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SSL product protection IP procedures P. 45
Sapphire Awards Finalists shine P. 51
Conferences TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES
SIL Europe and LuxLive P. 59
Hotel lighting
LEDs entice passersby P. 37
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ISSUE 85
2016
February
Cover Story New solid-state lighting and control schemes turn up the charm in a hotel renovation project (see p. 37; courtesy of Philips Lighting).
features 37 45
HOSPITALITY Dial-an-ambience LED lighting accentuates refurbishment at stylish Copenhagen hotel Mark Halper
5
COMMENTARY Maury Wright
BUSINESS America Invents Act impacts patent rights Marshall Honeyman, Lathrop & Gage
9
NEWS +ANALYSIS
51
FOCUS ON SAPPHIRE AWARDS LEDs Magazine Sapphire Awards reflect smarter SSL trends Maury Wright and Carrie Meadows
55
STANDARDS Industry progresses on testing standard for AC-driven LEDs Jianzhong Jiao, Consultant
59
LIGHTING Go green and clean with LEDs for food and beverage lighting Ken Ames, Revolution Lighting Technologies, Inc.
75
DEVELOPER FORUM Resonant control offers a better way to power LED strings David Dreyfuss and Don Williams, Intervention Technology Pty, Ltd. LAST WORD Will IoT-enabled lighting controls be the death of traditional light switches? Beatrice Witzgall, LumiFi
Power over Ethernet ramps for success in LED lighting
Soraa LED lamps make plumbing fixtures sparkle Rensselaer engineering center trials smart solid-state lighting in hospital room Connected lighting panel will debate protocols Philips, Cisco join forces to sell connected lighting
LUXLIVE & SIL EUROPE Smart lighting: Sounds great. But does it work? Mark Halper
69
80
columns/departments
Lumileds adds outdoor-targeted LED light engines to Matrix module portfolio B Light supplies enticing LED lighting to medieval Bellinzona, Switzerland Cypress launches a 1A LED driver IC for auto applications
25
FUNDING + PROGRAMS DOE publishes Gateway on Portland LED street-light project DOE publishes Gateway outdoor lighting reports on Philadelphia airport and Princeton Zhaga Consortium publishes LED driver Book 13, posts compatible products data DOE publishes Caliper report focused on tunable-white LED luminaires California Energy Commission proposes new regulations for LED lamps
LEDsmagazine.com
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commentary
Power over Ethernet ramps for success in LED lighting
W
e’ve spent a lot of words in LEDs Magazine discussing which networks will stake out winning footprints in the connected lighting space. The wireless battle looks like it will continue to rage for some time. We updated that situation briefly in recent coverage of developments at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES; http://bit.ly/20t1qRN). And wireless connectivity is critical in many retrofit installations where new wires simply can’t be installed. Still, Power over Ethernet (PoE) wired technology seems poised to take major market share, and I’m starting to think it may be the best choice on any new construction and for major retrofits where a larger area of a building is remodeled. PoE offers the benefit of using one Cat 5/6 cable to power and network a luminaire. Mostly you will read about the networking benefits of PoE, and commercial lighting is moving full speed to a connected future. Ironically, LED efficiency has ramped to the point that further efficiency gains attributable to networked controls may not justify a network installation. But other applications such as security and space optimiza-
tion that are enabled by networked sensors in luminaires will likely keep the lighting network momentum strong. I, however, don’t think that the inherent network connectivity is the biggest selling point for PoE. Ultimately, a DC-based power-distribution scheme is going to prove the best option for lighting in commercial buildings. As I wrote in a feature article on the topic, eliminating AC/DC conversions is good for efficiency, and the DC scheme pairs better with renewable wind and solar energy systems installed at the building level (http://bit.ly/1lgXrSV). Really, there are only two technical reasons that PoE might not succeed. One is the ability to deliver the power levels required by commercial lighting. But thanks to efficient LED sources and new PoE standards that are raising the power capacity, the technology seems perfectly viable for powering lighting. The second possible deterrent could be reliability of the power. There is the expectation that if you throw a switch, the lights will come on in a building even if nothing else works right. But today, businesses can’t operate without their computer networks any better than without lighting.
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PoE proponents do need to get the control scenarios right. Autonomous and network controls are great. Still, local controls — read switches — are probably necessary. Smartphone control sounds great. And our Last Word column in this issue argues that the switch will disappear (p. 80). But sometimes using a smartphone will not be the most convenient way to adjust light levels. Of course, technology-centric arguments are rarely the basis for technology choices made in an industry. Ethernet was probably not the best choice for a networking technology back in the 1980s. But the Ethernet proponents did the best job of promoting and proliferating the networking platform. It’s hard to predict how the market debate will evolve. Some entrenched lighting companies will not willingly support the upstart. The reasons will range from existing proprietary options to keeping the IT industry out of the lighting sector. But as we covered in another recent article, powerful companies such as Cisco will push the PoE agenda (http://bit.ly/1PEOGG0). Maury Wright, EDITOR
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LuxLive Middle East April 13–14, 2016 Abu Dhabi, UAE LightFair International April 24–28, 2016 San Diego, CA Smart Lighting 2016 and Smart Sensing 2016 May 24–26, 2016 Milan, Italy LED Expo June 22–25, 2016 Kintex, Korea Boston Lights Expo & Conference October 26, 2016 Boston, MA
index
American Bright Optoelectronics .................49 AOK LED Light .............................................16 Bergquist, A Henkel Company .....................44 Bilton Group GmbH .....................................21 CD-ADAPCO ................................................61 CFW............................................................67 Citizen Electronics Ltd. ................................24 Covestro .....................................................57 Cree Inc. ...................................................CV4 CSA Group ..................................................34 Dongguan Thailight Semiconductor Lighting Co. Ltd. .......................................11 Dowa International Corporation ...................70 Edison Opto Corporation .............................28 Epistar ........................................................79 ERG Lighting ...............................................26 Forest Lighting ............................................50 Future Lighting Solutions...........27, 29, 31, 33 Global Lighting Technologies .......................12
6
Strategies in Light and The LED Show March 1–3, 2016 Santa Clara, CA Phosphor Global Summit 2016 March 7–9, 2016 Newport Beach, CA
Editorial digest
ADVERTISERS
events
Gooch & Housego Orlando ..........................63 Guangzhou Acevel Electronic Technology Co. Ltd .................................CV2 Hangzhou Everfine Photo-E-Info Co. Ltd. ......35 Hangzhou Hpwinner Opto Corporation ..... 7, 77 Indium Corporation .....................................41 Instrument Systems GmbH .........................15 Inventronics (Hangzhou) Inc...........................1 IOTA Engineering .........................................20 Lackwerke Peters GmbH & Co.KG ...............30 Ledlink Optics Inc........................................13 LG Display...................................................17 Linear Technology .....................................CV3 LTF LLC .......................................................72 Lumileds .......................................................4 Magtech Industries Corporation ..................18 Masterbond ................................................78 MBN GmbH.................................................14 Mean Well USA Inc. .....................................23
Opticolor Inc. ..............................................47 Philips Emergency Lighting ..........................40 Philips Lighting ......................................42, 43 Ripley Lighting Controls ...............................58 Samsung LED America ................................39 Seoul Semiconductor Co. Ltd. .......................8 Shat-R-Shields ............................................32 Shenzhen Fyt Led Co. Ltd ............................22 Shenzhen Ledfriend Optoelectronics Co. Ltd. .............................2 Shenzhen Mingxue Optoelectronics Co. Ltd. ...........................56 Shenzhen Refond Optoelectronics Co. Ltd. ...........................46 Test Coach..................................................48 Thomas Research Products ........................19 UBM Trust Co. Ltd. ......................................54 Underwriters Laboratories ...........................36 Wain Craft Limited ......................................71 LEDsmagazine.com
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+
news
views RETAIL LIGHTING
Soraa LED lamps make plumbing fixtures sparkle Soraa has announced a new project using its MR16 LED lamps at a new Crosswater UK bathroom products showroom where the solid-state lighting (SSL) is intended to render both white and color products in the best possible manner for discerning customers. Moreover, Soraa has recently announced projects in a textile showcase and in a California photographic gallery. The Crosswater retail showroom in Dartford, Kent, UK uses 635 Soraa MR16 LED lamps with the retail business striving to “enhance a memorable experience” for visitors. The showroom includes 32 carefully-designed vignettes created by architects from Coppin Dockray and lighting design-
ers from Lightplan. The lamps are housed in Prospex Spot Midi fixtures from Lucent. “Soraa lighting makes the journey through the showroom a sensory experience for visitors,” said Baris Gursen, with Lightplan in London. “Because Soraa LED lamps provide a high-intensity beam from a small source, we were able to create perfect, focused lighting on the fixtures and objects on display in each of the 32 uniquely appointed bathroom display areas. The snap-on attachments, spreader lenses, are great tools to shape the light beam for a particular object, preventing any spillage.” The Soraa LEDs deliver more light from a smaller source because of the
fact that the gallium-nitride (GaN) epitaxial layers are grown on a homogenous GaN wafer or substrate. The GaNon-GaN approach yields fewer defects and supports higher current density. Meanwhile, the phosphor formulation and violet chip, a tech- » page 10
TUNABLE SSL
CONFERENCE
Rensselaer engineering center trials smart solid-state lighting in hospital room
Connected lighting panel will debate protocols
The Smart Lighting Engineering Research Center (ERC) at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute has announced a trial of smart LED-based lighting in conjunction with the University of New Mexico Health Center (UNMHC) in Albuquerque, NM. The SSL project is intended to study the impact of light exposure and varied spectrum on human wellbeing. So-called human-centric lighting (HCL) has been a hot and sometimes contentious topic over the past several years. Presumably, control of color spectrum, intensity, and timing of light can eliminate circadian rhythm disorders, accelerate healing, and even boost productivity in workers. But some » page 10 LEDsmagazine.com
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In the connected lighting world, there are questions regarding which wireless standard will be the one most likely to succeed in the market (http://bit.ly/1NFRnj2). This is an industry that is still in its infancy, with several new players entering the market and adding their connected lighting products to the Internet of Things (IoT). With many options available, it is imperative that both consumers and manufacturers of connected lighting products get a better understanding of which protocol works best for which situation and be aware of the main market drivers that will have an impact on the market. At the 17th annual Strategies in Light (SIL) conference to be held on March 1–3, 2016 in Santa Clara, CA, there will be a panel of experts to go over this very topic and provide their opinions on which protocol or group of protocols is best suited for the connected lighting market of the future. Eric Miller, CEO of Avi-on Labs, will discuss » page 12 FEBRUARY 2016
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nology platform that Soraa calls VP3 (Violet Emission 3-Phosphor), delivers 90 CRI and a value of 96 for the R9 red color. The violet emitter is key to great white rendering, especially with textiles that have been treated with optical brightening agents (http://bit.ly/VFt9D2). And speaking of textiles, Soraa MR16 lamps were also used to light the textile showroom at the Maibom Innovation Center in Hamminkeln, Germany. Lighting design firm Thomas Kolbe Design handled the project that was intended to accentuate Maibom’s array of fabrics. “Creativity is the driving force behind our passion and the Maibom Innovation Center reflects this,” said Faiban Maibom, founder of Maibom GmbH Textilvertreib. “Soraa’s lighting in our Innovation Center is very important for the visual presentation of our fabrics and to create an atmosphere in which our customers feel comfortable and we feel inspired.” In the US, the most recent Soraa project was at the Andrei Duman Gallery in Topanga, CA near Los Angeles. Duman is a well-known aerial, travel, and nature photographer and the gallery needed lighting to perfectly light his work. “Great photography deserves great lighting,” said Duman. “Colors must pop, and Soraa’s lamps are simply perfect. With Soraa LEDs, I could bring out the true green and the detail that is important in my image ‘The Ghost Door’ shot in a diamond mining town in Namibia. Lighting also sets the mood in the gallery and helps the customer connect to the image.” Previously, Soraa has had success in other demanding applications. For example, the Hakkasan Group has used Soraa products in some of its trendy restaurants in the US and globally (http://bit.ly/1kxAH6T). ◀ CONNECTED LIGHTING
Philips, Cisco join forces to sell connected lighting Philips and networking stalwart Cisco have made it official: They are joining forces to sell Internet connected lighting that combines Philips LED technology with Cisco Ethernet switching gear for the commercial lighting market. 10
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scientists don’t believe that we have sufficient understanding about the non-visual light receptors and physiology that would underlie such benefits, as we covered in an interview (http://bit.ly/1q7GM4G). Still, market research has shown a tremendous opportunity surrounding HCL (http://bit.ly/1euA1vx). The ERC project will be yet another opportunity to advance the understanding of the impact of light and color spectrum on humans. “At the ERC, we are building smart lighting systems that automatically adjust the right lighting for us at any given time, with light coming from the right direction, with the right color and intensity, optimized for human health and productivity,” said ERC director Robert Karlicek. Researchers at UNMHC will conduct side-by-side studies comparing the smart LED-based lighting with legacy lighting. The team plans to study circadian disorders along with the impact of controlled lighting on depression, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurological maladies. “Not only will this new technology allow us to study classic circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, but now we will be able to also investigate the effect light plays on such behavioral health disorders as depression and dementia,” said Lee Brown, M.D., professor of internal medicine and director of the UNM-HSC Sleep Disorders Program.
Philips also added more items to its IoT basket, announcing a partnership with software giant SAP for city street lighting, and with Germany’s Bosch to allow home heating controls to interact with Philips’ Hue smart LED lamps for the residential market (http://bit.ly/1Fd1uyW). The Cisco alliance will emphasize Power over Ethernet (PoE), a technology that routes low-voltage electricity over the Ethernet cables of office IT networks to LED luminaires, thus eliminating costly conventional electrical cabling in new buildings and in major renovations. The Ethernet cables will also help carry data to and from the lights, allowing build-
The customized patient room at the hospital includes a comprehensive set of sensors and controls that complement a tunable lighting system. The sensors enable precise control of intensity and spectral content and allow for adaptation based on natural light from windows. The ERC developed the system using products and technology from Telelumen, Heptagon, and Austria Microsystems. “The first research study involving the specially equipped room will investigate whether individuals with delayed sleepwake phase disorder — ‘night owls’, a condition common to college students — can be treated by varying the spectrum of light they are exposed to throughout the day,” said Brown. “Other potential research areas range from hospital-induced conditions such as post-operative delirium and ICU psychosis, to the effects of light on the sleep patterns of patients receiving chemotherapy or those suffering from depression.” Brown speculated that in the future smart lighting might even help the medical community prevent diseases and increase productivity in healthy people. The key to such a future is concrete medical research and more widespread availability of the technology. Karlicek said, “This new ability to dynamically control the color properties of lighting is being studied in health care, education, and workplace settings to improve well-being and productivity, but there is still a lot to learn.” ◀
ing occupants and operators to intelligently control lights from net-connected computers and gadgets, either onsite or remotely. For Philips, the collaboration could help move lighting into a service business model, a transition that many traditional lighting companies hope to make to restore margins. Conventional lighting firms have struggled to profit from their move to LED lighting, where it’s hard to make money selling lamps that last for a purported 20 years. For Cisco, the alliance could be a boon to the sale of Ethernet switches, a market which has slumped in the face of cloud computing and wireless technologies. ◀ MORE:
http://bit.ly/1IknZ6w LEDsmagazine.com
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news+views Acuity cont. from page 16
challenges and opportunities for controls for LED manufacturers and the implications for the marketplace. At LightFair International (LFI) last year, Avi-on was revealed to be collaborating with Bluetooth proponent CSR and multiple SSL players (http://bit.ly/1FkSkQo), supplying software extensions that can add security to the wireless connections in SSL networks. By going over case studies of manufacturers that use Bluetooth Mesh networks for their connected lighting products, he will be making the case that Bluetooth smart mesh systems will dominate the market in the future. Bluetooth is one of the most widely installed communications platform protocols in the world, and an open Bluetooth Mesh networking system is expected to be released later in 2016. This discussion is of the upmost importance to get a better understanding of the system.
Chris Boross, president of the Thread Group, will address the benefits of Thread, which is built on open standards and IPv6/6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network) protocols (http://bit.ly/1e0AdLk). Thread was designed for residential controls. With the residential sector having the largest installed base of lamps in the world, it will be one of the major markets for these connected products. At this year’s Consumer Electronics Show (CES), the Thread Group and the ZigBee Alliance partnered to enable protocols developed by ZigBee to run on the Thread network stack (http://bit.ly/20t1qRN). Danny Yu, president of operational technology business at Daintree Networks Inc., will discuss the overall benefits of having truly open standards that enable product interoperability, which is of paramount importance for consumers to have the most flexibility when it comes to choosing con-
nected lighting and non-lighting products. Daintree has explored this interoperability concept with an LED driver that was developed in partnership with LG Innotek to provide ceiling troffers with ZigBee wireless network support (http://bit.ly/1cxPv1d). Strategies Unlimited is projecting that the connected lighting market is experiencing tremendous growth, and that by 2022 the connected lamps, indoor, and outdoor lighting markets will be worth more than $15 billion. We presented a joint webcast on connected lighting (http://bit.ly/1ZZ3sXI) that may provide some product and technology context around this panel session. With such a large market potential, it is in the best interest of consumers, manufacturers, and specifiers to have an understanding of the wireless protocols and products at their disposal. ◀ — Philip Smallwood MORE: http://bit.ly/1o9tFHy
LIGHT ENGINES
Lumileds adds outdoortargeted LED light engines to Matrix module portfolio Lumileds has announced the Luxeon XR-M family of Level 2 LED light engines that target outdoor SSL products such as street lights and perhaps indoor high- and lowbay lights in industrial settings. The XR-M
portfolio includes a 2×2-in. square module with four LEDs, and rectangular modules that are 1.3-in. wide and come in lengths of 5.2, 6.5, and 7.8 in. with three, four, and five LEDs, respectively. The new modules are based on the Luxeon M high-power packaged LED (http:// bit.ly/1ZkH5vv). The four-emitter LED is 12
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news+views a workhorse of the Lumileds LED offering and has been widely used in high-output applications such as street lights and industrial luminaires. Lumileds will offer the XR-M LED light engines in a choice of 4000K, 5000K, and 5700K CCTs, all at a CRI of 70. While those color temperatures might be on the cool side for many general lighting applications, the characteristics do align with the stated target applications. Moreover, the cooler CCTs come with better efficacy. Lumileds said the 4000K model delivers 140 lm/W at 85°C and 700 mA of drive current. The modules range from 3300 to 5500 lm in light output. Still, it’s the advantage of the modular form factor that will probably be the biggest selling point. Lumileds refers to modules as Level 2 products, meaning that the SSL product developer does not need to buy individual packaged LEDs and build and assemble printed circuit boards (PCBs). Instead, the developer can connect multiple XR-M modules in varying configurations to support
luminaire designs of various sizes and light output options. Overall, the Matrix family includes products for both indoor and outdoor applications. The Matrix platform first came to market last year (http://bit.ly/1MLKrHh). MORE: http://bit.ly/1SgqXg4
OUTDOOR LIGHTING
B Light supplies enticing LED lighting to medieval Bellinzona, Switzerland Italy-based B Light has announced an outdoor LED lighting project along the Viale Stazione in Bellinzona, Switzerland. New SSL hidden under benches and recessed in the stone street-side walkways is meant to highlight the architecture and invite nighttime visitors to linger and meander up and down the street that connects the train station and city center. Bellinzona is the capital of the Swiss Canton of Ticino. The city is home to three
medieval castles that are listed as world heritage sites by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). Indeed, LED lighting has proven popular in such UNESCO sites because the fixtures have minimal footprints and can deliver subtle lighting effects such as with the walls of Rabat in Morocco (http://bit. ly/1NEAMzd). Moreover, controllable SSL beams ensure minimal light trespass and little impact on the surrounding environment as we reported on a Durham, UK project (http://bit.ly/1oVQ324). In Bellinzona, the LED luminaires were installed on the central Viale Stazione thoroughfare. The street was already home to a well-known and -attended weekly outdoor market in the daytime, but the City of Bellinzona Public Works Department sought to create a more welcoming environment at night. The goal was lighting that was functional but that also created an emotional engagement with visitors. The new LED lighting was designed to
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highlight the architectural features of the street including trees, benches, and stone walkways. B Light Linear Tube 112 Slim luminaires were installed under benches in a way that is intended to make the benches float in space. Meanwhile, Inserto DO (Drive Over) linear marker lights were installed recessed in the walkways and below trees. All of the SSL products can be controlled via a DMX system. The white lighting below the benches can be dimmed while the marker lights can be set to different colors as the nearby photo illustrates. MORE: http://bit.ly/1nDhUsR
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Cypress launches a 1A LED driver IC for auto applications
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Even the specialty IC semiconductor companies were in on the action at CES in Las Vegas, NV, and Cypress Semiconductor announced several new ICs that target consumer products, including — surprisingly — an LED driver IC for automotive applications. The S6BL111A driver IC family targets applications in headlamps, daytime running lights (DRLs), turn lights, and fog lights. Cypress touts the top switching frequency of 2.1 MHz as a key feature for the application because it allows driver design in a small footprint with no large inductors. There are a host of LED driver ICs on the market that target automotive applications. For example, Texas Instruments (TI) launched an IC intended to enable headlamps with functionality similar to the Audi Matrix design a bit over a year back (http://bit.ly/1ntlzsD). We also ran a feature article on such driver designs (http://bit.ly/1ZZ4bZ1). In the Cypress approach, the IC is designed to drive a single LED at 1A with an extremely small driver footprint. Developers could use a single LED for some of the intended applications or integrate multiple driver/LED pairs for applications such as complex headlamps. But with LED brightness constantly improving, a single LED can handle many of the intended tasks. The new LED driver IC is also extremely flexible in terms of the driver implementation. It can operate over a broad input voltage range from 4.5V to 42V. Such flexibility is needed for different automotive operating conditions from cold cranking to power surges when the electrical power is swapped from the battery to the alternator.
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news+views TUNABLE SSL
Acuity announces tunable SSL technology, adds CCT control to daylighting Acuity Brands has announced two new technology platforms that, while quite different, both have CCT control as a common theme. The Dynamic Mainstream SSL technology platform includes warm dimming, tunable white, and dynamic color capabilities in LED-based downlights and wall washers. The LightFlex CCT technology works with the Sunoptics tubular skylight systems and uses remote phosphor to present natural light at a CCT that matches the electrical lighting in a space. Apparently, Acuity will utilize Mainstream Dynamic as a brand for tunable SSL that will include a variety of luminaires, networks, and controls. The company is launching the platform in the Gotham Evo family of recessed luminaires used in wall-wash and downlight applications with the capa-
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bilities coming to other luminaires in the futures. Acuity presented a webcast on tunable SSL back in September, and much of that discussion was on ways that the company is characterizing metrics and specifications for tunable products. Mainstream Dynamics brings some of that work to fruition. The system uses Gamut, Path, Handle, and Data (GPHD) elements to convey operational characteristics. Gamut defines the range of color a luminaire can produce while Path defines the range supported by the system. The Handle is the control language and Data is the network used to interconnect the system. Ultimately, Mainstream Dynamic will support warm dimming in three ranges — Incandescent (2700K–1800K CCT), Halogen (3000K–1800K CCT), and Golden
(2700K–2000K CCT). Tunable white will be offered in four ranges — Rhythm (270 0K– 65 0 0K CC T), P roduc t iv it y (3000K–5000K CCT), Layers (2000K–5000K CCT), and Atmosphere (1800K–4300K CCT). Acuity calls the third offering Architainment Color and said luminaires with that feature would support a full RGBW (red, green, blue, white) color-tuning engine. The company said the feature will bring theatrical-grade lighting to commercial applications. Meanwhile, the second announcement from Acuity involves the counterintuitive notion of controlling the CCT » page 20
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news+views HORTICULTURAL LEDS
Transcend launches broadspectrum, LED-based T5 tube for horticulture applications LED-based horticulture is a, pardon the pun, growing application, and Transcend Lighting has launched a new product concept for the market in the form of an LED-based T5 high-output tube. The tubes are designed for use with T5 fluorescent fixtures that are widely deployed in horticulture, and the SSL will work with the existing ballasts, according to Transcend. The company’s added value is a phosphor-derived spectral power distribution (SPD) that can optimize plant growth and flowering. We have covered LED-based horticulture on a recurring basis including in a feature article in March 2015 (http://bit.ly/1QBC00z).
SSL offers the same efficiency and long-life advantages in horticulture that it does in other general lighting applications. But LEDs are also being shown to optimize plant production by matching the wavelength of light to a plant’s needs. Most horticultural lighting products on the market use a mix of deep-blue and far-red monochromatic color LEDs that science has shown benefit plants at different growth stages. But there are abundant theories about other wavelengths that might prove beneficial. Chuck DeMilo, vice president of sales and marketing at Transcend, said, “There is certainly a debate about complete photosynthetic spectrum.” Transcend has developed intellectual property in the area of phosphors and can create custom formulations for different SPDs. For the LED tubes, Transcend deposits the phosphor mix directly on bluepump LEDs just as all phosphor-converted white LEDs are constructed. We asked DeMilo about the comparative efficiency of the phosphor approach relative to using a mix of monochromatic LEDs in a horticultural product. See our recent feature on color LEDs to understand the basics behind each (http://bit.ly/1YlkHaf). DeMilo said Transcend chose the phosphor approach for several reasons. Blue LEDs are more efficient than other monochromatic color LEDs and, even when you consider the Stokes loss in the phosphor approach, are a better choice. The phosphor approach allows for more flexibility in SPDs and yields white light. And using all blue LEDs with identical thermal characteristics yields a more reliable end product. Growers still need white lighting to work with the plants. Ironically, one of the 30W LED tubes that Transcend offers as a replacement for 64W fluorescent lamps happens to have a CRI of 94 due to the broad SPD and significant energy in the red region. MORE: http://bit.ly/1Uvw5KL LEDsmagazine.com
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news+views Acuity cont. from page 16
of sunlight. So often we discuss the concept of mimicking natural light with LED-based products. But the new LightFlex CCT seeks to do the opposite. Daylighting is broadly used, and even required by some regulatory codes, to minimize energy use in commercial buildings. Such daylight can come through windows or tubular skylights that bring natural light through suspended ceilings. But daylight changes in CCT during the day. Many lighting designers/specifiers, however, prefer to have a uniform CCT in a lit space. The remote phosphor optic in the new system yields daylight in the 3600K–2700KCCT range. Acuity said the CCT closely matches the 3500K–4000K-CCT range found in a lot of commercial spaces. Acuity has for several years supplied a LightFlex system that used mechanical louvers and dampers to control the intensity of natural light in skylight systems (http://bit. ly/1J33RX6). We published a detailed feature
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on the use of natural light back about the time when LightFlex was first introduced (http://bit.ly/1mYR7a5). MORE: http://bit.ly/1ZkHyxX
PACKAGED LEDS
Cree extends XQ series with smallfootprint white and color LEDs Cree’s XLamp XQ-A LEDs extend the XQ family with mid-power-class products from a power perspective that use a ceramic base for reliable and consistent lumen output and color performance. The new packaged LEDs in the XQ family at Cree fill in at the bottom of the company’s portfolio from a performance perspective, but are intended to operate at very low power levels and enable compact SSL product designs. Many of the applications for the color and white LED family will be in specialty industrial applications that can leverage the small footprint. The XQ-A outputs 89 lm at 1W maximum
in phosphor-converted white flavors. Cree offers the white LEDs across the 2700K- to 6200K-CCT range with 70, 80, and 90 CRI options. Available colors include monochromatic red, red-orange, green, blue, and royal blue along with phosphor-converted amber.
Samsung adds 5630 mid-power LEDs Samsung’s new LM561B+ and LM561C 0.3W LEDs extend efficacy for general lighting applications that use 5630-form-factor packages. The new LM561B+ is more focused on color attributes while the LM561S delivers maximum performance.
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news+views Samsung will offer the LM561B+ LEDs in 3-step MacAdam ellipse bins and quarter bins in CCTs ranging from 2700K to 6500K. Moreover, the company said it has a new phosphor-control technology that will yield 90-CRI LEDs with 15% higher flux output at 90 CRI. While the LM561B+ LEDs max out at 190 lm/W, the new LM561C LEDs hit the 200-lm/W level. Samsung said it will bring the tighter color control to the LM561C family later this year. MORE: http://bit.ly/1PK7qUJ
Osram announces specialty packaged LEDs, previews quantum dot plans Osram Opto Semiconductors has announced new infrared (IR) LEDs for iris-scanning applications and a new high-power RGB LED family for projectors. Moreover, the company has released preliminary information about plans to ship an LED with quantum dots (QDs) taking the place of green phosphor on a packaged LED intended for display and TV backlighting applications, promising a richer color gamut. The Oslux SFH 4786S IR LED (Osram calls them IREDs) squarely targets biometric identification applications in devices such as smartphones and tablets. Iris scanning allows owners of a device
to simply gain access while sensitive data is protected from others. For the projector space, Osram has released a new LED in the Ostar Projection Power family. The company said the new packaged LEDs will enable mainstream projectors to output 2500 lm. The company offers monochromatic red and blue and phosphor-converted green LEDs in the family for the RGB application. The previews of the Quantum Colors QD-based packaged LEDs could impact both the computer-display and TV backlighting applications. Such displays are limited in terms of the colors that can be accurately reproduced by the amount of red, green, and blue energy in the backlight. Osram intends to apply the QDs directly to LEDs, thus allowing the technology to be used with manufacturing techniques that are in widespread usage with mainstream TVs. The company said that the LED approach would halve the cost of adding QDs in a 55-in. TV. MORE: http://bit.ly/1Zg8xwz
NETWORKS & POWER
Philips Lighting supplies Power-overEthernet LED lighting to Clemson Philips Lighting has announced a PoE-based LED lighting system in the new Watt Family Innovation Center at Clemson University in Clemson, SC. The SSL project is projected to deliver 70% energy savings relative to similar buildings that have legacy lighting while also allowing network controls of the lighting and data gathering via sensors integrated in the luminaires. Power over Ethernet appears to be a technology thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s gaining traction in lighting, although it has also brought new players from the IT sector into lighting (http://bit.ly/1RRSkwT) and raised the question of who will own networked lighting down the road. Moreover, PoE has created partnerships such as the one between Philips and Cisco (see p. 10) that would have seemed unlikely in the recent past. Commercial lighting is generally moving toward a networked future and PoE enables a single Cat 5/6 cable to power and network an LED luminaire. Furthermore, PoE handles the energy-wasting AC/DC power conversion centrally and distributes DC power to individual luminaires â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a net energy saving scheme compared to having AC/DC conversion in each luminaire. The Clemson project will use the integrated sensors for autonomous control of the lighting based on occupancy and ambient light levels. The occupancy data will also be collected for analysis, allowing the university to track space utilization trends. The lights also can be programmatically controlled. And users of individual spaces in the building will be able to adjust local light levels using smartphones that link wirelessly to the Philips EnvisionManager lighting control system. MORE: http://bit.ly/1WSiZZt
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funding programs
DOE publishes Gateway on Portland LED street-light project The DOE has published another report in its Gateway series of research projects that study the deployment of LED lighting in a variety of applications. The latest study focused on the US city of Portland, OR details both the technical challenges of a large solid-state lighting (SSL) conversion of street lights and the logistical obstacles of a city working with a utility to establish a new electrical rate structure that can help justify the high upfront cost of LED fixtures. The DOE’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and Municipal Solid State Lighting Consortium (MSSLC) were responsible for the report, “Investing in their future: Portland’s purchase and conversion of an LED street lighting system.” The Portland Bureau of Transportation (PBOT) began serious consideration of a large-scale LED retrofit project back in 2010, but the work progressed slowly in part due to a complicated relationship with utility Portland General Electric (PGE). The utility owned many of the more than 55,000 street lights installed in the city and also serviced some poles owned by the city. At the time PGE had no discounted tariff for LED lights and therefore the potential for the city to capitalize on energy savings was missing. Ultimately, PBOT moved to purchase the entire street light inventory from PGE, and the Oregon Public Utilities Commission (OPUC) worked with the two to add an LED tariff. But that process was lengthy and included a detailed study of a number of options. Meanwhile, PBOT had trialed LED street-light systems in limited locations and was an early member of the MSSLC. And the city had joined with other smaller cities in Oregon to present a unified front to the OPUC and lighting manufacturers. The city took a unique approach to the concept of dimming. PBOT did not want to pay for a networked system with remote control, but wanted to ensure that the light levels could be adjusted if needed. So the luminaire suppliers had to deliver a driver that could be set manually to three different levels. The adaptability has paid off already. The report notes that response from the citizens to the new lights has been largely positive, but some complained about light levels being too high. In residential areas, the luminaires installed can deliver 3000 lm at 29W, 4100 lm at 42W, or 5000 lm at 54W. PBOT is setting all of those luminaires to the lowest level, resulting in 75% energy savings relative to the prior 118W high-pressure sodium (HPS) lighting. » page 28 LEDsmagazine.com
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DOE publishes Gateway outdoor lighting reports on Philadelphia airport and Princeton The DOE has published two recent Gateway reports on LED installations in outdoor settings beyond street lighting. At the Philadelphia International Airport (PHL), the Gateway trial, including two stages of high-mast
product tests on the apron, has shown that LEDs can deliver energy savings in the outdoor lighting application, but application demands require careful design practices. On the Princeton University campus in New Jersey, the DOE studied four different SSL projects dating back to 2008 to understand the successes that the university has had with LED technology and how the facilities staff has evolved its thinking on LED lighting over time. High-mast lighting has been an outdoor application where LEDs have not pervaded as rapidly as in other street and area lighting uses. We did report on an airport high-mast installation in Munich, Germany (http://bit. ly/1n7tlkP). Moreover, some states have started to turn to LED-based high-mast lights on freeways as in the case of Maine (http://bit.ly/1PbyVzV). As LEDs get brighter, SSL products become a better fit for high-mast outdoor lighting, whereas early products were too large and heavy for the application. In the Gateway project at PHL, the airport staff began considering a transition to outdoor lighting with LEDs in 2013. The high-mast lights are critical for nighttime operations illuminating baggage, tow-truck, and fueling operations along with allowing the pilots to make accurate preflight » page 26 FEBRUARY 2016
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Outdoor from page 25
inspections. The existing HPS lights utilized 1,758,450 kWh annually. LEDs were seen as a significant opportunity to save energy and to reduce maintenance. The airport replaced three HPS luminaires at one terminal with SSL products in October 2014. When the luminaires were selected, the staff could find only a single product rated to produce 60,000 lm â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the light level that computer simulations suggested would be needed for one-to-one replacement. The DOE visited the site and took detailed measurements on a grid before and after the SSL was installed. The LEDs did not provide acceptable light levels a long distance from the poles while delivering better performance near the poles. The lessons learned in 2014 led to a second trial installation in May 2015 that primarily involved a change of one of the three luminaires used on each pole and a change as to how the center luminaire in each trio was aimed. The second round of tests was hampered by some failed LED modules on two of the poles. Still, the changes in aiming have been shown to solve the uniformity issues. Based on the results, the DOE reports that a transition to LED-based apron lighting could deliver 24.5% to 51.5% in savings depending on the products selected and a lighting design that might mix high- and medium-output fixtures. The LED lights were noted by a baggage handler to make it easier to read bag tags. Still, the DOE noted that diligence is required in both design and product selection. You can read the full report on the DOE SSL website (http://1.usa.gov/200omro). Meanwhile, Princetonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first LEDbased outdoor lighting installation came along a pedestrian walkway adjacent to Elm Drive and was instigated by the adoption of a Sustainability Plan in 2008. Seven HPS lights were replaced with LED luminaires with the projection of 60% energy savings in the project area. The HPS luminaires resulted in dark areas between poles and non-uniform lighting, which had resulted in students not using the walkway at night. Even back in 2008 as LED technology was just being 26
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deployed in lighting, Princeton realized that improved beam distribution was perhaps more significant than energy savings on the project as more students began to use the walkway. The second Princeton LED project came in 2012 involving four adjacent parking lots. The project replaced 48 150W HPS lights on 20-ft poles with 68W LED luminaires and 20 100W HPS lights on 15-ft poles with 47W LED luminaires, for an aggregate 64% baseline savings including the HPS ballast. Princeton, however, also installed occupancy and motion detectors on the luminaires with the intent to drop light levels to 20% of maximum late at night when no one was present. Princeton has only estimated the additional savings but believes that the project has delivered 80% in total energy savings. The project was deemed a success and the university has reported better color characteristics and CRI that enable a more secure setting. The university reported that having motion sensors on each luminaire is not ideal because it leaves darker areas surrounding one lit pole where perhaps a person is entering a car, and that a networked system with zone control of sections of a lot might provide a safer experience. Next up for Princetonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s outdoor lighting was a parking garage that was lit by a combination of 252 metal halide (MH) fixtures during the night and lower-power fluorescent lights that operated during the day. In 2013, the university installed 68W LED lights in place of the 200W MH lights with the SSL products set to provide lower light levels during the day, eliminating the fluorescent fixtures. Additional savings came from controls and a careful evaluation of the lighting scheme. The LEDs delivered more light than required so the SSL products were set to deliver a maximum of 90% output at installation. The staff may have to increase those levels as lumen depreciation occurs. Motion detectors were used to drop light levels to 20% of maximum when no one was present. And ambient light sensors limit the lighting to 50% of maximum when daylight is available. LEDsmagazine.com
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funding programs Zhaga Consortium publishes LED driver Book 13, posts compatible products data The Zhaga Consortium has published the anticipated Book 13 specification that’s focused on standardized form factors for LED drivers. The industry group has also posted a more robust database of SSLcentric products that have been accredited by a thirdparty certification body (CB) as being compliant with one of the Zhaga Books. Book 13 will offer LED-based luminaire developers flexibility in driver sourcing and interchangeability. SSL products based on the Book will feature the potential for a failed driver to be replaced in the field with a product from a different driver manufacturer if necessary. The new Book defines the maximum dimensions of driver options along with a
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definition of standard mounting points for mechanical connection to a fixture. The industry group surveyed the market and in the new Book defines 78 different driver categories used across all SSL applications. Going forward, however, the consortium is recommending that luminaire manufacturers choose from newly defined A and B Type drivers with 13 and 14 size options respectively in each type. The Type A drivers are typically used in applications such as down- and spotlights and have relatively compact rectangular dimensions. The Type B drivers are generally slimmer and longer and are intended for office and industrial applications. Book 13 also addresses the electrical interface between the driver » page 34
Portland from page 25
The city also included a clause in the solicitation to contractors noting that LED street light prices were to be renegotiated each year — counting on prices to fall. And indeed prices have dropped. The city paid $155 for the residential-area fixtures in the second half of 2014 and that figure had dropped to $124 in late 2015. The report also documents the installation cost at about $75 each. Thus far Portland is about halfway through the retrofit. The city reports that while the project ended up being far more complicated than it expected, the results justify the effort. The DOE has published several other Gateway reports on outdoor lighting projects. Post-top LED luminaires were the focus of an early report on a Central Park project in New York City (http://bit.ly/15GjfFP). Another report covered a parking lot project at a Walmart in Leavenworth, KS (http://bit. ly/1OFlImq). You can read the entire Portland Gateway report on the DOE SSL website (http://1.usa.gov/1Pvp649). ◀
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DOE publishes Caliper report focused on tunable-white LED luminaires Innovative solutions for LED applications
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The DOE has published its first Caliper test report focused on white-point-tunable LEDbased luminaires. “Report 23: Photometric testing of white-tunable luminaires” details testing of eight products at full intensity over a range of different CCTs. The initial work
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was focused on understanding the tests and methodology needed to accurately characterize the performance of tunable products. The Caliper testing included measurements at 11 color set points. The DOE said the LED luminaires exhibited variations in input power, lumen output, efficacy, and chromaticity at the different CCT settings. Moreover, the researchers said the variations would not be fully captured by testing at only a few CCT points, although five to seven test points could prove adequate. The tested products were LED luminaires intended for use in architectural lighting and not entertainment lighting. The samples included troffers and downlights. The tests did not include any dim-to-warm products that change CCT in a manner intended to mimic halogen dimming. The tested products could be set over a range of CCTs and dimmed at any CCT setting. Some of the products were
mix of LEDs at two CCTs, while one used a mix of LEDs with five different CCTs and yet another mixed off-white and red LEDs. The DOE fully expected some variation in power draw, efficacy, or lumen output over the CCT range. Warmer-CCTs typically equate to lower efficacy. So product developers would usually have to design a product with constant power requirements and less lumen output at warm CCTs or for varying power input to keep lumen output the same. The nearby figure shows the performance of four of the tested products. Efficacy dropped to 83% of maximum in one case, although the DOE noted that such a drop could still be acceptable in some applications. Color quality and chromaticity were also areas in which the DOE sought to evaluate and understand the scope of testing that would be needed for accurate characterization of such products. The report said in » page 32 LEDsmagazine.com
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funding programs California Energy Commission proposes new regulations for LED lamps The California Energy Commission (CEC) has announced a proposal for new energy regulations related to both small-diameter directional LED lamps and omnidirectional lamps in a variety of form factors. The agency previously held a webcast to explain the new rules and accepted public comments in November. Under the new rules, MR16 and other small-diameter directional lamps will get heightened efficacy requirements while omnidirectional lamps will get new beam-distribution guidelines, and standby power limits for smart lamps. For both types of LED lamps, the CEC plans to offer the option of lower efficacy for high-CRI products. The CEC is pursuing the new regulations because of the significant potential for energy savings with the transition to LEDbased lighting. In particular, the agency noted that there are 16 million small-diameter (2.25-in. or less) directional lamps
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installed in California with an additional 2 million projected for installation by 2029. And most are in commercial settings such as retail and hospitality, operating for long hours each day. The agency said the new rules would result in savings of 3000 GWh (gigawatt hour) of energy annually by 2029, or enough to power 400,000 average homes. The new regulations for directional LED lamps will require efficacy of 80 lm/W by January of 2018. Or alternatively, the sum of efficacy and CRI must be 165 or greater. That means a 95-CRI lamp would meet the guidelines at 70 lm/W. It’s worth noting that a coalition of LED and lighting manufacturers led by Soraa had asked the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to allow for a tradeoff of high CRI and lower efficacy in Energy Star guidelines going back to 2013 (http://bit.ly/1z6iQWz). High CRI, especially at warm CCTs, generally » page 34
Caliper from page 30
some cases that the light became more green or pink as the CCT was raised. Clearly, that type of performance will not be ideal as the market for tunable LED luminaires develops. The report said color rendition variation was generally small. The range was narrow enough that the researchers judged it would not impact decisions made by lighting designers/specifiers. The DOE concluded that tunable products can’t currently match fixed color products in terms of efficacy or color quality at this time. But the report also notes that the tunable products can offer benefits beyond energy savings such as support for human-centric lighting (HCL). You can view the full report on the DOE website (http://1.usa.gov/1OFl8oK). The tunable work joins other recent Caliper testing such as the most recent work on MR16 lamps (http://bit.ly/1X6QTdm). Earlier in 2015, the agency also released long-term test results for LED-based A-lamps (http://bit.ly/1ID998b). ◀
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funding programs CEC from page 32
equates to an efficacy reduction due to the red energy in the spectral power distribution (SPD) that extends beyond the visible range into the infrared (IR) spectrum. Soraa argues that more specifiers would transition from halogen to high-CRI LED lamps with slightly reduced efficacy and evidently the CEC agrees even if the EPA has not to date. The CEC will also mandate that the small-diameter lamps offer a lifetime of 25,000 hours minimum. That requirement effectively mandates LED-based sources as no other technology could deliver such long life. It’s interesting that Europe has also experienced battles over regulations for small lamps such as MR16 products. The Lighting Europe industry organization has constantly fought the chronology of an SSL transition mandated by the European Commission behind the stance that affordable products would simply not be available (http://bit. ly/1M3QUcx). The organization even warned that installed luminaires would be useless
with the LED mandate in Europe. The CEC, however, said there are already economically-viable LED lamps on the market that meet its new requirements. Moreover, the agency presented a financial analysis based on the 2018 effective date. The agency said the lamps will cost buyers an additional $4 but that the products will deliver $250 in savings over the projected life. In the A-lamps space, the regulations include efficacy limits defined strictly by an equation. A new metric determined by multiplying CRI by 2.3 and then adding efficacy must meet a minimum compliance score of 227 by 2017 and 297 by 2018. The general-purpose LED lamps will only be held to a projected lifetime of 10,000 hours. The other major changes in the general lamps space come in beam and standby power. The CEC will require that lamps sold in the state deliver an omnidirectional beam as defined by the EPA in the Energy Star Lamps Specification. That requirement would mean that low-cost LED lamps such as the prod-
ucts Philips Lighting is selling in a twin pack for $5 would not be allowed (http://bit.ly/1RF cRm0). Philips has said the lamps are designed for applications such as hallways and closets where an omnidirectional beam is not required. It will be interesting to hear about comments to CEC about the new beam rule. The new standby power rule applies to smart lamps that are intended to be left with power applied to the socket so a device such as a smartphone can control the lamp via a wireless network. High standby power when the lamps are off could waste considerable energy. The proposed limit is 0.2W. The CEC had first proposed some guidelines for LED-based lamps back in 2013 (http://bit.ly/1RDut3V). At that point, the guidelines were voluntary although intended to guide the award of rebates in the state. The new rules will be required. Moreover, the impact of the CEC rulemaking may be felt elsewhere in the US and around the globe as many others in the past have adopted California energy-efficiency practices. ◀ Zhaga Consortium from page 28
and LED module. As we documented recently, Zhaga has chosen to reference the electrical interface work done by the Module-Driver Interface – Special Interest Group (MD-SIG; http://bit.ly/200naUU). Book 13 mandates the use of the LEDset1 specification from MD-SIG rather than having to define a duplicate electrical specification. The specification can be downloaded at the Zhaga website (http://bit.ly/1ZtNKck); a white paper details the thinking and choices made in the driver categorization. The Zhaga Consortium is also striving to make it simpler for luminaire developers to locate compliant components for use in new products. The consortium has enhanced its Certified Products Database. All of the products in the database have been tested by a CB for compliance with Zhaga Books. While the Zhaga website had a prior listing of compliant products, the new database is interactive and easily searchable. There is added data for all of the listed products and filters that developers can use to narrow a search based on the application at hand. The database is easily accessible on the group’s website (http://bit.ly/1OqSuVC). ◀ MORE:
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hospitality | SMART TUNABLE SSL
Dial-an-ambience LED lighting accentuates refurbishment at stylish Copenhagen hotel Controllable colors and brightness in an intelligent SSL retrofit indoors and out help the Absalon Hotel stand out in Copenhagen’s hip Vesterbro neighborhood, writes MARK HALPER.
W
hen you shut down your faded 76-year-old hotel for six months and spend $15 million converting it into a stylish and trendy destination, you want to make sure that when it reopens, it has all the touches that could make it stand out in a crowded field. For Copenhagen’s family-run Absalon Hotel, the pièce de résistance in a chic top-to-bottom refurbishment was a modern, intelligent, indoor and outdoor solid-state lighting (SSL) system that offers a complete range of changeable colors and brightness at the touch of a button, and thus allows the 161-room hotel and its guests to easily alter ambience and suit moods. While much of the striking new appearance of the century-old building comes from the fabrics and furniture provided by London design house Designers Guild, make no mistake: The variable and vivid lighting schemes accentuate it and help brand its unique look in a manner that would not have been possible prior to the new era of digitally controlled LED-based lighting. “We thought the lighting would be a way to differentiate ourselves from our competitors,” said Karen Nedergaard, the hotel’s chief executive, and granddaughter of the 1938 founders who first turned an early 1900s building of small, private apartments into a hotel and named it after the 12th century archbishop who founded Copenhagen. “We live in Denmark, where half of the year it’s very, very dark. We believe that light is one way to lighten up the life and experience of our guests.” Lighting could also help distinguish the hotel from considerable competition, as Absalon sits in the heart of Copenhagen’s popular MARK HALPER is a contributing editor with
LEDs Magazine (markhalper@aol.com). LEDsmagazine.com
1602LEDS_37 37
Vesterbro district — a former meatpacking and Red Light area that the website Thrillist last year anointed as the fourth “most hipster” neighborhood on the planet (http://bit.ly/1n6i2AL). The pressure was on to find all the right touches. So in October 2014 when Absalon started tearing down walls; opening up the ground floor to view from the outside; upgrading furniture; livening the curtains, carpets, and wallpaper; replacing windows; remodeling bathrooms; cozying up the original entrance and adding a second side doorway for functions; eliminating about 30 rooms; painting; rewiring; replumbing, and generally gussying up the whole place for the first time in decades, lighting was high on the to-do list.
A cue from Hue
Drawing inspiration from FIG. 1. Compelling lighting at the Absalon Hotel was Philips’ Hue line of color and especially important in the lobby lounge and bar areas, scene-changing residen- which can draw visitors from the street. tial lamps (http://bit.ly/1F d1uyW), Nedergaard started inquiring with Nedergaard wasted no time placing her the Dutch lighting giant about whether it order for a variety of lighting systems from top could deploy similar technology on a wider to bottom, both inside and outside the hotel. scale across her hotel property. After a trip Among them: a variable lighting scheme to Philips’ hospitality industry showcase for the hotel’s first-ever bar to accommodate — one of several industry-specific displays different moods and functions throughout at Philips’ Lighting Application Center in the day and night; soothing green and turEindhoven, the Netherlands — she was con- quoise desk-front light panels matching vinced that it could. Designers Guild furniture in the reception FEBRUARY 2016
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hospitality | SMART
TUNABLE SSL
FIG. 2. The hotel installed daylight white lighting in the breakfast area.
area; color-changing bathroom lights for the premier rooms on the top floor of the five-story hotel; under-bed lighting that clicks on to motion sensors when guests get up in the night; corridor sensors that keep the lights dim until someone walks in; and outdoor façade lighting intended to bathe the building in white light except on special occasions such as recent Christmas celebrations, when the building turned green and red.
LEDs and controls Absalon also decided on all LED lamps, meant not only to respond colorfully to digital controls where mandated — in a way not possible with conventional lamps — but also to save energy, as LEDs are known to do. Most of it, with the exception of the façade lighting, has worked like a charm since the hotel reopened its doors in May. One of the key elements to the scheme is the downstairs lighting in the lobby and the bar — all visible from outside, and thus a 38
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huge influence on Absalon’s image and even on the bar’s possibilities for drawing in passersby (Fig. 1). Panel lights on the front of the bar desk, as well as ceiling lights in the bar area, respond in color and brightness to one of five pre-programmed scenarios: breakfast, lunch, afternoon, evening, and “bar.” The bar area leads to the hotel’s breakfast lounge (Absalon does not serve other meals), so in the morning, lights are programmed bright and white (Fig. 2). “It’s lit up so people can find their way to the breakfast restaurant easy and undisturbed,” said Martin Brandt, Absalon’s food and beverage manager. The scheme cycles through five regular pre-programmed changes throughout the day. By evening, the automated system dims the lights, and at around 8 PM, it swings into bar mode, emitting a variety of blues, violets, reds, and greens (Fig. 3). And with the ground floor now visible from the street, “this light can also help attract people from outside to come in and join the bar,” added Nedergaard.
Push-button scenarios Although the Philips system in principle could also allow individual employees greater control to order more color schemes, the hotel decided against that. “From an operational point of view, I needed to have something set,” said Nedergaard. “I didn’t want the employees to play with the lights. It’s important to have light that’s aligned — a procedure that’s the same every day at the same time. Otherwise, one comes in and wants it pink; the next one wants it green, the third one wants it yellow. This is not going to work. And I was afraid that the employees would forget to change it in the afternoon. So we just put everything on automatic.” But employees are able to override the pre-programmed settings and advance them to one of the other five pre-set scenarios. “If we see that there’s a lot of people in the bar, then we could switch on the bar scenario instead of the afternoon scenario,” explained Nedergaard. “It’s just a LEDsmagazine.com
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FIG. 3. Dynamic lighting in the bar area can be set to different scenes in synchronization with different times of the day, ending
with cozy warm light in the evening. button that we push, and we can change the scenario.” The button is on a wall-mounted panel that uses DMX controls tied into a Philips computer system, with signals traveling to lights over electrical cabling, noted Jørgen Bo Jensen, the Philips account manager who has worked closely with Absalon on the project.
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Matching interior design The turquoise and green lobby lighting, while not as controllable as in the bar area, echoes the colors of the Designer Guild interior design, which was all part of Nedergaard’s notion of brightening up the hotel’s look both via lighting and fabric, and to move away from what she noted are typical of Danish hotels: pale white, beige,
or black colors (Fig. 4). “We decided to work with a color palette of green, turquoise colors, in the lobby lounge area,” she said. “We could see how the Philips lighting could complement the colors in the design, and it would all fit together and we were able to create this homey feeling. That’s what we were really after.” In another touch of non-colored lighting,
LEDsmagazine.com
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hospitality | SMART
TUNABLE SSL
High Reliability Solders and TIMs for LED
FIG. 4. New LED lighting in the hotel reception area matches the colors of the interior
design while providing the needed task lighting for employees. the hotel suspended panels of stylish floating white lights from the black-painted ceiling on the ground floor to illuminate the path between the reception, bar, and breakfast areas. The panelsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; shape echoes the hotelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s windows and helps suggest natural light. They respond to DALI-controlled dimming. Likewise, the hotel dropped floats of LEDs mimicking candlelight in the lobby area, for a cozier look. In the lessons learned department, food and beverage manager Brandt wishes that he could control smaller groups of lights per control panel â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a simple electrical issue â&#x20AC;&#x201D; but other than that, he reported that the new LED lighting is working brilliantly.
Color, color everywhere Outside of lighting, the refurbishment called for plenty of color in the Designer Guild fabrics, furnishings, and walls in the guestroom floors, which it designed either in purple for a berry theme; blue and silver for an ocean theme; or pink, green, and black for a grass theme, varying by floor. Thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s one reason why Nedergaard opted against offering colored lighting in the rooms and in the reception area â&#x20AC;&#x201D; it would be overkill among the splashy fabrics. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s not necessary to bring in colored lights in the rooms,â&#x20AC;? Nedergaard said. But Absalon did equip the marble-walled fifth-floor bathrooms so guests can cycle ceiling spots through the color spectrum. It also outfitted them with adjustable white light by LEDsmagazine.com
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the makeup mirror that ranges from 2700K to 6500K in CCT, according to Philipsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Jensen. The hotel refrained from installing changeable colors in the bathrooms on other floors. Part of the reason was cost. â&#x20AC;&#x153;At one stage in a big renovation you have to say stop,â&#x20AC;? noted Nedergaard, who said itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s possible the hotel might eventually install the colored bathroom lighting on other floors. She described the lighting in its entirety as costing â&#x20AC;&#x153;a lot of money.â&#x20AC;? Philipsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Jensen estimates that lighting in total accounted for about 2.5 million Danish kroner (about $367,000) of the $15 million renovation. The hotel also decided not to give guests app-based smartphone control of light. â&#x20AC;&#x153;We thought about this, but we thought it was going to be a bit too complicated for the guests,â&#x20AC;? explained Nedergaard.
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LEDs everywhere One technology consistent throughout the hotel, whether itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s public spaces, rooms, or the exterior façade, is LED sources. The rooms have on average two reading lamps, two bedside lamps, a table lamp, the under-bed lighting, LED strips in portions of wall moulding to softly illuminate the ceiling, and four to six spots in the bathroom. Between these and the sensor-activated corridor LEDs and the other systems, Nedergaard expects to achieve energy savings, because LEDs are known to drastically reduce electricity consumption by around
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hospitality | SMART 90% over conventional incandescent lighting. The hotel also installed sensors to switch off lights in staff and housekeeping rooms. “Everywhere we saw the lights were always on, we put the sensors,” said Nedergaard. Although she claimed it’s too early to ascertain the actual energy reduction, Philips’
TUNABLE SSL
comparison to the one clunker in the hotel’s lighting redesign — the exterior façade, equipped with a Philips DMX-controlled Color Kinetics system. (See our feature on the LightRails project, which also implemented Color Kinetics products, at http:// bit.ly/1eNKnQt.)
Absalon decided on all LED lamps, meant to respond colorfully to digital controls where mandated as well as to save energy. Jensen expects that it will be around 60% — and that’s with a lot more lighting products and illumination options than the hotel previously had. Jensen added that the LED lamps will also cut maintenance costs, given their expected longevity of 20 years or more. “They have this maintenance guy, and he’s being freed to do a lot of other things, because before he spent a lot of time going around with his little basket changing bulbs every day at the hotel,” said Jensen. But Nedergaard noted that the maintenance story isn’t quite as rosy as often portrayed for LEDs, because the bulbs are fragile and can fail when accidentally jostled. It’s not unusual for an LED lamp to simply stop working in guest rooms. “Some of them, if you hit them, they can go out,” said Nedergaard. The same is true for ground-floor lamps that the hotel sometimes raises when it moves the tables for events so people don’t walk into them. The lifting and lowering can knock them out because “they are very sensitive to movement,” she noted, adding that it happens with both Philips and Osram replacement bulbs.
Disco inferno But whatever problems Absalon is having with fragile indoor LED lamps pale in
“We had a little dispute over the façade lighting,” said Jensen. “The white light is not good enough.” That’s one way of putting it. “The problem is the white light is too many colors — it’s every color of the rainbow,” added hotel boss Nedergaard. “Somewhere, it went wrong.” The façade system has been troubled from the start. When the hotel first switched it on in May, “the lights were doing a lot of disco dancing,” recalled Nedergaard, noting that not only was that unsuitable for the hotel’s purposes, but it was also a nuisance for neighbors. “So we decided to wait until it was working properly.” Long months of difficult testing followed, as extended summer daylight set in and testing often had to take place after midnight in order to see nighttime effects. When the hotel finally switched the façade lights back on in November, it discovered they were full of too many colors in white mode. That hasn’t stopped the hotel from providing special illumination effects such as the green and red façade for Christmas. But it is hoping that Philips resolves the white lighting soon. “This is something that we’re discussing with them,” said Nedergaard. Meanwhile, Nedergaard is coloring the indoor digital lighting systems as a success. Hipster, hipster hooray!
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2/11/16 9:03 AM
business | PROTECTING IP
America Invents Act impacts patent rights Now more than ever, innovators in the SSL sector need to move quickly to protect their LED-centric intellectual property given the AIA legislation in the US, reports MARSHALL HONEYMAN.
L
et’s say your business conceived of a novel, potentially-patentable, LEDcentric product a few years ago, and was considering patenting it. At that time, so long as you were reasonably diligent, you could prevail over a competitor who invented the same thing later, but beat you to the Patent Office by filing an application first. In order to overcome the filing date of your competitor, you would have been able to submit evidence of your date of conception. Assuming ample corroboration of your conception as well as the date, you could win the battle despite your failure to swiftly file to protect your intellectual property (IP). Today, the America Invents Act has devalued the luxury of time and patent activity is hectic in the solid-state lighting (SSL) arena. You may have heard of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, more commonly referred to as the AIA, which became effective Mar. 16, 2013. Under the AIA, any evidence you have that you conceived of an invention before a competitor will not enable you to defeat the patent of a competitor that independently invented the same thing and filed before you. The law once favored the first person to invent, but now, under the new first-to-file rules, the first inventor to file a patent application wins.
tor A would win, assuming they could present tors and the third-party publication — can evidence supporting conception and diligence. be extremely difficult without the benefit of a But under the new rules, B, as the first inven- clear trail of communications. tor to file, wins assuming they did not in any way derive the invention from the work of A. Don’t walk to the Patent Office, run! Another change in the law relates to the The takeaway from all of this is that a busiimpact of certain public activities, that, ness should obtain a patent filing date as when engaged in before you file, can bar soon as possible. Say you have a new LED you from getting a patent. It was — and is light engine. You should get a filing date still true — that certain January February March April May June public activities including sales, offers for sale, public uses, and/or pubA invents A files lications of your invention before filing of a patent application B invents B files could result in a loss of patent rights. But the bar under the old law was not immediate. FIG. 1. The AIA changed US patent rules favoring the first to You were instead given file a patent, whereas prior law favored the first inventor. an unconditional oneyear grace period to file for the patent, the before engaging in any public activities such clock starting with the first public activity. as: demonstrating it at an upcoming trade The new post-AIA grace period is still a year, show or anywhere else in public; publishing but it is qualified, not automatic. Disclosures any information regarding the new light made by others within the year before filing engine, how it works, or what it does; taking will count against you, but your own disclo- advance sales orders, or actually selling the sures will not. For example, information inde- product; talking about the new light engine pendently published by third parties without with third parties without a nondisclosure any connection to the inventors could be con- agreement first being in place; or any other Patent law changes sidered as barring information and potentially public activities that would disclose, or even The difference is sometimes easier to under- invalidate your claims to a patent. On the con- hint at, the workings of the invention. stand when plotted out on a timeline (Fig. 1). trary, publications, sales, or public uses made Immediate filing is even more importThe graph presumes an inventor A to have by your business or your inventors would not ant for a business targeting international conceived of an invention Feb. 1, and then B count. And finally, any publications made by markets. In most foreign countries, there invents the same thing a month later. Inventor others that derived the information from you is no one-year grace period. Thus, you can B, however, as can be seen in the graph, files or your inventors would not be counted against immediately lose most of your international a patent application in the Patent Office on you, so long as you can prove that they derived rights (outside of the US) if you make it pubApr. 1 — a full month ahead of inventor A. it from you. Proving this — i.e., creating the lic before filing for a patent. Under the old first-to-invent rules, inven- evidentiary link required between your invenIdeally, it would always be a good idea to immediately file for a patent. But in realMARSHALL HONEYMAN (mhoneyman@lathropgage.com) is a patent attorney for Lathrop & ity, there are things that create delay. First, Gage, and is former patent examiner in the Section of the Patent Office devoted to LED, as properly writing a complete patent applicawell as other illumination technologies. tion can be a time-consuming project — both LEDsmagazine.com
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business | PROTECTING
IP
for the inventors and for the attorney. The document requires the drafting of claims. The claims are very important, in that they ultimately define the property right in the patent. They do this by describing the invention in a very precise manner. But capturing the essence of an invention concisely depends on not only considerable communications with the inventors, but also developing a solid understanding on the state of the art. Thus, claim drafting takes considerable time. Also, special illustrations of the invention will be needed. These drawings must comply with elaborate Patent Office rules and numerous other formal components. And it is rare that the inventors in a thriving business are able to take a drop-everything approach to the drafting process. Thus, the document can take weeks to properly draft. For many clients, it makes sense to perform patentability research before filing. Some entities conduct searches internally, but most commonly you would have patent counsel obtain a search from a pro-
1602LEDS_46 46
Grants by year in Class 362 (Illumination)
466 280 134
195
172
866
ilar arrangements already exist that would limit or prevent patentability. But researching the invention also takes time away from the process of moving forward with the patent.
Provisional applications quickly get you a date
One tool that can be used to immediately establish a filing date is the 1964 1974 1984 1994 2004 2014 provisional patent application. FIG. 2. The number of patents granted has Provisionals, unlike the more traescalated significantly in recent years as shown ditional non-provisional appliin this chart of filings in Class 362, one of several cations, can be submitted to the classes that might include LED-based inventions. Patent Office in very rough form. Provisionals can, for example, fessional searcher. Searches provide value in include informal sketches and/or photothat they reveal prior art publications you graphs, and do not require a claims section did not know about beforehand, and give you like a regular application. The relaxation of an estimation of what patent coverage might these formalities enables swift preparation at be available. For example, before investing relatively low cost. A regular application may resources in pursuing a patent, the com- take days or weeks to prepare, but an attorpany may want to determine whether sim- ney can draft a provisional in a fraction of the
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business | PROTECTING
IP
time — sometimes within hours of receiving a Number of IPR petitions filed by month disclosure from the inventor. 184 182 179 177 Expediency can be important when you 164 159 143 145 learn, for example, that an invention is sched131139 131 116 120 uled for display at a trade show. A quickie provi102 100 101 89 sional can establish a filing date with little prep 77 76 73 69 65 62 60 54 time so the company can spend its time getting 45 32 25 30 38 27 24 ready for the show. Even though you have filed a provisional, you will still have to prepare a full N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J non-provisional application for the invention. FY 13 FY 14 FY 15 But you will be allowed a full year. This enables everyone involved to breathe easy knowing that Source: US Patent and Trademark Office Information a filing date has been established, and then preFIG. 3. Inter Partes Review petitions offer a relatively inexpensive path to challenge a pare the full application in due course.
patent and the use of such petitions is growing.
Defensive publications Let’s say you’ve made a business decision not to pursue a patent. If so, you may want to immediately publish your invention — for example, on your company’s website, or using one of the online publishers such as ip.com. This is especially true when your invention is going to be plainly visible or discoverable on the ultimate product, as in the case of an LED light bar,or a light engine for a lighting array, since the invention will be easily reverse engineered. Sure, making an immediate, full public disclosure is contrary to the pre-filing secrecy plan discussed earlier. But since
you are not patenting, your publication will establish it as information relevant to any later-filed patent applications made by competitors. In other words, a publication that predates a competitor’s filing date can prevent them from getting a patent on the thing. And even if they do get a patent, the publication should provide you with a good validity defense if the competitor tries to enforce the patent against you. Publishing will not be an option where the invention is a secret that can be kept — for example, an LED encapsulating process that is undetectable in the ultimate product sold. If you can keep this encapsulating process secret, you could potentially retain exclusive use of the invention indefinitely without having to pay for patenting. Doing so, however, exposes you to the risk of a competitor getting a patent on the same process, and then using the patent to prevent you from executing the same encapsulating steps you invented in the first place, although there is a provision in the law that allows you to make a defense based on prior commercial use if you have been executing the invention in private for more than a year. It used to be that secret commercial uses were prior art. Now, under the AIA, they are not. So now, the risk of losing your freedom to operate in view of possible competitor patenting should be carefully considered before deciding to keep the invention as a secret instead of filing for a patent.
Other people’s patents The new law also impacts how you must deal with the patents of others. Let’s say a competitor just obtained a patent that appears to cover a product your company is currently selling. This scenario is more common today than ever, considering the almost exponential increase in patent filings that has occurred over recent decades. Fig. 2 depicts that escalation, showing the patents granted per year in each of the years shown (1964, 1974, 1984, 1994, 2004, and 2014) in Class 362. Class 362 is a class that includes many SSL arrangements incorporating LED technologies including general illumination. Thus, although the samplings are small in this class, they do accurately reflect that the patent landscape your company needs to navigate is far thicker than ever. And you would find similar escalation in other classes such as those that cover LED sources and other technologies used in SSL. Let’s say further that you suspect the competitor’s patent is bogus and never should have been granted. What are the options? 48
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business | PROTECTING Historically, you could take any number of approaches when dealing with a likely-invalid competitor’s patent. One approach is to do nothing. In other words, you ignore the patent and wait to see if the competitor actually attempts to enforce it against you. If your gamble pays off, then good for you. But this approach is very risky in that your decision to continue sales in the face of what might be a valid patent could result in a greatly enhanced monetary award by the court against you. A better approach is to present the issue to patent counsel. Clients may misunderstand the scope of a given patent, but after a quick review, counsel may relieve them of any concerns that it covers the product in question. In some cases, it makes sense to obtain a written opinion from counsel of this non-infringement referred to as lack of coverage. Doing so can mitigate awards were you to be sued. Before the AIA, the ways in which a company could challenge a patent were limited. There were reexaminations proceedings
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that existed, but there were associated disadvantages; thus they were rarely used.
Challenging patents The AIA has brought forward new processes for challenging a competitor’s patent. One is a new trial process which is conducted in the Patent Office called Post-Grant Review (PGR) and is available for use against patents filed after Mar. 16, 2013. The PGR trial is overseen, and rulings are made by judges in the Patent Office. These judges can make numerous findings, including rulings on validity based on prior art not known by the examiner that formerly allowed the patent to grant. The grounds for invalidity in a PGR are many, but could include sales or publications made before the competitor’s filing date. Although bringing a PGR is expensive, sometimes costing hundreds of thousands to get to a final decision, the process is considerably less expensive than patent litigation in Federal District Court, which can cost in the millions. Another process is called Inter Partes
IP
Review (IPR). IPR has replaced an earlier proceeding existing in the Patent Office, but has been substantially sped up and made more similar to litigation. For example, these cases allow the parties to conduct discovery — enabling the receipt of information from the other side during the process. The new version of IPR has become a viable and relatively inexpensive mechanism to challenge patents. The frequency of use for these new processes has skyrocketed, due in part to the fact that patent challengers have had a very high success rate — much higher than exists in raising validity challenges in Federal District Court. Fig. 3 shows the total number of IPR petition filings made on a month-by-month basis. The resulting climate change has been that owners of shaky patents often hesitate to seriously threaten others with their patent for fear of losing it in a PGR or IPR. As you can see, the IP landscape has changed considerably and understanding how the system works is critical in the burgeoning world of LEDs and SSL.
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focus on
Sapphire Awards LEDs Magazine Sapphire Awards reflect smarter SSL trends MAURY WRIGHT and CARRIE MEADOWS report on the 47 solid-state lighting and enabling technology finalists that are under consideration for Sapphire Awards honors in March, in addition to the honor of ‘Illumineer of the Year’ for a recent brilliant innovation.
The second annual LEDs Magazine Sapphire of light has almost become a given. Awards program opened for submissions last The innovation in the latest SSL products comes from the system-level August and the industry proved worthy of the approach to a lighting product that is a requirement in working with LED challenge, displaying its great skill at pushing sources. Still, the SSL systems are increasingly complex and the architecpast boundaries in solid-state lighting (SSL) tures being deployed today are the avenue through which the aforementechnology. In fact, the 2016 categories reflect tioned network and tunable features are realized. Our selected finalists the past year’s more prominent adoption of present among the best examples of such design and implementation in intelligent and networked lighting due to the lighting industry, which are further exemplified by the ‘Illumineer of advances in controls technology, as the Year’ finalists — an individual or team of innovators responsible for well as the remarkable developdeveloping an especially noteworthy product or technology. ments in tunable lighting, For participation in the program, vendors submitted product spec and expanded capabilities sheets and images, written descriptions, and other supporting informaand integrated design tion to explain what makes their products and technologies worthy of attributes of lamps and an award that recognizes innovation, ease of use, efficiency, reliability, luminaires represented and contribution to profitability. The judges — all experts in LED techhere. With more than 100 nology, markets, lighting design, and specification — ranked submissubmissions across 15 sions according to those criteria in a closed process in order to maincategories that include tain the independent integrity of the reviews. SSL enabling technoloProduct entries were judged on a scale from 1–5 Sapphires. All gies and lighting end products, entrants will receive their scores along with judges’ comments after this year’s hopefuls made the judges really the winners are honored at the Sapphire Awards Gala dinner on March work to determine the leaders of the pack. 2, 2016 in Santa Clara, CA, during the co-located Strategies in Light Indeed, the Sapphire program is the only and The LED Show conferences. Moreover, LEDs Magazine will pubindustry awards program that recognizes innolish scores for those products receiving 3.5 Sapphires or higher in a vation in enabling technologies ranging from feature article after the Gala. The ‘Illumineer of the Year’ will also be LED and OLED sources to thermal, optics, and announced at the Gala. Revisit the 2015 finalists (http://bit.ly/1zSSG8G) driver disciplines. Moreover, the end-product and find out who took home the inaugural Sapphire Awards at last categories span the commercial and residential year’s event (http://bit.ly/1Dn7EcD). application areas, including outdoor and indoor categories. Sapphire Awards Gala brings together accolades and entertainment As you peruse the list, you may We know everyone is alight with anticipation as to who will be announced notice some concurrent themes in the as the winners at the Sapphire Awards Gala, but the evening doesn’t stop recognized products. First, the quality there. Entertainment will feature comic illusionist “PiP.” Enjoy sparkling of light in LED and SSL products has conversation with industry peers, judges, and the LEDs and Lighting Group reached a level on par with and even team including Strategies Unlimited, LEDs Magazine, and our excellent event beyond legacy lighting. In fact, SSL staff! Photos will be taken on our Sapphire carpet. Make your network “blue” products can often mimic legacy prodwith envy and spread the word on social media. #SapphireAwards ucts. Our Sapphire program certainly recognizes quality of light, but quality
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SAPPHIRE AWARDS
PROGRAM Indoor Ambient, Track, and Accent SSL Luminaire Design
EcoSense / TROV LED Platform Selux Corporation / Kju Square Acuity Brands Lighting / Gotham Incito 2” Family
Connected Residential SSL Lamp Design Feit Electric / HomeBrite Smart LED Bulbs Sengled / Pulse Flex Model Ilumi / ilumi A19 LED Smartbulb
LED Drivers Daintree Networks, Inc. / Daintree/LG Innotek Wireless Driver Philips Lighting / Philips Advance Xitanium SR Drivers Fulham Company, Inc. / All-in-One LED/Emergency Driver
SSL Enabling Technologies Khatod Optoelectronic / GAIA Optical System for Multi-chip LEDs Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. / LED heat sink HYC Series Fraen Corporation / Fraen Nested Lens
ICs and Electronic Components for SSL Littelfuse, Inc. / LSP05/LSP10 Series Surge Protection Device Texas Instruments / TPS92661-Q1 LED Matrix Manager Infineon Technologies / ICL8105 and ILD2111 Digital Power 2.0 Driver ICs
Industrial SSL Luminaire Design Dual-Lite / NEMA 4X Dynamo Emergency Light Eaton’s Crouse-Hinds Division / Champ Linear LED Luminaires Digital Lumens / DLE Intelligent High Bay Fixtures
Modular LED Light Engines Xicato / Xicato XIM Soraa / Optical Light Engine Bridgelux, Inc. / OLM TM Series of Outdoor Modules
Outdoor SSL Luminaire Design Architectural Area Lighting / KicK Kim Lighting / ArcheType X Wall Spaulding Lighting / Cimarron iTSP Cree / IG Series LED Parking Garage Luminaire
Packaged LEDs and OLED Panels Crystal IS / Optan UVC LEDs Lumileds / Luxeon C Color Line LG Display / Flexible OLED Light Panel (406 mm x 50 mm)
Specialty SSL Design GemLight Technologies, LLC / SID Light Kenall Manufacturing / Indigo-Clean Continuous Disinfection Unilux Inc / LED Stroboscopic Inspection Lights
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SSL Lamp Design Green Creative / PAR REFINE Series PAR30 LED Lamp Soraa / VIVID PAR20 10D LED Lamp Soraa / VIVID BR30 LED Lamp
SSL Network and Control Technologies Kenall Manufacturing / TekLink Parking Controls Silver Spring Networks / Silver Spring Smart Street Light Solution Digital Lumens / LightRules Power
Tools and Tests in SSL Design Instrument Systems GmbH / Burning Position Correction for Gonio Osram Opto Semiconductors / PASS - Premium Application Support Services Vektrex Electronic Systems, Inc. / LM-80 Electronics Tester
Indoor Troffer, Linear, and Recessed SSL Luminaire Design Metalumen Manufacturing, Inc. / Arches A4 Series Selux Corp / M36 My White Dual-Lite / EV4R Cree / LN4 Suspended Ambient LED Luminaire
Tunable SSL Technology Finelite, Inc / FineTune White Color Tuning System Kenall Manufacturing / MedMaster Balance Tunable LED Luminaire DURABLE Hunke & Jochheim GmbH & Co. KG / LUCTRA Luminaire Series
‘Illumineer of the Year’ Lumileds / Rao Peddada, Sridevi Vakkalanka, Rajat Sharma, Ken Davis, and Richard Gao: Lumileds CSP LED development team Digital Lumens / Brian Chemel: Digital Lumens LightRules and intelligent lighting portfolio Kenall Manufacturing / Bill Blackley, Kevin Dahlen, and Joe Welch: Kenall TekLink controls platform
AWARDS COMMITTEE COMPRISES INDUSTRY THOUGHT LEADERS Maury Wright Committee Chair/ LEDs Magazine
Monica Hansen LED Lighting Advisors
Dave Neal Seoul Semiconductor
Robert Steele Strategies Unlimited
Derry Berrigan Light Think Studios, Inc.
James Highgate PennWell
Milena Simeonova Light4Health
Shonika Vijay Strategies Unlimited
Ray Chock Lumileds
Duncan Jackson Billings Jackson Design
Steve Paolini Telelumen LLC
Howard Yaphe Axis Lighting
Nancy E. Clanton Clanton & Associates Inc.
Brad Koerner Philips Lighting
Stephanie Pruitt Strategies Unlimited
Stan Walerczyk Lighting Wizards
Terry Clark Finelite, Inc.
Therese Lahaie Apparatus Design
Philip Smallwood Strategies Unlimited
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standards | TESTING AC LEDS
Industry progresses on testing standard for AC-driven LEDs JIANZHONG JIAO describes
the work of IES and CIE committees in formulating testing standards for AC LEDs, including temperature controls and the range of optical measurements needed to characterize the variety of products in the market.
L
EDs have been broadly adopted in almost all lighting applications. The proliferation of solid-state lighting (SSL) progressed through applications including automotive lighting (http://bit. ly/1JZIWis), traffic signals, display and back lighting, general illumination (http:// bit.ly/22NdRKy), and horticultural lighting (http://bit.ly/1IKV1qR) — with other specialty lighting applications quickly following suit. One LED technology that has gained in popularity is AC-driven LEDs and arrays, which greatly reduce the cost and complexity of the driver electronics. Unfortunately, there has been a lack of standardized testing methods to characterize the AC devices, but new work by the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) will fill that void. In the majority of LED lighting applications, the input electric power is from an AC mains circuit. With a DC-driven device, the AC input power must be converted to DC in order to operate the LEDs. A driver that integrates power supply, conversion, and a control circuit often is used to connect LEDs to the AC mains circuit. AC to DC power conversion introduces energy loss and can also add an extra reliability burden. To eliminate drivers, a string of LED dies can be connected in series so the overall forward voltage can be as high as the
Cell connection
Transparent contact layer
MQW
Multiple junction
p-GaN
n-GaN Substrate
FIG. 1. Seoul Semiconductor utilizes multiple junction technology (MJT) to create
series strings of emitters on one die, thereby enabling high-voltage operation and simplifying AC-LED designs. mains circuit voltage — for example, 110 VAC or 220 VAC. If one can have two such series-connected LED die strings, then the AC power can be directly applied to the LED die strings; one string operates on the first half of the AC cycle, and another on the second half of the AC cycle. Companies that participate in the AC-LED sector have also devised more complex topologies that improve LED utilization. With technology improvements, many
DR. JIANZHONG JIAO, an internationally recognized lighting expert, is an independent consultant for LEDs and lighting technologies. He has been actively involved in LED and LED lighting standard development activities, technical conferences, and industry consortia. Currently he serves on the IESNA Testing Procedures, Roadway Lighting, Computer, and Light Source Committees. He is also vice chair of the ANSI SSL Light Source Working Groups, and at present works with many other technical organizations, groups, and symposia, in addition to being a member of the Technical Panel of Strategies in Light. He can be reached at j _ jiao@hotmail.com. LEDsmagazine.com
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Patterned substrate
Source: Seoul Semiconductor
new LED configurations have been introduced to the market — for example, multiple junction technology (MJT). Using MJT, a single LED die that is developed with a typical epitaxy process is divided into multiple sub-dies or cells — each with its own p-n junction (Fig. 1). These cells can be electrically connected in series and in parallel, so they can be operated at an elevated voltage or be directly connected to the AC mains circuit. Indeed, AC-driven LED packages and LED modules continue to be implemented in lighting products, providing an alternative to lighting manufacturers when developing LED lamps or luminaires (Fig. 2).
Understanding AC-LED testing Unlike DC LEDs, AC-driven LEDs are designed to operate at a constant AC voltage. How does one measure and characterize FEBRUARY 2016
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standards | TESTING
AC LEDS
this type of LED? Scientists and engineers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and at the Taiwan Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) conducted research and studies, then published several technical papers to demonstrate techniques for performing the needed measurements. In 2010, a working group at the IES Testing Procedures Committee (TPC) was formed to develop the standardized AC-driven LED measurement methods — IES LM-88. In a similar timeframe, a working group at CIE (International Commission on Illumination) Division 2 also formed to develop the technical report for AC-LED characterization. After five years of hard work, both standard-writing bodies are in the final stages of establishing their documents. According to the IES LM-88 scope, the document
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FIG. 2. AC-LED technology is often supplied
in the form of modular light engines that have minimal electronics circuitry yet can be connected directly to the AC mains. Source: Seoul Semiconductor.
“describes the procedures to be followed and precautions to be observed in performing accurate measurements of total luminous f lux, total radiant flux, total photon f lux, electrical power, luminous efficacy, chromaticity, and wavelength characteristics of high-power AC driven light emitting diodes including white AC LEDs as well as monochromatic AC LEDs. This approved method covers AC-LED packages, remote-phosphor AC-LED pack a ges, a nd AC-LED modules or arrays. This document covers measurements under single cycle AC operation as well as continuous AC operation of AC-LEDs intended to be driven by an AC power from a 50 Hz or 60 Hz mains supply, and in all cases, the thermal condition of AC-LEDs refers to their junction temperature. This approved method applies to laboratory measurements.”
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AC LEDS
Differences in AC and DC measurements DC LED characterization performed by the LED manufacturer often uses the pulse method and the measurement usually reflects the LED behavior at room temperature. When LEDs are measured by a user, whether it is an LED lighting product manufacturer or a test laboratory, the LED is usually measured via continuous DC current and the junction temperature is usually elevated. In 2014, the IES published LM-85 for measurement of high-power DC LEDs (http:// bit.ly/1Efdj3p). LM-85 fundamentally established a bridge between LED makers and users, and linked the pulsed method with the DC current method so the measured results are the same. This kind of practice is also mirrored in LM-88. AC LED manufacturers normally use a single cycle AC operation when taking measurements. Such measured results usually reflect AC-LED light output at the room temperature condition. As with DC LEDs, AC LEDs measured at user locations are experiencing elevated junction temperatures; and certainly, the LEDsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; photometric and colorimetric values can differ significantly from the values obtained at the room temperature condition. The principle of the method in LM-88 is based on setting the AC LED to a pre-determined junction temperature during its measurement. To broaden the scope of the standard document and make it more robust, the experts in the working group continued studies and gathered the evidence to demonstrate that the methods recommended in LM-88 can be used for AC-driven LED packages, modules, or arrays. In all cases, an AC-driven LED will have multiple junctions. It has been found, when AC LEDs are operating, each individual junction will quasi-stabilize within a short period of time (in a range of milliseconds). In normal operation conditions, even though each individual junctionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s quasi-stabilized temperature may vary, which leads to different levels of light emission, the overall optical property is the same as long as the average junction temperature is controlled to be the same as the AC LED upon initial start-up. Whether it is a single LED die with multiple cells in the case of MJT, or multiple dies integrated into a package, a module or an array, chip on board (COB), surface mount device (SMD) assembly, or other configuration, when measuring the optical properties at a given average junction temperature for all p-n junctions, these measured results can be repeatable and reliable when the average junction temperature is unchanged. LEDsmagazine.com
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Makrolon
IES LM-88 is aimed specifically at characterizing high-power AC-driven LEDs. The high-power AC LEDs are those that require a heat sink for their normal operation. In todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s market, most LEDs are in this category. The AC LEDs are operated on an AC power supply without additional external electronics. Similar to a DC LED, the light output of an AC LED depends strongly on its thermal condition, more specifically, the junction temperature. When a DC LED is operating, its forward voltage and forward current are stationary; however, while the AC LED is operating, the voltage, current, and junction temperature all change rapidly. This makes it difficult to measure junction temperature. With more AC-LED products in the market, the standardized methods of measurements can provide producers and users with consistent and reliable means of collecting and using data.
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standards | TESTING
AC LEDS
To meet the needs in a wide range of LED applications, such as remote phosphor technology or horticultural lighting, LM-88 also includes, beside luminous flux and chromaticity, the measurements for radiant flux, photon flux, peak wavelength, and dominant wavelength or centroid wavelength.
Environmental controls Similar to LM-85, LM-88 specifies the temperature control condition, which is always critical to obtain accurate results. During the measurement, the temperature for a device under test (DUT) can be either controlled at the device level or controlled by the ambient temperature. In both cases, the case temperature is the basis — it is assumed to be directly correlated to the average junction temperature. LM-88 provides two measurement methods. The first one is to measure the AC LEDs using a single cycle operation. Once the temperature is controlled, the first step is to stabilize the DUT with the designed junction temperature, controlled either by an active cooling system at the DUT or by controlling the ambient temperature. The next step is applying the electrical input and then measuring the optical output. The measurement shall be complete for one AC cycle. The second method is to use continuous AC operation. In this method, the active cooling system shall be used in which the DUT is mounted, and it should be set up at the desired junction temperature. When the AC power to the DUT is turned on, the initial current should be noted; it will quickly change due to the junction temperature rise. LM-88 stipulates that the electric power to the active cooling system be adjusted so the LED’s operational current is maintained at the initial level, followed by the optical measurements. Because it is an AC operating environment, there are additional guidelines for the electrical operating conditions. LM-88 also provides recommendations related to the optical and electrical measurement equipment.
CIE activity
RIPLEY
lighting controls
As stated previously, the CIE is in the process of establishing a technical report to characterize AC-driven LEDs. Different from IES LM-88, the CIE report “aims to provide a guidance for characterizing optical measurement of AC-driven LEDs for testing laboratories, with emphasis in reproducibility and smaller measurement uncertainties.” The characterization includes the determination of AC LEDs’ electrical, thermal, and optical properties. The document also provides recommendations for operating conditions, measurement conditions, and calibration of the measurement system, as well as the measurement uncertainly. With the additional effects AC LEDs impose, the IES’s and CIE’s new standard documents will greatly benefit the LED lighting industry. AC LEDs, regardless of the format — MJT, COB, SMD, package, module, etc. — play a role in the modern lighting market. A systematic approach to measure, test, characterize, and report on the products with consistent, repeatable, and reliable results will not only help the healthy growth of the industry but also help regulators and specifiers to use more objective measures to protect users. Building standards is an improvement process. It will have a long-term added value to the community. LEDsmagazine.com
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conferences | LUXLIVE & SIL EUROPE
Smart lighting: Sounds great. But does it work? End users brought plenty of reality checks and ideas to the recent LuxLive show in London, reports MARK HALPER, while the co-located Strategies in Light Europe event featured the enabling technologies that underlie smart SSL.
MARK HALPER is a contributing editor with
LEDs Magazine (markhalper@aol.com). LEDsmagazine.com
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Source: Photographer Katura Jensen via SIL Europe.
T
here’s nothing like end users to provide reality checks for emerging technologies. And so it was at London’s recent LuxLive 2015 gathering — Europe’s largest annual lighting event — that facilities managers, lighting designers, engineers, and policy makers weighed in on what’s working, what’s not, and with wish lists that could finally usher in the most transformative development in lighting since the incandescent lamp: intelligent, Internet-connected LED lighting. Moreover, the technology that underlies smart solid-state lighting (SSL) was prevalent in the co-located Strategies in Light (SIL) Europe conference and exhibition (Fig. 1). For those of you who might have just awakened from a Rip Van Winkle slumber: Intelligent lighting leverages the digital nature of LEDs which, as semiconductors, lend themselves readily to network connectivity. Thus, vendors are pushing the notion of tying everything from ceiling lamps to highway luminaires in to web-based controls and networks that allow individuals and central managers to switch lights on and off, adjust brightness, and even change color and color temperature, all from a remote point via a phone, gadget, computer, or other connected device. Furthermore, embed those lamps, luminaires or their attendant furniture such as lamp posts with a range of sensors, and before you know it, lighting and all of its ubiquity forms the backbone of all-seeing, all-knowing data networks. Sensors that monitor temperature, air quality, noise, motion, or occupancy, and that keep an eye on traffic, parking, and
FIG. 1. A lot of the lively discussion at LuxLive and at the co-located Strategies in
Light Europe centered around intelligent lighting. road conditions can help city managers and building operators to run a more shipshape affair. See our report from the Street and Area Lighting Conference for some examples (http://bit.ly/1ZzgAme). They could keep roadways running more efficiently by rerouting vehicles when necessary; they enable faster emergency response as they will highlight trouble spots and hear gunshots quicker; they’ll know exactly when and where to send the salt and grit trucks and snow plows; they’ll know when to turn the heat and lights down or up in an office space, and when and where space is free for hot-desk workers. And that’s just a few examples. The applications are as broad as the imagination, and have triggered a rush by technology and app developers to hone data collected by lighting
networks into useful, meaningful forms for individual and institutional end users. Imagine an app that tells a motorist where the nearest free parking space is, for instance. Or so say the vendors.
Bring it on, but... But what about the end users, engineers, and architects — the front-liners who could ultimately determine that smart lighting is actually a dumb idea, or who, on the other hand, could indeed discover its brilliance and anoint its glittering future? What do they have to say? Judging by the many lively panel discussions at LuxLive, this much is clear: They are indeed interested in moving lighting beyond its traditional illumination milieu. “If we’re going to have to put in hundreds of light fittings in a space, why not use them FEBRUARY 2016
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Source: Photographer Katura Jensen via Lux.
FIG. 2. Panelists from the “Healthier Lighting” discussion agreed that hospitals should
use smart LED lighting to support human circadian rhythms, which could help patients recover faster. From left to right: Damian Oatway of Central Manchester NHS Trust; Helen Loomes, Trilux; Alexandra Hammond, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust; Prof. Debra Skene, University of Surrey. for more than just lights,” said Jeff Shaw, a lighting designer and associate director of Arup, the global bridges-to-buildings-torailway engineering and design firm based in London. He imagined using LED data and communication capabilities for, among other applications, helping people find their way through large public places like airports
Who owns the data? As we’ve noted before here at LEDs Magazine, a battle is shaping up between Internet and lighting companies for control of the promising intelligent lighting market (http://bit.ly/1RRSkwT). While the two sides will find ways to cooperate for projects that use LED luminaires and infrastructure as nodes in data networks — witness Philips’ recent collaboration with Cisco in Power over Ethernet lighting — they will also find themselves vying head-to-head for ownership, or even for the revenue stream when they partner. One contentious bone that surfaced at London’s LuxLive 2015 conference in late November is the question of who will own the data collected by the smart luminaires and sensors. It is the data, after all, that will have tremendous value in today’s information age, as it becomes available for a wide range of uses such as helping retailers decipher shopping trends, or
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and railway stations. Several technologies exist that can communicate with smartphones and provide maps and directions. Shaw was speaking on a lively panel entitled “The Internet of things, should we believe the hype?” where others shared his bring-it-on attitude. “I find it extraordinary — there are millions and millions and mil-
helping consumers deploy apps that deliver things like traffic updates, maps, parking space availability, and so forth. Iain Macrae, head of global lighting applications for street lighting vendor Thorn Lighting, noted that potential partners such as telecom companies are already throwing around their weight on the data front as lamp posts become integral furniture in intelligent city schemes, housing not just luminaires and sensors but also communications gear such as cellular and Wi-Fi transponders. “I would love to sell data — I mean I’m going to sell luminaires that collect a lot of data — but there are one or two very big telecoms companies out there who won’t let me do it,” Macrae said during a spirited discussion panel entitled “Is smart streetlighting everything it’s cracked up to be?” “They haven’t quite figured it out yet, but I can see competition coming from Deutsche Telekom, EE, T-Mobile, all these people. They’re going to want to own
lions of end-source power points that are lights,” enthused Tony Howells, senior policy advisor to the UK government’s Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS). “All of them could be integrated with comms. They can be the interface points with all of those other sensors you want.” Not only do users have the appetite, but some have begun to nibble and are already reporting positive results. Ian Crockford, managing director of Guildford, UK-based infrastructure company Data Techniques, noted that one early adopter at an office building has used data delivered via sensors embedded in the lighting network to realize that only 35% of hot desks were occupied at any one time — information that has led to reassigning the valuable but previously wasted space to other purposes. Likewise, central London’s Westminster borough has already upgraded the majority of its streetlights into smart units, according to Westminster City Council lighting manager Dave Franks participating in the panel “Is smart streetlighting everything it’s cracked up to be?” Westminster includes many wellknown areas such as the West End theater district, Soho, Covent Garden, Hyde Park,
the data. There are a few big electronics companies already who are collecting the data but who are trying to work out how to make money from it.” “You need to make sure that you’re getting what you need out of it,” said WSP’s Allan Howard. “You’ll see large telecom companies approaching authorities [municipalities], probably central London first, the larger cities across the UK, saying, ‘Here’s a sum of money to use your equipment.’ And I think they’ll [the municipalities] be sheep to the slaughter, because it might be a large sum of revenue off the bat, but the realization is these companies will take them for a great deal more money across the term of their contract. So my advice would be consider getting a percentage of the most optimistic view. Because that data has value. It has real value. “It will be interesting to find out who owns that data,” Howard continued. continued on page 62
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conferences | LUXLIVE Hype versus reality As Franks and others noted, one of the biggest issues that the industry must resolve before intelligent lighting rolls out on a
Source: Photographer Katura Jensen via Lux.
Buckingham Palace, the Houses of Parliament, 10 Downing Street, and Mayfair. But does it all work as advertised? The truth is: Not always.
& SIL EUROPE
massive scale might not even be a technology matter. Rather, it is the business and legal discussion surrounding ownership of data collected by lighting networks (see sidebar on “Who owns the data?”). Another issue that is holding back others from moving rapidly into smart lighting is the possibility for security and data breaches that a vastly expanded set of nodes and networks could pose. “There’s got to be some really serious issues in terms of security, both in terms of security of data and security of peoples’ wellbeing, etc.,” said Howells from the UK’s BIS. That is one reason why lighting companies are often the first to admit that they cannot FIG. 3. Damian Oatway wants circadian
lighting for NHS hospitals in Manchester, UK, but realizes it could be a tough sell in a risk-averse financial climate. To his left, Helen Loomes of vendor Trilux says it’s time for hospitals to equate lighting with patient wellbeing.
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FIG. A. Tony Howells (center,
Source: Photographer Katura Jensen via Lux.
deploy smart lighting by with microphone) of the UK themselves — that they government’s Department for will need to partner with Business, Innovation and Skills networking experts from predicts that at least one or the IT and Internet techtwo small lighting companies nology industry. In a sign will rise into Google-sized of changing times, execucompanies on the strength of tives from Internet comintelligent lighting. He also panies were on hand in predicts the demise of certain increasing numbers at large conventional lighting LuxLive — reminiscent Source: Photographer Katura Jensen via Lux. companies. of how they first started “Whether it’s personal data from Innovation and Skills (Fig. A). “I will be appearing at mobile telephones moving around. Or is it the shocked if it didn’t happen.” But the flip phone and media confabs a decade or so ago, telephone companies? Is it the Googles? side is also true. As Howells noted, “There and where they are now mainstays of those Who owns the data? It will be interesting will probably be some other companies industries. Cisco even presented a keynote at to find out that. And the impact that out there who are currently lighting the SIL conference in Las Vegas last February might have. But that is a real opportunity. companies who we would consider to be (http://bit.ly/1F76zF5). And the local authorities need to realize big companies, who probably won’t exist in “We’re seeing many more sensors being revenue from these assets.” a few years’ time.” embedded into lights, and I think that’s That message was not lost on at least Some lighting industry veterans quietly very exciting,” Akshay Thakur, Cisco’ busione individual from the front lines — Dave acknowledge that Internet and IT companies ness development manager for the IoT verFranks, lighting manager for Westminster City could eventually grab the lead in the tical and solutions group, told an Internet Council, a central London borough that is connected lighting race. At the same time, of Things (IoT) panel. “Lighting vendors, in the early stages of a smart street-lighting new specialists are emerging that cross luminaire vendors, manufacturers, lighting deployment. He called for “some sort of both camps — such as the Santa Clara, control companies, have got a very intereststeer” from central government on ing role to play now in what do they do with how data and revenue could be that data and how do they provide that data used. One of the big questions, he with the same level of enterprise security as agreed, is “Who owns the data?” the normal data that exists in the IT enviThorn’s Macrae noted that ronment. That is what Cisco is very interdifferent models are emerging. ested in — trying to help make any new For instance, the city of Glasgow device that gets connected onto the buildis mounting sensors on lamp ing environment secure, safe, and also a posts that monitor activities scalable network.” such as motion, and making Indeed, two weeks after LuxLive, Cisco data freely available to retailers struck a deal with Philips to provide secure who can then use it to help Power over Ethernet (PoE) lighting (http:// ascertain footfall, which helps bit.ly/1IknZ6w). them decide store opening The overarching issues of data and secuhours and promotions. The city rity aside, intelligent lighting technology FIG. B. Gooee straddles the lighting and IT of Copenhagen has declared that itself appears to still be finding its legs, as world, making firmware that LED lighting data collected by street lights is one might expect for any nascent technolmanufacturers embed inside LED lamps and owned by the public — by taxpayers luminaires to help collect data and connect to ogy. As Westminster’s Franks reported, — and is not for sale, he said. while the London borough is nearing the the Internet. Shown is Gooee chief technology Meanwhile, spoils to the end of a four-year delivery of its smart streetofficer Simon Coombes at LuxLive. winner in the battle for control of lights, thus far the intelligence has not quite smart lighting. The opportunity lived up to expectations. is there for lighting companies as well as CA startup Gooee, which is making sensor “It’s entry-level smartness, to be honest,” technology companies. “I have a sneaking technology to embed in luminaires and is said Franks. “It’s on/off, it’s adaptive, so we suspicion there are probably one or two developing tools to help collect and present can set the lighting levels with that techlighting companies out there that might be data in a useful, manageable way (Fig. nology.” Westminster had hoped that the Google-sized in the next 10 years,” said B). It’s early in the game, but the action system’s intelligence would also monitor Tony Howells, senior policy advisor to the promises to soon get fast and furious. ◀ the performance and individual lights and UK government’s Department for Business, — Mark Halper automatically report outages back to central 62
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conferences | LUXLIVE managers — a promising, money-saving process known as predictive maintenance. But that has not yet happened. “We were informed we’d have predictive failure, but frankly that’s not there yet,” he told the audience. “There were aspirations sold to us by the manufacturer to start with, saying you’ll have ‘this, this, this, and this.’ That’s not necessarily realized for various reasons.”
Nonsensical sensors Franks sounded confident that the London borough would indeed resolve the problems with its supplier, and that it might then be able to provide residents and visitors with lighting-based services, such as parking information. But his case served as a reminder that pioneers can take some arrows. Likewise, Ahmed Abubakir, an electrical engineer in charge of lighting projects at the UK’s University of Bristol, reported that sensors can be more difficult to deploy than vendors would have you believe.
On a panel with other education industry users entitled “Dealing with a sprawling university lighting estate: Tips from the experts,” Abubakir frankly described the integration of new technologies and control into the university’s disparate collection of old and new buildings as “a challenge.” The university is in the early stages of deploying modern intelligent controls, and Abubakir reported that “we’re still unsure” about how some of the wireless systems are working, noting that “people have had very bad experiences with sensors.” He did not elaborate on what type of sensors have proved difficult — he was presumably referring to motion sensors that turn lights on and off and so forth — but he added that he and his team are determined to find the right technology so “sensors can work and work very well without leading to any type of frustration.” “It fits into our long-term strategy of trying to bring our buildings, the lighting equipment and everything, together into the BMS (building management system),” he
& SIL EUROPE
said. “That is our long-term strategy, and we are starting now to put all those things in, to enable that in the future so that we can be able to link it up.” On the same education panel, Abubakir had a kindred spirit in John Hindley, the head of environmental strategy at Manchester Metropolitan University in Manchester, UK, who, like Abubakir, is in the early stages of a shift to intelligent lighting. “The pace of change with LED has been a real challenge,” said Hindley, who holds great hope for the potential of connecting LEDs into the information network.
Push to The Edge He’s interested, for example, in using intelligent lights to monitor their own faults and status, and to remotely adjust on/off and brightness depending on real-time information about room usage and occupancy. “We’re just starting to get there,” Hindley said, noting that different sections of the campus are at different stages depending on whether they are new buildings or older
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ones undergoing refurbishment. The goal is to tie all into a central system. “It is a journey, and the intelligent campus and other things you can throw on these systems are interesting,” Hindley said. As a model, he lauded the “amazing” installation at The Edge office building in Amsterdam (http://bit.ly/1LYGKbw), where networked lighting systems monitor building conditions including occupancy and temperature in a manner that will automatically adjust not only lighting levels, but also heating and air conditioning, and which can help the building managers allocate rooms and desks. “It addresses one of the big conundrums in higher education, which is utilization,” Hindley said. “It’s very difficult to monitor
utilization in buildings.” Currently, the university “tends to do it two or three times a year, and then sort of apportion it out that way,” Hindley noted. But emerging smart lighting technology augurs vast improvement in that process. “Whether it’s a PIR (passive infrared sensor, typically used for motion control), or whether it’s a wireless access point, we’re all carrying phones, so we can tell utilization surely by phones connected to wireless access points,” said Hindley. “The systems are coming together, but it’s been a long journey, and it’s been about getting one thing right first. You put your Christmas tree up first and then hang baubles off it, so it’s about not making it too complex to begin with. It does take time to get it right. One step at a time.”
Color it human One big adornment that Hindley will push for is lighting that changes colors and color temperature throughout the day and night to match the needs of students and staff. So-called human-centric lighting (HCL) or circadian lighting might typically provide cooler-temperature bluish white light in classrooms or in the morning to stimulate alertness, and might veer toward oranges and reds in more relaxed settings. As evidence mounts showing the correlation between light colors and states such as alertness and relaxation, more schools, hospitals, businesses, and other institutions are beginning to express an interest in HCL. “Students, when they’re on campus, we have to give them a home-from-home feel
Strategies in Light speakers chart smart course forward for SSL pursue opportunities in melding lighting into the fabric of buildings to improve the experience for users. Moreover, the SIL Investor Forum included topics that ranged from the technology side including component advancements to forwardlooking business trends in the LED and SSL sectors. Klaus Vambersky, executive vice president of Zumtobel Group, was bold in discussing the opportunities and the obstacles. In positioning the progress of the lighting industry leveraging SSL technology, Vambersky used an analogy based on the mobile phone industry that should give some major lighting manufacturers cause for concern. SSL adoption FIG. I. At Strategies in Light Europe, Massimiliano was said to be in a second Guzzini, VP of iGuzzini, used examples to explain how phase, in a similar phase LED-enabled innovations in lighting can improve the where Nokia once stood human experience, including how LED lighting has as the clear leader in the enhanced enjoyment of artwork. mobile phone market before later being usurped for maximum success with LEDs. The by the likes of Apple and Google. advice included recommendations that Vambersky was not so much suggesting lighting manufacturers develop new form that such IT-centric upstarts will usurp the factors, invest in connected lighting, and lighting industry, although as we covered Source: Photographer Katura Jensen via SIL Europe.
The conference at Strategies in Light (SIL) Europe, co-located at London’s ExCel Center with LuxLive, featured keynote- and plenary-session speakers that described the state of the LED and SSL industries and suggested the best routes forward
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after SIL US in 2015, companies such as Cisco have significant interest in the lighting space. But Vambersky said the existing lighting manufacturers are at a point where they have some successful SSL products selling well, but revenue growth is stagnant and in need of innovation to spur growth. The SSL industry must move to a third phase, according to Vambersky. That phase will see new luminaire form factors unlike the prior lamp-based designs and a transition to smart lighting and networks. He said lighting companies need to think more like semiconductor companies to remain successful. Another keynoter, Massimiliano Guzzini, vice president of iGuzzini in Italy, continued along a similar theme (Fig. I). He said lighting affects the ways in which we socialize, perceive and construct our environments, and navigate through them. Innovations in lighting can therefore improve the human experience and LEDs enable many innovations. Guzzini used examples to make his point, including how LED lighting has enhanced public enjoyment of treasured artwork such as Da Vinci’s The Last Supper. Meanwhile, Dominiek Plancke, CEO of Philips Lighting’s professional business group, focused on the challenges facing the lighting industry in the next decade, noting that there will be 10 billion additional sockets by 2025. Moreover, he said we need to be LEDsmagazine.com
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and a business-like experience as well,” said Hindley. “Office type (lighting) with a bluer feel tends to lend itself to better environments for concentration.” But the university could adjust lighting in students’ residential rooms. “Students do get stressed when they’re away from home, so give them a relaxed light, not a great big beacon in the room,” he explained. He hopes to begin experimenting with relaxed light schemes at some of the university’s residence halls. That will resonate with plenty of people in the healthcare field, where hospitals are beginning to think about, and in some cases implement, circadian lighting schemes to help patients perk up during the day and rest at night. Methods include modern intelligent controls, as well as common-sense
techniques like allowing in natural daylight during the day by raising the blinds, and shielding patients from the bright light of nurses’ stations at night, said professor Debra Skene, who heads the faculty research group for sleep, chronobiology, and addiction at the UK’s University of Surrey, and who spoke on a panel entitled “How can we make healthier lighting a reality in Britain’s hospitals?” (Fig. 2). “Having a dark night is just as important as having a really bright day,” Skene said. “Hopefully you can manage that with some sort of changing lighting. It would be really important to keep changing not only the intensity but the color spectrum and color temperature.” Skene advocated using more blue-
increasingly cognizant of an aging population as people live longer. Indeed, Plancke said innovation in lighting and design can provide visual, biological, and emotional benefits to humans and that potential equates to opportunity for manufacturers. He pointed out that LEDs are the only path to realize such lighting systems, and networks and controls are crucial to delivering such capabilities in an energy-efficient manner. In the plenary session, Andrew Parker, strategic marketing director for smart lighting at Schneider Electric France, discussed the need for integration of SSL systems with other building management systems. Because lighting is ubiquitous in the built environment, Parker said it represents the best option to serve as a network backbone and data-gathering focal point for total building management. But the industry today lacks the cooperation and standardization needed to meld the disparate systems, according to Parker. The situation equates to challenges but also opportunities. Zoltan Koltai, EMEA technology director from GE Lighting, closed the plenary session with a focus on smart cities and the role that SSL and networks play in such a future. As GE has advocated repeatedly, outdoor SSL with sensors offers the avenue toward data mining and analysis that can yield a range of new services for the public. A video interview
with GE from LightFair in 2015 offers insight into the company’s plans (http:// bit.ly/1SdnXPm). Koltai reviewed a number of the early GE installations of smart outdoor lighting, and made the point that there is such a thing as outdoor human-centric lighting FIG. II. Vernon Nagel, CEO of Acuity Brands, enjoys a (HCL) just as the HCL term break at the Strategies in Light Europe conference, where is used so broadly in indoor he presented on corporate valuations in the LED industry. applications. A key lesson Acuity has been actively acquiring intelligent lighting and GE has learned is that controls companies since 2008, when it presciently saw outdoor networked SSL the emergence of LED-based smart lighting. projects need to be conceived in a manner to connect people as of targets is to lower multiples of revenue. opposed to connecting lights. Consolidation was indeed a hot topic. At the Investor Forum, there was more As we have noted repeatedly, there are too insight into the business behind SSL. Jed many manufacturers of packaged LEDs. At Dorsheimer, managing director of equity SIL, Christian Schraft, president of Havellsresearch for display and lighting, and Dan Sylvania, said the level of consolidation Coyne, managing director of investment is based on where you look in the supply banking, both spoke on behalf of Canaccord. chain. He expects substantial consolidation Coyne specifically addressed trends in the in LED chip makers and packaged LED mergers and acquisitions (M&A) area just as manufacturers. But he noted you will see far he had back at SIL 2015 in the US (http:// less consolidation as you move up the value bit.ly/1Sv01sy). At the Europe event, Coyne chain. A primary reason for the difference said he is seeing an increasing pace in is the fact that LEDs are a global business M&A for both the LED and lighting sectors. whereas luminaires are a regional business, He said there are more and bigger deals according to Schraft. happening. But he said the trend in valuation continued on page 66
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tinged light during the day to support natural daylight, and warmer oranges at night. “We can’t have bright blue-enriched LEDs at midnight, whether it’s coming from our iPhone or from our lighting.”
Circadian sightings
Source: Photographer Katura Jensen via Lux.
Alexandra Hammond of Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust — two London hospitals — and Damian Oatway of Central Manchester NHS Trust — a group of six hospitals in Manchester, UK — are trying to put those principles to work. Both told the panel that circadian lighting could vastly improve the patient experience. And
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Source: Photographer Katura Jensen via SIL Europe.
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FIG. 4. Tom van den Bussche, president of French consultant Toric, says the world will
have to tap visible light waves from LED lamps to transmit and receive data using Li-Fi in place of Wi-Fi. Speaking at Strategies in Light Europe, van den Bussche predicted large Li-Fi deployments this year, and general adoption by 2017. He foresees that with 30 billion things soon connecting to the IoT, Wi-Fi will lack bandwidth. from an economic perspective, that could provide tremendous benefit to Britain’s cashstrapped National Health Service by shortening patients’ hospital stays. Hammond, in fact, will soon start experimenting with circadian lighting, using funding from a £1 million ($1.47 million) infusion the hospital was granted in funding for LED lighting, secured as part of a £12 million ($17.0 million) energy-efficiency project. Oatway at Central Manchester noted that getting funding can be difficult, especially in the financially risk-averse National Health Care where people controlling the purse strings range across public/private partnerships and might prefer tried and true technologies, even T5 fluorescents (Fig. 3). “The range of people I’m going to have to convince is phenomenal,” Oatway said. “If T5 works fine, they’ll tend not to want change.” That same old-fashioned thinking is an issue across industries. Franks is running into it at Westminster’s smart street-lighting project. “Unfortunately, the authorities who own these assets are normally silo thinking and don’t think beyond their own little area, which is a blocker at the moment,” Franks said. “There’s little strategic leadership from (central) government, which is holding us all back.” Meanwhile, smart lighting technology continues to advance in many ways. At the SIL Europe conference, Tom van den Bussche, president of French LED industry consultant Toric, noted that 2015 was a year of interesting trials among large retailers such as Carrefour and E.Leclerc (Fig. 4). Carrefour is experimenting with visible light communication (http://bit. ly/1GJqnTc) — an LED technology that engages in-store shoppers with product information and guides consumers straight to promotions of specific interest to them — as is Target in the US (http://bit.ly/1JgkvCs). E.Leclerc has been trialing “Li-Fi” in a similar way, Bussche said. Li-Fi is a lighting technology that could challenge Wi-Fi, using light waves to transmit the Internet to phones, computers, and other mobile devices. The UK’s Tony Howells welcomed the basket of lighting technologies, and said their adoption will come about “in millions of small steps.” That sounds like a safe enough prediction. And it must be said: One thing that has to happen along the way is that LED lights must also continue to function as, er, lights. Ironically, without illumination at their core, LEDs will never move beyond illumination. 66
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Acuity Brands also spoke at the event, and Acuity has been a company with a long M&A history including its most recent acquisition of Juno Lighting (http://bit.ly/1njuNrL). At SIL, Vernon Nagel, CEO of Acuity Brands (Fig. II), said the company would continue to see strategic acquisitions especially in the connected lighting space, citing the Distech acquisition as an example (http://bit.ly/20cTCDA). At the SIL Europe Investor Forum, Nagel said connected lighting is a key to growth for the company and that Acuity is also investing internally in controls and software capabilities. The discussion on LED components invariably turned to technology despite the fact that the forum was primarily financially focused. But it’s the technology trends that will determine the financial fate of many of the players. And the prime topic was the transition to chip-scale package (CSP) LEDs, just as we covered in a recent feature article (http://bit.ly/1QvMEnx). Nichia and Lumileds each identified CSP as the next significant technology trend for LEDs but for different primary reasons. Nichia is looking for CSP to deliver component cost reductions beyond what has been achievable with mid-power LED technology. Dan Doxsee, deputy managing director of Nichia Chemical Europe, said mid-power LEDs were half the cost of high-power LEDs and CSP LEDs for general lighting will cost even less in volume production. Surely Lumileds is looking to lower component cost as well, but the company has been stalwart in its stance that CSP can offer improved thermals and performance in high-power LEDs. PierreYves Lesaicherre, CEO of Lumileds, said indeed CSPs will lead to lower bill of materials (BOM) cost in general lighting as the new technology moves into volume production. But he added that Lumileds believes it can drive CSPs at 2–3A, making it a replacement for high-power rather than mid-power LEDs. Moreover, he said Lumileds is making progress on minimizing droop to further increase performance in CSP LEDs. ◀ — Maury Wright and Robert Steele
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Go green and clean with LEDs for food and beverage lighting LEDs are a great technical match for food and beverage manufacturing environments, explains KEN AMES, but products and installations must abide by a complex regulatory environment including NSF certification.
C
leanliness, as the saying goes, is next to godliness, but in the food and beverage industry it is also tightly regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) in the United States. There are similar regulatory agencies in other parts of the globe. To help maintain sanitary conditions, all equipment and appliances used in food and beverage production and packaging — including lighting products — must meet stringent manufacturing standards set by NSF International (NSF). It can be difficult to navigate the NSF certification process, but we will offer guidance in this article and explain how LED lighting is especially well suited to such applications. Indeed, food and beverage facilities have some of the strictest compliance standards of any industry in order to safeguard public health and worker safety. NSF was founded originally as the National Sanitation Foundation in the US, but has operated as NSF International since 1990 with a global scope. Like many applications, the food and beverage niche has been attracted to solid-state lighting (SSL) technology for energy efficiency and long LED lifetimes. Today’s SSL products, however, offer robust, eco-friendly solutions to all of the demanding regulatory requirements, making LEDs an ideal choice for NSF-certified lighting (Fig. 1).
Location, location, location Food and beverage plants are specialized industrial facilities that employ many of the same types of lighting fixtures found in ordinary industrial settings, except that certain
contain a variety of environments under one roof. A plant might include locations for processing, warehousing, staging, distribution, cold or dry storage, cleanrooms, offices, hallways, lobbies, restrooms, and more — each of which has its own set of lighting requirements. Lighting for food-processing areas, for example, often must tolerate airborne oils, mists, dust, grime, steam, water, effluents, and other contaminants while also enduring frequent washdowns with high-pressure water jets and harsh cleaning solvents. NSF has defined standards based on area conditions and on the extent of direct contact with food products. The NSF standard that relates to food and beverage lighting products, referred to as NSF/ANSI Standard 2 (or just NSF 2), organizes plant environments into three zonal categories: NonFood Zone, Splash Zone and Food Integrated Food Service located in Gardena, Zone (Table 1). CA utilizes NSF-certified, LED-based food and Each zone ref lects environbeverage lighting from Revolution Lighting ments ranging from areas such Technologies in a preparation area. as food storage, where there is no direct contact with food products fixtures must perform under sanitary and and no high-pressure wash-downs; wet-prosometimes hazardous conditions. The kind cessing areas that require high-pressure of lighting products required and the com- wash-downs but where there is no direct pliance standards that apply depend on the contact with food; and areas where the prodenvironment encountered within a partic- uct comes into direct contact with food. ular area; food-processing facilities usually
NSF and food KEN AMES is president of the Sourcing Group at Revolution Lighting Technologies, Inc., which
designs, manufactures, markets, and sells LED lighting focusing on the industrial, commercial, and government markets internationally (rvlti.com). LEDsmagazine.com
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Since lighting products do not come into direct contact with food, only the NSF guidelines for Non-Food Zone and Splash Zone FEBRUARY 2016
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lighting | INDUSTRIAL usually apply. LED lighting manufac- TABLE 1. NSF zonal definitions. turers seeking NSF-2 certification for NSF/ANSI Standard 2 Zone description Lighting applications their products must ensure that a prodExposure: uct’s physical design, the materials • No direct contact with food products Kitchens used, and the manufacturing processes • Cleaning solvents Food storage employed all comply with NSF standards Non-Food Zone Design considerations: Dry process areas • Resistance to cleaning solvents (lens, according to the relevant zone. Damp process areas housing, etc.) Some locations, such as grain-pro• Glass breakage cessing plants, have areas with comExposure: bustible dust or flammable gases that • No direct contact with food products Wet or damp process areas can create hazardous situations. In • High-pressure wash-downs High-pressure purging or these settings, food and beverage light- Splash Zone Design considerations: decontamination used ing products would typically fall under • Durable and water-shedding Areas using hose • Resistance to harsh cleaning solvents wash-downs Class II, Division 1 or 2, Group G of the • Glass breakage National Electric Code (NEC) for hazExposure: ardous applications. • Direct contact with food products N/A The ceilings in various areas of Food Zone • Full sanitation required food-processing plants also can present unique challenges for lighting. In addition to frequent wash-downs, these ceilings sometimes must affect the structural integrity of ceiling mounts. Lower ceilings also support piping and other plant equipment, as well as the weight of require luminaires with wider beam angles for proper vertical-hormaintenance personnel, which can complicate luminaire placement izontal illumination. and mounting. Moreover, cold-storage rooms and blast freezers feature low, thick ceilings, which function as thermal barriers but can Proper lighting for food processing As with most lighting applications, the IESNA (Illuminating Engineering Society North America) has created recommended illumination levels for various food-processing tasks. For example, suggested IESNA illumination for food inspection areas ranges from 30 to 1000 fc. Areas for color grading should be lit at 150 fc, while warehousing, staging, packing, and restrooms need 30 fc. However, since food safety also relies on good lighting, the USDA mandates sufficient lighting levels in Section 416.2(c) of its Food Safety and Inspection Service Manual, which requires the following: “Lighting of good quality and sufficient intensity to ensure that sanitary conditions are maintained and that product is not adulterated must be provided in areas where food is processed, handled, TABLE 2. USDA minimal illumination requirements for
select meat and poultry processing areas. Food processing type
Meat
Poultry
70
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Lighting area
Illuminance (fc)
General
30
Freezers
30
Dry storage
30
Inspection
50
Quality-control inspection
50
Other
30
Traditional inspection
50
NELS/SIS/NTI inspection
200
Pre- and post-chill inspection
200
Re-inspection
200
Quality-control inspection
200
Other
30
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lighting | INDUSTRIAL stored, or examined; where equip- TABLE 3. Important food and beverage industry standards. ment and utensils are cleaned; and Compliance category Agency/organization Relevant standards/guidelines in hand-washing areas, dressing UL/cUL & ETL 8750, 1598A, 1598C, 1993, 924, 844 and locker rooms, and toilets.” Table 2 lists USDA illuminance NEMA SSL 4, EM 1 Safety requirements for select food-proOSHA 29 CFR – Part 1926.26 cessing areas. Good color rendition is also vital NEC Class II, Division 1 or 2, Group G for accurate inspection and color NSF NSF/ANSI Standard 2 grading of food products, especially OSHA 29 CFR – Part 1926.27 meats. The USDA preferred CRI for general food-processing areas is 70, Sanitation ANSI ANSI/IES-RP-7-1991 but food-inspection areas require a FDA Food Code, U.S. Public Health Service, 2013 CRI of 85. In addition, both the FDA and USDA USDA/NCDA & CS Facility Guidelines for Meat Processing Plants USDA have established photoIEC IP65, IP66, IEC60598 metric specifications for vertical Ingress Protection NEMA Type 1, 2, 3, 3R, 3S, 3X, 3RX, 3SX, 4, 4X, 5, 6, 6P illumination distributions. The illumination of vertical surfaces UL/cUL UL Wet Location & UL Damp Location should measure 25% to 50% of the IESNA The Lighting Handbook, 10th Edition horizontal illumination and be free of shadows that might comPhotometrics USDA USDA/NCDA&CS Facility Guidelines for Meat Processing Plants promise workplace safety in critFDA Food Code, U.S. Public Health Service, 2013 ical plant areas.
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lighting | INDUSTRIAL Table 3 summarizes some of the compliance categories and the agencies or organizations that administer them.
Recommendations on design and fixtures In view of the many sanitary, safety, environmental, and photometric requirements, and other challenges that confront lighting for the food industry, here are some of the key design elements that lighting manufacturers should focus on: • Use lightweight materials that are nontoxic, inert, corrosion-resistant, and fire-retardant, such as polycarbonate plastic and certain metals • Avoid glass, if possible • Design smooth water-shedding external surfaces free of crevices, holes, or recesses that could harbor bacteria • Avoid painted or coated surfaces that could flake • Use tough lens materials that can endure multiple cleanings, won’t yellow, and produce broad, even illumination
• Use efficient, long-lasting LEDs and electronics that can function well in elevated temperatures as well as cold storage • Employ NSF-compliant seals for IP65 or IP66 lighting fixtures that remain watertight under high-pressure washdowns of up to 1500 psi (Splash Zone) and prevent internal condensation Since food and beverage plants can use many of the same types of lighting fixtures as other industrial facilities, stock industrial LED lighting products that might also make good candidates for NSF-certified conversion would include: • Fixtures with IP65 (IEC60598) or IP66 (IEC60529) ingress protection ratings • Luminaires with UL Wet Location or UL Damp Location ratings • Vapor-tight products for hazardous locations (Class I, Division 2, Groups A, B, C and D, for example) • Cleanroom-rated fixtures (for instance, ISO-14644, Classes 3 to 9, Federal Std. 209E, Class 1)
Advantages of LED-based food and beverage lighting When it comes to the food and beverage industry, suitably designed LEDs have many advantages over most legacy lighting technologies, such as no glass or other breakable materials that could contaminate food products, as well as improved light output and efficiency at the low temperatures of cold storage. Add the benefits of low maintenance, longer life (70,000 hours), no toxic mercury, higher efficacies, wide-ranging dimmability and control, instant-on performance, and a broad range of operating temperatures; then one can begin to appreciate the versatility of LEDs in one of the most demanding industries. The advent of cooler-running, high-efficacy SSL makes possible the sleek, lightweight, sealed lighting fixtures and bright, high-quality illumination needed for many food-industry applications. With ultralong life and low maintenance, LEDs can help transform the food and beverage industry into a clean, green machine.
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developer forum | RESONANT POWER
Resonant control offers a better way to power LED strings DAVID DREYFUSS and DON WILLIAMS show how exploiting resonance can be a powerful way to provide
distributed passive control of power in individual elements within large arrays. The approach may revolutionize how LEDs are driven and enable systems that have 10 times the reliability for half the cost.
E
ngineers know well that there can be a critical relationship between power and frequency in both mechanical and electrical systems operating at or near a resonance (Fig. 1). Sometimes resonance is bad and can destroy a system when too much energy goes into a single mode (as in the Tacoma Narrows Bridge disaster). But resonance can also be good and useful. Resonance is commonly used to regulate frequency (e.g., mechanical and electrical clocks) by maintaining just enough power to keep a system oscillating at a resonant frequency. Less familiar, perhaps, is the fact that resonance can be used to regulate power instead. And resonance turns out to be particularly powerful for regulation of power into variable size arrays of variable loads. One example is applying the concept to arrays of lighting elements such as LEDs to realize cost and reliability benefits in solid-state lighting (SSL) systems. The LED application is particularly interesting, both because of the increasing economic significance of LEDs in lighting applications, and because of the costs and reliability issues that exist with conventional DC drivers in common use. LEDs are inherently low-voltage DC devices with a very steep I-V curve at useful operating points. While it is possible to use a constant voltage source to drive an LED, as a practical matter most designers adopt a constant-current DC driver design as being much more satisfactory. To enable operation at voltages closer to typical power distribution levels (such as DAVID DREYFUSS is scientific advisor and
DON WILLIAMS is a director at Intervention Technology Pty, Ltd. (Victoria, NSW, Australia; info@rsslighting.com). LEDsmagazine.com
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Relative power 1
60-Hz line frequency
0 0
10
20 30 40 Frequency (kHz)
50
60
FIG. 1. The graph depicts normalized
power in a typical resonance with center frequency at 30 kHz, and bandwidth of 20 kHz. Note that there is no overlap with line frequency. 120/240 VAC), luminaires are often configured with many LEDs in series strings. These LEDs have to be closely matched since the light output of each LED is proportional to the common current flowing through the series string. A failure of a single LED (e.g., short, junction failure, or wire bond failure) may result in a failure of the entire string.
Semiconductor and LynkLabs) such pairs, or more complex network topologies, are still effectively driven by a voltage or current source that is difficult to control precisely. These AC LEDs are typically designed to run directly on line-frequency power sources. Some embodiments use sufficient LEDs in series to operate directly at line voltages; others use transformers to adapt the voltage to the forward voltage of a single LED or a short series string of LEDs. Most individual LEDs for general-purpose lighting are phosphor-converted blue or violet LEDs based on gallium nitride (GaN) LED technology and have a useful operating voltage range of a few tenths of a volt in the 3â&#x20AC;&#x201C;3.5V range. While AC LEDs are available commercially, they have generally proven to have their own disadvantages that have limited their market penetration to date. They share some characteristics with DC-driven LEDs: the need for well-matched device parameters within a series string and sensitivity to single device failure, for example. They also generally operate at an effective duty cycle (net light emission averaged over one cycle of the AC drive waveform) that can be much
AC drive Various people have recognized that one can also drive LEDs directly from an AC power supply. After all, LEDs are diodes, and diodes are a critical component in any AC-DC power conversion. Furthermore, pairs of LEDs can be connected anode-to-cathode such that one element of the pair conducts and emits light for part of each half-cycle of an AC voltage waveform. Such pairs of LEDs are approximately pure resistive loads. But, in most implementations (e.g., those of Seoul
Type A
FIG. 2. The circuit shows two reactive
string cells. FEBRUARY 2016
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developer forum | RESONANT less than 0.5, requiring a corresponding increase in device count for a given luminous output. Line frequency drive can also result in significant flicker.
Distributed reactive elements
POWER
FIG. 3. A reactor circuit
might consist of 10 type-A cells. Cres Lres
control. Reactive elements can define a resonant tank circuit where the dominant dissipative mechanism is the resistive load of the LEDs. Meanwhile, near-lossless reactances can substitute for the energy-dissipating resistors often used as current regulators in the simplest DC LED drive circuits.
For example purposes, consider a tank circuit including a string of 10 cells as illustrated in Fig. 3. Assume that all LEDs are of the same type, and that all capacitors have the same value C. Each cell has a total capacitance of 2C. The total capacitance of the string is C/5. The resonant frequency of the 1 tank is = √LC5 . The reactance of a cell is =2ωC . As long as X»R, where R is the real resistance of the LED, then the string behaves as if it is purely reactive. This is equivalent to requiring that the tank circuit be underdamped with Q»1. Detailed analysis of a particular resonant network can benefit from the use of a circuit simulator, but back-of-the-envelope estimates can also easily be made to roughly select component values. For a given operating frequency, the relationship between inductance and capacitance is determined. The capacitance should be selected so that the reactance is big enough to ensure a sufficiently high-Q resonance. The current through each cell is divided between the LEDs and the parallel bypass capacitor and is limited by the series capacitor in much the same way as resistors can be used to control current through LEDs in a DC circuit. Simply use Ohm’s law with reactances instead of resistances to find the desired value. Note that the bypass capacitor serves to store recirculating current locally when it is not flowing through an LED. There is, in effect, local resonant
Using resonance to control power in an array of LEDs overcomes these shortExcitor comings of AC LED drives. In its simplest form, resonance can be used to control power in a single load. Verdi Semiconductor effectively uses resonance in Cells and arrays this way to make low-comIt is useful to think of a netponent count, high-effiwork as being composed of ciency-current drivers suita set of cells, where each able for LED strings. cell has one or more lightBut an even more powing elements, such as a pair erful approach is to disof anode-to-cathode-contribute reactive elements nected LEDs, plus series throughout an array. In this way, not only and parallel capacitance. Many variations can overall power to a network of lighting in topology are possible, but one basic cell elements be controlled, but within a larger design is illustrated in Fig. 2. Any number of network, subnetworks can also be individ- such cells, and indeed cells of mixed topolually regulated without any active compo- ogy, can be connected in series and/or in parnents — meaning without any additional allel to form a resonant network comprised semiconductor devices. Distributed reac- of reactive strings. More generally, we refer tive elements enable powerful new con- to a network of reactive strings as “Reactive trol capabilities at high efficiency and low Strings of Solid-state Lights” (RSSL). cost. In general, the reactive eleWWW ments can be either capacitors or Local habitat controller and cloud inductors. At kilohertz to megahertz frequencies (or even gigaRemote cabinet/fuse box hertz frequencies, if desired), the appropriate components Habitat modem TCP/IP are very small and inexpensive, LAN-Ethernet and can be implemented either Habitat remote controller as discrete devices or on-chip Optical Excitor Excitor Excitor Wi-Fi 802.nn comms cntr #3 cntr #2 cntr #1 components. For concreteness, ZigBee module we will assume that capacitors Mains Bluetooth Failover redundancy Smartphone are distributed throughout the power #1, or #2, or #3 network, and a smaller number Passive manifold of discrete inductors are used, but it is also possible to fabricate LED low-cost inductor-based designs LED down High Fields of tube Ind. as well. lights bay MR16 arrays clip-on Adding series and parallel Passive Passive Passive Passive reactive elements (capacitors Remote reactor reactor Vdc reactor reactor dimmer and/or inductors) can open up a whole new approach to power Dim group #1 Dim group #n 76
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FIG. 4. A complete habitat RSSL network could include drivers, various luminaires, and dimmer groups, plus programmable and local dimmers.
HFAC 32.768 KHz power bus and comms carrier Vdc Manual wall dimmer LEDsmagazine.com
2/11/16 9:08 AM
control of the current through each LED in addition to resonant control of current through the string as a whole.
Failure insensitivity Other properties of reactive strings can be inferred from similar back-of-the-envelope analyses. For example, it should be apparent that current regulation is largely unaffected by both short-circuit and open-circuit failures of individual LEDs. A short circuit prevents current flow through the other member of an LED pair, but other cells are unaffected. An open circuit has the minor effect of disconnecting the series capacitor from the circuit during one half cycle. The actual design tolerance for LED failures can be adjusted by designing for a particular “current utility ratio” — the fraction of the total AC current flowing through the LEDs. Typical practical designs can tolerate up to about 50% LED failure while keeping the remaining LED pairs regulated to within less than 10% of the starting levels. Dimming can be implemented in a variety of ways. Bulb-replacement products with the driver built into the bulb can be dimmed using legacy phase-control dimmers. For new installations, a better approach to dimming is to intentionally detune the resonance. The detuning can be achieved globally by changing the drive frequency away from resonance. Individual strings within a network driven from a single power supply can be separately dimmed by using a variable inductor such as a magnetic amplifier to detune the local resonant frequency.
Multiple channels and line frequency rejection While it is certainly possible to operate an entire RSSL system at a single frequency with all the same capacitance values, it is not necessary to do so. In fact, one can view a 2-wire lighting bus as supporting a frequency spectrum with very many available channels. Since any one reactive string only responds within a frequency band, multiple separate bands can operate on the same wiring as long as they operate with sufficient space between bands. Each center frequency can further be modulated and used as a communications channel for data to and from sensors and controls. As long as line frequency is well separated LEDsmagazine.com
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from any resonant frequencies used for reactive strings, there is negligible response to line frequency and no possibility of line-frequency flicker even without explicit line-frequency filtering. Therefore, no electrolytic filter capacitors are required in the driver. RSSL systems are inherently both electromagnetically quiet and tolerant of noise spikes. Any energy outside of a narrow passband is quickly damped out. Cells and strings of cells can be hot-plugged and unplugged or switched with no effect on the rest of the network. This property can be exploited to share a single higher-power driver among many luminaires. For example, a residence or commercial space can use a single driver located in a distribution panel with a single 2-wire bus supplying power to many luminaires, having LEDs and capacitors but no active semiconductor components, which can be dimmed and switched separately (see Fig. 4).
Touch-safe wiring RSSL systems are also very human friendly. Typical drive frequencies and voltages are completely touch safe. Live powered systems can be worked on with no danger to the system or to the worker. This can be especially convenient for service and factory rework. Any electrical disturbance just tends to set a resonant string into oscillation, like hitting a piano string with a hammer. For example, if you touch a grounded soldering iron to an unpowered resonant string, it will visibly flicker briefly. The concept further offers insensitivity to variable forward voltage (Vfrwd) in LEDs. AC drive uses LEDs over their full I-V curve up to some maximum current. As such, one might expect turn-on to be an issue especially in the presence of a distribution of Vfrwd values within a series string of cells, and especially for longer strings. But consider again the example string of Fig. 3. In any cell where the instantaneous voltage is less than Vfrwd, the LEDs do not conduct, the series capacitor is turned off, and the reac1 tance is ωC . As soon as an LED starts to con1 duct, the reactance goes to 2ωC . The voltage division in the string immediately redistributes to increase the voltage across any cells that haven’t turned on yet. This results in a cascade effect such that once one cell turns on, the rest follow FEBRUARY 2016
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developer forum | RESONANT
POWER
almost immediately, even if they have different Vfrwd values. This effect largely eliminates the need for binning for forward voltage. Furthermore, one need not even use a single type of LED in a particular reactive string. One can freely mix and match according to the needs of a particular application. If different LEDs require different currents, then a different series capacitor is selected to match the LED. One can even freely mix (In)GaN-type LEDs and Ga(Al) (In)(P)As-type LEDs with their very different I-V curves and different Vfrwd values.
Autobiasing to turn on LEDs in reactive strings do not tend to stay in their off-state. In fact, the current waveform through, and therefore the luminous output from, an LED pair is near-sinusoidal (Fig. 5). The LEDs want to turn on, and the voltage waveform moves rapidly through the region between 0V and ±Vfrwd. However, even given that each LED provides light output only over a half-sinusoid, it puts out an
FIG. 5. The upper trace is current versus time waveform through a series string of cells. The lower trace is a current waveform through a pair of LEDs within a cell. The luminous waveform would be given by the absolute value of the lower trace. Note that there is a brief dark epoch at the beginning of each half cycle.
average of about 1/3 of the light that the same LED would put out if driven at a DC current equal to the peak AC current. The average light output may appear to a casual observer as a serious disadvantage of any AC-drive scheme for powering LED lighting, especially given the perceived high cost of LEDs in general and the higher-power devices typically used for lighting applications in particular. However, the disadvantage is not real. First, the upper limit on current rating for any device is typ-
ically based on an assumption of DC drive at a particular ambient temperature and with a particular specified cooling protocol including heat sink and possibly additional active cooling. If average heat dissipation is the limiting factor on drive current, then clearly the specification should be on a maximum average current, and not on a maximum peak current. Unfortunately, to date, no device manufacturer or third party has published any real test data on device failure or life-
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time when driven at such higher peak currents using AC drives. (See our feature on p. 55 for information on emerging test standards for AC LEDs.) One can take the conservative position, instead, of recommending a zero-to-peak current amplitude for AC drive equal to the rated maximum (or recommended) DC drive current. Taking this approach, one needs more LEDs to get the same luminous output as for DC drive. But LEDs themselves, purchased in bulk as dice, are actually cheap and getting rapidly cheaper! In many applications, the raw cost of the LEDs themselves is no longer the dominant cost component in a fully packaged product. Many DC luminaire manufacturers are already using a similar strategy to increase lifetime by under-driving a larger population of LEDs. RSSL systems can be further configured with modular low-cost replacement parts to minimize maintenance costs when they finally arise.
RSSL reliability improves with array size Using more LEDs would typically be considered a serious reliability and lifetime issue for DC drive, especially given the sensitivity to single component (or connection) and driver failure. This is another issue for which RSSL systems shine. A failure analysis of RSSL systems shows that their overall reliability and lifetime actually improves with array size due to the fact that regulation of remaining components can remain acceptable even with 50% component failure. Still further, most high-power LEDs show significant luminous output droop at the upper ends of their rated currents, resulting in some loss in net electrical watts to radiant watts conversion efficiency. An RSSL system can be cost-effectively designed to operate such devices well below their rated maximums where the droop is insignificant. Additionally, cost savings and reliability gains can be achieved in COB (chip-on-board) architectures including multijunction dice. Rather than building a few large-area devices on one chip, one can select a device area, power level, and cooling strategy for maximum single-device efficiency, and then just put as many of these devices as desired on one chip to achieve the desired performance specifications. Drive the array as one or more resonant strings, and you have a product family that can be scaled arbitrarily to any desired luminous output. Using resonance to control power in reactive strings of LEDs is a powerful new approach to driving LEDs for any array application including lighting. This article has just touched the surface of the characteristics and advantages of RSSL systems. Resonant drive provides a rich and powerful array of innovative design tools that can be further exploited to build sophisticated low-cost multifunction lighting systems. In the future, we will explore additional capabilities that can easily be built onto RSSL lighting platforms including sensors and controls, hue control, Internet of Things (IoT) functionality, system communications, reactive strings as sensors, and free-space optical communications, for example. RSSL technology is protected by issued and pending patents in multiple countries. Contact the authors (info@rsslighting.com) for partnering and licensing opportunities. LEDsmagazine.com
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last word
Will IoT-enabled lighting controls be the death of traditional light switches? LumiFi CEO BEATRICE WITZGALL asserts that lighting controls that recognize a specific presence and set an appropriate “lightmosphere” will usurp the ubiquitous wall switch.
W
ireless lighting controls are an exciting area of debate, with an estimated $8.2 billion market opportunity by 2020. Providing all the benefits of traditional wired controls at a fraction of the price, wireless lighting controls are easily installed and offer new automation capabilities. But can lighting automation change our ingrained behavior of using light switches and possibly render them obsolete? We are so accustomed to using light switches that it is a reflex to look for them when entering a room. Can we overcome this urge and let technology simplify this for us? Many argue that pulling out a smartphone, unlocking it, and opening an app to turn lights on is too complicated in comparison to using a physical light switch. While I agree that the manual use of an app as nothing more than a remote light switch is not very attractive, smart lighting has a great value proposition. The power of lighting controls is that they group lights (average of 4–8 bulbs in a typical room) into meaningful experiences. Instead of manually turning lights on and off one by one in your house with a switch, it’s simpler and quicker to control the group of lights with just one button on an app. You can also create meaningful “lightmospheres” — lighting scenes for specific atmospheres, emotions, moods, and personal wellbeing. Another use case I enjoy is that as a woman, I hate to walk into dark spaces. Lighting provides me with a sense of safety,
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and smart lighting enables me to turn on my lights from my elevator, avoiding the struggle of finding my light switch when walking into a dark room. You can also argue that convenience is a driving factor when I schedule all my lights to turn off at a certain time or with one easy tap on my smartphone when I’m in my warm bed. While these functions are currently available, I don’t believe they will entirely substitute for a light switch. The exciting potential with smart lighting is that it has the ability to anticipate and optimize your lighting according to your needs or activities at any given time. The potential of smart lighting includes incorporating intelligence to not only recognize your presence and activity but to also compose lighting in new, meaningful ways. The controls can be compared to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: The basic need is utilitarian lighting, while the more advanced stages are energy savings, convenience, and creating an atmosphere that fosters an emotional connection. The top of the hierarchy triangle is occupied by biological, health-oriented lighting solutions as lighting can affect hormones and circadian rhythms, leading to better physical performance, shortened hospital stays, or even mitigated jetlag. This will make lighting more dynamic and enable new user cases and interactions. I am almost certain
I would not use a light switch if my lighting system could recognize when I came home and turned on my lights to my preferred lighting scenes: a bright, energetic mood on a Monday evening or a dimmed mood late on a Thursday to help me find my bed after a long day. LumiFi, a smart lighting controls company, has already filed patents around these learning patterns and created algorithms similar to the Nest learning thermostat, but for smart lighting and how the technology can anticipate users’ needs. I believe that the light switch will be rendered obsolete the moment the ecosystem is developed enough to recognize presence and lights, then adjust accordingly to the user’s needs or activities. It sounds futuristic, but many companies are already working on it. Hotels have started to implement digital check-in processes and utilize digital room keys via Bluetooth-enabled smartphones. Now it’s easy to connect these two Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and have lighting turn on automatically when the door gets unlocked. Using beacon technology to recognize when someone walks into a room is now also a simple integration, the same as any other sensor technology. The traditional light switch will get serious competition once presence detection is further developed and meaningful lightmospheres are enabled. LEDsmagazine.com
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2/11/16 9:08 AM
GAME CHANGING IS GREAT.
BOTTOM LINE CHANGING IS BETTER. You can’t change your bottom line by using the same LEDs that everyone else is using. Cree’s Extreme High Power (XHP) LEDs deliver double the lumen output at high operating temperatures, while our MH LEDs combine the system advantages of our best arrays with the manufacturing ease of a discrete. And our CXA2 LED arrays are packed with lumens to offer system cost savings up to 60%.
See how higher power equals lower cost. cree.com/xhp
1602LEDS_C4 4
The new way to a better LED array. cree.com/mh
Even more lumens for savings up to 60%. cree.com/cxa2
2/11/16 9:08 AM