Àâ‰¥â√∫— °“√Õ∫√¡æ—≤π“„π«‘™“™’æ π—°∫√‘À“√¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπæâÕß¥â«¬«à“ °“√‡ √‘¡·√ß„Àâ·°à§√Ÿπ—Èπ ¡‘ „ ™à‡ªìπ‡æ’¬ß°“√¡’‚Õ°“ „π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®√–¥—∫‚√ß‡√’¬π‡∑à“π—Èπ ‡æ√“– ‡æ’¬ß·§à¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®°Á‰¡à·πà«à“®–æ—≤π“ª√—∫ª√ÿß‚√ß‡√’¬π „Àâ¥’¢÷Èπ‰¥â ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë®”‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß¬‘Ëß§◊Õ °“√„Àâ§√Ÿ‰¥â¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡ “¡“√∂ ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ°àÕπ ‡æ√“–°“√∑’Ë®–„Àâπ—°‡√’¬π¡’º≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï¥â“π°“√‡√’¬π·≈– ¥â“πÕ◊ËπÊ ¥’¢÷Èππ—Èπ §√Ÿ°Á®–µâÕß¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡ “¡“√∂„À¡àÊ ∑—π ¡—¬ ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¥â«¬ ¡’ß“π«‘®—¬À≈“¬™‘Èπ∑’Ë π—∫ πÿπ¢âÕ§âπæ∫¢Õß·¡√Õø π—Ë π §◊ Õ °“√„Àâ‚Õ°“ ·°à§√Ÿ„π°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ∫√√≈ÿ®ÿ¥¡ÿàßÀ¡“¬¢Õß ‚√ß‡√’¬π ®“°ß“π«‘®—¬æ∫«à“§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–µâÕß„™â‡∑§π‘§ «‘∏’°“√∑’ËÀ≈“°À≈“¬‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ§√Ÿ· «ßÀ“§«“¡√Ÿâ·≈–∑—°…–„À¡àÊ ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡ ¡“„™â„π°“√æ—≤π“°“√ Õπ ‡™àπ ‡ªî¥‚Õ°“ „Àâ‰ª‡¢â“ª√–™ÿ¡ Õ∫√¡ —¡¡π“‡æ‘¡Ë æŸπ§«“¡√Ÿâ À√◊Õ§√Ÿ„À≠à·π–π”‡Õ° “√„Àâ§√Ÿ‰¥â»°÷ …“‡æ‘¡Ë ‡µ‘¡ °“√æ—≤π“«‘™“™’æ „πß“π«‘®¬— ¢Õß‡√“æ∫«à“§√Ÿ„À≠à∑¡’Ë ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–„Àâ‚Õ°“ §√Ÿ ∑—ÈßÕ¬à“ß‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√·≈–‰¡à‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√ ‡æ◊ËÕæ—≤π“§«“¡√Ÿâ·≈–§«“¡ ™”π“≠ Õ¬à“ß‰¡à‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√ ‡™àπ §√Ÿ„À≠à™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ§√Ÿ„π‡√◊ËÕßµà“ßÊ ∑’Ë µâÕß°“√ ‡™àπ °“√„™â§Õ¡æ‘«‡µÕ√å‡æ◊ËÕ°“√ Õπ °“√‡°Á∫∫—π∑÷°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ µà“ßÊ

120 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

°“√æ—≤π“§√ŸÕ¬à“ß‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√ ‰¥â·°à °“√®—¥Õ∫√¡ —¡¡π“ „Àâ§«“¡√Ÿâ·°à§√Ÿ„π‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë‡√àß¥à«π¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π ‡™àπ ªí≠À“ “√‡ æµ‘¥ °“√À¬à“√â“ß¢ÕßæàÕ·¡à °“√≈–‡¡‘¥ ‘∑∏‘‡¥Á° ‚¥¬§√Ÿ„À≠à®–‡™‘≠«‘∑¬“°√ ®“°¿“¬πÕ°¡“„Àâ°“√Õ∫√¡ À√◊Õ∫“ß∑’®¥— Õ∫√¡ —¡¡π“ ‡æ‘¡Ë æŸπ§«“¡√Ÿâ ·≈–∑—°…–„π°“√ Õπ«‘™“µà“ßÊ ·≈–∑’Ë ”§—≠∑’Ë ÿ¥ ”À√—∫§√Ÿ §◊Õ ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’°“√Õ∫√¡ —¡¡π“·≈â« §√Ÿ¡’‡ √’¿“æ∑’Ë®–‡≈◊Õ°„™âÀ√◊Õ∑¥≈Õß„™â à«π„¥°Á‰¥â ¥—ß°“√√“¬ß“π ¢Õß§√Ÿ§πÀπ÷ßË

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–°‘¥‡∫“Ê : ·π–π” ¡‘„™à ß—Ë °“√ ◆ 121

Õß§åª√–°Õ∫ ”§—≠ 2 ª√–°“√∑’Ë àß§√Ÿ‡¢â“√—∫°“√Õ∫√¡ —¡¡π“ ·≈â«‰¥âº≈ §◊Õ Àπ÷Ëß ·¡â§√Ÿ‰ª√—∫°“√Õ∫√¡‡°’Ë¬«°—∫·π«°“√ Õπ„À¡à ·µà§√Ÿ„À≠à°Á®–„Àâ‡ √’¿“æ·°à§√Ÿ„π°“√‡≈◊Õ°∑’Ë®–π” à«π„¥°Á‰¥â¡“ªØ‘∫—µ‘ ·≈–Õß§åª√–°Õ∫∑’Ë Õß §◊Õ °“√∑’Ë§√Ÿ‡ÀÁπ«à“·π««‘∏’°“√„À¡àπ—Èπ∑”„Àâ π—°‡√’¬π‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‰¥â¥’¢÷Èπ ¡’º≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï„π°“√‡√’¬π¥’¬‘Ëß¢÷Èπ ß“π‡¢’¬π∑“ß«‘™“™’æ ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’ ÿ¥∑â“¬∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„™â„π°“√æ—≤π“§√Ÿ §◊Õ °“√„™âß“π‡¢’¬πÀ√◊Õ ‘Ëßæ‘¡æå∑“ß«‘™“™’æ ¡’ß“π«‘®—¬À≈“¬‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë °≈à“«∂÷ß§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë„™â«‘∏’°“√Õ∫√¡æ—≤π“§√Ÿ‚¥¬„™âß“π‡¢’¬πÀ√◊Õ ‘Ëßæ‘¡æå ∑’Ë„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„À¡àÊ ∑“ß°“√»÷°…“ À√◊Õ∫“ß∑’§√Ÿ„À≠à‡™‘≠«‘∑¬“°√®“° ¿“¬πÕ°¡“Õ∏‘∫“¬·π–π”¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡À≈à“π—Èπ ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ§≥–§√Ÿπ”‰ª„™â„π °“√æ—≤π“°“√ Õπ·≈–‚√ß‡√’¬π §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„πß“π«‘®—¬µ“¡§”∫√√¬“¬¢Õß§√Ÿ®–¡’ ≈—°…≥–‡ªìπºŸ∑â µ’Ë ¥‘ µ“¡§«“¡√Ÿ„â À¡àÊ „π‡√◊ÕË ßÀ≈—° Ÿµ√ °“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ ·≈–§√Ÿ„À≠à®–∫Õ°‡≈à“„Àâ§√Ÿ√—∫√Ÿâ·π«∑“ß„À¡àÊ ·≈– π—∫ πÿπ„Àâ§√Ÿ π”‰ª∑¥≈Õß„™â §√ŸÀ≈“¬§π√“¬ß“π«à“§√Ÿ„À≠à¡°— ®–·®°∫∑§«“¡‡°’¬Ë «°—∫ º≈ß“π«‘®—¬ À√◊Õ∫∑§«“¡®“°«“√ “√«‘™“™’æ Àπ—ß ◊Õ∑’Ëæ‘¡æå‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ À≈—° Ÿµ√ «‘∏’ Õπ ‡∑§π‘§°“√ √â“ß«‘π—¬π—°‡√’¬π ·≈–§Õ¡æ‘«‡µÕ√å §√Ÿ„À≠à®–„ à∫∑§«“¡‡À≈à“π’È„πµŸâ®¥À¡“¬§√Ÿ∑ÿ°§π ·≈–¡’¢âÕ§«“¡ ‡≈Á°Ê πâÕ¬Ê ª√–°Õ∫‡Õ° “√

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122 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

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–°‘¥‡∫“Ê : ·π–π” ¡‘„™à ß—Ë °“√ ◆ 123

1994) ¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπ«à“ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°°“√„™âß“π‡¢’¬πÀ√◊Õ∫∑§«“¡«‘™“°“√ ¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à ¡—°®–„™â√à«¡°—∫«‘∏’Õ◊ËπÊ ‡™àπ °“√√«¡°≈ÿà¡Õ¿‘ª√“¬‡√◊ËÕß ∑’ÕË “à π °“√π”‰ª∑¥≈Õß„™â·≈â«¡“Õ¿‘ª√“¬ ∑”„Àâ°“√„™âß“π‡¢’¬π«‘™“™’æ ‰¥âº ¡º “π°—∫«‘∏°’ “√¡’ «à π√à«¡ °àÕªØ‘ ¡— æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß§√Ÿ ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏π’ ’È ®÷ß‰¥âº≈ §√ŸÀ≈“¬§π√“¬ß“π«à“ ç©—ππ”«‘∏π’ ‰’È ª„™â·≈â«‰¥âº≈¥’é À√◊Õ ç©—π√Ÿ«â ∏‘ ∑’ ®’Ë –·π–π”π—°‡√’¬π„Àâ‡¢â“‰ª„π™—πÈ ‡√’¬π¢Õß©—π∑’·Ë πàπÕ¬Ÿ·à ≈â«é ·µà¡’¢âÕ∑’Ë®–µâÕß√–«—ß§◊Õ À≈“¬°√≥’∑’Ë§√Ÿ‰¥â√—∫§«“¡√Ÿâ„À¡à®“° ∫∑§«“¡«‘™“™’æ ‡¡◊ÕË π”‰ª„™â®√‘ßÊ °Á®–µ‘¥¢—¥¥â«¬√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥ª≈’°¬àÕ¬ ‡æ√“–©–π—πÈ §√Ÿ„À≠à®ß÷ §«√µ‘¥µ“¡·≈–„Àâ§«“¡™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª·≈â«¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à„™âß“π‡¢’¬πÀ√◊Õ‡Õ° “√ ‘Ëßæ‘¡æå ¥â“π«‘™“™’æ‡æ◊ËÕæ—≤π“§√Ÿ®—¥«à“‡ªìπ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’∑’Ë‰¥âº≈ ·µà¡’¢âÕæ÷ß√–«—ß ·≈–¢âÕ§‘¥ 3 ª√–°“√§◊Õ Àπ÷Ëß §√Ÿ„À≠àµÕâ ß‰¡à„Àâ‡Õ° “√«‘™“™’æ¡“° ·≈–¬“°‡°‘π‰ª §√Ÿ§πÀπ÷ßË °≈à“««à“ ç‡Õ° “√∑’§Ë √Ÿ„À≠à„Àâππ—È Õà“πßà“¬ “¡“√∂π”‰ª„™â‰¥â∑π— ∑’é Õß §√Ÿ„À≠à„Àâ‡ √’¿“æ·°à§√Ÿ„π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„® ‡≈◊Õ°∑”‡√◊ÕË ß„¥Ê §√Ÿ§πÀπ÷ßË °≈à“««à“ ç§√Ÿ„À≠à„Àâ‡°’¬√µ‘ ·≈–„Àâ‡ √’¿“æ ∑“ß«‘™“™’æ ‡√“µ—¥ ‘π„®‡Õß∑’Ë®–‡≈◊Õ°∑”Õ–‰√é “¡ ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’π’È„™â ‰¥âº≈∂â“§√Ÿ¡’»√—∑∏“ ¡’§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ„πµ—«§√Ÿ„À≠à §√Ÿ§πÀπ÷Ëß°≈à“««à“ ç©—ππ—∫∂◊Õ·≈–»√—∑∏“§√Ÿ„À≠à¡“° ·≈–§‘¥«à“ ‘Ëß∑’Ë∑à“πÕ¬“°∑”π—Èπ ©—ππà“®–∑”‰¥âé

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°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ„π«‘™“™’æµ≈Õ¥‡«≈“ §√Ÿ„À≠à„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë§√Ÿ∂π—¥‚¥¬„Àâ§√Ÿ‰¥â ¡’‚Õ°“ ‡√’¬π√Ÿ´â ß÷Ë °—π·≈–°—π ·≈–‡™‘≠«‘∑¬“°√®“°¿“¬πÕ°¡“„Àâ§«“¡√Ÿâ 4. „Àâ‚Õ°“ §√Ÿ‰¥â„™â«‘®“√≥≠“π¢Õßµπ‡Õß„π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„® «à“®–π”‡√◊ÕË ß„¥∑’‰Ë ¥â®“°°“√Õ∫√¡æ—≤π“‰ª„™â °“√„Àâ§√Ÿ‡¢â“√—∫°“√Õ∫√¡·≈–æ—≤π“«‘™“™’æ∑’‰Ë ¥âº≈ π—πË §◊Õ °“√‡ªî¥‚Õ°“ „Àâ§√Ÿª√–‡¡‘π·≈–µ—¥ ‘π„®‡Õß«à“®–π”«‘∏’°“√„¥∑’Ë‰¥â ‡√’¬π√Ÿ¡â “„™â 5. ™à«¬§√Ÿª√–‡¡‘πº≈°“√„™â‡∑§π‘§«‘∏ ’ Õπ„À¡àÊ §√Ÿ¡°— ®–¬ÿµÀ‘ √◊Õ‡≈‘°≈â¡«‘∏°’ “√ Õπ„À¡àÊ °≈“ß§—π ‡æ√“– °“√„™â«‘∏’ Õπ∑’Ë„À¡à„π√–¬–‡√‘Ë¡µâπ®–µâÕß„™â‡«≈“ ·≈–§«“¡Õ¥∑π æ¬“¬“¡Õ¬à“ß¡“° §√Ÿ„À≠à®÷ß®”‡ªìπµâÕß„Àâ§«“¡™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ ‚¥¬ ª√–‡¡‘π®“°°“√∑”ß“π‡ªìπ√–¬–Ê 6. µ‘¥µ“¡»÷°…“À“§«“¡√Ÿâ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡°’Ë¬«°—∫À≈—° Ÿµ√·≈–«‘∏’ °“√ Õπ„Àâ∑—π ¡—¬ ·≈–‡º¬·æ√à§«“¡√Ÿâ„Àâ·°à§√Ÿ §√Ÿ„À≠à„π∞“π–∑’Ë‡ªìπºŸâπ”¥â“π°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ ®”‡ªìπ µâÕß»÷°…“µ‘¥µ“¡·π«‚πâ¡ ·≈–¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„À¡àÊ ∑“ß¥â“πÀ≈—° Ÿµ√·≈– ‡∑§π‘§«‘∏°’ “√ Õπ ‡≈◊Õ° √√¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈À√◊Õß“π‡¢’¬π¥â“π«‘™“™’æ„Àâ‡À¡“–·°à §√Ÿ·µà≈–§π À√◊Õ·µà≈–°≈ÿ¡à Õπ÷ßË ‡Õ° “√¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„πß“π‡¢’¬π¥â“π«‘™“™’æ ∑’Ë„Àâ§√Ÿπ—Èπ §√Ÿ„À≠à§«√æ‘®“√≥“«à“µâÕß‰¡à‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë¬“°‡°‘π‰ª §«√ ‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë‡¢â“„®ßà“¬ “¡“√∂π”¡“ªØ‘∫—µ‘‰¥â ·≈–‡À¡“– ¡°—∫§«“¡ µâÕß°“√À√◊Õªí≠À“¢Õß§√Ÿ·µà≈–§π

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∫√√≥“πÿ°√¡ Allen, L., Glickman, C., & Hensley, F. (1998, April). A search for accountability: the League of Professional Schools. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Diego, CA. Blase, J., & Blase, J. (1994). Empowering teachers: What successful principals do. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Blase, J., & Blase, J. (1997). The fire is back: Principals sharing school governance. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Blase, J., & Blase, J. (1998). Handbook of instructional leadership: How really good principals promote teaching and learning. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Blumberg, A. (1989). School administration as a craft: Foundations of practice. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Clift, R., Johnson, M., Holland, P., & Veal, M. L. (1992). Developing the potential for collaborative school leadership. American Educational Research Journal, 29(4), 877-908. Hawley, W. D. (1998). Missing pieces of the educational reform agenda: Or, why the first and second waves may have missed the boat. Educational Administration Quarterly, 24, 416-437. Kirby, P. C. (1992). Shared decision making: Moving from concerns about restrooms to concerns about classrooms. Journal of School Leadership, 2, 330-344. Leithwood, K. (1994). Leadership for school restructuring. Educational Administration Quarterly, 30(4), 498-518.

–°‘¥‡∫“Ê : ·π–π” ¡‘„™à ß—Ë °“√ ◆ 127 Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (1990). Transformational leadership: How principals can help reform school cultures. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 1, 249-280. Leithwood, K., Tomlinson, D., & Genge, M. (1996). Transformational school leadership. In K. Leithwood, J. Chapman, D. Corson, P. Hallinger, & A. Hart, International handbook of educational leadership and administration (pp. 785-840). Boston: Kluwer. Maeroff, G. I. (1988). Blueprint for empowering teachers. Phi Delta Kappan, 69, 473-477. Short, P. M., & Rinehart, J. S. (1992). School participant empowerment scale: Assessment of level of empowerment within the school environment. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52(4), 951-960. Weiss, C. (1990, April). How much shared leadership is there in public high schools? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston, MA.

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°“√„™âÕ”π“® (®“°µ”·Àπàß) Àπâ“∑’Ë ◆ 129

Õ’°¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏À’ π÷ßË ´÷ßË §√Ÿ «à π„À≠à®–√Ÿ â °÷ «à“‡ªìπ°“√≈¥√–¥—∫§√Ÿ ·≈–√Ÿ â °÷ «à“ ∂Ÿ°∫’∫§—Èπ‰¡à„Àâ§‘¥√‘‡√‘Ë¡ √â“ß √√§å §√Ÿ à«πÀπ÷Ëß¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπ«à“∑’Ë§√Ÿ ‡ª≈’Ë ¬ πæƒµ‘ ° √√¡‰ªµ“¡§” —Ë ß ¢Õß§√Ÿ „ À≠à π—È π °Á ‡ æ√“–§«“¡‡§“√æ »√—∑∏“„π§√Ÿ„À≠à Õ“√å®’√’ (Argyris, 1957) °≈à“«‰«â«à“ „π°“√ ∫√‘À“√§πß“πÀ√◊Õæπ—°ß“π√–¥—∫≈à“ß ºŸâ∫√‘À“√¡—°®–„™âÕ”π“®®“° µ”·ÀπàßÀπâ“∑’Ë„π°“√π‘‡∑» µ√«®µ√“ ‚¥¬∂◊Õ«à“§πß“π‰¡à “¡“√∂ §‘¥‰¥â¥â«¬µπ‡Õß¥—Ëß‡¥Á°∑“√° ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ°“√∫√‘À“√®÷ß¡‘„Àâ§√Ÿ¡’ à«π√à«¡§√Ÿ„À≠à„™â«‘∏’∫Õ°·≈– —Ëß‡∑à“π—Èπ §√Ÿ à«π„À≠à®÷ß‰¡àæÕ„®°“√„™â Õ”π“®®“°µ”·ÀπàßÀπâ“∑’„Ë π°“√æ—≤π“‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß§√Ÿ ‡ŒÕ√å‡´¬å·≈–§≥– (Hersey, et al., 1976) ´÷ßË æ—≤π“µâπ·∫∫ ¢ÕßÕ”π“®√–∫ÿ«“à ∞“π¢ÕßÕ”π“®¡’Õ¬Ÿà 7 ∞“π¥â«¬°—π ‚¥¬¡’Õ”π“® ®“°µ”·ÀπàßÀπâ“∑’Ë 4 ∞“π ‰¥â·°à Õ”π“®„π°“√„Àâ√“ß«—≈ Õ”π“®„π °“√≈ß‚∑…‡¡◊ËÕ∑”§«“¡º‘¥ Õ”π“®„πÀπâ“∑’Ë°“√ß“π ‡™àπ °“√ª√–‡¡‘π °“√√—∫‡¢â“∑”ß“π °“√‰≈àÕÕ°®“°ß“π ·≈–Õ”π“®®“°°“√√Ÿâ®—°∫ÿ§§≈ ∑’¡Ë ∫’ “√¡’ à«πÕ”π“®„πµ—«∫ÿ§§≈¡’ 3 ∞“π §◊Õ Õ”π“®®“°§«“¡‡ªìπ ºŸ™â ”π“≠°“√ Õ”π“®®“°°“√‡ªìπºŸ√â Ÿâ ·≈–Õ”π“®®“°≈—°…≥–∫ÿ§≈‘°¿“æ §√Ÿ à«π„À≠à®–‰¡àæÕ„®°“√„™âÕ”π“®®“°µ”·ÀπàßÀπâ“∑’Ë∑’Ë¡“°‡°‘π‰ª à«π°“√„™âÕ”π“®®“°∫ÿ§≈‘°¿“æ°Á¬—ß¡’º≈¥’ ‡™àπ §√Ÿ®–æÕ„®∂â“§√Ÿ„À≠à ‡æ»À≠‘ß· ¥ß∫ÿ§≈‘°≈—°…≥–¢Õß§π„®¥’ ¡’‡¡µµ“ „Àâ‡°’¬√µ‘§√Ÿ (Beck, 1994; Noddings, 1992; Sergiovanni, 1992; Shakeshaft, 1987) °“√„™âÕ”π“®®“°µ”·ÀπàßÀπâ“∑’Ë„π°“√æ—≤π“ª√—∫ª√ÿß‚√ß‡√’¬π ¬àÕ¡®–‰¡à‰¥âº≈ °“√„Àâ§√Ÿ¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√‡≈◊Õ°·≈–µ—¥ ‘π„®®–‰¥âº≈ ¥’°«à“ °“√„™âÕ”π“®¢ÕßºŸâ∫√‘À“√°Á¡—°®–‰¡à„™à®“°µ”·ÀπàßÀπâ“∑’Ë ·µà ¡“®“°§«“¡√Ÿ§â «“¡™”π“≠ ·≈–∑—°…–∑“ß¡πÿ…¬ —¡æ—π∏å

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≈—°…≥–¢ÕßÕß§å°√Õ“®¡’ à«π¥â«¬ ‡™àπ Õß§å°√∑’Ë¡’≈—°…≥– ‡§≈◊ÕË π‰À« À√◊ÕÕß§å°√∑’¡Ë ≈’ °— …≥–À¬ÿ¥π‘ßË Õß§å°√¡’≈°— …≥–‡§≈◊ÕË π‰À« ®–°√–®“¬Õ”π“® ·≈–‡ÀÁπ§ÿ≥§à“„π§«“¡§‘¥√‘‡√‘Ë¡¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈ ¡’°“√ µ—¥ ‘π„®√à«¡°—π Õß§å°√·∫∫π’È®–‰¡à‡πâπ¬È”Õ”π“®Àπâ“∑’Ë‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√ ·≈–°“√∑”ß“π∑’Ë‡ªìπ√–‡∫’¬∫¢—ÈπµÕπ∑’Ë‡§√àß§√—¥ µ—«Õ¬à“ß‡™àπ „π —ß§¡ ∑’∂Ë Õ◊ ®“√’µª√–‡æ≥’ ºŸ™â “¬®–¡Õß«à“¡’∫“√¡’¡“°°«à“ à«πºŸÀâ ≠‘ßÕ“®®– ∂Ÿ°§“¥À«—ß„Àâ‡ªìπºŸπâ ”‰¥â (Dunlap & Schmuck, 1995; Noddings, 1992; Womenûs Education Equity Act Publishing Center, 1990) ªí≠À“‡°’Ë¬«°—∫Õ”π“®®“°µ”·ÀπàßÀπâ“∑’Ë„π«ß°“√»÷°…“Õ“® ‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß‡æ√“–§√Ÿ®–µàÕ Ÿâ‡æ◊ËÕ«‘™“™’æ¡“°¢÷Èπ Õß§å°√‚√ß‡√’¬π ¡’≈°— …≥–·∫∫æ≈«—µ ´÷ßË ¡’°“√‡§≈◊ÕË π‰À«·≈–°Æ‡°≥±å‡°à“Ê ‡°’¬Ë «°—∫ ∫∑∫“∑∑“ß‡æ»∑’Ë ®”°— ¥ ‘ ∑ ∏‘Ï ° “√‡≈◊ Õ °§√Ÿ „ À≠à ∑’Ë ‡ ªì π ‡æ»À≠‘ ß °— ∫ º≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π¬àÕ¡µâÕß¡’°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß

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°“√‡≈◊Õ°„™âÕ”π“®∑’‡Ë °‘¥®“°µ”·ÀπàßÀπâ“∑’Ë ºŸÕâ “à πÕ“®®–√Ÿ â °÷ —∫ π‡√◊ÕË ß°“√„™âÕ”π“®¢ÕßºŸ∫â √‘À“√ ∂÷ß·¡â®“° °“√»÷°…“«‘®¬— æ∫«à“ °“√„™âÕ”π“®¢ÕßºŸ∫â √‘À“√¡’º≈„π°“√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß æƒµ‘°√√¡§√Ÿ ·µà§√Ÿ «à π„À≠à®–¡’§«“¡√Ÿ â °÷ ‰¡àæÕ„® §‘¥µàÕµâ“π¢—¥·¬âß ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ°“√„™âÕ”π“®®“°µ”·ÀπàßÀπâ“∑’Ë®÷ß§«√®–µâÕß„™âÕ¬à“ß √–¡—¥√–«—ß ‚¥¬¡’¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–¥—ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È 1. ∑”ß“π‡æ◊ËÕ‡ª≈’Ë¬π√–‡∫’¬∫°Æ‡°≥±å·≈–π‚¬∫“¬∑’Ë≈¥ ∂“π¿“æ¢Õß§√Ÿ ¡‘‰¥âÀ¡“¬§«“¡«à“‡√“®– √â“ß§«“¡‰√â√–‡∫’¬∫„π°“√∫√‘À“√ ·µà §√Ÿ„À≠à®–µâÕß √â“ß°Æ√–‡∫’¬∫ ”À√—∫§√Ÿ∫“ß§π∑’‰Ë ¡à√®Ÿâ °— §«∫§ÿ¡¥Ÿ·≈µπ‡Õß „π¢≥–∑’§Ë √Ÿ‡Õß‰¡àµÕâ ß°“√„Àâ§√Ÿ„À≠à¡Õß«à“µπ‡Õß‡ªìπ‡¥Á°‚¥¬„™â°Æ√–‡∫’¬∫ §Õ¬§«∫§ÿ¡ ªï‡µÕ√å (Peter, 1987) ·π–π”„Àâº∫Ÿâ √‘À“√°”®—¥°Æ√–‡∫’¬∫ ·∫∫√“™°“√ ·≈– ¿“æ∑’‰Ë ¡à„Àâ‡°’¬√µ‘°π— °“√≈ß‡«≈“‰ª-°≈—∫ °“√µ√«® Õ∫ ·ºπ°“√ Õπ≈–‡Õ’¬¥∑ÿ° —ª¥“Àå °“√¥Ÿ·≈°“√„Àâ§–·πππ—°‡√’¬π ∑—ßÈ 3 ‡√◊ÕË ßπ’È ‡ªìπ‡√◊ÕË ß∑’§Ë √Ÿ√ Ÿâ °÷ «à“∂Ÿ°≈¥‡°’¬√µ‘ ·≈–‡ÀÁπ«à“§«√¬°‡≈‘° ∂â“°Æ√–‡∫’¬∫‡À≈à“π’È ‡ªìπ¢âÕ°”Àπ¥¡“®“°‡¢µæ◊πÈ ∑’°Ë “√»÷°…“ §«√À“∑“ßª√—∫‡ª≈’¬Ë π·°â‰¢

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2. „π°√≥’∑’ËµâÕß¡’°Æ√–‡∫’¬∫À√◊Õπ‚¬∫“¬∑’Ë®”‡ªìπ„π°“√ ªØ‘∫—µß‘ “π §«√°”Àπ¥π‘¬“¡À√◊Õ¢Õß‡¢µ„π≈—°…≥–∑’Ë ‡ªìπ®√√¬“∫√√≥ „πß“π«‘®¬— æ∫«à“ √âÕ¬≈– 60 ¢Õß§√ŸºµŸâ Õ∫·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡ ¡’ §«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°∑’Ë¥’µàÕ°“√ÕÕ°°Æ√–‡∫’¬∫¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à ‡æ√“–®ÿ¥¡ÿàßÀ¡“¬ °Á‡æ◊ÕË π—°‡√’¬π ‡™àπ §√Ÿ„À≠à¢Õµ√«®µ√“°“√„Àâ§–·ππ ·≈–∂â“¡’ª≠ í À“ §√Ÿ„À≠à®–¢Õ„Àâ§√Ÿ™«à ¬À“«‘∏°’ “√µà“ßÊ ‡æ◊ÕË ™à«¬‡À≈◊Õπ—°‡√’¬π°àÕπ∑’®Ë –„Àâ π—°‡√’¬π Õ∫µ° °“√∫—ß§—∫„™â°Æ√–‡∫’¬∫µà“ßÊ π—πÈ §√Ÿ„À≠à§«√®–∑”„Àâ §√Ÿ‡ÀÁπ«à“∑—ßÈ À¡¥π’∑È ”‡æ◊ÕË æ—≤π“™à«¬‡À≈◊Õπ—°‡√’¬π´÷ßË ‡ªìπ‡√◊ÕË ß ”§—≠∑’ Ë ¥ÿ 3. „Àâ§√Ÿ¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√°”Àπ¥π‚¬∫“¬ÕÕ°°Æ√–‡∫’¬∫ ∑’Ë„™â∫—ß§—∫ µ≈Õ¥®π°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘ §√Ÿ®–√Ÿ â °÷ µàÕµâ“π°Æ·≈–√–‡∫’¬∫¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬ππâÕ¬≈ß ∂â“§√Ÿ ¡’ «à π√à«¡„π°“√«“ßπ‚¬∫“¬·≈–ÕÕ°Æ√–‡∫’¬∫¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π °“√„Àâ§√Ÿ ¡’ «à π√à«¡„π°“√«“ß°Æ√–‡∫’¬∫π’®È –‰¥âª√–‚¬™π 2 ª√–°“√ ª√–°“√·√° §◊Õ §√Ÿ®–√Ÿ â °÷ ¿“§¿Ÿ¡„‘ ®„π§«“¡‡ªìπ«‘™“™’æ§√Ÿ∑‰’Ë ¥â√«à ¡§‘¥ √à«¡Õ¿‘ª√“¬ §«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°µàÕµâ“π®–≈¥πâÕ¬≈ß ª√–°“√∑’Ë Õß§◊Õ §√Ÿ®–√Ÿâ ÷°«à“‡ªìπ °Æ√–‡∫’¬∫∑’§Ë √Ÿ§¥‘ µ—ßÈ ¢÷πÈ ¡“¡‘„™à¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à ‡æ√“–©–π—πÈ §√Ÿ®–√—°…“ °Æ√–‡∫’¬∫ ·≈–·°âª≠ í À“°—π‡Õß ‡™àπ √–‡∫’¬∫∑’®Ë –µâÕß àß·ºπ°“√ Õπ ∑’Ë≈–‡Õ’¬¥„Àâ§√Ÿ„À≠à∑ÿ° —ª¥“Àå §≥–§√Ÿ°Á®–µâÕß¡“À“√◊Õ°—π «à“¡’ °√–∫«π°“√„¥∑’Ë®–µâÕß∑”‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ·πà„®«à“§√Ÿ‰¥â‡µ√’¬¡°“√ Õπ®√‘ßÊ ‚¥¬≈¥‡«≈“°“√‡¢’¬π„Àâ¡“° ‡™àπ °“√µ√«® Õ∫¥â«¬«“®“ À√◊Õª√—∫ °“√‡¢’¬π·ºπ°“√ Õπ„Àâ —Èπ·≈–¬àÕ≈ß À√◊Õ°“√„Àâ‡æ◊ËÕπ§√Ÿ™à«¬π‘‡∑» °“√ Õπ´÷Ëß°—π·≈–°—π °“√„Àâ‡ √’¿“æ§√Ÿ‰¥â√à«¡ √â“ß°Æ·≈–√–‡∫’¬∫ §√Ÿ°Á®–µâÕß √â“ß°≈‰°„π°“√µ√«® Õ∫¥â«¬

°“√„™âÕ”π“® (®“°µ”·Àπàß) Àπâ“∑’Ë ◆ 137

4. °“√„™âÕ”π“®µâÕßæ‘®“√≥“®—ßÀ«–‡«≈“∑’‡Ë À¡“– ¡ ®“°°“√«‘®—¬∫∑∫“∑∑“ß‡æ»∑’Ë¬÷¥∂◊Õ¡“µ—Èß·µà‡¥‘¡ æ∫«à“ ºŸâ„µâ∫—ß§—∫∫—≠™“À√◊Õ§√Ÿ®–§“¥À«—ß«à“ºŸâ∫√‘À“√À≠‘ß®–„™âÕ”π“®®“° µ”·ÀπàßÀπâ“∑’ËπâÕ¬°«à“ºŸâ∫√‘À“√™“¬ ·µàº≈«‘®—¬π’È¬—ß¡‘‰¥â √ÿª‡ªìπ∑’Ë ¬Õ¡√—∫°—π π—°∑ƒ…Æ’∫√‘À“√·∫∫ ∂“π°“√≥å„Àâ¢âÕ·π–π”«à“ °“√ „™âÕ”π“®®“°µ”·ÀπàßÀπâ“∑’Ëπ’ÈºŸâ∫√‘À“√§«√µ√–Àπ—°∂÷ß«ÿ≤‘¿“«–¢Õß§√Ÿ π—Ëπ§◊Õ §«“¡‡µÁ¡„®·≈–§«“¡ “¡“√∂¢Õß§√Ÿ∑’Ë®–ªØ‘∫—µ‘‰¥â §√Ÿ∑’Ë¡’ §«“¡ “¡“√∂·≈–ª√– ∫°“√≥åπâÕ¬Õ“®µâÕß°“√§”·π–π”‡™‘ß™’Èπ” ·≈–°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈ °“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘ß“πÕ¬à“ß„°≈â™‘¥ µ—«Õ¬à“ß‡™àπ §√Ÿ∑’Ë àß ·ºπ°“√ ÕπÕ¬à“ß¥’ ‡ªìπ∑’ËæÕ„®„π™à«ß 3 ‡¥◊Õπ·√°∑’Ë‚√ß‡√’¬π‡ªî¥ §√Ÿ„À≠àÕ“®„Àâ∑”·ºπ°“√ Õπ∑’Ë¬àÕ≈ß·≈–„Àâ àß‡¥◊Õπ≈–§√—Èß·∑π∑’Ë®– ‡ªìπ —ª¥“Àå≈–§√—Èß „π°“√ªØ‘∫µ— ß‘ “π¢Õß§√Ÿ§«√æ‘®“√≥“„Àâ·µ°µà“ß°—π ‡ªìπ√“¬∫ÿ§§≈ ‡™àπ §√Ÿ∑’Ë≈“∫àÕ¬ ¡“ “¬∫àÕ¬ À√◊Õ∑”·ºπ°“√ Õπ ‰¡à¥’ §«√¡’À≈—°∞“π‰«â‡æ◊ËÕ„ÀâºŸâ∫√‘À“√‰¥âªØ‘∫—µ‘µàÕ§√Ÿ‡ªìπ√“¬∫ÿ§§≈ À¡“¬‡Àµÿ :

π—°∑ƒ…Æ’∫√‘À“√ ‡™àπ ‡ø√π´å·≈–·√‡«π (French and Raven, 1968) ‡ŒÕ√å‡´¬å ·≈–§≥– (Hersey, et al., 1976) √–∫ÿ«“à Õ”π“®®“°µ”·ÀπàßÀπâ“∑’Ë‡ªìπ Õ”π“®µ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬ ·µà§√Ÿ¡—°®–‡ÀÁπ«à“Õ”π“®®“° µ”·ÀπàßÀπâ“∑’¢Ë Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à‡ªìπ°“√„™âÕ”π“® à«πµ—«

138 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

∫√√≥“πÿ°√¡ Argyris, C. (1957). Personality and organization. New York: Harper & Row. Beck, L. G. (1994). Reclaiming educational administration as a caring profession. New York: Teachers College Press. Dunlap, D. M., & Schmuck, P. A. (1995). Women leading in education. Albany: State University of New York Press. French, J. R. P., & Raven, B. H. (1968). Bases of social power. In D. Cartwright & A. Zander (Eds.), Group dynamics: Research and theory (pp. 259-270). New York: Harper & Row. Glickman, C. D. (1993). Renewing Americaûs school: A guide for school-based action. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Hersey, P., Blanchard, K., & Natemeyer, W. E. (1976). Situational leadership, perception, and the impact of power. Group and Organization Studies, 4, 418-428. Leithwood, K., Tomlinson, D., & Genge, M. (1998). Transformational school leadership. In K. Leithwood, J. Chapman, D. Corson, P. Hallinger, & A. Hart (Eds.), International handbook of educational leadership and administration (pp. 785-840). Boston: Kluwer. Murphy, J., & Louis, K. S. (1994). Reshaping the principalship: Insights from transformational reform efforts. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Noddings, N. (1992). The challenge to care in schools. New York: Teachers College Press.

°“√„™âÕ”π“® (®“°µ”·Àπàß) Àπâ“∑’Ë ◆ 139 Peters, T. (1987). Thriving on chaos: Handbook for a management revolution. New York: Harper & Row. Sergiovanni, T. J. (1992). Moral leadership: Getting to the heart of school improvement. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Shakeshaft, C. (1987). Women in educational administration. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Womenûs Educational Equity Act Publishing Center. (1990). Women in school administration. Newton, MA: Author.

°√–®°‡ß“ àÕß¿“æ∑’§Ë «√‡ªìπ

ç§√Ÿ„À≠à¢Õß‡√“‡ªìπºŸâ∑’Ë π„®·≈– π—∫ πÿπ§«“¡°â“«Àπâ“ „π«‘™“™’æ¢Õß§≥–§√Ÿ µ≈Õ¥®π π„® ‘Ëß¿“¬πÕ°¢Õß§√Ÿ¥â«¬ ∑à “ π√à « ¡„π°‘ ® °√√¡πÕ°À≈— ° Ÿ µ √¢Õßπ— ° ‡√’ ¬ πÕ¬à “ ß‡µÁ ¡ ∑’Ë ‡™àπ °“√·¢àß¢—π«‘™“°“√‚Õ≈‘¡ªî° °“√ Õπ¢Õß§√Ÿ„πÀâÕß‡√’¬π ∑à“π°Á π„®·≈–·«–‡¢â“‡¬’Ë¬¡™¡°“√ ÕπÕ¬à“ß‰¡à‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√ Õ¬Ÿà∫àÕ¬Ê ‡«≈“¡’§π¡“‡¬’Ë¬¡‚√ß‡√’¬π∑à“π°Á®–¬°¬àÕß™¡‡™¬ §≥–§√Ÿ ·≈–‚§√ß°“√µà“ßÊ ¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π ∑à“π¡’∑»— π§µ‘∑¥’Ë ¡’ “° µàÕ‚√ß‡√’¬π ·≈–°√–µÿâπ„Àâ§πÕ◊Ëπ‡ÀÁπ¥’‡ÀÁπß“¡µ“¡‰ª¥â«¬ ∑à“π‰¡à· ¥ß§«“¡∑âÕ·∑âÀ√◊ÕÀ¡¥À«—ß‡¡◊ÕË ‚√ß‡√’¬π¡’ª≠ í À“√ÿ¡‡√â“ ·µà¬—ß§ß¬‘È¡·¬â¡·®à¡„ Ÿâªí≠À“‚¥¬‰¡à∑âÕ∂Õ¬ §≥–§√Ÿ°Á‡≈¬ æ≈Õ¬¡’∑»— π§µ‘‡À¡◊Õπ§√Ÿ„À≠à‰ª¥â«¬é §√Ÿª√–∂¡§πÀπ÷ßË

π— ß ◊ Õ ‡ ≈à ¡ π’È ‰ ¥â · ¥ ß ∂÷ ß ¬ÿ ∑ ∏ «‘ ∏’ ∑’Ë § √Ÿ „ À ≠à ∑’Ë ¡’ ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„™â„π°“√∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ßæƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õß§√Ÿ ·µà „π∫∑π’È®–°≈à“«∂÷ß∫ÿ§≈‘°¿“æ¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’º≈µàÕ°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß æƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õß§√Ÿ ‡æ√“–„πß“π«‘®—¬¡’§√Ÿ‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“°∑’Ë°≈à“«∂÷ß ∫ÿ§≈‘°¿“æ¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à¡º’ ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ°“√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ßæƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õß§√Ÿ §√Ÿ¡§’ «“¡‡ÀÁπ«à“ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–¡’∫ÿ§≈‘°¿“æ¢Õß§«“¡‡ªìπ ºŸâπ” ·≈–¡’æƒµ‘°√√¡ ‡®§µ‘ §à“π‘¬¡ ∑’Ëµ—«§√Ÿ„À≠à‡ÕßµâÕß°“√„Àâ§√Ÿ¡’

°√–®°‡ß“ àÕß¿“æ∑’§Ë «√‡ªìπ ◆ 141

À√◊Õ°≈à“« √ÿªßà“¬Ê §◊Õ §√Ÿ„À≠à‡ªìπ·∫∫Õ¬à“ß ‡ªìπµâπ·∫∫æƒµ‘°√√¡ ·≈–∑—»π§µ‘∑§’Ë “¥À«—ß„Àâ§√Ÿ¡’ „π°“√»÷°…“ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢ÕßºŸ∫â √‘À“√ ∫ÿ§≈‘°¿“æ‡ªìπ≈—°…≥– ∑’Ë¬Õ¡√—∫°—π«à“‡ªìπ à«π ”§—≠ ºŸâ∫√‘À“√∫“ß§π¡’∫ÿ§≈‘°¿“æ∑’Ë®Ÿß„® ‡ªìπ∑’Ë√—°„§√à™Õ∫æÕ ·≈–‡ªî¥‡º¬ ºŸâ∫√‘À“√‡™àππ’È¡’≈—°…≥–‡ªìπºŸâπ” Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈∑’Ë‡°‘¥®“°∫ÿ§≈‘°¿“æ à«πµ—«¢ÕßºŸâ∫√‘À“√®π∑”„Àâ‡ªìπ∑’Ë‡™◊ËÕ¡—Ëπ π—∫∂◊Õ¢ÕßºŸµâ “¡ π—°∑ƒ…Æ’¥“â π∫√‘À“√‡√’¬°«à“ Õ”π“®®“°§«“¡»√—∑∏“ (referent power) ∂â“°≈à“«Õ¬à“ßÀπ—°·πàπ ∫“ß§π‡√’¬°«à“ ∫“√¡’ (charisma) §” ù∫“√¡’û À√◊Õ∫ÿ§≈‘°¿“æ∑’Ë∑”„ÀâºŸâÕ◊Ëπ‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ·≈–‡≈◊ËÕ¡„ »√—∑∏“‡ªìπ§”∑’Ë·¡°´å ‡«‡∫Õ√å (Max Weber) ¬◊¡¡“®“°§”∑“ß »“ π“ À¡“¬∂÷ß∫ÿ§≈‘°¿“æ∑’Ë‡ªìπæ√´÷Ëß‰¥â√—∫®“°æ√–ºŸâ‡ªìπ‡®â“ ∑”„Àâ ºŸâπ—Èπ¡’§ÿ≥≈—°…≥–∑’Ë¥Ÿ≈÷°≈—∫ ¡’Õ”π“®¥÷ß¥Ÿ¥„ÀâºŸâ§π‡≈◊ËÕ¡„ »√—∑∏“·≈– ‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ ´÷Ëß∫“ß§π‰¥â¡“„π¬“¡ ∂“π°“√≥å«‘°ƒµ‘ ·µàª®í ®ÿ∫π— §«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß ù∫“√¡’û ‰¥â‡ª≈’Ë¬π‰ª π—°∑ƒ…Æ’ À≈“¬§π‰¡à‡™◊ÕË «à“∫ÿ§≈‘°≈—°…≥–¢Õß§«“¡¡’∫“√¡’®–‡°‘¥¢÷πÈ „π¬“¡«‘°ƒµ ‡∑à“π—πÈ ∫“ (Bass,1988) „Àâπ¬‘ “¡«à“ ≈—°…≥–∑’ÀË π÷ßË §◊Õ ∫ÿ§≈‘°¿“æ ºŸâπ”∑’ËºŸâµ“¡®–‡≈’¬π·∫∫ æ¬“¬“¡∑”„Àâ‡À¡◊Õπ ≈—°…≥–∑’Ë Õß §◊Õ ∫ÿ§≈‘°¿“æºŸπâ ”∑’¡Ë §’ «“¡¬÷¥¡—πË „πÕÿ¥¡°“√≥å ·≈–¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√ æŸ¥ ◊ÕË “√ ·≈–æ≈—ß∑’ÕË ¬Ÿ¿à “¬„πÕ—π‡¢â¡·¢Áß “¡“√∂· ¥ß„ÀâºÕŸâ π◊Ë ‡ÀÁπ‰¥â ∑—ßÈ ∑“ß«“®“·≈–°“√°√–∑” ®π∑”„Àâº§Ÿâ π‡≈◊ÕË ¡„ »√—∑∏“·≈–ªØ‘∫µ— µ‘ “¡ §”∂“¡„πß“π«‘®¬— ∑’«Ë “à §√Ÿ„À≠à∑¡’Ë ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ¡’∫“√¡’π“à ‡≈◊ÕË ¡„ »√—∑∏“À√◊Õ‰¡à? §”µÕ∫¢Õß§√Ÿ®“°·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡‡ÀÁπ«à“∫ÿ§≈‘°¿“æ ¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–¡’≈—°…≥–‡¥àπ 3 ª√–°“√§◊Õ Àπ÷Ëß

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§«“¡´◊ÕË —µ¬å Õß °“√¡Õß‚≈°„π·ßà¥’ “¡ §«“¡‡ÀÁπÕ°‡ÀÁπ„® ºŸâÕ◊Ëπ πÕ°®“°π’È§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–‡ªìπµ—«Õ¬à“ß·≈–µâπ·∫∫ ¢Õßæƒµ‘°√√¡∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠àµâÕß°“√„Àâ§√Ÿ‡ªìπ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ®–‡ªìπ∑’Ë√—°„§√à·≈–π—∫∂◊Õ¢Õß§√Ÿ ≈Õ‡≈Õ√å (Lawler, 1984) Õ∏‘∫“¬«à“§√Ÿ∑’Ë¡’°“√»÷°…“¥’®– ‰¥â √— ∫ º≈ –∑â Õ π®“°∫“√¡’ ¢ Õß§√Ÿ „ À≠à πâ Õ ¬°«à “ §√Ÿ ∑’Ë ‰ ¥â √— ∫ °“√»÷ ° …“ πâÕ¬ ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ„π°“√Ωñ°Õ∫√¡æπ—°ß“π∑’Ë¡’∑—°…– Ÿß„πÕß§å°√ °“√‚πâ¡πâ“«®Ÿß„®¥â«¬∫“√¡’ ¬àÕ¡‰¥âº≈πâÕ¬°«à“°“√„™â§«“¡ “¡“√∂ ·≈–§«“¡™”π“≠°“√ πÕ°®“°π’È§«“¡¡’∫“√¡’Õ“®‡ ◊ËÕ¡≈ß‰¥â‡¡◊ËÕ ‡∑’¬∫°—∫§«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡‡™’Ë¬«™“≠∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¡—Ëπ§ß°«à“ ß“π«‘®—¬À≈“¬‡√◊ËÕß æ∫µ√ß°—π«à“ ≈—°…≥– ”§—≠Õ—π¥—∫Àπ÷Ëß¢ÕßºŸâ∫√‘À“√∑’Ë¡’º≈∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥ °“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß„πµ—«ºŸâµ“¡ §◊Õ §«“¡´◊ÕË —µ¬å Õ—π¥—∫ Õß §◊Õ §«“¡ “¡“√∂ Õ—π¥—∫ “¡ §◊Õ §«“¡ “¡“√∂π”‰ª¢â“ßÀπâ“À√◊Õ«‘ ¬— ∑—»πå Õ—π¥—∫ ’Ë §◊Õ ·√ß®Ÿß„® ß“π«‘®¬— ¢Õß‡√“¡’º≈µ√ß°—∫ß“π«‘®¬— ¢â“ßµâπ °≈à“«§◊Õ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑¡’Ë ’ ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–¡’∫§ÿ ≈‘°≈—°…≥–∑’´Ë Õ◊Ë —µ¬å · ¥ß§«“¡ “¡“√∂¥â«¬°“√ ‡ªìπ·∫∫Õ¬à“ß¢ÕßºŸâ¡’§«“¡™”π“≠°“√ ·≈–¡’æƒµ‘°√√¡∑’Ë¥’„Àâ§√Ÿ‰¥â ‡≈’¬π·∫∫ ‡ªìπºŸâ∑’Ë¡Õß‚≈°„π·ßà¥’À√◊Õ √â“ß √√§å ¡’§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ¡—Ëπ«à“®– ª√—∫ª√ÿßæ—≤π“°“√»÷°…“‡æ◊ÕË ‡¥Á° §√Ÿ®–æ‘®“√≥“«à“§«“¡¡’πÈ”„®‡Õ◊ÕÈ Õ“∑√ ‡ªìπ§ÿ≥≈—°…≥– à«πµ—«∑’ Ë ”§—≠Õ’°ª√–°“√Àπ÷ßË ¿“«–ºŸâπ”∑’Ë¡’æ◊Èπ∞“π¡“®“°§«“¡´◊ËÕ —µ¬å °“√¡Õß‚≈°„π·ßà¥’ ·≈–§«“¡¡’πÈ”„®‡Õ◊ÈÕÕ“∑√¡—°·µ°µà“ß®“°¿“«–ºŸâπ”∑’Ë¡’æ◊Èπ∞“π¡“®“° ∫“√¡’ ‡æ√“–≈—°…≥–·∫∫·√°¡’æ◊Èπ∞“π¡“®“°®√‘¬∏√√¡ „π¢≥–∑’Ë ·∫∫À≈—ß¡“®“°∫ÿ§≈‘°¿“æ à«πµπ

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ºŸâπ”∑’Ë¡’æ◊Èπ∞“π¡“®“°®√‘¬∏√√¡ ®–¡ÿàßπ”∫∑∫“∑Àπâ“∑’Ë„π «‘™“™’æ‡æ◊ËÕ¥Ÿ·≈øŸ¡øí°‡¬“«™π‚¥¬„Àâ§√Ÿ √â“ß«‘ —¬∑—»πå∑’Ë‡Õ◊ÈÕÕ”π«¬‡æ◊ËÕ æ—≤π“‡¬“«™π „π°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘ß“πµ“¡«‘ —¬∑—»πå ºŸâπ”‡À≈à“π’È®–¡ÿàßÀ«—ß „Àâµπ‡Õß·≈–§≥–§√ŸªØ‘∫—µ‘ß“πÕ¬à“ß®√‘ß®—ß ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ∫√√≈ÿº≈ µ“¡∑’‰Ë ¥âµß—È «‘ ¬— ∑—»πå‰«â π—°°“√»÷°…“À≈“¬§π‰¥âµ—Èß¢âÕ ß —¬‡°’Ë¬«°—∫À≈—°°“√∫√‘À“√ °“√»÷°…“∑’Ë¡ÿàß‡πâπ√–∫∫√–‡∫’¬∫¢—ÈπµÕπ„π°“√∫√‘À“√‚¥¬‰¡à§”π÷ß∂÷ß §ÿ≥§à“ √«¡∑—Èß«‘™“°“√∫√‘À“√°“√»÷°…“·∫∫‡¥‘¡Ê ∑’Ë„™â°√–∫«π°“√ ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å„π°“√æ‘®“√≥“µ—¥ ‘π ´÷Ëß„™â·µà‡Àµÿº≈·≈–°Æ√–‡∫’¬∫ ¡‘‰¥â§”π÷ß∂÷ß§«“¡∂Ÿ°µâÕß ·≈–»’≈∏√√¡®√‘¬∏√√¡ «‘≈‡≈’¬¡ øÕ ‡µÕ√å (William Foster, 1991, P.20) °≈à“««à“ºŸâ∫√‘À“√∑’Ë®– “¡“√∂ æ—≤π“ª√—∫ª√ÿß‚√ß‡√’¬π‰¥âµâÕß√—∫øíß°“√«‘æ“°…å«‘®“√≥å ¡’§«“¡ π„® ‡Õ◊ÕÈ Õ“∑√µàÕ‡¥Á° ·≈–æ¬“¬“¡„ÀâºÕŸâ π◊Ë ‡¢â“¡“¡’ «à π√à«¡ øÕ ‡µÕ√å°≈à“««à“ çºŸâ∫√‘À“√∑’Ë “¡“√∂∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ßæ—≤π“„π‚√ß‡√’¬ππ—Èπ ¡‘„™à®–∑”‰¥â®“°§«“¡√Ÿ∑â “ß°√–∫«π°“√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å °“√®—¥°“√ À“°·µà ¡“®“°§«“¡ºŸ°æ—π∑“ß°“¬·≈–∑“ß„®°—∫‚√ß‡√’¬π ·≈–§«“¡ π„®µàÕ ªí≠À“ §«“¡µâÕß°“√·≈–§«“¡®”‡ªìπ¢ÕßºŸ∑â ∑’Ë ”ß“π¥â«¬ ·≈–§«“¡§‘¥ ‡™‘ß®√‘¬∏√√¡∑’§Ë ¥‘ «à“§«√®–‡ªìπ‡™àπ‰√é „π “¬µ“¢Õß§√Ÿ §√Ÿ„À≠à„πß“π«‘®¬— ¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ‡ªìπ à«π„À≠à ‡æ√“–‡ªìπºŸâπ”∑’Ë¡’®√‘¬∏√√¡ ‡°≥±å¡“µ√∞“π®√√¬“∫√√≥¢Õß ¡“§¡ ºŸâ∫√‘À“√‚√ß‡√’¬π¢ÕßÕ‡¡√‘°“ (1976) ¡’¢âÕÀπ÷Ëß√–∫ÿ«à“ çºŸâ∫√‘À“√ ‚√ß‡√’¬π®–µâÕß¬÷¥ «— ¥‘°“√·≈–º≈ª√–‚¬™πå¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π‡ªìπÀ≈—° „π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®„π°“√ªØ‘∫µ— ∑‘ °ÿ Õ¬à“ßé ·π«§‘¥ ”§—≠®“°ß“π«‘®¬— ¢Õß‡√“ °Á¬÷¥À≈—°«à“ ç®ÿ¥¡ÿàßÀ¡“¬ Ÿß ÿ¥∑’Ë¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’µà“ßÊ ∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à„™â‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥ º≈ –∑âÕπ„π°“√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß§√Ÿ §◊Õ ‘ßË ∑’¥Ë ∑’ ’Ë ¥ÿ ∑’‚Ë √ß‡√’¬π®–„Àâ·°à‡¥Á°é

144 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

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¥Ÿ·≈ π„®ºŸâÕ◊Ëπ ·µà„π°“√§—¥‡≈◊Õ°ºŸâ∫√‘À“√ §ÿ≥≈—°…≥–π’ÈµâÕß‡ªìπ ‡√◊ËÕß·√° µ“¡¡“¥â«¬§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√®—¥°“√ ·≈–¿“«–ºŸâπ”„π °“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ 2. Ωñ°¡Õß‚≈°„π·ßà¥„’ Àâ¡“°¢÷πÈ ‡´≈‘°·¡π (Seligman, 1991) ·π–π”«à“‡√“®– “¡“√∂ ¡’‡®§µ‘¡Õß‚≈°„π·ßà¥’‰¥â ‚¥¬Ωñ°Õ∏‘∫“¬À“‡Àµÿº≈¢Õß§«“¡ ”‡√Á®·≈– §«“¡≈â¡‡À≈«¢Õß™’«‘µ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à“ß¬‘Ëß‡√“§«√®–‡√’¬π√Ÿâ«à“‡√◊ËÕß√â“¬ ·≈–«‘°ƒµ∑—ÈßÀ≈“¬‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß‰¡à∂“«√ ‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕßæ‘‡»… ·≈–‡°‘¥®“° ¿“¬πÕ° ∂÷ß·¡â°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ°“√¡Õß‚≈°„π·ßà¥’Õ“®®–‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß¬“° ·µàº≈≈—æ∏å®“°°“√¡Õß‚≈°„π·ßà¥¡’ ¡’ “°¥—ß∑’‰Ë ¥âÕ∏‘∫“¬„πµÕπµâπ·≈â« 3. · ¥ßµ—«„Àâª√“°Ø ·≈–æ÷ß√–«—ßÕ“πÿ¿“æ¢Õß°√–®° §√Ÿ „ À≠à ∑’Ë ¡’ ª √– ‘ ∑ ∏‘ ¿ “æµ√–Àπ— ° ¥’ «à“ æƒµ‘ ° √√¡¢Õß §√Ÿ„À≠à®–µâÕßªØ‘∫—µ‘„Àâ‡ªìπ¡“µ√∞“π ·≈–§√Ÿ„À≠àµâÕß‡ªìπµ—«Õ¬à“ß À√◊Õµâπ·∫∫∑’Ë‡À¡“– ¡„πæƒµ‘°√√¡∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠àµâÕß°“√„ÀâºŸâÕ◊ËπªØ‘∫—µ‘ µ“¡¥â«¬ §√Ÿ„À≠à‡ªìπ°√–®°‡ß“∫“π„À≠à∑’Ë –∑âÕπ„Àâ‡ÀÁπæƒµ‘°√√¡ ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µâÕß∑’Ë§«√‡ªìπ ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ§√Ÿ„À≠àµâÕß√–¡—¥√–«—ß¡‘„Àâæƒµ‘°√√¡ ∂Ÿ°µ”Àπ‘ À√◊Õ‡ªìπ∑’Ë¥à“ßæ√âÕ¬ §√Ÿ„À≠àµâÕß®√‘ß„®‡¡◊ËÕ¡’ªØ‘ —¡æ—π∏å°—∫ ºŸâ Õ◊Ë π §à“π‘¬¡¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à®–· ¥ßÕÕ°µ√ß°—π∑—Èß°“√æŸ¥·≈–°“√°√–∑” §√Ÿ„À≠à‡ªìπºŸâ∑’Ë∂à“¬∑Õ¥§à“π‘¬¡·≈–§«“¡§“¥À«—ß„Àâ§√Ÿ®“°æƒµ‘°√√¡ ¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à‡Õß ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ ¿“√–·≈–∫∑∫“∑¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à„π∞“π– ‡ªìπ°√–®°‡ß“∫“π„À≠à®÷ßÀπ—°Àπ“¡“°®√‘ßÊ

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√Ÿ«â “à ®–∑”Õ¬à“ß‰√ ·≈–‡¡◊ÕË ‰√ ‚¥π—≈¥å ‚™π (Donald Schön, 1983, 1991) °≈à“«∂÷ß ºŸâ¡’«‘™“™’æ≈—°…≥–„À¡àÕ’°Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß§◊Õ ùπ—°ªØ‘∫—µ‘∑’Ë¬âÕπ§‘¥∑∫∑«π (reflective practitioner)û ‚™π°≈à“««à“°“√¬âÕπ§‘¥∑∫∑«π ¡—°„™â „πß“π«‘™“™’æ¥â“π —ß§¡»“ µ√å °≈à“«§◊Õ °“√»÷°…“ªí≠À“„π«‘™“™’æ

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¡‘„™à°“√»÷°…“·≈–°“√·°âªí≠À“∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ¡“°àÕπ ·≈–®–∂◊Õ«à“ªí≠À“ ∑ÿ°ªí≠À“¡’≈—°…≥–‡©æ“–µ—«‰¡à‡À¡◊Õπ°—π ºŸâ¡’«‘™“™’æ®–µâÕß√–∫ÿ ªí≠À“ À“∑“ß‡≈◊Õ°À≈“¬Ê ∑“ß‡æ◊ÕË ·°âª≠ í À“ ‡¡◊ÕË ‡≈◊Õ°‰¥â∑“ß‡≈◊Õ°„¥ ∑“ß‡≈◊Õ°Àπ÷Ëß°Á®–π”‰ª„™â·°âªí≠À“ ·≈â«∑¥ Õ∫º≈°“√·°âªí≠À“ µàÕ‰ª ®÷ß√–∫ÿªí≠À“Õ’°∑’ ∑¥≈Õß·°âÕ’° ‚™π‡√’¬°°√–∫«π°“√π’È«à“ ù°“√¬âÕπ§‘¥∑∫∑«π‰µ√àµ√Õß√–À«à“ßªØ‘∫µ— °‘ “√û(reflection in action) Õß§å°√¢π“¥„À≠à´÷Ëß´—∫´âÕπ·≈–¡’°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«µ≈Õ¥‡«≈“ Õ¬à “ ß‡™à π ‚√ß‡√’ ¬ π®–‡°‘ ¥ ‡Àµÿ ° “√≥å „ À¡à Ê ∑’Ë ‰ ¡à ‡ §¬æ∫‡ÀÁ π ¡“°à Õ π °“√·°âª≠ í À“®÷ßµâÕß„™â°√–∫«π°“√∑’‚Ë ™π (1983) „Àâ™Õ◊Ë «à“ °“√ π∑π“ ·∫∫¬âÕπ§‘¥∑∫∑«πµ“¡ ∂“π°“√≥åû (reflective conversation with the situation) ´÷Ëß‡ªìπ°“√µ√«®ª√–‡¡‘π ¡¡ÿµ‘∞“π„π„®¢≥–∑’Ë §‘¥À“∑“ß·°âªí≠À“ «‘∏’π’Èµ√ß¢â“¡°—∫°√–∫«π°“√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï ‡æ√“–°“√·°âªí≠À“„π‚√ß‡√’¬π‰¡à “¡“√∂„™â∑ƒ…Æ’ Ÿµ√ À√◊Õ°Æ ∑“ß«‘ ∑ ¬“»“ µ√å ¡ “„™â · °â ‡ ªì π ‡√◊Ë Õ ßÊ ‰¥â ”À√—∫ºŸâ¡’«‘™“™’æ “¢“ —ß§¡»“ µ√å·≈–°“√»÷°…“®–µâÕßπ”§«“¡√Ÿâ®“°∑ƒ…Æ’·≈–ß“π«‘®—¬ ¡“„™â§«∫§Ÿ°à ∫— §«“¡√Ÿ®â “°ª√– ∫°“√≥å∑ ’Ë ß—Ë ¡¡“ §≥–ºŸâ‡¢’¬π¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπµ√ß°—∫‚™π«à“ „π°“√‡ªìπºŸâπ”‚√ß‡√’¬π ºŸâ∫√‘À“√À√◊ÕºŸâ¡’«‘™“™’æ¥â“ππ’È®–µâÕß„™âª√– ∫°“√≥å·≈–°“√¬âÕπ§‘¥ ∑∫∑«π‡ªìπÀ≈—° ”§—≠ ºŸ∫â √‘À“√∑’¡Ë ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®–„™â§«“¡√Ÿ∑â ß—È »“ µ√å ·≈–»‘≈ªá‡æ◊ÕË ·°âª≠ í À“„π ¿“æ°“√≥åµ“à ßÊ æƒµ‘°√√¡·≈–§ÿ≥≈—°…≥–‡©æ“–¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ∑’Ë‰¥â°≈à“«∂÷ß„πÀπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È ‡À¡“–∑’Ë®–„™â„π ∂“π°“√≥åµà“ßÊ °—π ·µà¬ß— ¡’∫“ß à«π∑’‡Ë ªìπ¢âÕ‚µâ·¬âß°—πÕ¬Ÿà ‡™àπ §√Ÿ„À≠à®–µ√ß‰ªµ√ß¡“µàÕ§√Ÿ ∑ÿ°‡√◊ÕË ßÀ√◊Õ‰¡à? ®–µâÕß∑”µ—«‡ªìπ·∫∫Õ¬à“ßÀ√◊Õ‰¡à? ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏∑’ ß—È À¡¥π’È

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µâÕß¬âÕπ§‘¥∑∫∑«π °“√· ¥ßµ—«‡ªìπ·∫∫Õ¬à“ß§«√∑”∫àÕ¬‡æ’¬ß„¥ „π ¿“æ°“√≥å‡™àπ„¥ ·≈–√–¥—∫„¥ ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’·≈–æƒµ‘°√√¡∑’Ë‰¥âÕ∏‘∫“¬„πÀπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È ∂â“®–π” ‰ª„™â„π°“√æ—≤π“‚√ß‡√’¬π ·µà≈–¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’À√◊Õæƒµ‘°√√¡®”‡ªìπµâÕß„™â °“√¬âÕπ§‘¥∑∫∑«π∑ÿ°Õ¬à“ß ‡™àπ °“√¬°¬àÕß™¡‡™¬∑”Õ¬à“ß‰√ ®÷ß®– ‡ªìπ°“√„Àâ°”≈—ß„® ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕ‰√®÷ß®–„Àâ§«“¡‡Õ◊ÈÕÕ“∑√ À√◊ÕÕ¬à“ß‰√ ®÷ ß ¥Ÿ ‡ À¡◊ Õ π∑”µπ‡ªì π ‡®â “ „À≠à π “¬‚µµ— ¥ ‘ π °“√∑”ß“π¢Õß≈Ÿ ° πâ Õ ß ¡’§√Ÿ§πÀπ÷Ëß„πß“π«‘®—¬√“¬ß“π«à“ √Ÿâ ÷°‚°√∏·≈–√”§“≠∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à ™¡æ√Ë”‡æ√◊ÕË ‡∏Õ°≈à“««à“§√Ÿ„À≠à ç™à“ß‰¡à§‘¥‡≈¬«à“‡∏Õ‡ªìπ§√Ÿ«™‘ “™’æ ·√ß®Ÿß„®„π°“√∑”ß“π§◊Õº≈¢Õßß“π ‰¡à§«√µâÕß¡“æŸ¥¬°¬ÕÀ≈Õ°≈àÕ „Àâ∑”ß“πé ‚√ß‡√’¬π·µà≈–‚√ß §√Ÿ·µà≈–§π ¡’§«“¡æ‘‡»…·µ°µà“ß°—π ºŸâ∫√‘À“√À√◊Õ§√Ÿ„À≠à®–√Ÿâ«à“§«√‚µâµÕ∫„π ∂“π°“√≥å‡©æ“–¢Õßµπ Õ¬à“ß‰√ ‰¡à¡µ’ ”√“„¥∑’ Ë “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬§«“¡®”‡ªìπ„π°“√¬âÕπ§‘¥∑∫∑«π √–À«à“ßªØ‘∫µ— °‘ “√‰¥â °“√¬âÕπ§‘¥∑∫∑«π°‘π§«“¡∂÷ß§«“¡‡¢â“„®‡°’¬Ë «°—∫ §«“¡‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«¢Õß ∂“π°“√≥å∑—Èß¥â“π —ß§¡ °“√ª°§√Õß ·≈–§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß∫ÿ§§≈ ‚™π‡µ◊Õπ«à“ ∂â“ª√“»®“°°“√¬âÕπ§‘¥∑∫∑«π π—°«‘™“™’æ∑—ßÈ À≈“¬¬àÕ¡ªØ‘∫µ— µ‘ “¡°‘®«—µ√‡¥‘¡ ´÷ßË µâÕß°“√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ‡æ’’¬ß‡≈Á°πâÕ¬„π ¿“æ°“√≥å„À¡àÊ ¥‘«Õ’È (Dewey, 1963) ‡ √‘¡«à“ ª√– ∫°“√≥åÕ“®∑”„Àâ°“√»÷°…“À≈ß∑“ß‰¥â ∂â“‰¡àæ¬“¬“¡Õ¬à“ß®ß„® ∑’®Ë –¬âÕπ§‘¥∑∫∑«π ‡æ◊ÕË ‡™◊ÕË ¡‚¬ßª√– ∫°“√≥å„À¡à°∫— ª√– ∫°“√≥å‡¥‘¡ ®π “¡“√∂ √â“ß§«“¡√Ÿ§â «“¡‡¢â“„®„À¡à¢π÷È Õ¬à “ ß‰√°Á µ “¡ ∂“π°“√≥å „ π‚√ß‡√’ ¬ π®–¡’ ‡ Àµÿ ° “√≥å µà “ ßÊ ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ ´÷Ëß§√Ÿ„À≠àµâÕß·°âªí≠À“ªí®®ÿ∫—π∑—π¥à«π ®π‰¡à¡’‡«≈“„™â»“ µ√å

164 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

·≈–»‘≈ªá„π°“√¬âÕπ§‘¥∑∫∑«π‡∑à“∑’Ë§«√ ¥â«¬‡Àµÿπ’Èß“π«‘®—¬®÷ß‰¥â„™â ¡ÿ¡¡Õß¢Õß§√Ÿ„π°“√æ‘®“√≥“¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏·’ ≈–°“√ªØ‘∫µ— ¢‘ Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à ß“π«‘ ®— ¬ À≈— ° °“√æ◊È π ∞“π‡æ◊Ë Õ »÷ ° …“¬ÿ ∑ ∏«‘ ∏’ · ≈–æƒµ‘ ° √√¡ °“√∫√‘À“√®“°¡ÿ¡¡Õß¢Õß§√ŸÀ√◊ÕºŸâ∫√‘À“√ Õ“®‡πâπ¥â“πæƒµ‘°√√¡ ·≈–Õ“®®–≈–‡≈¬°√–∫«π°“√§‘¥ ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ‡√“®÷ßÀ«—ß«à“ºŸâ∫√‘À“√ ®–„Àâ§«“¡ π„®‡√◊ËÕß°√–∫«π°“√¬âÕπ§‘¥∑∫∑«π „π°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘ß“π „Àâ¡“°¢÷πÈ

¬âÕπ§‘¥∑∫∑«π∂÷ßÕπ“§µ ·≈–‡°’¬Ë «°—∫Õπ“§µ À≈“¬§π°≈à“««à“‚√ß‡√’¬π‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß™â“¡“° ‡√“¡—°‰¥â¬‘π ‡ ¡Õ«à“‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë‡√“ Õπ·≈–«‘∏’∑’Ë‡√“ Õπªí®®ÿ∫—ππ’È ‰¡à§àÕ¬·µ°µà“ß®“° ‡¡◊ÕË ¡—¬∑’‡Ë √“‡ªìππ—°‡√’¬π‡≈¬ ∂÷ß·¡â§«“¡°â“«Àπâ“®–‡ªìπ‰ªÕ¬à“ß™â“Ê ·µà‰¡àπ“π¡“π’È¡’°“√º≈—°¥—π„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°“√∫√‘À“√ ‚√ß‡√’¬πÕ¬à“ß∂Õπ√“°∂Õπ‚§π §” 2 §”∑’Ë„™â°—π¡“° §◊Õ ùªØ‘√Ÿª √–∫∫∫√‘À“√û (restructuring) ·≈– ù°“√∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√‚¥¬„™â‚√ß‡√’¬π ‡ªìπ∞“πû (site-base management) ∑—ßÈ Õß·∫∫π’‡È πâπ°“√∫√‘À“√ ·≈–°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®∑’√Ë –¥—∫‚√ß‡√’¬π §√Ÿ ºŸ∫â √‘À“√ ºŸªâ °§√Õß ‚¥¬‡ √‘¡·√ß „Àâ‚√ß‡√’¬π‰¥âµ—¥ ‘π„®„π‚§√ß √â“ß·≈–°√–∫«π°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ‡Õß ·π«°“√ªØ‘√Ÿª‚√ß‡√’¬π·π«„À¡àπ’È √â“ß§«“¡À«—ß„Àâ·°à«‘™“™’æ§√Ÿ ∑’®Ë –¡’‚Õ°“ µ—¥ ‘π„®‡Õß‰¥â ·µà°¬Á ß— ¢“¥∑‘»∑“ßÕ¬Ÿà À≈“¬‚√ß‡√’¬πªØ‘√ªŸ √–∫∫∫√‘À“√‚√ß‡√’¬π‡µÁ¡∑’Ë ·µà‰¡à‡°‘¥º≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï¥â“π°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ ¡’°“√°≈à“«∂÷ßÕÿ¥¡°“√≥å°“√»÷°…“Õ¬à“ß «¬À√Ÿ ·µà¬ß— ‰¡à “¡“√∂∑”„Àâ

√ÿª ¢âÕæ÷ß —ß«√·≈–§«“¡∑â“∑“¬ ◆ 165

∂÷ßÕÿ¥¡°“√≥åππ—È ‰¥â ∑—ßÈ ºŸ∫â √‘À“√·≈–§√Ÿ‡Õß¬—ß‰¡à∂π—¥·≈–™‘π°—∫∫∑∫“∑ „À¡àπ’È (Weiss, 1990) ‡æ√“–©–π—πÈ „π°“√π”·π«ªØ‘√ªŸ „À¡àÊ µ“¡ °√–· ‰ª„™â®ß÷ µâÕß»÷°…“·≈–«“ß·ºπß“πÕ¬à“ß√Õ∫§Õ∫„π°“√„™âÕ”π“® ∑’‰Ë ¥â√∫— §«“¡∑â“∑“¬ ∂÷ ß ·¡â § «“¡æ¬“¬“¡¢Õßπ— ° ªØ‘ √Ÿ ª ‚√ß‡√’ ¬ π·≈–ºŸâ ª Ø‘ ∫— µ‘ „ π ‚√ß‡√’¬π®–¡’§«“¡®√‘ß„®·≈–µ—ßÈ „®®√‘ß∑’®Ë –ªØ‘√ªŸ ‚√ß‡√’¬π·≈–°“√»÷°…“ ·µà°Á¡’‡√◊ËÕß∑â“∑“¬´÷Ëß®–µâÕß»÷°…“·°â‰¢‡æ◊ËÕªØ‘∫—µ‘Õ’°¡“°¡“¬ ‡™àπ ¿“«–ºŸâ π”∑’Ë ¡’ ≈— ° …≥–æ≈«— µ ·≈–¡’ ª √– ‘ ∑ ∏‘ ¿ “æ„πÕπ“§µ §«√¡’ ≈—°…≥–Õ¬à“ß‰√ §«“¡¡ÿàßÀ¡“¬·≈–¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’ ”À√—∫¿“«–ºŸâπ”∑’Ë®–™à«¬ Õ”π«¬§«“¡ –¥«°„π°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬πºà“π√–∫∫∫√‘À“√·∫∫√“™°“√ ´÷Ëß ·∫àß‡ªìπ≈”¥—∫¢—πÈ ‰ª Ÿ°à “√∫√‘À“√√à«¡°—π §«√¡’≈°— …≥–‡™àπ‰√ ∂â“ºŸ∫â √‘À“√ ‰¡à π—∫ πÿπ°“√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß À√◊Õ°“√–∑”Õ¬à“ß‰¡à‡µÁ¡„® °“√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß π—πÈ °Á‰¡àª√– ∫º≈ ”‡√Á® §«“¡√Ÿ‡â °’¬Ë «°—∫¿“«–ºŸπâ ”„π‚√ß‡√’¬π∑’»Ë °÷ …“°—πÕ¬Ÿà ¢≥–π’ È “¡“√∂π”‰ª„™â„π°“√Ωñ°Ωπ·≈–‡µ√’¬¡ºŸ∫â √‘À“√‚√ß‡√’¬π„πÕπ“§µ ‰¥âÀ√◊Õ‰¡à? ¡¡ÿ µ‘ ∞ “πæ◊È π ∞“π‡°’Ë ¬ «°— ∫ ¿“«–ºŸâ π”‚√ß‡√’ ¬ π„π¬ÿ § ªØ‘ √Ÿ ª °“√»÷°…“π’È¡’Õ¬à“ß‰√∫â“ß? ¢âÕÀπ÷Ëß §◊Õ Õ”π“®Õ¬à“ß‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√ ¢ÕßºŸâ∫√‘À“√®–≈¥πâÕ¬≈ß ∫∑∫“∑¢ÕßºŸâ∫√‘À“√®–°≈“¬‡ªìπºŸâÕ”π«¬ §«“¡ –¥«°·≈– àß‡ √‘¡ ‡™àπ ®—¥À“∑√—æ¬“°√·≈–À“∑“ß∑’®Ë –™à«¬„Àâ §√Ÿ ∑”ß“π‰¥â ∫ √√≈ÿ µ “¡®ÿ ¥ ¡ÿà ß À¡“¬¢Õß‚√ß‡√’ ¬ π∑’Ë ‰ ¥â √à « ¡°— π µ—È ß ¢÷È π ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’∑—ÈßÀ≈“¬∑’Ë°≈à“«∂÷ß„πÀπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’ÈÕ“®®–‰¡à§àÕ¬ ‰¥â„™â¡“°π—°

166 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

¡¡ÿµ‘∞“π¢âÕ∑’Ë Õß‡°’Ë¬«°—∫¿“«–ºŸâπ”„π‚√ß‡√’¬πªØ‘√Ÿª„À¡à ‡ÀÁπ«à“∫∑∫“∑¢ÕßºŸâ∫√‘À“√ §◊Õ °“√™à«¬„Àâ§√Ÿ°≈“¬‡ªìπºŸâπ”¢÷Èπ¡“ ºŸ∫â √‘À“√À√◊Õ§√Ÿ„À≠à‡√‘¡Ë ªØ‘∫µ— ‡‘ √◊ÕË ßπ’∫È “â ß°—π·≈â« ‚¥¬°“√„Àâ§√Ÿ¡ ’ «à π√à«¡ „π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„® °“√¡Õ∫À¡“¬„Àâ¡’¿“√–√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫´÷Ëß‡ªìπ‡∑§π‘§Àπ÷Ëß „π°“√„Àâ§√Ÿ¡’ à«π√à«¡ ·µà§√Ÿ„À≠à¡—°¡Õ∫À¡“¬ß“π„Àâ§√Ÿ‡æ’¬ß‰¡à°’Ë§π ‚√·≈π¥å ∫“√å∑ (Roland Barth, 1988 ) °≈à“««à“

ç‡°≥±å„π°“√„ÀâÕ”π“®ºŸπâ ” À√◊Õ°“√¡Õ∫À¡“¬¿“√–ß“π „Àâ·°à§√Ÿ§π„¥§πÀπ÷Ëß · ¥ß«à“§√ŸºŸâπ—Èπ “¡“√∂·°âªí≠À“‰¥â ·µà«‘∏’°“√·°âªí≠À“‡™‘ß√‘‡√‘Ë¡ √â“ß √√§å„À¡àÊ ¡—°®–¡“®“°§√Ÿ ∑’Ë‰¡à¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ„π°“√·°âªí≠À“ ·µà‡ªìπ§π∑’Ë π„®∑’Ë®–‡√’¬π√Ÿâ °“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ°“√·°âªí≠À“∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®–¡“®“°°“√∑’Ë‡¡◊ËÕ‡√“‡º™‘≠ °—∫ªí≠À“·≈â«‡√“Õ¬“°∑’Ë®–·°âªí≠À“π—Èπ®√‘ßÊ µ√ßπ’È·À≈–∑’Ë ¿“«–ºŸπâ ”°—∫°“√æ—≤π“«‘™“™’æ¡“∫√√®∫°—πé (Àπâ“ 641) ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√„Àâ§√Ÿ¡’ à«π√à«¡„πÕ”π“®°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®®–µâÕß§«∫§Ÿà ‰ª°—∫°“√Õ∫√¡æ—≤π“‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π«‘™“™’æ„Àâ·°à§√Ÿ¥â«¬ °“√ªØ‘√Ÿª‚√ß‡√’¬π®÷ßª√– ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á®„π°“√„Àâ§√Ÿ‡ªìπºŸâπ” ∂÷ ß ·¡â ® –‰¡à ¡’ §Ÿà ¡◊ Õ ßà “ ¬Ê ”À√— ∫ °“√æ— ≤ π“¿“«–ºŸâ π”∑’Ë ¡’ ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π‚√ß‡√’¬πªØ‘√ªŸ ·µà‡√“Õ“®®—¥À“‚§√ß √â“ß À√◊Õ§«“¡§‘¥ ∑’®Ë –™à«¬„Àâ§√Ÿ„À≠àæ≤ — π“¿“«–ºŸπâ ”„πµ—«§√ŸÕ¬à“ß‡À¡“– ¡‰¥â ‚¥¬‡√‘¡Ë µâπ ®“°ºŸâ∫√‘À“√®–µâÕßª√–‡¡‘π∑—Èß®ÿ¥¡ÿàßÀ¡“¬·≈–¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’∑’Ë®–„™â∑”ß“π °—∫§√Ÿ ®ÿ¥¡ÿàßÀ¡“¬π—Èπ°Á‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ§√Ÿ¡’ à«π√à«¡„πÕ”π“®°“√‡ªìπºŸâπ” À√◊Õ ‡®µπ“‡æ◊ËÕ®–§«∫§ÿ¡§√Ÿ‰¥â ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’∑’Ë„™âπ—Èπ™à«¬„Àâ§√Ÿ‰¥âæ—≤π“§«“¡√Ÿâ

√ÿª ¢âÕæ÷ß —ß«√·≈–§«“¡∑â“∑“¬ ◆ 167

§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π«‘™“™’æ ´÷ßË ™à«¬ πÕß§«“¡µâÕß°“√§«“¡®”‡ªìπ ·≈– §«“¡„ΩÉΩπí ¢Õß§√Ÿ¥«â ¬À√◊Õ‰¡à ‚¥¬ √ÿª§√Ÿ„À≠à∑”ß“π°—∫§√Ÿ‚¥¬¡’®¥ÿ ¡ÿßà À¡“¬ ‡æ◊ËÕÕÿ¥¡°“√≥å∑“ß°“√»÷°…“ ·≈–„™â¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’°“√∑”ß“π·∫∫√à«¡¡◊Õ √à«¡„®°—∫§√ŸÀ√◊Õ‰¡à ∑ƒ…Æ’ · ≈–ß“π«‘ ®— ¬ ∑’Ë ‡ °’Ë ¬ «¢â Õ ß°— ∫ ¿“«–ºŸâ π”„π‚√ß‡√’ ¬ π„π ªí®®ÿ∫π— π’¬È ß— ‰¡à‡æ’¬ßæÕ∑’®Ë –„Àâ¿“æ∑’™Ë ¥— ‡®π«à“ºŸ∫â √‘À“√¬ÿ§ªØ‘√ªŸ ‚√ß‡√’¬π §«√®–‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß‰√ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„πß“π«‘®—¬‡ªìπ‡æ’¬ß·§à§√Ÿ§‘¥«à“ºŸâ∫√‘À“√ ∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ªí®®ÿ∫—ππ’È‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß‰√ ‚√ß‡√’¬π¢ÕßºŸâ∫√‘À“√‡À≈à“π’È ¬—ß‰¡à‰¥â°â“«¬à“ß‰ª Ÿà≈—°…≥–¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π„πÕπ“§µ∑’Ëª°§√Õß∫√‘À“√ ·∫∫√à « ¡¡◊ Õ √à « ¡„®°— π ·µà Õ ¬à “ ß‰√°Á µ “¡¬ÿ ∑ ∏«‘ ∏’ ¢ ÕßºŸâ ∫ √‘ À “√∑’Ë ¡’ ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æµ“¡∑’Ë‰¥â∫√√¬“¬„πÀπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È¡’§«“¡ Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫ ≈—°…≥– ·≈–À≈—°°“√¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬πªØ‘√Ÿª„πÕπ“§µ ‡™àπ °“√„Àâ§√Ÿ ‡¢â“√à«¡µ—¥ ‘π„® °“√ àß‡ √‘¡æ—≤π“«‘™“™’æ§√Ÿ‡æ◊ÕË ‡ √‘¡·√ß„π«‘™“™’æ·≈– °“√„™â°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®∑’¡Ë æ’ π◊È ∞“π®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·≈–§«“¡√Ÿâ ‡√“¡’§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ«à“∫√√¥“§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ∑’Ë§√Ÿ∫√√¬“¬ „πÀπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’µÈ “à ß‰¥âπ”‚√ß‡√’¬π‰ª Ÿ°à “√ªØ‘√ªŸ §√Ÿ„À≠à‡À≈à“π’ÀÈ ≈’°‡≈’¬Ë ß °“√„™âÕ”π“®∫“µ√„À≠à À“°·µàæ¬“¬“¡¥÷ß§√Ÿ„Àâ‡¢â“¡“√à«¡§‘¥√à«¡∑” ‡ªìπ°“√‡√‘Ë¡∑”‚§√ß √â“ß∫√‘À“√„À¡à ‡√“®–π”§«“¡√Ÿâ·≈–¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’¢Õß ºŸ∫â √‘À“√‡À≈à“π’¡È “„™â„π°“√π”„Àâ‚√ß‡√’¬πªØ‘√ªŸ ‰¥âÕ¬à“ß‰√ ∂÷ß·¡â§«“¡√Ÿâ¢ÕßºŸâ∫√‘À“√‚√ß‡√’¬π„πÕπ“§µ®–¬—ß‰¡à¡“°æÕ ∑’Ë®–·°âªí≠À“„À¡àÊ ´÷Ëß‰¡à‡§¬æ∫‡ÀÁπ¡“°àÕπ ·µà≈—°…≥–∑’Ë®”‡ªìπ ·≈–µâÕß¡’·πàπÕπ„πºŸâ∫√‘À“√ §◊Õ ®√‘¬∏√√¡·≈–§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√ ¬âÕπ§‘¥∑∫∑«π ª√– ∫°“√≥å™à«¬„Àâ‡ÀÁπ§«“¡§≈â“¬§≈÷ß·≈–§«“¡ ·µ°µà“ß¢Õßªí≠À“„À¡àÊ ªí≠À“∑’‡Ë §¬æ∫¡“·≈â« ª√– ∫°“√≥å‡¥‘¡·≈–

168 ◆ §√Ÿ„À≠à§Õ◊ ·√ß®Ÿß„®¢Õß§√Ÿ

°“√ªØ‘∫µ— ®‘ –™à«¬„Àâ§√Ÿ„À≠à “¡“√∂‡¢â“„®ªí≠À“ ·≈–À“∑“ß‡≈◊Õ°‡æ◊ËÕ ·°â ‰ ¢ªí≠À“‰¥â „π°“√·°âªí≠À“ §√Ÿ„À≠à®–µâÕß¬âÕπ§‘¥∑∫∑«π„π ·µà≈–¢—ÈπµÕπ‡æ◊ËÕ·°âªí≠À“ ¬âÕπ§‘¥∂÷ßº≈·≈–ªí≠À“∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷πÈ ·µà≈–¢—πÈ ¢âÕ¥’¢âÕ‡ ’¬¢Õß·µà≈–∑“ß‡≈◊Õ° ·≈–°“√¥÷ß„Àâ»Ÿπ¬å°≈“ß·ÀàßÕ”π“®®“° ºŸ∫â √‘À“√‰ª Ÿ§à √Ÿ °√–∫«π°“√¬âÕπ§‘¥∑∫∑«πÕ¬à“ß·¬∫§“¬π’È ®–™à«¬ „π°“√æ—≤π“¿“«–ºŸâπ”Õ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π‚√ß‡√’¬π¬ÿ§ªØ‘√Ÿª„π Õπ“§µ ·µàÀ≈—° ”§—≠¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π∑’Ëª√– ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á® §◊Õ »’≈∏√√¡ ®√‘¬∏√√¡¢ÕßºŸ∫â √‘À“√ (Sergiovanni, 1992) ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏„’ π°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿß æ—≤π“‚√ß‡√’¬πÕ“®®–¡’À≈“°À≈“¬ ·µàÀ≈—° ”§—≠∑’‰Ë ¡à¡°’ “√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß §◊Õ °“√®—¥∑”·≈–®—¥À“∑ÿ°Õ¬à“ß∑’Ë¥’∑’Ë ÿ¥„Àâ·°à‡¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π„π§«“¡¥Ÿ·≈ ¢Õß‚√ß‡√’¬π ‚¥¬¡’»’≈∏√√¡ ®√‘¬∏√√¡ ‡ªìπ‡¢Á¡∑‘»π”∑“ß (Convey, 1992 P. 94) ”À√—∫¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’∑—ÈßÀ≈“¬∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à®–π”‰ª„™â §«√„™â°“√¬âÕπ§‘¥ ∑∫∑«π„π∑ÿ°¢—ÈπµÕπ ‡™àπ ∂â“§√Ÿ„À≠à®–„™â¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’ ù°“√™¡‡™¬û „π¢≥–∑’Ë¢«—≠·≈–°”≈—ß„®¢Õß§√ŸµË” ‡æ√“–‚§√ß°“√®—¥„ÀâºŸâª°§√Õß ‡¢â“¡“¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√∫√‘À“√‚√ß‡√’¬π≈â¡‡À≈« ∑—ÈßÊ ∑’Ë§≥–§√ŸºŸâ®—¥ ‰¥â∑¡ÿà ‡∑ °”≈—ß°“¬°”≈—ß„® ·≈–‡«≈“„π°“√«“ß·ºπß“π °“√‡µ√’¬¡ß“π ‡¡◊ËÕ§≥–§√Ÿπ—¥ª√–™ÿ¡«à“§«√®–∑”Õ¬à“ß‰√µàÕ‰ª ®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈§√Ÿ„À≠à §«√®–™¡‡™¬§√Ÿ‡æ◊ÕË „Àâ°”≈—ß„®„π°“√∑”ß“πµàÕ‰ª ·µà§√Ÿ„À≠à„πÕπ“§µ®–µâÕß„™â°“√¬âÕπ§‘¥∑∫∑«π ·≈–§‘¥ ‚µâµÕ∫„π„®¥—ßπ’È ç©— π §«√‡ªî ¥ °“√ª√–™ÿ ¡ ¥â « ¬°“√æŸ ¥ ∂÷ ß §«“¡µ—È ß „®·≈– °“√Õÿ∑»‘ µπ„π°“√®—¥‚§√ß°“√ºŸªâ °§√Õß¡’ «à π√à«¡¢Õß§≥–§√Ÿ

√ÿª ¢âÕæ÷ß —ß«√·≈–§«“¡∑â“∑“¬ ◆ 169

·µà®– ¡§«√À√◊Õ‰¡à? ‡æ√“–§√Ÿ°Á‡ªìπºŸâπ”Õ¬Ÿà·≈â« §√Ÿ§ß®– „Àâ°”≈—ß„®´÷Ëß°—π·≈–°—π ·≈â«º≈ß“π¢Õß§√Ÿ∑ÿ°§π°Áµ√–Àπ—° °—π¥’«“à ≈â¡‡À≈« ‡æ√“–©–π—πÈ ©—π‰¡à§«√µâÕß‰ª‚Õã§√Ÿé ·µà∫∑∫“∑¢Õß©—π„π∞“π–ºŸÕâ ”π«¬§«“¡ –¥«° °“√™¡‡™¬ °Á‡ªìπ°“√®Ÿß„®„Àâ§√Ÿ∑”µàÕ‰ª ‡¡◊ËÕ§√Ÿº‘¥À«—ß„π‚§√ß°“√ ù‡æ◊ËÕπ™à«¬‡æ◊ËÕπû ‡¡◊ËÕ©—π· ¥ß§«“¡™◊Ëπ™¡„π§«“¡æ¬“¬“¡ ¢Õß§≥–§√Ÿ °Á™à«¬„Àâ§√Ÿ¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°∑’Ë¥’¢÷Èπ‰¥â ®√‘ßÕ¬Ÿà°“√™¡‡™¬‡ªìπ à«π™à«¬„Àâ°”≈—ß„®„π°“√∑”ß“π ·µà ∫ ∑∫“∑Àπâ “ ∑’Ë ¢ Õß©— π §◊ Õ æ— ≤ π“¿“«–ºŸâ π”„πµ— « §√Ÿ ‡æ√“–©–π—È π ®–µâ Õ ßæ¬“¬“¡„™â ¬ÿ ∑ ∏«‘ ∏’ ∑’Ë æ— ≤ π“¿“«–ºŸâ π” „πµ—«§√Ÿ °“√™¡‡™¬‡ªìπ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏∑’ ¥’Ë ’ ·µà§«√®–¡“®“°§√Ÿ¥«â ¬°—π ©—π§«√™à«¬„Àâ§√Ÿµ√–Àπ—°∂÷ß§«“¡ ”‡√Á®¢Õßµπ‡Õßé ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’À≈—°°“√¥—ß°≈à“« §√Ÿ„À≠à°Á®–¥”‡π‘π°“√™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ§√Ÿ„Àâ ¬Õ¡√—∫§«“¡‡¢â¡·¢Áß¢Õßµπ‡Õß °“√™¡‡™¬‡ªìπ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’∑’Ë¥’„π°“√™à«¬ ∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß„π¥â“π¥’ ·µà°“√™¡‡™¬§«√®–‡ª≈’Ë¬π®“° ºŸâ∫√‘À“√‡ªìπ§√Ÿ §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë “¡“√∂ª√—∫‡ª≈’Ë¬πµπ‡Õß„Àâ‡À¡“–°—∫‚√ß‡√’¬πªØ‘√Ÿª „πÕπ“§µ ‡√’¬°«à“ ºŸâπ”∑’Ëª√—∫‡ª≈’Ë¬π‰¥â·≈â« (transformational leader) §√Ÿ„À≠à∑ª’Ë √—∫‡ª≈’¬Ë π‰¥â·≈â«®–™à«¬„ÀâºÕŸâ π◊Ë ª√—∫‡ª≈’¬Ë π‰¥âµÕà ‰ª §√Ÿ„À≠à∑ª’Ë √—∫‡ª≈’¬Ë π·≈â«®–æ¬“¬“¡∑”„Àâ§√Ÿ¡¿’ “«–ºŸπâ ”™à«¬æ—≤π“§«“¡ “¡“√∂¢Õß§√Ÿ·µà≈–§π ·≈–¡’»’≈∏√√¡®√‘¬∏√√¡‡ªìπÀ≈—°¬÷¥‡Àπ’Ë¬« §√Ÿ„À≠à„πß“π«‘®—¬¢Õß‡√“∫“ß§π®—¥«à“‡ªìπºŸâ√‘‡√‘Ë¡¢—Èπµâπ„π°“√ ª√—∫‡ª≈’Ë¬π §√Ÿ·≈–‚√ß‡√’¬π„Àâ‡¢â“ Ÿà¬ÿ§ªØ‘√Ÿª §√Ÿ„À≠à‡À≈à“π’È√‘‡√‘Ë¡°“√

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ª°§√Õß ·≈–∫√‘À“√°‘®°“√‚√ß‡√’¬π·∫∫„À¡à∑’Ë„Àâ§√Ÿ¡’ à«π√à«¡¥â«¬ ·µà §√Ÿ„À≠à·≈–§√Ÿ·∫∫π’¬È ß— ¡’‰¡à°§’Ë π °“√»÷°…“¢ÕßÕ‡¡√‘°“‚¥¬∑—«Ë ‰ª„π‡«≈“ 3 »µ«√√…¬—ß‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß‰¡à¡“°π—° ¢Õ„Àâπ°÷ ∂÷ß‡¡◊ÕË °àÕπ∑’¡Ë °’ “√§«∫§ÿ¡ §√Ÿ∂÷ß¢π“¥§√ŸÀ≠‘ß®–µâÕß¡’°√–‚ª√ß°’Ëµ—« ´÷Ëßªí®®ÿ∫—π°Á¬—ß¡’Õ¬Ÿà ·¡â°”≈—ß ¡’°√–· Õ¬à“ß·√ß°≈â“∑’Ë„Àâ‡ √’·°à§√Ÿ„π∞“π–«‘™“™’æ ‡¢Á¡π“Ãî°“°”≈—ß ‡À«’Ë¬ß‰ª∑“ßπ’ÈÕ¬à“ß·√ß ·≈–‡ªìπ∑’ËÀ«—ß°—π«à“§ß®–‰¡à¡’°“√‡À«’Ë¬ß°≈—∫ §≥–ºŸâ‡¢’¬π¡’§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ«à“ ∂“π°“√≥å 2 ª√–°“√∑’Ë®–™à«¬„Àâ ‚√ß‡√’¬π “¡“√∂ªØ‘√Ÿª‰¥â ”‡√Á®§◊Õ Àπ÷Ëß °“√ª√—∫‡ª≈’Ë¬πµπ‡Õß¢Õß ºŸ∫â √‘À“√ À√◊Õ§√Ÿ„À≠à ‡æ√“–§√Ÿ„À≠à∑ª’Ë √—∫‡ª≈’¬Ë π·≈â«®–™à«¬æ—≤π“§√Ÿ ·µà≈–§π„Àâ‡ªìπºŸâπ” ·≈–¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π«‘™“™’æ ‚¥¬°“√ ®—¥Õ∫√¡§√Ÿ „Àâ§√Ÿ‰¥â√—∫§«“¡√Ÿâ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡ ∂“π°“√≥å∑’Ë Õß §◊Õ §√Ÿ®–¢¬“¬∫∑∫“∑Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õßµπ ·≈– ª√–°—π§ÿ≥¿“æ¢Õßµ—«§√Ÿ‡Õß ∂â“§√Ÿ‡æ’¬ß·µà®–√à«¡ªØ‘√Ÿª‚√ß‡√’¬πµ“¡ §«“¡‡ÀÁπ¢ÕßºŸâ∫√‘À“√∑—Èß√–¥—∫‚√ß‡√’¬π·≈–√–¥—∫¿Ÿ¡‘¿“§ ‚¥¬§√Ÿ¡‘‰¥â µ—ÈßÕ°µ—Èß„®¡ÿàß¡—Ëπ∑’Ë®–∑”„π∞“π–«‘™“™’æ·≈â« °“√ªØ‘√Ÿª‚√ß‡√’¬π°Á®– ‰¡à ”‡√Á® „πß“π«‘®¬— ‰¥âÕ∏‘∫“¬∂÷ß¿“«–ºŸπâ ”¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à∑¡’Ë ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ §◊Õ §«“¡´◊ËÕ —µ¬å ·≈–¡ÿàß¡—Ëπ∑’Ë®–æ—≤π“ª√—∫ª√ÿß‚√ß‡√’¬π §√Ÿ„π ‚√ß‡√’¬πªØ‘√Ÿª®–µâÕß¡’¿“«–ºŸâπ”‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ∑’Ë‰¥âÕ∏‘∫“¬¡“·≈â«π—Èπ¥â«¬ °“√ªØ‘√Ÿª‚√ß‡√’¬π®÷ß®–ª√– ∫º≈ ”‡√Á® §≥–ºŸ‡â ¢’¬π¡’§«“¡‡™◊ÕË ¡—πË «à“ ºŸ∫â √‘À“√¡’Àπâ“∑’®Ë –µâÕß„Àâ‚Õ°“ §√Ÿ‰¥â‡µ‘∫‚µ·≈–æ—≤π“§«“¡√Ÿ§â «“¡ “¡“√∂„π«‘™“™’æ ·µà°µÁ Õâ ß·πà„®«à“ §√Ÿ‰¥âæ≤ — π“¢÷πÈ °“√∑’§Ë √Ÿ¡§’ «“¡√Ÿ§â «“¡ “¡“√∂¡“°¢÷πÈ ¡§«√∑’Ë®–‰¥â¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„® ´÷Ëß„π ¡—¬°àÕπ§√Ÿ‰¡à¡’‚Õ°“ ‰¥â√à«¡„π°“√ µ—¥ ‘π„® ·≈–‰¡à¡‚’ Õ°“ ‰¥â‡æ‘¡Ë æŸπ«‘™“°“√„π«‘™“™’æ

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°“√»÷°…“„πÕ‡¡√‘°“ªí®®ÿ∫—ππ’È‡º™‘≠°—∫‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë∑â“∑“¬¡“°¡“¬ ¿“«–ºŸâπ”¢Õß§√Ÿ®–™à«¬„Àâ§√Ÿ¡’‚Õ°“ „π°“√æ—≤π“π—°‡√’¬π∑—Èß∑“ß¥â“π «‘™“°“√·≈– —ß§¡ ∂â“¥Ÿ„π∑“ßµ√ß¢â“¡§«“¡‡ªìπºŸâπ”¢Õß§√Ÿ¥Ÿ®–‡ªìπ °“√µ—¥∑ÕπÕ”π“®¢ÕßºŸ∫â √‘À“√‚√ß‡√’¬π ∑—ßÈ π’‡È ªìπ‡√◊ÕË ß∑’ºË ∫Ÿâ √‘À“√‚√ß‡√’¬π „πªí®®ÿ∫π— ®–æ‘®“√≥“«à“ °“√ªØ‘√ªŸ ‚√ß‡√’¬π („ÀâÕ”π“®§√Ÿ¡“°¢÷πÈ ) ®–‡ªìπ °“√∫—Ëπ∑ÕπÕ”π“®¢ÕßºŸâ∫√‘À“√ À√◊Õ°“√∑”„Àâπ—°‡√’¬π‡√’¬π¥’¢÷Èπ ´÷Ëß∑—Èßπ’È¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫§à“π‘¬¡·≈–Õÿªπ‘ —¬¢ÕßºŸâ∫√‘À“√π—ÈπÊ ®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„π ß“π«‘®¬— æ∫«à“¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏·’ ≈–æƒµ‘°√√¡∑’ºË ∫Ÿâ √‘À“√À√◊Õ§√Ÿ„À≠à∑¡’Ë ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ „™â “¡“√∂π”¡“„™â„π°“√ªØ‘√Ÿª‚√ß‡√’¬π‰¥â ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ§√Ÿ„À≠à À√◊Õ ºŸâ∫√‘À“√‚√ß‡√’¬π„πªí®®ÿ∫—πÀ“°¡’§«“¡®√‘ß„®·≈–µ—Èß„®®√‘ß∑’Ë®–ªØ‘√Ÿª ‚√ß‡√’¬π·≈â« §≥–ºŸâ‡¢’¬π¢Õ‡ πÕ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ „πß“π«‘®—¬¢Õß‡√“‰¥â„™â ´÷Ëß‡ªìπ°“√∫ÿ°‡∫‘°«‘∏’°“√∑’Ë„™â„π°“√ªØ‘√Ÿª ‚√ß‡√’¬π

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·À≈àß∑’¡Ë “¢Õß¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈: «‘∏°’ “√·≈–¢—πÈ µÕπ°“√«‘®¬— ®ÿ¥ª√– ß§å¢ÕßÀπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È‡πâπ‡√◊ËÕß°“√Ωñ°ªØ‘∫—µ‘ ºŸâÕà“π ∫“ß∑à“πÕ“® π„®∑’Ë®–√Ÿâ«à“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë‡√“π”¡“„™â„πÀπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È‰¥â¡“ Õ¬à“ß‰√ √«∫√«¡·≈–«‘‡§√“–ÀåÕ¬à“ß‰√ °≈à“«‚¥¬ √ÿª‰¥â¥—ßπ’È °√–∫«π°“√√«∫√«¡¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·≈–«‘∏’«‘‡§√“–Àå¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„™â∑ƒ…Æ’ ªØ‘ ¡— æ—π∏å‡™‘ß —≠≈—°…≥å (symbolic interaction theory) «‘∏°’ “√π’È ®–‡πâπ°“√µ’§«“¡·≈–·ª≈§«“¡À¡“¬°“√°√–∑”¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈„π ¿“æ —ß§¡∑’¡Ë ª’ Ø‘ ¡— æ—π∏å ‚¥¬∂◊Õ«à“‡Õ°—µµ∫ÿ§§≈®–‰¥â√∫— Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈ (∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥ °“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈) ®“°ªí®®—¬¿“¬πÕ° ‡™àπ π‚¬∫“¬°“√ ª°§√Õß ·µà„π¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π∫ÿ§§≈°Á “¡“√∂‡ªìπµ—«¢Õßµ—«‡Õß‰¥â ·≈– “¡“√∂· ¥ßÀ√◊Õ°√–∑”¥â«¬µπ‡Õß (Blumor, 1969; Mead, 1934) °“√«‘®—¬µ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’ªØ‘ —¡æ—π∏å‡™‘ß —≠≈—°…≥åπ’È‡ªìπß“π«‘®—¬‡™‘ß§ÿ≥¿“æ ™π‘¥Àπ÷ßË ·µà®–‡πâπ∑’∑Ë »— π§µ‘ ¡ÿ¡¡Õß §«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ¢Õß·µà≈–∫ÿ§§≈ (Blumor, 1969; Tesch, 1988) „π°“√À“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈§≥–ºŸâ«‘®—¬‰¥â àß·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡ª≈“¬‡ªî¥ ∂“¡ Õ¬à“ß°«â“ßÊ «à “ ç¢Õ„Àâ∫√√¬“¬¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à¢Õß∑à“π„™â∑’Ë¡’º≈ ∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß„πµ—«§√Ÿé ´÷Ëß¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡™‘ß∫√√¬“¬µ“¡∑—»π– §√Ÿππ’È ”¡“„™â„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå §«“¡ ”§—≠¢Õß°“√»÷°…“∑—»π–¡ÿ¡¡Õßπ’È„™â¡“°„π°“√»÷°…“ ‡°’Ë¬«°—∫§«“¡‡ªìπºŸâπ” °“√ª°§√Õß ·≈–°“√»÷°…“‡√◊ËÕß¢ÕßÕ”π“®

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„πÕß§å°√ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë‰¥â®–π”¡“«‘‡§√“–Àå‡æ◊ËÕ®—¥À¡«¥À¡Ÿà·π«§‘¥„π ≈—°…≥–µà“ßÊ ÕÕ≈æÕ√åµ (Allport, 1942) ¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπ«à“·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡ ª≈“¬‡ªî¥‡ªìπ‡Õ° “√ ”§—≠ ”À√—∫ß“π«‘®—¬‡™‘ß§ÿ≥¿“æ ‡æ√“–®– ∑”„Àâ√Ÿâ·π«§‘¥¡ÿ¡¡Õß‡™‘ßÕ—µπ—¬¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈ ‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õª√–‡¿∑π’È®—¥«à“ ‡ªìπ‡Õ° “√∑’Ë‡ªî¥‡º¬µπ‡Õß®–‚¥¬µ—Èß„®À√◊Õ‰¡àµ—Èß„®°Áµ“¡ ´÷Ëß∑”„Àâ ‰¥â¢Õâ ¡Ÿ≈‡°’¬Ë «°—∫‚§√ß √â“ß·π«§‘¥ °“√°√–∑”¢ÕßºŸµâ Õ∫·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡ à«π·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡®–À¡“¬∂÷ß‡Õ° “√ à«π∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë∫ÿ§§≈¡’Õ”π“®‡Àπ◊Õ ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“¢Õß§”µÕ∫ ·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡ª√–‡¿∑π’È„™â‰¥â¥’¡“°„πß“π«‘®—¬ ·∫∫Õ◊πË §≥–ºŸâ«‘®—¬‰¥âÕÕ°·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡ª≈“¬‡ªî¥‡æ◊ËÕ ”√«®¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’ ∑’Ë § √Ÿ „ À≠à „ ™â „ π°“√ √â “ ßÕ‘ ∑ ∏‘ æ ≈‡æ◊Ë Õ „Àâ ‡ °‘ ¥ ‡ª≈’Ë ¬ π·ª≈ß„πµ— « §√Ÿ (Inventory of Strategies Used by Principals to Influence Teachers __ ISUPIT) ‚¥¬„Àâ§√ŸºµŸâ Õ∫‰¥â· ¥ß§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπÕ¬à“ß‡ √’ „π°“√æ—≤π“·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡©∫—∫·√° ºŸâ«‘®—¬‰¥âª√÷°…“°√√¡°“√´÷Ëß‡ªìπ Õ“®“√¬å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ 3 §π §√Ÿ‚√ß‡√’¬π 5 §π ·≈–π”‰ª∑¥≈Õß„™â °—∫π‘ ‘µª√‘≠≠“‚∑·≈–‡Õ° 39 §π ∑’Ë°”≈—ß‡√’¬π«‘™“°“√»÷°…“„π ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¢Õß√—∞ À≈—ß®“°‰¥â√—∫§”µÕ∫„π√–¥—∫°“√∑¥ Õ∫·≈â« ‰¥âπ”¡“ª√—∫ª√ÿß ‡ªìπ·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡ ·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡ª≈“¬‡ªî¥‡æ◊ÕË ”√«®¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏∑’ §’Ë √Ÿ„À≠à„™â¡’ 3 Àπâ“ Àπâ“·√°‡ªìπ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª∑’Ë„Àâ§√Ÿª√–‡¡‘πª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ·≈–≈—°…≥– ‡ªî¥‡º¬¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à¢Õßµπ ‚¥¬ª√–‡¡‘π„Àâ§–·ππ 1-7 ”À√—∫ ÕßÀπâ“∂—¥‰ª „ÀâºŸâµÕ∫‡¢’¬π∫√√¬“¬¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à„™â ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥ °“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß„πµ—«§√Ÿ 2 «‘∏’ ‚¥¬¡’§”∂“¡ ¥—ßπ’È

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1. ®ß∫√√¬“¬·≈–„Àâ√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥µ—«Õ¬à“ß¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’ À√◊Õ‡∑§π‘§ «‘∏’°“√ (®–‚¥¬‡ªî¥‡º¬À√◊Õ‰¡à‡ªî¥‡º¬ Õ¬à“ß‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√À√◊Õ‰¡à‡ªìπ ∑“ß°“√ ∑“ß √â“ß √√§åÀ√◊Õ∑“ß‰¡à √â“ß √√§å) ∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à¢Õß∑à“π„™â ∫àÕ¬Ê „π°“√∑”„Àâ∑à“π§‘¥À√◊Õ°√–∑”„π™—Èπ‡√’¬π 2. ®ß∫√√¬“¬·≈–¬°µ—«Õ¬à“ßº≈¢Õß¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à„™âπ—Èπ ∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß„π∑—»π§µ‘·≈–æƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õß∑à“πÀ√◊Õ‰¡à 3. ®ß∫√√¬“¬·≈–¬°µ—«Õ¬à“ß®ÿ¥ª√– ß§å·≈–‡ªÑ“À¡“¬¢Õß §√Ÿ„À≠à (µ“¡§«“¡§‘¥¢Õß∑à“π) „π°“√„™â¬∑ÿ ∏«‘∏¢’ “â ßµâπ 4. ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à„™â‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ∑à“π§‘¥·≈–∑”Õ¬à“ß∑’Ë§√Ÿ„À≠à µâÕß°“√π—Èπ‰¥âº≈‡æ’¬ß‰√ ‚ª√¥ª√–‡¡‘π‚¥¬„Àâ§–·ππ 1-7 ·≈–°√ÿ≥“ Õ∏‘∫“¬«à“∑”‰¡®÷ßª√–‡¡‘π„Àâ§–·ππ‡∑à“π—πÈ 5. ∑à“π¡’§«“¡√Ÿ â °÷ Õ¬à“ß‰√∑’§Ë √Ÿ„À≠à¢Õß∑à“π„™â¬∑ÿ ∏«‘∏π’ π—È Ê ß“π«‘®—¬·∫∫ ”√«®ª√–‡¿∑π’ÈÕÕ°·∫∫¡“‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ‰¥â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë “¡“√∂π”¡“®—¥À¡«¥À¡Ÿà ·≈–ºŸâ√à«¡∑”«‘®—¬ “¡“√∂∑”§«“¡‡¢â“„®‰¥â ‡æ√“–«à“·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡ ISUPI ∂Ÿ°ÕÕ°·∫∫¡“‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡ ª≈“¬‡ªî¥ ´÷ËßµâÕß°“√‡«≈“„π°“√µÕ∫·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡Õ¬à“ß¡“°‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ §”µÕ∫π—πÈ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å (ª√–¡“≥ 40 π“∑’) ¥â«¬§”∂“¡„π·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡ §àÕπ¢â“ß≈–‡Õ’¬¥ÕàÕπ ºŸâ«‘®—¬®÷ß‰¡à„™â«‘∏’ àß·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡∑“ß‰ª√…≥’¬å ·µà‰¥â„Àâ»“µ√“®“√¬åºŸâ Õπ«‘™“°“√»÷°…“ 14 §π π”·∫∫∑¥ Õ∫π’È „Àâ § √Ÿ ª √–®”°“√∑’Ë ‡ √’ ¬ π¡À“«‘ ∑ ¬“≈— ¬ „π¡≈√— ∞ µ–«— π ÕÕ°‡©’ ¬ ß„µâ µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ ·≈–µ–«—πµ°‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ ‡ªìπºŸµâ Õ∫·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡ √–À«à“ß §.». 1989-1990 ´÷ËßºŸâµÕ∫‰¡àµâÕß‡¢’¬π™◊ËÕ„π·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡

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„π®”π«π§√ŸºŸâµÕ∫ 1,200 §π ∑’ËµÕ∫·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡‰¥â§√∫ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ¡’§√Ÿ 836 §π √–∫ÿ«à“§√Ÿ„À≠à¢Õßµπ‡ªìπ¡’≈—°…≥–‡ªî¥‡º¬ ¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ·≈–¡’ à«π√à«¡°—∫§√Ÿ·≈–π—°‡√’¬π ‚¥¬¡’§à“‡©≈’Ë¬ Õ¬Ÿ∑à ’Ë 5.7, 5.9 ·≈– 5.2 µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ®“°§–·ππª√–‡¡‘π 1-7 §√Ÿ ∑’Ë‡À≈◊Õ√–∫ÿ«à“ §√Ÿ„À≠à¢Õßµπ‡ªìπ§√Ÿ„À≠à·∫∫ªî¥·≈–‰¡à¡ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ (Àπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È· ¥ß‡©æ“– —¥ à«π¢Õß¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë§√Ÿ®”π«π 836 §π ∑’Ë µ Õ∫«à “ §√Ÿ „ À≠à ¢ Õßµπ‡ªì π §√Ÿ „ À≠à ∑’Ë ‡ ªî ¥ ‡º¬·≈–‡ªì π §√Ÿ „ À≠à ∑’Ë ¡’ ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ °“√µ—¥ ‘π„®‡≈◊Õ°„™â —¥ à«π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈π’È¡“®“°°“√„™â∑ƒ…Æ’ °“√«‘®—¬ ·≈–°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘®√‘ß) ®“°®”π«πºŸµâ Õ∫ 836 §π ‡ªìπ™“¬ 172 §π À≠‘ß 664 §π ‡ªìπ§√Ÿµà“ß®—ßÀ«—¥ 292 §π Õ¬Ÿà„π‡¢µ™“π‡¡◊Õß 443 §π Õ¬Ÿà„π‡¡◊Õß 101 §π ‡ªìπ§√Ÿª√–∂¡ 335 §π §√Ÿ¡∏— ¬¡µâπ 284 §π §√Ÿ ¡—∏¬¡ª≈“¬ 217 §π Õ“¬ÿ‡©≈’Ë¬¢Õß§√ŸºŸâµÕ∫ 37 ªï Õ“¬ÿ°“√ Õπ ‡©≈’Ë¬ 12 ªï §√Ÿ®â“ßª√–®” 714 §π §√Ÿ®â“ß‰¡àª√–®” 122 §π §√Ÿ∑’Ë·µàßß“π·≈â« 669 §π §√Ÿ‚ ¥ 130 §π §√Ÿ∑’ËÀ¬à“°—∫§Ÿà ¡√ 37 §π §√Ÿ«ÿ≤‘ª√‘≠≠“µ√’ 299 §π §√Ÿ«ÿ≤‘ª√‘≠≠“‚∑ 523 §π §√Ÿ«ÿ≤‘ª√‘≠≠“‡Õ° 14 §π §√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë§√ŸºŸâµÕ∫·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡°≈à“«∂÷ß ‡ªìπ™“¬ 497 §π À≠‘ß 339 §π Õ“¬ÿ‡©≈’¬Ë „π°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à 4 ªï °≈ÿà ¡ µ— « Õ¬à “ ß∑’Ë µ Õ∫·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡§à Õ π¢â “ ß Õ¥§≈â Õ ß°— ∫ °“√°√–®“¬¢Õßª√–™“°√§√Ÿ‚¥¬√«¡„π√–¥—∫ª√–‡∑»„π‡√◊ËÕß¢Õß‡æ» Õ“¬ÿ °“√»÷°…“ ∂“π–°“√ ¡√ ‡æ’¬ß·µà√âÕ¬≈–¢ÕßÕ“¬ÿ‡©≈’Ë¬„π°“√ ∑”ß“π¢Õß§√ŸºŸâµÕ∫µË”°«à“§√Ÿ„π√–¥—∫ª√–‡∑»‡≈Á°πâÕ¬ √âÕ¬≈–¢Õß§√Ÿ

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„π‡¡◊ÕßµË”°«à“§√Ÿ„π√–¥—∫ª√–‡∑» √âÕ¬≈–¢Õß§√Ÿ„π‡¢µ™“π‡¡◊Õß Ÿß°«à“ §√Ÿ„π√–¥—∫ª√–‡∑» √âÕ¬≈–¢Õß§√Ÿ√–¥—∫ª√–∂¡¡’µË”°«à“§√Ÿ„π√–¥—∫ª√–‡∑» §√Ÿ√–¥—∫¡—∏¬¡µâπ·≈–ª≈“¬¡’√Õâ ¬≈– Ÿß°«à“§√Ÿ„π√–¥—∫ª√–‡∑» ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°°≈ÿà¡µ—«Õ¬à“ß§√Ÿ 836 π’È π”¡“®—¥∑”‡ªìπ√À— „π ·µà≈–À≈—°°“√À√◊Õ«‘∏’¥â«¬°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫ (Glaser, 1978; Glasen& Strauss, 1967) ‚¥¬‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫À≈—°°“√À√◊Õ«‘∏’ ®—¥∑” √À— ·≈â«·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπÀ¡«¥À√◊Õ‡ªìπÀ¡«¥À¡Ÿà¬àÕ¬ „π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå §”∫√√¬“¬®“°§”µÕ∫∑ÿ°Àπâ“°√–¥“…·≈–∑ÿ°∫√√∑—¥‰¥â¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’„À≠àÊ ∂÷ß 1,323 ª√–‡¿∑ ·≈–‡∑§π‘§Õ’°¡“°¡“¬À≈“¬«‘∏’ ·µà≈–¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’ «‘‡§√“–Àå„π∫√‘∫∑¢ÕßÀ—«¢âÕ§”∂“¡ ISUPIT ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈π’È —¡æ—π∏å°—∫ §«“¡§‘¥ æƒµ‘°√√¡ ·≈–‡ªÑ“ª√– ß§å¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠à∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’·≈–§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°∑’Ë®—¥∑”‡ªìπ√À— ‡ªìπÀ¡«¥À¡Ÿà·≈–À¡«¥À¡Ÿà¬àÕ¬ ∂Ÿ° —ß‡§√“–Àå¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ‡¡∑√‘°´å (Miles & Huberman,1989) ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’ ∑’Ë«‘‡§√“–Àå„π‡™‘ßµ—«‡≈¢π’È· ¥ß‡ªìπ·ºπ¿Ÿ¡‘´÷Ëßßà“¬„π°“√∑”§«“¡‡¢â“„® (‡™àπ Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈∑’Ë¡’µàÕ§√Ÿ) ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’∑’Ëµ√ß°—π¢â“¡∑’Ë„™â‡ªìπ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈æ◊πÈ ∞“π·≈–∑ƒ…Æ’ ·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡∑’¡Ë ’ 2 Àπâ“ “¡“√∂∑”„ÀâºµŸâ Õ∫‰¥â«‡‘ §√“–Àå‡æ’¬ß ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏‡’ ¥’¬« ®ÿ¥ ”§—≠Õ¬Ÿ∑à ®’Ë ”π«π¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏∑’ ∂’Ë °Ÿ ®—¥∑”‡ªìπ√À— ®–‡∑à“°—∫ ®”π«πÀπâ“ ∞“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë‰¥â¡“∑—ÈßÀ¡¥∂Ÿ°µ√«® Õ∫Õ¬à“ß≈–‡Õ’¬¥ À“° §√Ÿ„À≠à„™â¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’∑’Ë¡’Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß°—∫§ÿ≥≈—°…≥–‡©æ“–∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ ‡æ»¢Õß§√Ÿ„À≠àÀ√◊Õ§√Ÿ ·¡â«à“√Ÿª·∫∫°“√«‘π‘®©—¬®–‡ªìπ√Ÿª·∫∫∑—Ë«‰ª °Áµ“¡

·À≈àß∑’¡Ë “¢Õß¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ◆ 179

π—°«‘®—¬Àπ÷Ëß§π‡ªìπºŸâ«‘‡§√“–Àå¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‚¥¬„™â‡«≈“ 800 ™—Ë«‚¡ß »“ µ√“®“√¬å«‘™“°“√»÷°…“ 3 §π ·≈–π‘ ‘µª√‘≠≠“‡Õ° 2 §π ‡ªìπ ºŸâ„Àâ§”µÕ∫‡¡◊ËÕ¡’¢âÕ ß —¬‡°’Ë¬«°—∫·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡ π—°‡√’¬πª√‘≠≠“‡Õ° ‡ªìπºŸâµ√«®§”Õ∏‘∫“¬®“°√Ÿª·∫∫¢Õß‡¡∑√‘°´å®“°ºŸâ«‘®—¬ ‚¥¬ÕÕ°·∫∫ ‡ªìπ‡¡∑√‘°´å∑’Ë¡“®“° à«π¢Õß¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¥‘∫∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—π “√– ”§—≠¢Õß ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ·≈–¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë —¡æ—π∏å°—π°—∫√À— ∑ƒ…Æ’ °“√®— ¥ ª√–‡¿∑¬ÿ ∑ ∏«‘ ∏’ ∑’Ë § √Ÿ „ À≠à ∑’Ë ¡’ ª √– ‘ ∑ ∏‘ ¿ “æ„™â „ π°“√ Õ∏‘∫“¬„πÀπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È ‰¥â¡“®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’‰Ë ¥â®“°·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡ª≈“¬‡ªî¥ ISUPIT π’È

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∫√√≥“πÿ°√¡ Allport, G. (1942). The use of personal documents in psychological science. New York: Social Science Research Council. Bacharach, S. B., & Lawler, E. J. (1980). Power and politics in organizations: The social psychology of conflict, coalitions, and bargaining. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Ball, S. J. (1987). The micro-politics of the school: Towards a theory of school organization. London: Methuen. Blase, J. (1986). A qualitative analysis of sources of teacher stress: Consequences for performance. American Educational Research Journal, 23(1), 13-40. Blase, J. (1988). The politics of favoritism: A qualitative analysis of the teachers′ perspective. Educational Administrative Quarterly, 24(2), 152-177. Blase, J., & Pajak, E. (1986). The impact of teachers′ worklife on personal life: A qualitative analysis. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 32(4), 307-322. Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Bogdan, R., & Taylor, S. (1975). Introduction to qualitative research methods: A phenomenological approach to the social sciences. New York: John Wiley. Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row. Glaser, B. (1978). Theoretical sensitivity: Advances in the methodology of grounded theory. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.

·À≈àß∑’¡Ë “¢Õß¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ◆ 181 Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago: Aldine. Hamilton, G. G., & Biggart, N. W. (1985). Why people obey: Theoretical observations on power and obedience in complex organizations. Sociological Perspectives, 28(1), 3-28. Mangham, I. (1979). The politics of organizational change. Westport, CT: Greenwood. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self and society, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1984). Qualitative data analysis: A sourcebook of new methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. National Education Association. (1983). The national teacher opinion poll [Research memo]. Washington, DC: Author. National Education Association. (1990). Estimates of school statistics. West Haven, CT: Author. Pajak, E., & Blase, J. (1989). The impact of teachers′ personal lives on professional role enactment. American Educational Research Journal, 26(2), 283-310. Pfeffer, J. (1981). Power in organizations. Marshfield, MA: Pitman. Tesch, R. (1988, April). The contribution of a qualitative method: Phenomenological research. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.

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µ”·Àπàß∑“ß°“√∫√‘À“√ - §≥∫¥’§≥–»÷°…“»“ µ√å (æ.». 2522-2526) - Õ“®“√¬å„À≠à‚√ß‡√’¬πª√–∂¡ “∏‘µ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬»√’π§√‘π∑√«‘‚√≤ ª√– “π¡‘µ√ (æ.». 2521-2527) - Õ“®“√¬å„À≠à‚√ß‡√’¬π¡—∏¬¡ “∏‘µ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬»√’π§√‘π∑√«‘‚√≤ ª√– “π¡‘µ√ (æ.». 2527-2531) - π“¬° ¡“§¡‡æ◊ÕË °“√»÷°…“‡¥Á° (ªí®®ÿ∫π— ) - π“¬° ¡“§¡æ—≤π“°“√Õà“π¢Õß‡¥Á° (ªí®®ÿ∫π— ) - §√Ÿ„À≠à‚√ß‡√’¬π “∏‘µ∫“ßπ“ (ªí®®ÿ∫π— )

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Õ—°…√»“ µ√∫—≥±‘µ (‡°’¬√µ‘π¬‘ ¡Õ—π¥—∫ Õß) ®ÿÃ“≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ æ.». 2494 M.S. (°“√ª√–∂¡»÷°…“) Indiana University æ.». 2497 Ed.D. (À≈—° Ÿµ√°“√ Õπ-°“√Ωñ°À—¥§√Ÿ) Columbia University æ.». 2506 Certificate in Early Childhood Education, Mount Carmel International Training Centre, Israel æ.». 2521

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