Oct. 2024

Zoning with Pumps

All circulators less than one horsepower will be mandated to be ECM as of January 2028 under new DOE regulations.

INSIDE

n It’s a Buyer’s Market

n Value of Preventative Maintenance

n Heat Pump Technical Training Day Supplement

n Ammonia Systems

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n Hot Seat Industry revolution

To quote Winston Churchill, “To improve is to change; to be perfect is to change often.” While this industry might not be perfect, I would say without a doubt that it has been improving.

This industry has thrived for a very long time on the relationship between an apprentice and their respective journeyperson. And as effective as this method of teaching remains today, there are some downsides to it. Albeit there are still more positive aspects than negative.

The biggest dilemma becomes what to do when there is technology that just isn’t properly understood by those veteran mentors. Change is scary; I get it. But it does come with potential future problems down the road. Ones that become bigger the longer you ignore.

The first and best answer is to educate yourself on the new technology. Knowledge is power. Training courses should be every single tradesperson’s best friend. It is an opportunity to simply learn about new products. But in many ways, it is about finding better ways to provide comfort to your customers.

I might not be on the tools and get to feel a part of that pride that comes from hearing about how your work was completed excellently; but I do get my own version of that in my own role. It is nice to feel appreciated.

Part of the reason why education right now is ever so important is due to the fact that there is a lot of new change coming down the pipeline. Between government regulations, the push towards decarbonization and electrification, and the adoption of low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants, there is enough to make anyone a bit overwhelmed.

It’s almost like the government has pressed fast forward on the initiatives without any pause to let the industry catch up. I am all for change and this new age that this industry is entering into; there are so many things to be excited about. But it is so easy to start to fall behind.

It always makes me sad when I hear about new technology and then find out that there is resistance in the market. We, as an industry, need to be more open to the adoption of new technology. Otherwise, there is likely to be a not- so-fun awakening in the near future.

Publisher Mark Vreugdenhil Cell: (416) 996-1031 mark@plumbingandhvac.ca

Editor Leah Den Hartogh Cell: (289) 830-1217 leah@plumbingandhvac.ca

Assistant Editor

Francesco Lo Presti Cell: (647) 531-5697 francesco@plumbingandhvac.ca

Contributing Writers

Glenn Mellors, Greg Scrivener, Michael Ridler, Ron Coleman

Design and Production

Samantha Jackson production@plumbingandhvac.ca

All articles and photos by Plumbing & HVAC staff unless noted.

October 2024 Volume 34, Number 6 ISSN 1919-0395 PLUMBING & HVAC Magazine is published seven times annually by Marked Business Media Inc. and is written for individuals who purchase/ specify/approve the selection of plumbing, piping, hot water heating, fire protection, warm air heating, air conditioning, ventilation, refrigeration, controls and related systems and products throughout Canada. Marked Business Media Inc.

286 King Street W, Unit 203, Oshawa, ON L1J 2J9 Tel: (289)

TSSA adopts CSA B52 mechanical refrigeration code

The Technical Standards and Safety Authority (TSSA) announces that effective Oct. 1, it will adopt CSA B52: 2023, the mechanical refrigeration code, which regulatespressureequipmentinOntario.

AccordingtotheHeating,Refrigeration,andAirConditioningInstituteof Canada(HRAI),theadoptionofCSAB52:2023isconsideredapivotalstepin supporting the industry’s transition to refrigerants with low global warming potential.

TheCSAB52codewillintroducetworefrigerantgroups:A2L(non-toxic, mildlyflammable)andB2L(toxic,mildlyflammable).Itwillalsolayoutsafety protocol requirements, and require manufacturers and service providers to aligntheirpracticeswithnewcomplianceandsafetystandards.

Additionally, the code will provide an exemption for refrigeration systems usingA1orA2Lrefrigerantsupto500kWfromrequiringdesignregistration if certified by a Standards Council of Canada-accredited body. This move reducesregulatoryhurdlesforsmallersystems.

For more information on CSA B52, check out Plumbing & HVAC magazine’sarticleonCSAB52.

More flush toilets to be added on B.C. job sites

ConstructionworkersinBritishColumbiawillnowhaveaccesstomoreflush toiletsonjobsites.

Recent changes to the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation will make it mandatory for employers at construction sites with 25 workers or more to provide flush toilets, hand-washing facilities, and clean washrooms. This changewilltakeeffectonOct.1.

“Ilovemyjob,butoneoftheworstpartsofgoingtoworkisfacingthenasty conditions inside of construction site port-a-potties,” said TiffanyMadden,a member of IBEW 213 and board member with Build TogetHER BC. “These newrulesmeanmyselfandmycolleagueswillbetreatedwiththebasicdignity of having flushing toilets with running water, something workers in most other industries take for granted. Thisisa game-changerfortheconstruction industryandcouldevenattractmorewomenintothetrades.”

Thenewrequirementisfortoiletsthatcanbeconnectedtoasewersystem orholdingtankandflushthebowlwithcleanwateroramixtureofcleanwater andchemicals.

Theyalsorequirehand-washingfacilitieswithsoapandwater,orother methods of hand-cleaning. Employers must also ensure washrooms are well-

Continued on page "11"

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Construction sites in British Columbia will now be required to have access to flush toilets.

Continued from page "8"

maintained, clean, ventilated and provide privacy.

The new changes were considered back in October 2023 after workers raised concerns about improving washroom facilities at construction sites.

From there, WorkSafeBC held public hearings in January and July 2024 and consulted with employers, construction sector associations, unions, workers, and workers’ advocates. The requirements being introduced are consistent with the regulation reviewed by these participants in the July public hearing.

WorkSafeBC will issue guidelines to support the interpretation and application of the new requirements.

Value of building permits soar in July

After two consecutive monthly declines, the total value of building permits in Canada jumped 22.1 per cent to $12.4 billion in July, according to Statistics Canada.

Both residential and non-residential sectors saw major increases.

Overall, the total value of residential permits increased 16.7 per cent in July, thanks largely to gains seen in the multi-unit sector (up 29.3 per cent).

The total value of permits issued in the multi-unit component increased substantially, up 29.3 per cent to $5 billion, its second-highest monthly level on record after an all-time high of $5.9 billion in April.

However, single-family construction intentions saw a decline of 1.9 per cent.

Across Canada, 20,700 new dwellings in multi-unit buildings and 4,100 new single-family dwellings were authorized in July.

In the non-residential sector, the total value of building permits rose 31.8 per cent to $4.8 billion in July. Growth was seen across the commercial (up 18.4 per cent), industrial (up 98.6 per cent), and institutional (up 14.8 per cent) markets.

In July, the non-residential sector in Ontario grew 23.8 per cent to $2.2 billion, driven by gains in the industrial market (up 99.3 per cent).

Zoning with Pumps

Make sure to do the math when looking to correctly size a circulator in a zoned hydronic system.

By Leah Den Hartogh

The role of a circulator pump in a hydronic system is simple — it is responsible for controlling the flow rate of the cooling/heating fluid through the system. Yet, however simple it may be, its role is an extremely important one for any hydronic system.

When featured in a zoned hydronic system, it is responsible for ensuring that each zone receives the required heating or cooling based on the call for heat or cooling from the thermostat. Now, that system could be designed in a number of ways.

Let’s paint a picture. There is a residential single-family dwelling that desires five zones — two zones for the top floor, two zones for the main level, and one for the basement. Nothing too complicated.

There are two approaches that can be made. The first involves one singular pump that is connected to zone valves, one for each zone in the system. The other approach is to utilize one pump for each of the zones. There are benefits to both types of systems and it really comes down simply to the preference of the contractor on which approach they want to run with.

Today's pumps are much more complicated than ones on the market decades ago.

“Zoningisbasedonseveralfactors;itincorporatesthecomfortpreference of the owner, ” explains Bruce Layte, senior account manager of domestic building services for Southern Alberta at Grundfos Canada. “Zoningisreallynotatechnicalthing.Zoningisgoingwiththearchitectural limitationsorthecharacteristicsofthatbuilding,plusthecomfortpreference oftheinhabitants”

The choice of which approach to take when designing a zoned hydronic system,whethertogowithvalvesand/orcirculatorpumps,tendsto go back to the cost of equipment. “When you’re looking at operational cost, the valve and single pump opportunity make more sense, ” explains Sean Giberson, regional sales manager of wholesale at Taco Comfort Solutions “When you put toilet paper on the roll, do you put it top down or top up? The end result is really the same, if anything; it’s really an operator preference”

Circulator innovation

There has been a lot of innovation in the circulator market in the last few decades. Back in the day, circulators used to be single-speed or manually

programmable to a certain set of ranged speeds. These were driven by induction motors, whose efficiencywasmuchlowerthanconventionalair-cooledmotorsas “thestatorwinding magneticfieldhadtoinduceamagneticfieldintherotor,whichwasseparatedfromthestator by the stainless steel can that it spun in, and the water contained within. An-air cooled motor, by comparison, has a very tight air gap between stator and rotor, delivering higher efficiency,” explains Peter Wolff, global manager of ecosystems and performance upgrades at Armstrong Fluid Technology “In most developed countries, regulations demand higher efficiencies from circulatorsdeliveredbyhigherefficiencypermanentmagnetECMmotors”

In North America, driven by the Department of Energy in the U.S., all circulators that are less than one horsepower are mandated to be electronically commutated motor (ECM) by January2028,reportsLayte.

TheseECM-stylemotorshavethecapabilityofoperatingatdifferentspeeds,depending on the required amount of heating/cooling to the specificzone.“Westillhaveconstantspeed pumps today. However, when you turn on one of those pumps, it generates the same amount of flow,” shares Taylor Goade, technical training manager at Xylem. “It rotates at the same speed all the time until it shuts off, which is fine. In some cases, however, much like the variable speed drive for larger pumps, we now have these really smart, ultra-high, efficient ECM-style motors that, in some cases, if they're integrated with the pump, actually now have theabilitytooperateatvariablespeedormulti-speed.”

To make things even more complex, the pump sector has developed dry rotor circulators. “Historically,wehavewhatwasreferredtoasawetrotorcirculatorwhereyouhadatwo-piece circulator, a wet end with the motor fixed to it. The system’s fluid that's actually carrying the BTUs is actually a type of lubrication mechanism within the pump,” explains Goade. “As we progressed a handful of years, we actually went away from that design and developed whatwascalledthedryrotorcirculator.”

What this means is that with a dry rotor circulator, all of the internal components are kept separate from the working fluid by the use of a mechanical seal and instead, the pump is lubricated using some kind of oil. “More popular is probably the dry rotor design because of thatserviceability”

Pump modes

“When comparing zone pumps to zone valves, we’re not really comparing apple to apple here because the function of the two pieces of equipment is different,”explainsLayte.“Whenwe’re zoning with pumps, we’re actually making it less complicated for the installer When you’re zoning with valves, you’re now getting into control wires, which need to go back to a zone controller”

Thatdoesn’tmeanthattherearen’tsomecomplexaspectsofzoningwithpumps.Pumps, nowadays, have a lot more internal controls that can be complicated and daunting for an installer. In today’s circulators, there are differentcontrolmodestotakeintoconsideration— constantpressure,proportionalpressure,andconstantcurve.

Constantpressureisusedwithinazonevalvesystem.Withinoneofthesetypesofsystems, there needs to be a constant amount of pressure no matter the number of zones that are open andtheamounttheflowrateischanging.

Proportional pressure is much the same but is the ideal setting when valves are installed outside of the mechanical room and are remote within the home. Thishelpswhenthereis frictionlossbetweenthepumpandeachofthosevalvesthatareoutinthesystem.Thisallows thepumptocompensateforthatreductioninpressure.

Lastlyisconstantcurvemodeandthezonepumpcontrolmode.Constantcurveisbasically justapumpcurve.“Whenyou’rezoningwithpumps,there’snochangeinthesystem.Thereare no valves opening and closing, it’s one pump for one zone. So, once we set that pump up and it’sgoodtogo,there’snovariationinspeed.Thebeautyofconstantcurveiswecanpickanyof

Continued on page “15”

“Zoning is really not a technical thing. Zoning is going with the architectural limitations or the characteristics of that building, plus the comfort preference of the inhabitants.”

Pumps should be set to the correct mode based off the application.

One of the benefits with zoning with pumps is that if a pump goes down, it will only affect that specific zone within the system.

Continued from page “13” thosecurvesthatmatchthatparticularzone,andthepumpcurvecanbefinetunedtotheneedsofthesystem,”explainsLayte.

Going through the numbers

Thereisn’ta lotofmaththatgoesintodesigningandimplementinga zoned pump hydronic system, sharesWolff.Buttherearesomethingsthatneedto be taken into consideration. Firstly, remove the coil pressure drop from the primarypumpheadcalculation.Next,sizethezonepumpstobestfittheflow/ headrequirementofeachcoil,andlastly,allowforpowercablestoeachzone pump.

When determining the correct pump size, it is important to satisfy the heating load and provide the flow rate through, not just that load, but all the common pipes that it needs to circulate through when it is the only load that’s actually calling for heat. “You don’t want to just accommodate or size thepumpforthefrictionlossacrossthebranchpiping,throughtheload,the isolation valves, and that’s it. We still have supply and return risers that we needtopumpthrough,”explainsGoade.“Wewanttoensurethatwesize everysingle zone pump, and they might be sized a bit differently depending on the amount of piping run because that changes the amount of friction loss that youmightexperienceatdesignflow.”

Attheendoftheday,whenyouareworkingwithazonedhydronicsystem, itisimportanttolistentowhatyourcustomerwantsintermsofcomfort.And, asGibersonshares,“don’twasteenergy.”

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Preventative Furnace Maintenance

The long-term savings and peace of mind that proper furnace maintenance provides is a worthwhile investment for homeowners and building managers.

By Glenn Mellors

Over the past several years I have written about the value of furnace maintenance plans and how they can improve cash flow in the shoulder seasons. This time, I am coming from a consumer’s perspective. Sharing this with technicians should aid them in talking to customers with confidence and pride.

In any household or building, the heating system is a critical component that provides warmth and comfort, particularly during the cold months. Among the different types of heating systems, the furnace is the most used in many regions around the world. Despite its widespread use, furnaces, like any other mechanical equipment, require proper care and maintenance to ensure optimal functioning. Preventative furnace maintenance is essential to extend the system's lifespan, enhance energy efficiency, reduce operational costs, improve air quality, and ensure the safety of occupants.

Furnaces, whether powered by natural gas, electricity, or oil, are subject to

Preventative furnace maintenance plays a critical role in improving indoor air quality.

wear and tear over time. Moving parts, electrical connections, filters, and other components can degrade or malfunction if not properly maintained. Routine preventative maintenance ensures that the system is kept in good working order, allowing it to last longer.

During a preventative maintenance check, technicians typically inspect and clean critical components of the furnace, such as the blower motor, burners, and heat exchanger. They also check for any signs of wear and tear, ensuring that small issues are addressed before they evolve into major problems. For instance, a dirty air filter can cause undue stress on the blower motor, leading to premature failure. By replacing or cleaning the air filter during routine maintenance, the blower motor is preserved, and the overall furnace system remains functional for a longer period.

Continued on page “19”

Continued from page “17”

The financial value of prolonging a furnace’s lifespan is substantial. Furnaces are not inexpensive to replace, and many homeowners may find the upfront cost of installation daunting. However, regular maintenance can extend a furnace’s life by several years, allowing homeowners to delay expensive replacement costs. In this sense, preventative furnace maintenance is a longterm investment in the home’s heating system.

Improving energy efficiency

One of the most significant benefits of preventative furnace maintenance is the improvement of energy efficiency. A furnace that is running efficiently will consume less energy, which directly translates into reduced utility bills. A poorly maintained furnace may have to work harder to heat a home, leading to unnecessary energy consumption and higher costs.

Over time, dirt, dust, and debris can accumulate within the furnace system, obstructing airflow and causing the furnace to work harder to maintain the desired temperature. This additional strain on the system increases energy consumption and reduces the system’s efficiency. A simple cleaning and tune-up during a maintenance visit can restore the furnace to optimal operating condition, ensuring that it uses the minimum amount of energy necessary to heat the home.

In addition to cleaning, preventative maintenance can also include calibrating the thermostat and ensuring that the furnace’s components are properly aligned and functioning. If parts of the furnace are out of alignment or malfunctioning, the system may use more energy than it needs to. A wellmaintained furnace operates at peak efficiency, reducing energy waste and contributing to lower overall energy consumption in the home.

From an environmental perspective, improving furnace efficiency through preventative maintenance also reduces the home’s carbon footprint. An energyefficient furnace emits fewer greenhouse gases, making it an eco-friendly choice for homeowners who want to reduce their environmental impact.

Reducing operational costs

While the upfront cost of preventative furnace maintenance may seem like an added expense, it is important to consider the long-term financial savings. A furnace that is regularly maintained will operate more efficiently, reducing energy bills and lowering overall operational costs. Furthermore, preventative maintenance helps to identify and fix small problems before they escalate into larger, more expensive repairs.

For example, a cracked heat exchanger can lead to dangerous carbon monoxide leaks, but it is also an expensive component to replace. In many cases, the cost of preventative maintenance is far less than the cost of major repairs or system replacements.

In addition to avoiding major repairs, regular maintenance can also help homeowners avoid emergency repair calls. Furnaces are most likely to fail during the peak heating season when they are working the hardest. Emergency repairs during these times are often more expensive due to increased demand and after-hours service fees. By scheduling regular maintenance in the offseason, homeowners can prevent unexpected breakdowns and avoid costly emergency repairs.

A furnace that is not properly maintained can pose serious safety risks to the occupants of a home. One of the most critical concerns is the potential for

carbon monoxide (CO) leaks. Carbon monoxide is an odourless, colourless gas that can cause illness or death if inhaled in high concentrations. Furnaces that burn natural gas, oil, or propane have the potential to produce CO if they are not functioning correctly. Cracks in the heat exchanger, blocked vents, or incomplete combustion can all lead to carbon monoxide buildup in the home.

During a preventative maintenance visit, a trained technician will check for any signs of carbon monoxide leaks and ensure that the furnace is venting properly. They will also inspect the heat exchanger for cracks or damage that could allow CO to enter the home. Regular maintenance reduces the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning and ensures that the furnace is operating safely.

Another safety concern associated with poorly maintained furnaces is the risk of fire. A buildup of dust and debris within the furnace can create a fire hazard, especially if it comes into contact with the furnace’s heat sources. Electrical issues, such as frayed wires or faulty connections, can also lead to sparks and fires. Routine inspections during preventative maintenance can identify and address these risks, ensuring the safety of the home’s occupants.

Improving IAQ

Preventative furnace maintenance also plays a critical role in improving indoor air quality. The furnace’s air filter is responsible for trapping dust, pollen, and other airborne particles, preventing them from circulating throughout the home. Over time, the air filter can become clogged with debris, reducing its effectiveness and allowing contaminants to enter the air supply.

During regular maintenance, the technician will replace or clean the air filter, ensuring that it continues to trap harmful particles. Additionally, the technician will inspect the ductwork for any signs of leaks or blockages that could allow dust and pollutants to enter the home. By keeping the furnace and ductwork clean and well-maintained, homeowners can reduce the amount of dust, allergens, and other pollutants in their indoor air.

Improved indoor air quality is especially important for individuals with allergies, asthma, or other respiratory conditions. A clean, well-maintained furnace helps to ensure that the air circulating throughout the home is free of harmful contaminants, promoting better health and comfort for the occupants.

Preventative furnace maintenance is a valuable practice that provides numerous benefits to homeowners and building managers. By extending the lifespan of the furnace, improving energy efficiency, reducing operational costs, ensuring safety, and enhancing indoor air quality, regular maintenance helps to protect both the heating system and the health and well-being of the home’s occupants. While the upfront cost of maintenance may seem like an added expense, the long-term savings and peace of mind it provides make it a worthwhile investment. Homeowners who prioritize preventative furnace maintenance can enjoy a more efficient, safe, and comfortable heating system for years to come.

Glenn Mellors was born into a plumbing family and started in the industry in 1973. He entered the HVAC side of the business in the 80s, working in wholesale, and then joined Lennox in 1992. In 2008 he joined the ClimateCare Co-operative Corporation, an Ontario contractor group, where he is director of training and implementation. Glenn can be reached at gmellors@climatecare.com.

n Plumbing Products

Hands-free commercial faucet

Chicago Faucet Company, Des Plaines, Illinois, launches its EQ Arc, the latest addition to its EQ series of hands-free faucets. The mini-arc spout design caters to the evolving needs of commercial restroom spaces. It can be powered with a water turbine for self-sustaining power or a long-term battery for easy maintenance. The EQ Arc features a low flow outlet and a limited run time electronic sensor. Ideal for public restrooms in commercial, hospitality, retail, airport, public assembly venues, and other high-use spaces, the faucet sits at 4-1/2-inches high. It has a flow rate of 0.50 GPM and meets CalGreen and LEED supporting sustainable design initiatives and reducing water consumption. The EQ Arc features an optional ASSE 1070 certified thermostatic mixing valve concealed within the control box. The integrated valve eliminates the need for a separate valve installation and eliminates potential leak points.

Chicago Faucet u www.chicagofaucets.com

Thermal bypass valve

ThermOmegaTech, Warminster, Pennsylvania, introduces its new thermal bypass valve with pressure relief (TBV-PR). The TBV-PR integrates temperature control and pressure relief into one valve. It is engineered to safeguard equipment from damage caused by excessive pressure while maintaining operating temperatures. The thermal actuator controls flow throughout the system based on temperature changes, while the pressure relief safety feature protects the system from excessive pressure buildup. When pressure exceeds a predetermined threshold, the valve automatically opens, sending flow through the bypass to restore safe operating conditions. It is designed for integration into a four-way manifold to control flow based on fluid temperature. The valve will direct cooler fluid through the bypass and hotter fluid through the system’s heat exchanger/cooler.

ThermOmegaTech u www.thermomegatech.com

Island tub drain

OS&B, Oakville, Ont., announces the launch of its new redesigned island tub drain. The product is now in stock and shipping. It features a deeper, more compact one-piece asymmetrical deck flange. The new island tub drain is available in ABS, PVC, and Total 1 (two-in-one ABS/ PVC models). It is 100 per cent manufactured and engineered in Canada.

OS&B u www.osb.ca

Valves and fittings

Nibco, Elkhart, Indiana, announces new Webstone G-series products that will allow its customers to create a variety of connection combinations for hydronic, plumbing, hydronic, radiant, solar, and geothermal applications. These leadfree, dezincification-resistant brass valves and fittings feature G-threads and G-unions. More than 250 different combinations can be created from a G-Series valve body for a completely custom installation. End connection fittings are available in FIP, MIP, SWT, press, push, F1960 PEX, or F1807 PEX, in piping sizes 1/2-inch to two-inches. New G-Series products include two ball valves, two Pro-Pal Ball Drains, two pressure gauge fittings, an isolation valve, a union fitting, and an end cap. Press transition bodies are also available on select products.

Nibco u www.nibco.com

Must have plumbing drain systems

IPEX, Oakville, Ont., introduces its Drain-Way ABS DWV, a plumbing drain system suitable for various construction projects, including single-family homes, multiplex residential buildings, and general wood-frame construction. Available in both solid wall and cell core compositions, it is designed for above-ground and underground applications. The system is manufactured in schedule 40 pipe dimensions.

IPEX u www.Ipexna.com

Transition coupling

Viega, Broomfield, Colorado, announces a new line of MegaPress transition couplings that can be used to transition between galvanized or carbon steel pipe and copper, PEX, or stainless steel. It can be used in commercial, residential, and industrial applications. Three products are available in 1/2-inch to two-inch sizes. The Viega MegaPress ZL bronze IPS to CTS transition coupling includes a factory-installed EPDM sealing element and is ideal for transitioning between IPS and CTS piping systems, including PEX. The Viega MegaPress ZL bronze IPS transition coupling includes an option for factory-installed EPDM or FKM sealing elements and is ideal for joining carbon steel to stainless steel or galvanized steel to stainless steel.

Viega u www.viega.us

Heat Pump Technical Training Day Supplement

The HVAC/R sector is embarking on a technological transition as heat pumps gain traction during a time where Canada looks at decarbonization

INSIDE

n Government update

n Geothermal 101

n Retrofitting to a heat pump

n Heat recovery

u Quality And Reliability You Can Trust

u Efficient Products Designed For The Canadian Climate

u Over 35 Years Of Successful Installation

u Strong Canadian Customer Support Team THE MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC ADVANTAGE

EMERGING TRENDS AND CHALLENGES IN CANADIAN HVAC/R

Canadian provinces and territories are set to adopt CSA B52 by the end of 2024, which marks the official adoption of A2L refrigerants into Canadian mechanical rooms.

By Martin Luymes

View the full presentation on “Government Policy Update on Decarbonization in HVAC/R Industry” here:

The HVAC/R industry has always been affected by evolving regulations and shifts in government policy, and lately, it has been going through some profound changes that are shaking up the marketplace. One way or the other, anyone with an interest in the future of their business will be wise to pay attention to these trends and assessing what they might mean.

Following the signing of the Paris Climate Agreement, almost nine years ago, Canada set in motion plans to reduce carbon emissions in various sectors of the economy. Among the more conspicuous policies introduced by the government was the highly visible (and widely disliked) price on carbon. In the buildings sector, which contributes between 10 per cent and 20 per cent of emissions in the country, programs like Greener Homes and net-zero energy ready building codes have made a small dent, but the needle hasn’t moved much. Despite its efforts, Canada lags behind all other G7 nations in reducing carbon emissions.

Canada is still behind other G7 nations in reducing its carbon emissions.

More recently, the main tool for accomplishing carbon emission reductions is the Green Buildings Strategy, described by Natural Resources Canada as a “bundle of policy measures aimed at promoting decarbonization in the buildings sector.”

Measured against expectations, the federal Green Buildings Strategy comes up short, mostly including measures that had already been announced in the prior six months.

The plan includes a commitment

to reduce embodied carbon in federal investments in public infrastructure assets and ensuring all new federal buildings, including Crown Corporations’ buildings. There is the promise of a new version of Greener Homes called the “Canada Greener Homes Affordability Program,” which will offer larger grants covering the full costs for homeowners to convert to heat pumps in low incomequalified households. All signs point towards a spring 2025 release date.

The plan also promises renewed energy efficiency programming to ensure industry has the support needed to advance energy management systems and higher building code tiers. Perhaps most impactful is a commitment to eliminate the import and sale of air conditioning systems in favour of heat pumps, but no timeline has been laid out for that.

While the Green Building Strategy has fallen short of expectations and brings no immediate changes, other recent measures offer something substantive for HVAC/R businesses. For instance, the federal clean technology investment tax credits offer an attractive 30 per cent tax credit for geothermal and air-source heat pumps in commercial applications. The program is retroactive to April 2023 and includes a requirement that work must be completed by skilled tradespersons.

Refrigeration transition

The refrigerant transition, particularly the phase-down of HFCs, presents another major challenge for the HVAC/R industry. For the past year or more, industry has expressed concern about Canada’s potential misalignment with the approach taken in the U.S., which might risk product chain disruptions and reduction in product choice.

Thankfully, industry pressure on the federal government has resulted in a timely review of the federal ozone depleting substances and halocarbon alternatives regulation.

A more critical component of the refrigerant transition is the timely adoption of the recently revised CSA B52 (2023) Mechanical Refrigeration Code in all provinces and territories. The adoption of this standard and its integration into building codes will be vital in facilitating the installation of new, lower-GWP refrigerant (A2L) charged equipment. Current provincial codes don’t permit the installation of A2L refrigerants, which impedes the adoption of newer, more environmentally friendly technologies. Almost all provinces now have committed to adopt CSA B52:23 before the end of 2024. A successful transition will require significant training efforts to upskill technicians in safe refrigerant handling practices.

Martin Luymes is the vice president of government and stakeholder relations at the Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Institute of Canada (HRAI). Luymes is responsible for the government relations and industry advocacy work of the association. He can be reached at mluymes@hrai.ca.

CO2 HEAT PUMP WATER HEATERS

CO2 heat pump water heaters can also achieve a COP between one and three, which tend to be more effective than other products on the market.

By Francesco Lo Presti

Information taken from Kashif Muhammad’s, commercial sales manager in Ontario for Mitsubishi Electric Sales Canada, presentation on “Decarbonizing DHW using CO2 Heat Pumps” on Sept. 18. View the full presentation here:

Residential and commercial applications have turned to heat pumps to solve its building’s heating and cooling needs. The technology is becoming more and more popular. The global heat pump market is currently valued at $84.6 billion USD and is projected to reach $202.2 billion by 2034, according to a report from the market research firm, Fact.MR.

When it comes to domestic hot water applications, heat pumps have grown increasingly in popularity due to its energy efficiency and environmental benefits.

A heat pump water heater works the same way as a refrigerator does, but in reverse. Instead of cooling the air inside a compartment, it extracts heat from the surrounding air and uses it to heat water in a storage tank.

The heat absorption takes place within the unit itself. Usually located on top of the water storage tank, a fan pulls in air from the surrounding environment. This air passes over an evaporator coil filled with a refrigerant, a fluid that absorbs heat from the air and evaporates into a gas. This refrigerant gas is then

compressed by the compressor, which increases its temperature. The hot gas flows through the condenser coil wrapped around or within the water tank.

Now, one specific type of heat pump water heater that is starting to gain a lot of attention is carbon dioxide (CO2) heat pumps. For heating water, CO2 heat pumps function by utilizing carbon dioxide as the refrigerant in a closedloop system to extract heat from the surrounding air or water.

CO2 heat pumps offer an extremely low amount of global warming potential and have an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of zero. CO2 heat pump water heaters can also achieve a COP between one and three, which is more effective than electric heaters and gas boilers. For example, electric heaters achieve a COP of one, and a conventional gas boiler typically achieves a COP of just under one. However, it is important to remember that COP can vary depending on the outside air temperature.

With more regulations coming into effect regarding the phase-outs and phase-downs of higher GWP refrigerants, including the Kigali Amendment

1: When a compressor operates at high pressures, this results in higher water temperatures.

to the Montreal Protocol, these heat pumps will be a viable energy-efficient alternative for building owners. These heat pumps are effective for heating and cooling homes and a viable alternative for domestic hot water (DHW).

CO2 heat pumps have been designed and manufactured for commercial hot water heating applications since the 1970s.

Higher temperatures

When discussing water heating, there are two types of systems: low recovery/ high storage (LR/HS) and high recovery/low storage (HR/LS).

LR/HS is a system with a high volume of storage and a low rate of recovery that can satisfy a large draw of DHW volume over a short period of time, as long as this is followed by a period of reduced demand that allows the system to slowly recover its stored volume back to temperature. Buildings typically adopting this system include multi-family buildings, commercial offices, health care, and educational facilities.

As you imagined, the HR/LS system is reversed. This system has a low volume of storage and a high rate of recovery that can satisfy a constant load over a long period of time. This is where on-demand or instantaneous water heaters would fall. Small buildings where the load is constant would typically use this system.

For DHW applications, CO2 heat pump water heaters supply significantly higher temperature water, specifically up to 176 F or 80 C. The reason for this is because the CO2 refrigerant exchanges with heat in a supercritical state. The supercritical state is when liquid is indistinguishable from gas, and supercritical fluid has a high thermal conductivity, meaning that hot water can be efficiently produced.

In addition to CO2 refrigerant, the supply of high-temperature water is made possible thanks to compressors that can operate at high pressures (see Figure 1), adopting compact gas coolers, and using refrigerant circuit control technology that ensures consistent operation.

Application

To achieve high hot water demands, the CO2 heat pump water heater receives

2: A CO2 heat pump water heater works by storing water at the bottom of the tank and then heating it through a heat exchanger.

Figure 3: Basic schematics of a CO2 heat pump water heater, which features a hot water generator, heat exchangers, storage tanks and water temperature sensors.

cold city water at the bottom of the storage tank. The storage tank is then connected to a heat exchanger via a pump, which then circulates depending on the temperature it is set to. From there, a heat exchange from a primary source, which in this case would be the CO2 heat pump or a hot water generator (see Figure 2) would occur.

Regarding controls for a CO2 heat pump water heater, multiple sensors (three-sensor controls) will be ideal if you are looking for large demands of water. The three water temperature sensors will control the water temperature in the storage tank, and the hot water storage operation will start and end according to the preset sensor water temperature.

The use of three sensors allows for the control of hot water conditions within the storage tank. Typically, this control is best suited for systems that consist of a small system and for controlling the amount of hot water supply.

Now, depending on the level of Delta T required, there will be different system configurations. For the most efficient serving storage tanks where high Delta T is required, you would have a single-pass system with high lift. A single pass means that cold water will go in through one heat exchanger, allowing for a high lift of temperature. A multi-pass system will be ideal for a constant flow of hot water recirculation. In this system, you will have lower Delta T but higher GPM.

Various methods can be used to size a CO2 heat pump water heater. These methods include the computer software Ecosizer, the modified hunters’ curves method, the recovery versus storage method, and the hot water demand by application method.

Figure

Figure

EMPOWERING THE CANADIAN GRID

The conversation regarding geothermal heat pumps should shift towards how the technology can relieve the exhausted energy grid rather than simply on energy savings.

By Michael Ridler

View the full presentation on “Geothermal Solutions” here:

This installation chose to involve a hybrid boiler and geothermal system by Micheal

Teahan,

technical

director

at RBSI in the UK.

As Canada continues to shift towards renewable energy and a decarbonized future, heat pumps are emerging as a game-changing technology that can help alleviate stress on our energy grid. However, much of the positive and constructive discussion around heat pumps has focused on air-source heat pumps, while ground-source (geothermal) heat pumps are often positioned as an alternative solution. I strongly disagree with this perspective.

With their ability to provide efficient heating and cooling while consuming less electricity, geothermal systems have and will continue to play a critical role in enhancing the resilience and sustainability of Canada's energy infrastructure. Geothermal heat pumps are also not new. The first geothermal heat pumps were installed in Ontario in the late 70s and, to this day, major developers and homeowners across the country are installing this tried-and-true technology.

An issue we often focus too much on is the energy savings of a geothermal heat pump. Many times, discussions about geothermal systems center on their ability to save 50 or even 60 per cent on building owners' bills. While this is great, should it be our main focus? What does it mean for the electrical grid and power stability in your neighbourhood when someone installs a geothermal heat pump, or better yet, when a developer decides to install 50 or 100 of them?

The facts show that every time we can use a ground source heat pump (GSHP), we will not only save money as the end user, but we will also have a massive net positive impact on the grid. This is something that no other residential technology can currently do while meeting the heating, cooling, domestic hot water, and hydronic heating needs of homes and commercial buildings in any market in Canada.

Stable heat production

Unlike traditional HVAC systems, geothermal heat pumps leverage the stable temperatures of the earth to transfer heat in or out of buildings. This method is remarkably efficient because it takes advantage of the natural thermal energy stored in the ground, which means the heat pump only requires a small amount of electricity to move this energy. Because of this, geothermal systems can achieve efficiencies of 300 to 500 per cent, meaning they deliver three to five times more energy than they consume in electricity. This translates into significantly lower power consumption, benefiting both homeowners and the grid.

Data from a recent sampling of over 100 running five-ton geothermal heat pump units shows just how impactful this technology can be for electrical utilities in terms of grid capacity. The data logging equipment on these units collects over 100 data points every 10 seconds in real time, including entering and leaving water temperatures, flow rates, compressor status, power consumption, and system pressures.

This comprehensive data allows utilities and technicians to monitor realtime performance, identify inefficiencies, and optimize the overall system operation, ultimately enhancing grid stability and efficiency. With this level of detailed monitoring, we don't have to rely solely on ARI data to make conclusions; instead, we have real-time insights that offer a far more accurate understanding of system performance. It also allows us to make some interesting findings.

Performance results

On average, each five-ton GSHP installed in Ontario using this data reduced peak cooling demand by 3.75 kW, which equates to 0.75 kW per ton. The average energy efficiency ratio (EER) of these GSHP units ranged between 44 and 48, with the majority falling within one Sigma of this range, meaning two-thirds of the units showed similar results, which indicates consistent performance. The average power consumption of the geothermal heat pumps was just 0.28 kW, with some units consuming as little as 0.10 kW (100 watts). This data was gathered through 10-second sampling across 100-plus data points.

The impact of these savings is substantial. Each five-ton geothermal unit saves 3.75 kW in peak demand, which translates to significant cost savings in incremental grid capital investment, approximately $6,800 for wind generation and $64,000 for hydroelectric generation. Building new grid capacity in Ontario is expensive, and geothermal systems help lower costs by reducing peak demand, ultimately benefiting both utilities and consumers.

For Canadians, geothermal heat pumps not only reduce energy bills but also help to stabilize the grid during peak usage periods. During cold winters or hot summers, traditional electric heating and cooling systems can put pressure on the grid, leading to higher energy costs and the risk of blackouts. This was recently demonstrated in Western Canada. I am not saying one technology is the solution, but we can not also treat all technologies the same. If a particular piece of technology has a core advantage to a utility and developers building homes, we need to spend more time thinking about it and how we can enhance adoption.

The need for effective load management and peak reduction has never been more apparent, and geothermal systems offer a viable solution to mitigate such risks. Like all heat pumps, geothermal heat pumps contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. All heat pumps are great solutions, and the best choice may not always be geothermal.

In some cases, an air-to-water heat pump that can heat, cool, and provide

On the right is a BUSH geothermal heat pump installed in the early 80s by Gary Boles, president of Menergy Geothermal, formerly Bush Enterprise, and on the left is a replacement geothermal heat pump installed by TJL Mechanical.

domestic hot water can effectively replace your boiler. Other times, an air-toair heat pump will be more suitable, and in certain situations, a dual-source heat pump using both gas and a heat pump may be the right solution. This is without even considering gas absorption heat pumps that, yes, still use gas, but lower the gas usage. Technology is rapidly evolving, and we need to make informed decisions by looking at the big picture as we, the taxpayers, invest in our future, and be sure that we are not just chasing trends.

By replacing conventional fossil-fuel-based heating systems with geothermal technology, homeowners and businesses can drastically cut their carbon footprints. This not only supports Canada's climate goals but also helps pave the way for a cleaner, more sustainable energy future.

Geothermal heat pumps are more than just a solution for efficient heating and cooling, they are a strategic asset that empowers the grid and supports Canada's energy transition. By investing in geothermal technology, we can lower our collective energy consumption, support grid stability, and make meaningful strides toward a cleaner environment.

Michael Ridler, is the general manager at Eden Energy Equipment. He started out working for a Ont-based HVAC company and now focuses on providing field support and technical training to contractors, engineers, and builders on heat pumps, boilers, and all things hydronics. He can be reached at edenenergymike@gmail.com.

n Heat Pump Technical Training Day

Back-up Heat

Due to Canada’s cold climate, it is best to pair some type of back-up system to a heat pump, ensuring the home or building can be heated when temperatures reach fall below freezing.

View the full presentation on “The Reason for Back-Up Heat Systems in Canada” here:

By Tom Heckbert

This may be a controversial opinion, but I don’t think it will ever be a good idea to install a heat pump in Canada without some form of back-up heat in place. This is for a couple of reasons.

First, it’s important to note that, while we’re talking about heat pumps far more now than we were even five years ago, they’re by no means new. A refrigerator is a heat pump system, it just exclusively pumps heat from inside the box to outside. An air conditioner is a heat pump, again pumping heat from inside a structure to outside. When we say heat pumps today, we’re really referring to those that have a special reversing valve inside, so they can change which direction the pumping goes. Pump heat out in the summer, pump it in during the winter.

But we don’t have back-up for cooling systems, so why is it necessary for heating? The trouble is that the ability of a heat pump to extract heat from a source, like the air outside, reduces as the temperature of that source drops. In other words, as it gets colder outside, the heat pump can deliver less and less heat, and eventually the heat pump can provide less than what the building needs.

Once the balance point is reached, the heat pump simply can’t keep up with demand, and a back-up source, like a furnace or boiler, must step in to help.

There is a balance point for cooling loads as well, but generally it’s higher than most systems will experience.

Canadian cold climate

There might be some that wonder, “Maybe I can just size my heat pump plant to provide more heat? I could use bigger units, but that might cause the unit to cycle on and off too often in milder weather. I could use additional heat pumps, but this adds considerable costs.”

In theory, it can be done. But there’s other problems that can occur, and that is that most heat pumps on the market today won’t run below -30C (-22F). For all Canadian climate regions, this would not be an unprecedented event and, in many of these regions, it would qualify as a regular occurrence. If a cold snap drives the ambient temperature to somewhere below a heat pump’s operational limit, it’s definitely going to be cold enough to be glad you have a back-up system in place.

Even if you can use a heat pump exclusively, it may not be a desirable

Continued on page “31”

n Heat Pump Technical Training Day

The hybrid approach means not throwing away heating equipment that has life still left in it. PhotoprovidedbyOcean Mechanical

Continued from page “29”

operation. For heat pumps to be able to extract heat from the air, the surfaces of the coil have to be colder than the ambient air. This means that water vapour in the air will condense out, which is fine in warmer seasons when it drains away, but in cold winter weather, this means the unit will start to form ice. This ice must be removed for the unit to operate. Periodically, the heat pump will move the reversing valve and switch from heating to cooling mode, extracting heat from inside the structure, using it to melt the ice off.

In very cold weather, this can happen every hour, potentially more than once. During these times, you can activate a back-up heat source to keep the system happy, but now you are introducing a considerable amount of cycling into the system, as well as the potential of temperature swings in the occupied spaces, which could make the occupants uncomfortable. As a result, it may be better to switch to a back-up heat source before it’s necessary to avoid these performance challenges. It may also not be desirable depending on utility costs, especially if time of use rates make it cheaper to heat with gas under certain conditions.

When the air-to-water unit within this installation can’t carry the heating load during the very cold days of Canadian winters, this Gradient SyncFurnace will provide the back-up heat. Photo providedbyOceanMechanical

Air-to-air

In fairness, most of these challenges are specific to air-source heat pumps, which add or remove heat from the ambient air outside the structure. Watersource heat pumps, like those used in geothermal or hydronic systems, don’t typically have these problems unless the system is designed incorrectly, and the water source is inadequate to cover the load. It is possible to freeze an underground geo heat exchanger if it’s not designed correctly! But these systems typically have a greater level of complexity than air-source systems, and it’s still best practice to include a back-up heat source, just in case.

So, if the recommendation is not to replace a heating system with a heat pump, but rather to layer the heat pump on top of a conventional system, is it still worth doing? For one thing, because heat pumps can fully replace traditional air conditioners, there is some offset in material cost by replacing that equipment. For another, with efficiencies as high as 500 per cent under the right conditions, heat pumps will always be the most efficient means of heating any space, whether or not that’s the most economical or preferable option at all times. If we are to hit our climate goals, it’s simply not possible to get to the system efficiencies we need without deploying heat pumps.

Installing heat pumps will always be recommended when the opportunity presents itself, but designers should always be mindful about the fact that they’re almost certainly going to want a back-up option. Especially on retrofit applications, leave the existing plant in place. There’s no reason to remove perfectly functional equipment when the function it’s doing is still needed anyway. The energy required to manufacture that equipment is wasted if the back-up system is disposed of before necessary.

Thomas Heckbert has over 14 years of experience in the mechanical and hydronic industries, working in various technical and sales roles with manufacturers agents, spec-writing firms, and manufacturers of boilers and water heaters. He has been with Rheem for over three years and is currently the senior sales manager, responsible for all of Rheem's wet products. He can be reached at Thomas.Heckbert@ rheem.com.

Our HVAC products have been designed on a foundation of excellence, with a selection of advanced Gas Furnaces, Central Air Conditioners, Central Heat Pumps, Air Handlers, and Thermostats. Each one of our HVAC products incorporates the latest cutting-edge and energy-efficient technologies to help your customers enjoy each day in total comfort while optimizing their energy use.

Like everything Continental designs and builds, each unit is exceptionally easy to use and install, and designed to last a lifetime.

Side-Discharge Universal Heat Pump

Introducing the Classic Plus® RD17AZ Side-Discharge Universal Heat Pump, compatible with nearly any existing HVAC system or as a universal replacement.

VRF HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

VRF systems are a simple and efficient way to heat and cool commercial and residential applications.

VRF technology is a smart solution for sustainable climate control as the industry looks to achieve net-zero GHG emissions in Canada.

By David (Tae Jun) Kim

View the full presentation on “Benefit of Using VRF Systems in Commercial & Residential Applications” here:

Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), also known as variable refrigerant volume (VRV), is a type of heat pump system that has been commonly used in the Asian market since the 1980s. This technology was introduced into North America in the 2000s and has been growing in value in the North American HVAC market ever since.

The concept of the VRF system is simple. It is a multi-split system that allows variable refrigerant flow to flow into each indoor unit, enabling independent control for each unit. The full potential of the VRF system can be achieved when a heat recovery system is used. The heat recovery system is different in operation compared to conventional heat pump systems. While VRF is also available as a heat pump, it must have all indoor units in the same operation mode. The heat recovery system, however, allows simultaneous operation of both heating and cooling. This application is commonly used in multi-unit residential buildings and commercial applications.

Rather than sending high-pressure liquid, the by-product of heating operation, back to the outdoor unit, the system diverts it to the location that requires cooling. The refrigerant will then expand, evaporate and return to the outdoor unit as a low-pressure gas. In an ideal situation, it is theoretically possible to have no refrigerant flow to the outdoor unit heat exchanger and only utilize the indoor unit heat exchangers as both condenser and evaporator. When applied properly, this concept can make a building highly efficient.

The benefits of VRF

VRF in comparison to other technologies has multiple benefits. The biggest benefit is its simplicity. All VRF manufacturers have control logic built into the system. That means that unless it is necessary, third-party controls are

Continued on page “37”

-30°C

UNIX SERIES

HIGH-EFFICIENCY CENTRAL HEAT PUMPS WITH CASED COILS

Heat pump combination AHRI Certified for installation with ANY 3rd party furnace.

ROOFTOP

COLD CLIMATE DC INVERTER HEAT PUMP

Two-stage, two-cylinder compression and hot gas injection for unparalleled heating efficiency.

Eligible to financial incentives in certain provinces, contact us for more detail.

SPARE PARTS

TO FULLY SUPPORT OUR DEALER NETWORK

OFFICIAL DISTRIBUTOR IN CANADA

*GREE Canada is not responsible for warranty on units sold outside GREE Canada’s sales channel.

For more detail, contact our team at proservice@gree.ca

n Heat Pump Technical Training Day

The full potential of a VRF system can be achieved when utilizing a heat recovery system.

Continued from page “35”

not required. Once all indoor units are connected to the designated outdoor unit, the system can operate autonomously.

Heat recovery systems can be efficient, however VRF in general is a very efficient system in comparison. Utilizing vapour compression refrigeration technology at any given point in the environment, the system will always have a COP (coefficient of performance) above one. This means that when one kW is inputted as power, the system will output a capacity of more than one kW.

Under rated conditions, VRF systems will generally have a COP of four, and some manufacturers will maintain a minimum COP of two at low ambient temperatures such as -30C. The third benefit is the flexibility of the system. Air source VRF is a modular system that allows multiple outdoor units to be connected to create a larger capacity system.

The average footprint area of a single frame unit is 11 ft2, and the maximum capacity of the single frame unit in the Canadian market is 20 tons. This means the VRF systems require less mechanical footprint compared to a conventional hydronic system, which may include a cooling tower, chiller or boiler.

That said, air source VRF equipment faces challenges when it comes to heating in low ambient conditions. The common minimum heating operation range in Canada for VRF is -30C. This represents that the manufacturer guarantees the unit’s operation down to this temperature. However, heating capacity will start to decrease as outside air drops. This is one of the reasons why some engineers avoid using air source heat pump systems. However, as VRF technology improves, the systems are better in minimizing the derating and maintaining the rated heating capacity at low ambient conditions. The VRF system that is designed for low ambient heating will typically maintain 100 per cent heating capacity down to at least -15C. To counteract this capacity derating below this threshold, the engineer may install auxiliary heaters on indoor units, which activates only when the VRF heat capacity is insufficient.

Hydronics meets VRF

VRF systems are also highly flexible in integrating with third-party equipment such as make-up air, AHU (air handling units) and third-party controllers.

Each manufacturer offers controllers that allow their VRF system to be integrated with 3rd party AHU with an additional EEV kit (electronic expansion valve). This controller will read the pipe in/out temperature, return air or supply air temperature and control the EEV to provide desired cooling/ heating using a connected third-party DX coil. This concept can be useful for retrofitting the existing AHU as well as providing efficient electric solutions for new buildings. Some manufacturers also offer controllers that use the heat recovery system’s simultaneous heating and cooling operation for the make- up air dehumidification, reheating air with the hot gas line while the main coil provides cooling for dehumidification.

Despite these benefits, hydronics systems are still preferred in some cases. VRF systems have some options for hydronic solutions available, such as water source VRF. Water source VRF is a system in which the outdoor exchanges heat with water instead of air. This system does require an additional hydronic system, either using a cooling tower and boiler or a geothermal setup. There is another option to use the VRF system as an air-to-water heat pump system. Some manufacturer’s indoor units have additional refrigerant cycles to create a cascade system to boost the water temperature up to 80C. Another option is to utilize a controller that allows the VRF system to be connected to a thirdparty plate heat exchanger. This concept allows full customization of the heat exchanger capacity depending on the application.

A VRF system is made up of a multi-split system that allows variable refrigerant flow to flow into each indoor unit, enabling independent control for each unit.

As the world transitions towards net-zero GHG emissions, engineers must consider cleaner, more flexible, and efficient alternatives to conventional gasbased HVAC systems. VRF technology, with its efficiency and customizability, is a strong candidate to help achieve net-zero GHG emissions in Canada.

David Kim is the engineering manager at LG Electronics. He graduated from the University of Waterloo with a mechanical engineering degree and has worked in the HVAC market with LG Electronics for the past eight years. He can be reached at david.kim@lge.com.

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n Heat Pump Technical Training Day

RETROFITTING HVAC

Don’t

assume the location of an old air conditioning unit is ideal for a new heat pump installation.

View the full presentation on “Retrofitting a Furnace Central AC to Furnace Heat Pump” here:

Why homeowners and technicians are making the change away from air conditioners.

By Carlos Flores

The shift from traditional air conditioners to air source heat pumps is more than just a passing trend — it’s a movement toward a greener, more energy-efficient future. As air conditioner sales start to decline, heat pumps are emerging as a smart, all-in-one solution to home climate control. Regulatory authorities across North America are championing the transition, aiming to reduce our carbon footprint and help homeowners achieve the ultimate goal: a net-zero home.

A net-zero home is one that generates as much energy as it consumes, using advanced technologies like air source heat pumps, better insulation, and solar panels to reduce energy bills — sometimes even to zero.

But before jumping on the heat pump bandwagon, there are several factors both homeowners and technicians need to consider when upgrading from an air conditioner or traditional heating system. Here's a look at the key points involved in a successful transition.

Why heat pumps?

So why are heat pumps gaining traction and why should a homeowner consider making the switch?

Heat pumps are incredibly energy-efficient because they don’t generate heat — they move it. In the summer, they work like an air conditioner, removing heat from the indoor air and transferring it outside. In the winter, they reverse the process, extracting heat from the cold outside air and bringing it inside. In fact, a heat pump can provide up to three times more heat than the electrical energy it consumes, making it far more efficient than traditional heating methods.

Additionally, by reducing reliance on fossil fuels, heat pumps help homeowners lower their carbon footprint, aligning with a broader push toward sustainability and net-zero living.

Continued on page "41"

n Heat Pump Technical Training Day

A thermostat is essential for a properly function heat pump and choosing the correct one can significantly impact the system’s performance.

Continued from page "39"

While heat pumps are more energy-efficient, upgrading to one isn’t always straightforward. There are several factors that must be considered before making the change.

If your home is already equipped with an existing heating source — whether it’s electric, oil, or gas — this will play a key role in how your heat pump system is designed. You’ll need to ensure the existing setup is compatible with the heat pump. For example, does your ductwork have the capacity to handle the air volume (CFM) needed for efficient operation? Older homes may have undersized ductwork, leading to poor airflow and system inefficiency. Similarly, the furnace size and coil must be appropriate for the load required by the heat pump. These are crucial details to keep in mind, and they’re often addressed in specialized training courses like “heat loss and gain” and “ductwork sizing.”

Check the electrical

A heat pump requires a reliable power source, which means your electrical panel must be up to the task. Does it have enough space for a double-pole breaker? Does the amperage rating meet the demands of the new heat pump? It’s crucial to ensure the electrical system can handle the load; a licensed electrician should handle any upgrades to the electrical panel. Additionally, proper wiring must be used based on the distance between components, with the correct gauge to ensure safe and efficient operation.

For low-voltage wiring, you’ll need a minimum of four-conductor wire between the indoor unit and the heat pump, and a six-conductor wire minimum between the indoor unit and thermostat if you plan to operate one-stage heating and cooling. A thermostat is also essential and choosing the right one can significantly impact the system’s performance. While a standard multi-heat thermostat (two heat, four heat, etc.) will work, a smart thermostat is highly recommended for optimal energy efficiency. Some of these smart

thermostats analyze factors like utility rates, outdoor temperature, and indoor humidity to determine when to run the heat pump or activate backup heating systems — saving both energy and costs.

Don’t overlook the details

The placement of the heat pump is another critical consideration. If your customer already has an air conditioner, don’t assume the location is ideal for the new heat pump. Heat pumps are more sensitive to outdoor conditions such as prevailing winds and snow accumulation. It’s required to install the unit on a stand to avoid snow build-up, ensuring effective operation in colder months.

If replacing an old AC, it’s a good idea to replace the copper lines as well, though reusing them may sometimes be the only option. In these cases, be sure to use the appropriate flush kit to avoid contamination from old refrigerant oils, which can damage the new system.

Transparency is key when it comes to discussing the heat pump installation process with your customer. Make sure they understand that switching to a heat pump doesn’t mean they’ll never use their backup heat source. Many homeowners mistakenly assume that once a heat pump is installed, they won’t need to rely on any other heating system. Be clear about how the system will work and under what circumstances the backup heat will activate, especially during extremely cold temperatures.

Taking the time to explain how the system functions will not only help your customers manage their expectations but will also reduce the likelihood of callbacks. Proper communication leads to satisfied clients — and happy clients are the foundation of a thriving business.

The importance of maintenance

Once installation is complete, and the unit is up and running, it’s essential to establish a maintenance routine to ensure the system’s longevity. A yearly tune-up is recommended, and it’s always a good idea to set up a maintenance schedule with the customer. Regular maintenance will reduce the chances of unexpected breakdowns and extend the life of the unit.

Make sure to log all information related to commissioning, maintenance, and any service calls. This not only ensures the unit is being properly maintained but also protects you as a technician going forward.

Upgrading to an air source heat pump can be a smart, long-term investment for homeowners looking to reduce their energy consumption and carbon footprint. However, the success of the installation depends on careful planning and consideration of several key factors, including the home’s existing heating system, electrical setup, and proper placement of the unit.

For technicians, understanding the intricacies of heat pump installation and educating customers about the process can lead to more satisfied clients. By effectively communicating, being upfront and taking the time to ensure proper installation, you’ll not only provide value but also build trust and credibility in the growing market for energy-efficient home comfort solutions.

Carlos Flores is the is a technical trainer at Napoleon specializing in HVAC systems. With a background as a residential journeyperson, Flores now delivers product training and field support for Napoleon products. He can be reached at CFlores@ napoleon.com.

n Heat Pump Technical Training Day

DEEP DIVE INTO THE FUTURE OF HEATING

The push towards electrification won’t be able to be achieved without the use of heat pumps.

By Trane

For related technical training, check out Lukas Glaspell's, account executive at Trane Canada, presentation on "Decarbonization & High Efficiency Electrification of Heating Systems" here:

Decarbonization aims to help reduce or eliminate carbon emissions. To that end, instead of using fossil fuels, such as gas-fired burners to heat their buildings, building owners are turning to electrified HVAC equipment, like heat pumps. Electrification alone won't eliminate environmental emissions, but the goal is for renewable energy to power the majority of the electric grid in the future.

Technically, a heat pump is a mechanical-compression cycle refrigeration system that can heat or cool a space. They transfer heat rather than generating it, which can result in energy and cost savings. Heat pumps are an efficient and practical solution to achieving decarbonization goals. Whether through total electrification or a phased approach, heat pump systems provide flexibility based on budget, needs, and goals.

Electrifying heating systems with heat pumps not only help reduce carbon emissions but also offer economic benefits. They can be more efficient than other forms of electric heating. Lower energy consumption may translate to reduced utility bills, and the long-term savings could help offset the initial investment.

Traditionally, heat pumps were limited to residential use and temperate climates. Today, they are available for commercial applications and cold climates. Different all-electric equipment types like VRF, packaged units, split systems, and chillers can be considered heat pumps.

Find the best option for your customer

Selecting the best electrified heating system depends on factors like climate

zone, ambient conditions, and the need for defrost cycles. Dual fuel (natural gas) and auxiliary (electric resistance) backups can compensate for limitations.

In temperate climates, heat pumps operate efficiently year-round. In colder climates, advanced heat pump technologies and auxiliary heating systems ensure reliable performance even in extreme temperatures.

Advanced systems may use thermal energy storage, higher leaving hot water temperatures, and cascade systems to optimize heating sources. This adaptability makes heat pumps a viable solution for a wide range of geographical locations.

Research by Project Drawdown indicates that building automated software (BAS) can boost heating and cooling efficiency by over 20 per cent and reduce energy use for lighting and appliances by eight per cent. Expanding BAS adoption could save building owners trillions in operating costs and avoid significant CO2 emissions by 2050.

A VRF system consists of an outdoor unit and up to 50 indoor units connected via refrigerant lines and a communications network. Each zone has its own indoor unit(s) and set point. VRF heat pumps extract ambient heat from outdoor air or a water source and bring it inside the building. During cooling, they reverse the process; indoor units transfer excess heat from zones to the outdoor unit, which then rejects the heat.

Understanding VRF heat pumps

As previously covered, heat pumps consolidate heating and cooling into one all-electric, multi-zone system. Instead of burning fossil fuels, VRF heat

pumps provide heating to zones by introducing ambient heat that the outdoor unit extracts from the air or a nearby water source.

It utilizes a heat recovery cycle, which uses a branch circuit controller to provide simultaneous heating and cooling, increasing energy efficiency. They can move heat from zones that require cooling to zones that require heating. By repurposing thermal energy that would have been rejected by the outdoor unit, heat recovery systems increase total applied capacity and energy efficiency.

Unlike the branch controller in a conventional VRF system, which directs refrigerant capable of heating or cooling to the various zone-level terminal units, heat recovery hydronic VRF uses a hybrid branch controller to direct hot or cold water to terminal units, increasing flexibility and reducing refrigerant use.

Hydronic systems use water to transfer energy for heating or cooling. Depending on the application, a hydronic system can extract heat from an air or water source and deliver hot water for heating. They are suitable for small to large commercial buildings and can include various technologies like packaged units, split systems, chillers, boilers, and auxiliary heat pumps.

For small to mid-size applications, these heat pumps are designed for ease of retrofit. They share a similar footprint to gas heat counterparts but may require dual fuel or auxiliary backup in cold climates.

Packaged and split systems

A hybrid dual-fuel system combines electric heat pump technology with a natural gas or propane furnace that turns on only when needed. Whereas a packaged rooftop provides cooling or heating that is up to 450 per cent more efficient than a gas furnace.

When rooftop access is not ideal, split systems are simple and inexpensive alternatives but are not recommended for extremely cold climates.

Water-source heat pumps (WSHP) typically heat or cool a particular zone in a building. A reversing valve allows the WSHP to reverse the direction of refrigerant flow and change the operation of the refrigeration circuit to provide either cooling or heating.

For mid to large size applications, modern chillers can do more than cool spaces. They can heat, cool or do both at the same time by moving heat from a lower to a higher energy state.

When a building is heating-dominant, water-cooled chillers may be controlled to the hot water set point to primarily provide heat. When a

As technology evolves, heat pump systems will become a key piece in sustainable building practices.

VRF heat pumps use a heat recovery cycle, which uses a branch circuit controller to provide both heating and cooling.

building is cooling dominant, heat recovery provides heating and cooling at the same time by using existing heat from the cooling process. This requires a simultaneous demand for cooling and heating to be beneficial.

The future of heat pump technology is promising, with ongoing advancements aimed at increasing efficiency and reducing costs. Innovations such as smart controls, integration with renewable energy sources, and improved materials will further enhance the performance and adoption of heat pumps. As technology evolves, heat pumps will become an even more integral part of sustainable building practices.

Building electrification through heat pump technology is a crucial step towards achieving decarbonization goals. With a variety of sustainable systems available, building owners can choose the best solution for their specific needs.

The Total Hydronic Heat Pump Solution for heating, cooling, and domestic hot water

Residential Air-to-Water Heat Pump System featuring an outdoor unit, an indoor unit and a steel buffer tank (20 gal). Pairs with Vitocell 100-V 53, 66 and 79 gallon indirect tanks. 3 sizes available: 20 to 51 MBH for cooling / 28 to 78 MBH for heating.

n Pump Products

Retrofit kit for grinder pumps

Franklin Electric, Fort Wayne, Indiana, announces several product enhancements to its FPS submersible wastewater pump portfolio, including new NC series solids handling pump models and a design enhancement to its IGP series retrofit kit for grinder pumps. New 4NCH models have been added to the lineup to deliver performance up to 20 horsepower. These pumps offer increased capacity and efficiency, making them suitable for storm dewatering, commercial sewage transfer, and industrial wastewater applications. The FPS IGP series retrofit kit is ideal for direct replacement of positive displacement grinder pump systems. The design removes the junction box. Franklin Electric u www.franklin-electric.com

Enjoy uninterrupted service

Armstrong Fluid Technology, Toronto, Ont., introduces new, larger sizes of the Design Envelope Tango, a compact, low-carbon dual pump that ensures uninterrupted service. It includes two motors and two impeller assemblies in a single casing. Integrated valves can isolate one side of the pump for service, without interrupting flow or affecting occupant comfort. New sizes are now available with motors ranging from 15 to 40 horsepower and are capable of serving applications up to 2,000 GPM or 160 ft. of pressure. Because the two rotating devices share a single casing, installation requires less piping. In addition, the vertical in-line orientation means the pump is installed in the piping and doesn’t require an inertia base. Armstrong Fluid Technology u www.armstrongfluidtechnology.com

Split case pump

Wilo, Calgary, Alta., announces its new Atmos Tera-sch-he axially split case pump. Ideal for HVAC, water supply, and process applications, it has a head range of 65 ft. to 770 ft. and a flow range of 1,000 GPM to 20,500 GPM. The centrifugal pump is available in a single-stage design and is delivered as a complete unit, including pump with coupling, coupling guard, motor, and baseplate, or without motor or only pump hydraulics. The pump’s easy maintenance design and high efficiency across the characteristic curve ensures low-wearing and energy efficient operation and contributes to the consistent water supply.

Wilo u www.wilo.com

Vertical multi-stage pump

Taco Comfort Solutions, Milton, Ont., introduces its vertical multi-stage pump. It is available from five to 500 GPM, with all 315 stainless steel hydraulics for durability, efficiency, and performance. It features a head range of up to 750 ft. and has a maximum working pressure of up to 460 PSI. The vertical multi-stage pump features a removable stainless steel seal plate with jack screw tabs to provide an easy service job. In-line suction and discharge connections with round ANSI flanges fit a wide range of applications. It is ideal for HVAC, water supply and pressure boosting, light industry, and irrigation and agriculture applications

Taco Comfort Solutions u www.tacocomfort.com

Compact drain pump

Liberty Pumps, Bergen, New York, introduces its model 606 compact drain pump. Factory pre-assembled, it is ready to install right from the box. Its short profile design is ideal for compact areas, as it sits at 10-inches tall with a base to top inlet flange. The float switch and pump serviceability via access cover. It is serviceable via a removable pump cartridge and features floor-level size inlets with integral check valves and couplings included for convenient plumbing. It is ideal for bar sinks, laundry trays, dehumidifiers, utility sinks, gray wastewater drainage below gravity lines, and showers.

Liberty Pumps u www.liberypumps.com

Heavy-duty sewage pump

Grundfos, Oakville, Ont., introduces its SEV and SE1 pumps, which are designed for handling wastewater, process water, and unscreened raw sewage in heavy-duty municipal, utility, and industrial applications. Both pumps are available with single-channel or SuperVortex impellers, allowing for free passage of solids up to four-inches. This reduces the risk of clogging. The SEV and SE1 pumps can be used in permanent dry or submerged installations of an auto-coupling system or with a fixed pipe connection. The pumps are also suitable for freestanding installations or as portable pumps.

Grundfos u www.grundfos.ca

Built with AquaPLEX engineered duplex stainless steel in a highly specialized process, PVI water heaters offer unbeatable reliability and extended product life at lower operating costs.

Unparalleled Reliability

• Ultra-durable construction protects against chloride stress corrosion cracking

• Highly resistant to aqueous corrosion in potable water at any temperature

• Eliminates the need for tank linings or anode rods

Hot Water Your Way

• Customizable and configurable for your site

• Units available in numerous sizes

• Multiple energy sources available, including gas, electric, boiler water, oil and more

Benefits and Consequences of Ammonia

One of the best perks with using ammonia is that prior to any kind of life threatening event, occupants are typically able to smell the refrigerant before any consequences are to occur and leaks are able to be detected quickly.

By Greg Scrivener

A number of years ago, I wrote several articles on using ammonia as a refrigerant. One of the aspects discussed was the possibility (or probability) of ammonia being used more frequently, and particularly in applications where ammonia might be considered unique. While the resurgence isn’t happening quickly, there continues to be an increasing interest in ammonia as the HVAC industry begins the transition to A2L refrigerants. I think it is a good time for a bit of a reminder about ammonia and when it may make a good alternative. The first thing to get out of the way is that ammonia is both flammable

There are many ways that the refrigeration industry can reduce energy consumption and lower environmental impact quickens, and ammonia is playing its part in the transition.

and toxic. At concentrations above approximately 160,000 PPM, ammonia can ignite. Safety systems, which typically involve ventilation, are in place to prevent this high of concentration from forming but it does happen in large leaks. The design standards for systems using ammonia continue to evolve and the newest version of CSA B52, for example, requires even more safety

Continued on page “49”

In Stock for your Install:

The Products you Need:

n Refrigeration

Continued from page “47”

systems that remove power from electrical sources which could cause ignition. The flammability and required safety mitigation systems for ammonia are similar to the new A2L refrigerants.

Toxicity warning

On the toxicity front, concentrations above 5,000 PPM can be quickly fatal –the actual number is very difficult to know as you can probably imagine it is impossible to do testing. Most people are aware that ammonia smells bad – and it does! It is this smell that is both a nuisance and also one of the best features of ammonia. The advantage is because most people can smell ammonia at concentrations less than 25 PPM (the eight-hour occupational exposure limit). Since people can smell the ammonia at such a low concentration, the refrigerant is self-alarming before a dangerous amount is present. In fact, this smell also contributes to the knowledge of and willingness to fix leaks. That said, it is important to know that not everyone can smell it since the range can vary considerably. On my team at work, we have team members who can smell it before five PPM! But we also have me, who can just barely smell it at 25 PPM. The immediately dangerous to life and health concentration for ammonia is 300 PPM. This is the concentration at which full self-contained breathing apparatuses, or other such PPE is required. In reality, this concentration was chosen because it allows a normally healthy person to escape without impairment and with no permanent health effects. For reference only, meaning don’t try this at home, I have been exposed to 300

PPM ammonia and was able to carry on a normal conversation with only a bit of discomfort, my eyes watering, and very slight tightening in my lungs.

The toxicity of ammonia means that it is not well suited for direct applications in commercial environments. Industrial environments use direct ammonia all of the time, but these are controlled environments where the owner has an obligation to train and protect any workers who are present. In a commercial setting, ammonia would have to be used in an indirect system. In an indirect system, the refrigerant cools or heats a secondary fluid, like glycol, that is then distributed throughout the facility as needed. In this type of system, the ammonia portion of the system is contained exclusively in a machine room or the outdoors.

With both the flammability and toxicity challenges, why would we want to use ammonia? There are many reasons that could be discussed, but I think these are the top three — energy efficiency, environmental, and simplicity.

Energy efficiency

Generally speaking, the only refrigerant that is as energy efficient as ammonia in most normal temperature ranges is R-22, and it has been phased out. There are applications and methods to make other refrigerants an efficient option, so I don’t want to claim that ammonia is always the highest efficiency, but it almost always is one of the most efficient options. Figure 1 shows a very simple efficiency comparison where the COP ranges from approximately four to 4.6 for a selection of refrigerants.

Continued on page “51”

Figure 1: Ammonia has the highest COP among this list of refrigerants, with R-404a having the lowest COP, just below four.

n Refrigeration

Continued from page

It is certainly important to note that this comparison changes significantly with different operating conditions and system configurations.

Environmental

It is often claimed that ammonia has no environmental impact. Usually, when people say this, they mean that there is no atmospheric impact or global warming potential. This is true in the amounts that can leak from refrigeration systems. However, in larger scale pollution from sources like over fertilizing, there can be a local environmental impact to the air quality and the atmosphere in general.

More important for refrigeration applications is that ammonia does have a very negative impact on aquatic life. Even very small amounts of ammonia in a stream or creek can cause a lot of damage. This is important to know when servicing ammonia equipment and planning for storm sewers near ammonia equipment, but it is not a large source of overall pollution.

The other factor that should be noted is that current production of ammonia is not without emissions. Most ammonia is currently made using the Haber–Bosch process during the production of natural gas. This process emits a lot of carbon dioxide. While it is possible to use other processes and make the HaberBosch process cleaner, improvements will likely increase the price of ammonia.

In the end, the amount of ammonia used for refrigeration is miniscule compared to the amount of ammonia produced for fertilizer, and the desire to reduce the emissions of food production will drive innovation in this area.

Simplicity

Ammonia systems tend to operate longer and more reliably. They tend to have fewer issues with flash gas, subcooling, coil feeding, etc. They can be operated using very simple controls. I don’t mean that the systems themselves are always simple — they aren’t, and they can be very complex.

However, in the end, the systems seem to just work better. I think this has a lot to do with the properties of ammonia and the fact that the same style of components has been used for decades. The technology

Ammonia has started to be used in more commercial applications as the industry looks to adopt lower GWP refrigerants.

used for most systems is very mature. These benefits are starting to drive the conversation to ammonia more and more for conventional chiller applications and, perhaps most interestingly, in heat pumping applications. It turns out that ammonia is also an excellent refrigerant for heat pumping. An increasing number of applications, including large to district level heat pumping projects, have been completed with ammonia as the refrigerant. There are also an increasing number of owners with environmental mandates that really give an advantage to a refrigerant like ammonia with an ultra-low/zero GWP.

I am seeing this interest from owners and other consultants on a much more regular basis, and I enjoy the increased discussion. There are many paths our industry needs to take to reduce the energy consumption and environmental impact of making things cold (and hot), and ammonia is playing its part in this transition.

Greg Scrivener is the lead refrigeration engineer and a partner at Laporte Consultants, Calgary, and works throughout Canada and the U.S.  He is a professional engineer and journeyperson refrigeration mechanic. He can be reached at GScrivener@laporteconsultants.com

“49”

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Give customers an added incentive to work with you on projects. When bidding for jobs, include Enbridge Gas financial incentives so customers can get up to $100,000* back per project to help offset the costs of energy efficiency upgrades. Work with us to close more sales and earn incentives of your own.

Offer customers incentives for upgrading to high-efficiency equipment.

• Air curtains • Boilers and related controls

Building automation controls

Destratification fans

Dock door seals

At year-end, you can receive one-time bonus incentives based on the total number of qualified units installed between Jan. 1, 2024, and Dec. 31, 2024.†

n Tools & Instruments

Downspout nozzle

Watts, Burlington, Ont., introduces a new downspout nozzle to market. The new RDA-940 Wallflower is equipped with a universal gasket connection that works with cast iron, PVC, and IPS pipe. The RDA-940 Wallflower’s powder-coated aluminum material eliminates building staining and is available in nickel bronze, silver, and brick red colours to blend with a variety of siding choices and is available in three, four, six, and eight-inch sizes. Watts u www.watts.com

PEX expander

DeWalt, Mississauga, Ont., introduces its newest 20 V Max PEX expander to market. The PEX expander is DeWalt’s lightest cordless pro-grade solution for expanding 1-1/4-inch and 1-1/2-inch PEX pipe. The tool features a long, ergonomically designed body with upper and lower grip locations to optimize pipe expansions in overhead and body-height positions DeWalt u www.dewalt.ca

Hot weather protection

Water jet

General Pipe Cleaners, McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania, debuts its JM3080 water jet to customers. With a 12-gallon buffer tank and eight GPM flow rate, the JM-3080 offers a water flow rate against stoppages in long and outside four to eight-inch lines without requiring a trailer. The machine’s 3,000 psi, 5.5 GPM pump unleashes high-pressure water streams to break through clogs and flush them away. The JM-3080 also features a 614 cc engine with an electric start and two-to-one gear reducer. General Pipe Cleaners u www.drainbrain.com

Advanced camera head

Milwaukee Tool, Mississauga, Ont., updates its modular pipeline inspection system with its latest camera head. Featuring high dynamic range (HDR) cameras, optimal LED output, enhanced colour accuracy and pitch sensing, the updated camera provides users with increased clarity. The camera’s high-intensity LEDs cast a uniform beam with 95 per cent higher lumen output. Milwaukee Tool u www.milwaukeetool.ca

Studson, Tigard, Oregon, releases its new line of accessories for hot weather protection. The new accessories include neck shades, a sun brim for helmets, safety glasses, a cooling helmet liner, and a cooling towel. Both the SHK-1 neck shade and SHK-1 sun brim can protect against harmful UV rays of 50 plus, while the Sentinel safety glasses provide 100 per cent UVA/UVB protection. Both the helmet liner and cooling towel feature chemical-free cooling technology and provide UPF50 sun protection. Studson u www.studson. com

Wireless video borescope

Teledyne Flir, Hudson, New Hampshire, announces the release of its Extech BR450W series of wireless video borescopes. The BR450W Series connects via Wi-Fi to the Extech ExView app for remote viewing of the 1,280 by 720 resolution visible image. The Extech series is available in two models, the BR450W-D dual HD wireless and the BR450W-A2 two-way articulating wireless. Both models feature a dual-view 5.5 mm diameter camera on a 1.5 m and IP67-rated probe. Flir u www.flir.com

Experts in Heating and Hot Water Solutions

Whatever your needs may be, you can trust that you're installing a product that is produced to the highest standards.

Caleffi 548 Series Separator (Shown Mounted)

Technical training sessions held at Eden Energy’s annual conference

Eden Energy Equipment hosted its annual conference at the Delta Hotels Guelph Conference Centre in Guelph, Ont. on Sept. 13. The sold-out event drew in contractors, engineers, manufacturers, reps, and other industry experts.

The full-day training event started off with a welcome ceremony and introductions by Grant Blackmore, strategic advisor at Eden Energy and previous owner. A few jokes were made between Blackmore and Michael Ridler, owner and general manager of Eden Energy, about the new professional dynamic between the two of them, which had the crowd laughing along.

To kick off the educational sessions, Martin Luymes, vice president of government and stakeholder relations at the Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Institute of Canada (HRAI), presented on the state of the HVAC/R industry: challenges, successes and future direction. During his presentation, he highlighted changes coming to the refrigeration sector, including adoption of B52 and A2L refrigerants.

Next on the lineup was John Siegenthaler, principal at Appropriate Designs. He spoke about low-temperature emitters and its role in maximizing system efficiency. Siegenthaler joined the stage for a second time during the morning where he spoke about system synergy: direct-to-load vs. hydraulically uncoupled systems. He gave his final presentation of the day in the afternoon, where he spoke about optimizing efficiency and reducing water temperatures in existing systems.

Following a buffet lunch, attendees learned about phase change batteries and how it can be used to help the electrical grid.

The afternoon was filled with plenty more learning opportunities, including a presentation

by

Strat Padazis, president and managing partner at Air Solutions, on enhancing home air quality.

Wrapping up the event, people were able to enjoy a beverage or two and network with fellow attendees.

Eden Energy’s annual conference was sold out this year.

Mits Air hosts annual customer appreciation event

Mits Air Conditioning hosted its annual customer appreciation BBQ on Sept. 19 at its Mississauga head office. Attendees of the event were able to meet former Toronto Maple Leaf hockey player Wendel Clark and get a picture with him, along with a signed hockey puck.

The event featured a buffet style lunch and a hockey-themed trivia game, while people walked around the warehouse. In addition, people were able to check out Mits’ various training rooms, which had sessions going on during the event.

Noble Corp. hosts fall tradeshow

Noble Corp. held its fall tradeshow on Sept. 19 at the Universal Event Space in Vaughan, Ont. The event ran from 3 p.m. until 8 p.m. The tradeshow floor was packed with vendor booths and attendees. In total, over 85 plumbing and HVAC vendors exhibited at the show.

A fun Plinko game was open for people to try out and potentially win a fun prize. Attendees of the event were able to grab a snack at one of the many food options or enjoy a drink as they walked around the tradeshow floor.

An interactive product demo station was located near the front of the entrance, where social media influencers came together to chat with attendees and get their hands on some products.

There were five free educational seminars available for those interested in receiving some training during the day.

More than 85 vendor booths were showcased at the Noble fall tradeshow

Attendees at Mits Air Conditioning’s customer appreciation BBQ play a round of hockey trivia with Toronto Maple Leaf legend, Wendel Clark.

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n People & Places

The

People

Tony Furst joins Taco Comfort Solutions as its new commercial trainer. Furst has over 40 years of distinguished experience in mechanical engineering and a comprehensive background in overseeing multimillion-dollar projects. Throughout his 40-year career, Furst has held significant roles across renowned organizations within the HVAC industry, including Armstrong Fluid Technology, where he served as the US director of application engineering.

T&S Brass and Bronze Works updates its marketing team by hiring Patrick McCurdy and promoting Christine Stillinger and David Scelsi. Joining the team, McCurdy will now operate as the new senior marketing and global brand manager. McCurdy brings a wealth of experience in sales and marketing across retail, wholesale and consumer product markets. Stillinger, who joined T&S Brass in 2013, is now taking up the role of international marketing manager. Scelsi, who joined T&S Brass in 2016, will now serve as the director of product development.

Bojana Prorok joins RenewAire as its new regional sales director for Canada. Prorok will be responsible for RenewAire’s energy recovery ventilator (ERV) and dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) product sales through manufacturer’s representatives, national distributors and engineered system specialists (ESS) in all Canadian provinces and territories. Prorok has 15 years of experience in the ventilation industry.

The Canadian Institute of Plumbing and Heating (CIPH) announces three new additions to its team:

Zoe Bell, Annie Nguyen, and Layyaba Shahzad. With over 12 years of experience in the events industry, Bell will now serve as CIPH’s new events manager, focusing on CIPH’s annual business conference, the Habitat for Humanity Canada gala and the Canadian Hydronics Conference. Nguyen will take up the role of office coordinator for CIPH, with her main responsibilities being supporting the CIPH regions, diversity, equity and inclusion, and the women’s network and communications. Shahzad joins CIPH as its new coordinator for member services, where she will be involved in the overall member service coordination, including database management and the member awards program.

Chris Hann , director of HVACR, Ontario Region, for Wolseley Canada, will now serve as the board of directors’ chair 2024/2025 for the Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Institute of Canada (HRAI). Hann previously served as the secretary-treasurer for the HRAI board of directors during the 2023/2024 term.

Marcone Group announces the promotion of Mark Mininch to vice president and general manager of HVAC Canada. Mininch previously served as president of Marks Supply and TML Supply.

The

Companies

Armstrong Fluid Technology announces that Equipco Ltd. will serve as its new representative for the province of British Columbia. Armstrong adds that with Equipco’s extensive background in mechanical systems, including HVAC, plumbing, and fire safety, the company is well-positioned to represent Armstrong throughout the region.

The HVAC industry is making a momentous transition to alternative refrigerants to meet Global Warming Potential Requirements. Manufacturers will need to meet the latest safety requirements to UL 60335-2-40 for certification. Contact our experts today to learn more.

+1 800 WORLDLAB (967 5352) icenter@intertek.com

Tony Furst

Patrick McCurdy

Bojana Prorok

Christine Stillinger

Chris Hann

Mark Mininch

Zoe Bell Annie Nguyen Layyaba Shahzad

David Scelsi

THE FUTURE OF YOUR BUSINESS

The most common obstacle to succession planning for most businesses is finding a suitable buyer or successor.

By Ron Coleman

Over$2trillioninbusinessassetscouldchangehandswithinthenextdecade as over three-quarters of small business owners are planning to exit their business, according to a new report titled Succession Tsunami: Preparing for a Decade of Small Business Transitions in Canada, by the Canadian FederationofIndependentBusiness(CFIB).

Retirementisthetopreasonbusinessownerscitedforleavingtheirbusiness, 75percenttobeexact,while22percentareburnedoutand21percentwant to step back from their responsibilities as owners. However, only one in 10 businessownershaveaformalbusinesssuccessionplaninplace.

Themostcommonobstacletosuccessionplanningforhalfofsmallbusiness owners is findinga suitablebuyerora successor.Nearlyhalfofownersare struggling to measure the value of their business, while 39 per cent say the

www.plumbingandhvac.ca

business is too reliant on them for day-to-day operations.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the challenges it brought have also affected owners and their exit timelines. Nearly four in 10 owners have changed their business exit dates — 17 per cent have accelerated their timeline, while 22 per cent have delayed it by at least one year.

The most important factor for 90 per cent of owners looking to sell their business is ensuring their current employees are protected. It’s also important for them to get the highest possible price (84 per cent) and select the right buyer who will carry forward their way of doing business (84 per cent).

Continued on page “61”

"The most important factor for 90 per cent of owners looking to sell their business is ensuring their current employees are protected."

Continued from page “59”

Buyer’s market

I would like to address those issues raised by the CFIB, but firstly, additional debt and lower profits since COVID-19 have had two major impacts. One is you will get a lower price for your business and the other is it makes it harder to find a suitable buyer. This is a buyer’s market.

Valuations would exclude any government assistance and to show good value, you need a track record of at least three years of strong profits. That has been a problem for many businesses over the past three years.

As a rule of thumb, an HVAC or plumbing business is worth about four to five times the average normalized earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) of the last three years. I would avoid using four years as the average EBITDA because that would take you back to COVID-19 figures.

There is no constancy in the percentage of EBITDA that HVAC and plumbing contractors make. Based on the annual financial surveys I undertook for the Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Institute of Canada over the past 20 years, I found that the following were fairly consistent percentages: 25 per cent made between 10 per cent and 25 per cent EBITDA; 25 per cent made between five per cent and 10 per cent; 25 per cent made between zero per cent and five per cent; and 25 per cent lost money. The average size company was under $3 million in sales (they ranged from $1 million to $15 million).

Risky business

It is a buyer’s market and will likely continue to be so. Many managers don’t want the added stress of owning a business. The last few years have shown how risky and stressful it can be.

The new capital gains tax is likely to impact how much of the sale price you get to keep. Historically, 50 per cent of capital gains were taxable. That is now

66.67 per cent for businesses. Individuals are allowed $250,000 at the old rate before the new rate kicks in (this is an annual allowance). Also, there is the lifetime capital gains exemption (LCGE). Provided you meet certain criteria, each owner could get up to $971,190 tax-free on the sale of shares. Check with your accountant.

As most of our readers have done little in the way of developing an exit strategy, the business will be harder to sell and if it does sell, then it will likely sell for a low value. You need to work on this aspect of your business. Your options are to wind down the business, sell to employees or family members, or sell to a third party.

Winding down the business is costly as you will carry overhead when you are generating little in the way of revenue and that will eat into your retained earnings. You will also be exposing your business to severance payments.

Selling to employees or families has several advantages. They know the business and you can evaluate the risk. The downside is that they usually have little money. I often recommend an estate freeze in these circumstances.

Selling to a third party is usually the most desirable option. Your best bet is either a competitor or someone in a complementary business. Plumbers selling to an HVAC contractor or vice versa. Talk to your suppliers or association managers to find out who might be interested in an acquisition.

Best assets

Most buyers do want to keep your employees. They are your best assets. Without them, the business is less likely to be successful. If your employees have a good track record, they are very unlikely to be laid off. The exception tends to be office people. The strategic advantage to a competitor or complimentary business buying is that they can reduce overhead. Therefore, you may need to make provisions for office people.

A strategy that I have recommended for many years is to fire yourself. I cover this in my book Becoming Contractor of the Year. If you were to fire yourself from the daily operations over the next 90 days, what would you be doing each day? You would become a teacher and teach others what you do so that you don’t have to do it anymore. Once you have done that, you can work on the business instead of in the business.

We have all heard that before but without action there is no change. It is a simple process but definitely not easy. Working in the business is an addiction and like every other addiction, it is not easy to kick. Like it or not, that is what you must do to increase the value of your business — make it more attractive to a potential buyer and ensure your employees are protected.

You should also be talking to your financial advisors about the best way to structure a sale and what is your most appropriate corporate structure. It is essential to ensure you keep the maximum amount of the sale price. You can also check out my book Exit Ready — Crucial Tools for Selling your Contracting Business.

Ronald Coleman is a Vancouver-based accountant, management con sultant, author and educator specializing in the construction industry. He can be reached by e-mail at ronald@ronaldcoleman.ca.

n Coming Events

MCAC is going big in Texas

They say everything is bigger in Texas, so that’s why the Mechanical Contractors Association of Canada (MCAC) is bringing its annual conference to Austin, Texas. Running from Nov. 27 to 30 at the Omni Barton Creek Resort & Spa, the conference will provide participants with various networking opportunities, informative discussions, and extracurricular activities.

While the conference officially starts on Nov. 27, two days of pre-conference activities will be held on the 25th and 26th. These two days will feature private events and meetings consisting of managing councils, the MCAC board of directors, executive and education committees, governance training, and a board of directors reception dinner.

The annual conference golf tournament, which will take place at the Coore Crenshaw Cliffside course on Nov. 27, will officially kick off the conference. Day one of the conference will also include a first-timer’s reception and an opening-night networking reception and dinner.

Day two of the conference is where business will be taken care of as there are educational sessions upon educational sessions. Keynote speaker Jason Cyrus, a motivational hypnotist,

naturopath, and mental performance coach, will kick off the day with his “Achieve the Unthinkable” breakfast presentation. After that, the day’s sessions include a panel on the future of the mechanical workforce in Canada, unlocking the power of AI to supercharge your mechanical service business, an associate member panel on the troubles faced by suppliers and service providers, the evolution of the “sub” trade in today’s construction industry, and a panel on digitization and industrialized construction.

Since day two of the conference is on a Thursday and in the Lone Star State, the day will end with a social event for a Thanksgiving football game.

Sessions for day three of the event include what a mechanical contractor can do before going legal, a panel on improving productivity for industrial contractors and breaking the stigma around mental health in construction. This day will end with an offsite event at the Bull and Bowl entertainment venue in Austin.

The last day of the conference will begin with MCAC’s annual general meeting. Following that, there will be an economic and labour force update, an MCAC board of directors meeting, and a closing keynote

presentation by Bruny Surin, Team Canada Chef de Mission and an Olympic gold medalist. The conference will end with a twoperson scramble golf tournament and a boots and hats closing night gala. Western-themed attire is recommended.

Throughout the conference, companion events will be held. The first event on the docket is a chopped BBQ sauce recipe competition. More companion events will be added closer to the show.

CALENDAR

Oct. 22 – 24:

Kitchen & Bath Canada Exhibition/ Conference,

International Centre, Hall 5, Mississauga, Ont. For more information, please visit www.kbcexpo.com.

Oct. 28 – 30:

No-Dig North 2024, Niagara Falls Convention Centre, Niagara Fall, Ont. For more information, please visit www.nodignorth.ca.

Nov. 27 – 30:

MCAC Annual National Conference 2024, Omni Barton Creek Resort and Spa, Austin, Texas. For more information, please visit www.mcac.ca.

Dec. 4 – 6:

The Buildings Show, Metro Toronto Convention Centre, South Building, Toronto, Ont. For more information, please visit www. informaconnect.com.