Cartography in Surveying by PolisasLib2

CARTOGRAPHY IN SURVEYING

Sr. Sharifah Izyani Binti Syed Yusoff, MRISM Sr. Noor Khairul Idham Bin Nordin, MRISM

Declaration

Cartography in Surveying Author Sr. Sharifah Izyani Binti Syed Yusoff, MRISM Department of Civil Engineering Sr. Noor Khairul Idham Bin Nordin, MRISM Department of Civil Engineering

Publisher POLITEKNIK SULTAN HAJI AHMAD SHAH SEMAMBU, 25350 KUANTAN, PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR

All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the solely private publisher as stated above

Acknowledgement This e-book is issued as a guide to efficient execution of practical/ lab work for Diploma Geomatics course in Malaysia’s Polytechnics. It has been prepared and compiled with the assistance and advice of Geomatics Lab Sheets Committee. Special credit to officers and personnel from various polytechnics who contributed valuable information in the preparation process, the Geomatics Academic Committee who reviewed large part of lab sheet and the Curriculum & Evaluation Section in the Curriculum Development & Career Training Division, Ministry of Education Malaysia for providing us with a good environment and facilities to complete this e-book.

Abstract CARTOGRAPHY in Surveying provides students with knowledge and basic principle of data collection and arranging graphic information to produce a map. This course exposes students to the knowledge of how maps are published using digital techniques.

Table of Content

CARTOGRAPHY in Surveying Topic 1:

INTRODUCTION TO

CARTOGRAPHY

Topic 2:

ORGANIZE MAP ANNOTATION TECHNIQUE Digitizing Using

Google Earth

Topic 3: Topic 4:

GENERALIZATION

DIGITAL CARTOGRAPHY Interactive Map

TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION

Introduction to Cartography

The eye will learn more in one hour from a mapped than the ear will learn from discourse. (Thomas Fuller, 1690) “Geographers know where it’s Cartographers show where it’s at”

at.

What is Cartography? a) Cartography (in Greek chartis = map and graphein = write) is the study and practice of making maps or globes. b) Definition The art, science, technology of making maps together with their study as scientific documents and works of art (International Cartographic Association, ICA 1973). c) Cartography is the making and study of maps in all their aspects. d) With the advent of digital technology and GIS, the scope of cartography includes production, usage of maps, organization, management, analysis and exploitation of cartographic digital files. e) Mapmaking and Cartography are not exactly synonym f) Mapmaking An aggregate of technical processes of data collection, cartographic design and construction (analogue or digital) and reproduction associated with production of maps.

Why Map? •

• • • • • • •

Definition:

A representation normally to scale

and on a flat medium of a selection of material or abstract features on, or in relation to the surface of the earth or other celestial bodies (ICA 1973). Maps are a vital tool to man that have been in use for thousands of years and with evolving technology are becoming more useful. Reducing the spatial characteristics of a large area and putting it in map form to make it observable. Communicate spatial information - more efficient than linear communication. A map is carefully designed instrument for recording, calculating, displaying, analyzing and understanding the interrelation of things. Its most fundamental function is to bring the things into view. Real Map: is any tangible map product that has a permanent form and that can be directly viewed. e.g. Conventionally drawn or printed products. Virtual Map: either non-permanent, non-physical or non-visible.eg. mental, conceptual image, geographic data files stored in digital form.

Purposes Maps Serve •

Store geographical information.

•

Serve mobility and navigation needs e.g. to give directions, to plan travel arrangements, to plan communication routes.

•

Analytical purposes, e.g. Measuring and computing.

•

Summarise

statistical

data

assist

forecasting and spotting trends. •

Visualise invisible.

•

Stimulate spatial thinking.

Basic Steps for Communication Map Information Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Consider what the real-world distribution of the phenomenon might look like Determine the purpose of the map and its intended audience Collect data appropriate for the map's purpose

Step 4

Design and construct the map

Step 5

Determine whether users find the map useful and informative

Types and function of Maps

Classed by Scale • •

Small scale - “bird’s eye view” of a large area Large scale – “close-up view” of a small area 1:1000

1:5000

very large

1:5000

1:25000

large

1:25000

1:100000

medium

1:100000

1: 1 mil

small

1: 1mil

< 1:1 mil

very small

Scale: 1:500

Scale: 1:25000

TOPIC 2: ORGANIZE MAP ANNOTATION Equipment’s/Tools: No.

Name

Quantity Remarks

Computer

Hardware

Plotter/Printer

Hardware

Cartographic software

Software

Orthophoto/Scanned image

Softcopy

Working Procedures: 1) Open Google Earth and zoom into the rough location of the antique map. 2) In Places in the table of contents (left pane) in Google Earth interface, right-click My Places and

select

Add

> Folder. Provide a folder name and

click

Enter.

3) With the new folder selected, click the Add Image Overlay tool found in the menu bar. 4) In the dialogue box that appears, enter a descriptive name in the Name field. 5) In the Link field, enter the URL address of an image to overlay or use the Browse button to locate the image locally (i.e. the image that you selected in step 1). 6) Add a description in the Description field

7) Move the New Image Overlay window aside to see the Google Earth Viewer. Do not close the window or you will be unable to edit the map. (If you did close it, you can open it again by right-clicking the new image in your folder and selecting Properties.) 8) Use the green diamond to rotate, the green cross to reposition, and the green handles to stretch the overlay until it matches the imagery beneath.

9) When the adjustments are complete to your satisfaction, click OK. The image can be seen in the Google Earth viewer and is listed in the new folder under My Places. 10) The image transparency can be modified on-the-fly by selecting the image from the list then dragging the slider below the Places listing. Digitizing features from a georeferenced map You can create custom features and store them in the folder that was previously created. The mapping tools at the top of the viewer offer custom feature creation such as points (placemark), lines (path) & polygons. Adding a path or polygon 1. To add a line, click the Add Path tool. The New Path dialogue box appears, and the cursor has changed to a path drawing tool.

2. Click along the path on the imagery to create a line (as if you are creating the dots for a connect-the-dots puzzle), double-clicking when it is complete. 3. Enter a name and description in the respective fields in the dialogue box. 4. To change the colour, select the Style, Color tab, click the Color box, and select a new colour. Click OK. 5. The width of the line can also be changed at this point by entering a new line thickness. 6. When satisfied with your changes, click OK to return to the map viewer. **You can always adjust the properties by right-clicking the path name in the table of contents and selecting Properties from the menu. 7. To add a polygon shape, click the polygon drawing tool then click the corners of the polygon in succession around the edges, double-clicking to finish the shape. 8. Again, colour and line thickness may be customized as well as the fill colour, and a name and description should be added in the New Polygon dialogue box.

9. Like paths and polygons, a point (called Placemarks in Google Earth) can be added and the symbol style, size, and colour customized. Sharing your work Any features or layers that were added to your custom folder can be saved in KML or KMZ (zipped KML) format (native to Google) and shared with the world. 1. To create a KMZ file, right-click on the folder you created earlier and select Save Place As... 2. Give the file an appropriate name and click Save. This file can be sent via email as an attachment, added to a website as a download link, or saved locally for future reference. To view a KMZ or KML file, run Google Earth and select File > Open. Navigate to the file of interest and open it. The layers will appear under Places > Temporary Places.

CONVERSION DATA KMZ FORMAT TO AutoCAD using GLOBAL MAPPER SOFTWARE 1. Start moving files or data you've saved from Google Earth to Google Mapper. 2. First of all, click on open data file and select the file saved as digits on google earth such as (Figure 1 and Figure 2).

Figure 1

Figure 2

3. Then go to the tools section and select projection. Select projection, zone, datum and the appropriate and appropriate units as shown in Figure 3 and click okay.

Figure 3 (a)

Figure 3

4. After that, go to the file select ‘export’ and click export vector/lidar same format as picture Figure 4 (a) and Select Export Format select DWG, Figure 4 (b) and click okay.

Figure 4 (a)

Figure 4 (b)

5. Then, select the DWG version of AutoCAD 2007, Figure 4 (c) and click ‘OK’ and save the data on the desktop to make it easier as Figure 4 (d).

Figure 4 (c)

Figure 4 (d)

6. Then click on the picture Figure 5. The file has been converted to AutoCAD shows as Figure 5.

Figure 5 7. It will display like Figure 6. Then, type zoom extends, it will show such as Figure 7.

Figure 6

Figure 7

8. Next, go to ‘insert’ and select in Frame A3, Figure 8 (a) and click OK. Then, it will show like Figure 8 (b) where the frame scale is too smaller than the map

Figure 8 (a)

Figure 8 (b)

9. Increase the frame scale size to fit the map into the frame Figure 8 (c). To change the scale, write scale enter then specific write point 1 and write the scale corresponding to the size of the map. Next, move frame on the map, Fig. 8 (d).

Figure 8 (c)

Figure 8 (d)

10. After that, make a legend for the map as in the picture Figure 9. The legend is all there and must same as what is on the map. Then write the title which is the name of the place on the map.

Figure 9

11. Go to the plot section and select as Figure 10 (a) and select as Fig. 10 (b). Make sure the paper size is in A3 format and make sure the paper layout is correct either portrait or landscape.

Figure 10 (a)

Figure 10 (b)

12. Save the finished work in PDF format.

ASSESSMENTS; Student will be evaluated as follows: i)

Preparation of work

ii)

Following Procedure

iii)

Group Discussion

iv)

Map Design

Discipline

Map Design Map design must be containing following cartographic elements: i. Title of map ii. Text/Name of information iii. Symbol iv. Scale v. North Direction vi. Projection vii. Coordinate System/Grid

Results • •

A complete laboratory works (Video) Softcopy map on A3 size paper (Pdf)

Example Results:

LABORAOTY 1: ORGANIZE MAP ANNOTATION TECHNIQUE TASK: Students are asked to digitize residential areas (HomeTown) using the Google Earth application. Then, transform all data to AutoCAD using Global mapper software. Editing work will be performed using AutoCAD software such as placing text, colors, symbols and so on. CLO LEVEL CRITERIA EXCELLENT VERY GOOD GOOD FAIR POOR 5 4 3 2 1 Required Parts Of All required 5 of the 3 of the required 2 required Required parts Map: parts of the map required parts parts of the map parts of the of the map are Title, Orientation, are visible, of the map are are visible and map are not included. Complete Date, Scale, clearly labeled visible and clearly labeled. included. Theme, Date, and creatively clearly labeled. Author named. CLO 2 P4 Display Map Legend/Key Legend is easy Legend Legend contains Legend Legend is to find and contains a an half of symbols contains an absent or lacks contains a complete set of and colors. almost several complete set of symbols and complete set symbols and symbols and colors. of symbols and colors. colors. color.

MARKS

Color Choices Makes

Displays

CLO 2 P4 Performs

Students can identify the software icons used when digitizing the map, namely Global Mapper software, Google earth and AutoCAD Students can export Google Earth raster data to Global Mapper and AutoCAD software

Student always uses color appropriate for features (e.g., blue for water; black for labels, etc.) on map.

Student usually uses color appropriate for features (e.g. blue for water; black for labels, etc.)

Student sometimes uses colors appropriate for features (e.g. blue for water; black for labels, etc.)

Student rarely uses colors appropriate for features (e.g. blue for water; black for labels, etc.)

Student does not use color appropriately.

Demonstrates the ability to learn completely independently

Demonstrates the ability to learn with minimal supervision

Demonstrates the ability to learn with supervisor supervision

Demonstrates the ability to learn with maximum supervision

Demonstrates the ability to learn with consistent supervision

Image export successfully imported into AutoCAD but wrong scale.

Image raster imported successfully but wrong scale and inverted image.

Raster image was not successfully exported to AutoCAD.

Export raster images with the correct scale and use the correct techniques.

Export a raster image with the correct scale but invert the image.

Displays

Complete

Students can do map digitization work using onscreen digitization method. (set scale).

The data is well digitized. The right color. Appropriate size. Correct layer. Proper scale. The right clue

The data is well digitized. Inaccurate color. Appropriate size. Correct layer. Proper scale.

The data is well digitized. Inaccurate color. Less suitable size, correct layer. Proper scale.

The data is well digitized. Wrong color. Inaccurate size. No layers. Proper scale.

Not all data is digitized. Inaccurate size. Wrong color. No wrong layers and scales.

Students are able to use knowledge of map elements and lettering to produce a residential map according to a predetermined scale.

Precisely scaled maps are generated. All map features are considered. There is an element of spelling.

Precisely scaled maps are generated. All map features are considered. Letter elements on part of the image only.

Precisely scaled maps are generated. All map features are considered. There are no spelling elements

Precisely scaled maps are generated. Only some map features are considered. There are no spelling elements

The scale of the generated map is inaccurate.

TOPIC 3: GENERALIZATION

Data given in CAD format (DWG) which contains many layers. You were required to produce Land use map which is the type of thematic map using Cad software.

Equipment’s/Tools: No.

Name

Quantity Remarks

Computer

Hardware

Plotter/Printer

Hardware

CAD software

Software

Raw data in DWG

Softcopy

Working Procedures: 1) Obtain the digital data in DWG format as given 2) The original data contains the details of natural and man-made such as road, landuse, contour, river, building. 3) Generalize the data using the generalization technique based on the map purpose. 4) Selection of the feature data must have the characteristics of the land use only 5) Create the layers of each land use data with the appropriate name 6) Design your map using CAD software 7) Designed map should have cartographic elements 8) The lettering should follow the rules of how to put letter on map 9) The map should complete with the standard format 10) Symbolize the data for data presentation 11) Produce the thematic map of the area in A3 size in hardcopy and softcopy 12) Compare the scale with the original scale of image

Plotting from model space 1. If needed, switch to the Model tab. 2. Go to Application Menu > Print > Plot (default shortcut: Ctrl+P) to open the Plot dialogue window. 3. In the Printer/plotter section, select a plotter from the drop-down list. 4. Set the other plot options as needed. •

Page size.

•

Drawing orientation.

•

Plot style table.

•

Plot offset.

•

Other plot options.

5. In the Plot area section, choose the desired option from the drop-down list. •

If Window has been chosen, proceed with selecting the plot window from the model space.

6. In the Plot scale section, uncheck Fit to paper. 7. Select the plot scale by doing either of the following procedures. •

Choose one of the default scales from the Scale drop-down menu.

•

Enter the desired values in the two text boxes, where the top one describes the paper units and the bottom one describes the model units.

Example: To plot in 1:100 scale when the drawing is in centimeters, enter 10 in the top box (10 mm = 1 cm) and 100 in the bottom one (100 units = 100 cm = 1 m). 8. Click OK. Plotting from paper space 1. Right-click on the Model tab and select New layout. 2. Switch to the newly created layout by clicking on the layout tab. 3. Type PAGESETUP and press Enter. 4. In the Page Setup Manager window, verify that the current layout name is highlighted and click on Modify. 5. In the Page Setup window, in the Printer/plotter section, select a plotter from the drop-down list.

6. Set the other plot options as needed. •

Page size.

•

rawing orientation.

•

Plot style table.

•

Other plot options.

7. In the Plot area section, choose Layout from the drop-down list. 8. The scale specified in the Plot scale section will determine which will be the layout space units employed. •

Usually, it's recommended to leave the value in the bottom box on 1 and enter the desired value in the top box. If the drop-down list is set on mm, entering 1 will set the layout to use millimeters, entering 10 will set it to centimeters, etc.

9. Click OK. 10. Click Close. 11. If needed, create a new viewport (see To Create a New Layout Viewport) and select it, or select an existing one. 12. Type PROP and press Enter. 13. Select the viewport scale by doing either of the following procedures. •

Select an existing scale from the Standard scale option,

•

In the Custom scale option, type the desired ratio between paper space units and model space units.

Example: To set the viewport to a 1:100 scale when the drawing is in centimeters and the layout is set to millimeters, enter 0.1 (ratio between 10 mm in paper space and 100 cm in model space). 14. Press Ctrl+P to bring up the Plot dialogue window, 15. The plot settings shown will be the ones that have been specified on the Page Setup window (steps 5-8). 16. Click OK.

ASSESSMENTS; Student will be evaluated as follows: i)

Preparation of work

ii)

Following Procedure

iii) Group Discussion iv)

Map Design

Discipline

Map Design Map design must be containing following cartographic elements: i) Title of map ii) Text/Name of information iii) Symbol iv) Scale v) North Direction vi) Projection vii) Coordinate System/Grid

• • • •

Results A complete laboratory works (Video) Softcopy map on A3 size paper (Pdf) The map produced should have colored with suitable color Softcopy of the data in DWG format

Example Results:

Rubric: JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM RUBRIC FOR CARTOGRAPHY (DCG 30072) RUBRIC FOR LABORATORY ACTIVITY CLO 2: Construct digital mapping by using digital cartography techniques to produce map. (P4, PLO 3) PLO 3: Construct practical skills by using appropriate technic and surveying instrument in Geomatics discipline. LABORAOTY 2: DISPLAY GENERALIZATION CONCEPT TO MAP TASK: Students are required to upload the provided topographic image into the AutoCAD software. Then, digitize the image using the concept of generalization CLO LEVEL CRITERIA EXCELLENT VERY GOOD GOOD FAIR POOR 5 4 3 2 1 Required Parts Of All required parts 5 of the 3 of the required 2 required Required parts Map: of the map are required parts parts of the map parts of the of the map are Title, Orientation, visible, clearly of the map are are visible and map are not included. Complete Date, Scale, labeled and visible and clearly labeled. included. Theme, Date, creatively clearly labeled. Author named.

Display CLO 2

Map Legend/Key

Legend is easy to find and contains a complete set of symbols and colors.

Legend Legend contains contains a an half of symbols complete set and colors. of symbols and colors.

Legend contains an almost complete set of symbols and color.

Legend is absent or lacks several symbols and colors.

MARKS

Color Choices Makes

Displays

CLO 2

Performs P4

Displays

Students can identify AutoCAD software icons correctly and explain each function of the icon. Students can scan a topographic map using a scanner machine.

Students can export raster data for topographic maps into AutoCAD software.

Student always uses color appropriate for features (e.g., blue for water; black for labels, etc.) on map.

Student usually uses color appropriate for features (e.g. blue for water; black for labels, etc.)

Student sometimes uses colors appropriate for features (e.g. blue for water; black for labels, etc.)

Student rarely uses colors appropriate for features (e.g. blue for water; black for labels, etc.)

Student does not use color appropriately.

Demonstrates the ability to learn completely independently

Demonstrates the ability to learn with minimal supervision

Demonstrates the ability to learn with supervisor supervision

Demonstrates the ability to learn with maximum supervision

Demonstrates the ability to learn with consistent supervision

The data is fully scanned. The size is inaccurate but clear.

Data is partially scanned only. Incorrect size but obvious.

Data is partially scanned only. The size is not accurate and the picture is not clear. Raster image was not successfully exported to AutoCAD.

The data is fully scanned. Correct and clear size.

Export raster images with the correct scale and use the correct techniques

The data is fully scanned. Correct size but no less obvious Export a raster image with the correct scale but invert the image.

Image export successfully imported into AutoCAD but wrong scale.

Image raster imported successfully but wrong scale and inverted image.

Complete

Displays

CLO 2

Students can do topographic map digitization work using digitization method on AutoCAD screen. (set scale).

The data is well digitized. The right color. Appropriate size. Correct layer. Proper scale.

The data is well digitized. Inaccurate color. Appropriate size. Correct layer. Proper scale.

The data is well digitized. Inaccurate color. Less suitable size, correct layer. Proper scale.

The data is well digitized. Wrong color. Inaccurate size. No layers. Proper scale.

Not all data is digitized. Inaccurate size. Wrong color. No wrong layers and scales.

Students can use knowledge of generalization elements to produce topographic maps according to a predetermined scale.

Precisely scaled maps are generated. All map features are taken into account. There is an element of generalization.

Precisely scaled maps are generated. All map features are taken into account. Generation element on part of the image only.

Precisely scaled maps are generated. All map features are taken into account. There is no generational element.

Precisely scaled maps are generated. Only some map features are taken into account. There is no generational element.

The scale for the resulting map is incorrect.

TOPIC 4: DIGITAL CARTOGRAPHY – INTERACTIVE MAP You are asked to create an interactive map using the software online or digitize it yourself. The selection of titles is based on current issues today. This practice is grouped. 1 group consists of 3 students

Equipment’s/Tools’: No.

Name

Quantity

Remarks

Computer

Hardware

Plotter/Printer

Hardware

CAD software

Software

Raw data in DWG

Softcopy

Working Procedures: 1) Decide title of Interactive Map that want to be produced. 2) Then, Selection of study area 3) Collection / Development of data to be visualized 4) Arranged the data 5) Visualize the data using different software as interactive Map ASSESSMENTS: Student will be evaluated as follows: i)

Preparation of work

ii)

Following Procedure

iii)

Group Discussion

iv)

Map Design

Discipline

• A complete laboratory works (Video) • Softcopy map on A3 size paper (Pdf)

Example Results:

Rubric:

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM RUBRIC FOR CARTOGRAPHY (DCG 30072) RUBRIC FOR LABORATORY ACTIVITY CLO 2: Construct digital mapping by using digital cartography techniques to produce map. (P4, PLO 3) PLO 3: Construct practical skills by using appropriate technic and surveying instrument in Geomatics discipline. LABORAOTY 3: CONSTRUCT DIGITAL MAPPING PRACTICAL USING DIGITAL CARTOGRAPHY SOFTWARE TASK: Students are asked to create an interactive map using the software online or digitize it yourself. The selection of titles is Based on current issues today CLO LEVEL CRITERIA EXCELLENT VERY GOOD GOOD FAIR POOR 5 4 3 2 1 Required Parts Of All required 5 of the 3 of the required 2 required Required parts Map: parts of the map required parts parts of the map parts of the of the map are Title, Orientation, are visible, of the map are are visible and map are not included. Complete Date, Scale, clearly labeled visible and clearly labeled. included. Theme, Date, and creatively clearly labeled. Author named.

Display CLO 2

Map Legend/Key

Legend is easy to find and contains a complete set of symbols and colors.

Legend contains a complete set of symbols and colors.

Legend contains an half of symbols and colors.

Legend contains an almost complete set of symbols and color.

Legend is absent or lacks several symbols and colors.

MARKS

Color Choices

Student always uses color appropriate for features (e.g., blue for water; black for labels, etc.) on map.

Student usually uses color appropriate for features (e.g. blue for water; black for labels, etc.)

Student sometimes uses colors appropriate for features (e.g. blue for water; black for labels, etc.)

Student rarely uses colors appropriate for features (e.g. blue for water; black for labels, etc.)

Student does not use color appropriately.

Students can use the functions of the software used in the production of digital maps

Demonstrates the ability to learn completely independently

Demonstrates the ability to learn with minimal supervision

Demonstrates the ability to learn with supervisor supervision

Demonstrates the ability to learn with maximum supervision

Demonstrates the ability to learn with consistent supervision

Students are able to produce quality interactive maps.

Quality maps. Meets good map properties. Interesting color. Easy -to understand detail layout.

Quality maps. Meets good map properties. Interesting color. The layout of the details is rather elusive.

Quality maps. Meets good map properties. Interesting color. The layout of the details is not understood.

Quality maps. The resulting Some map map is of poor presentations quality. do not meet the map properties that are supposed to be observed.

Makes

Displays

Performs CLO 2 P4

Displays

Complete

Students use creativity in the production of symbols and colors for interactive maps

Creative in terms of providing symbols, images and colors.

Good symbols, interesting pictures but less interesting colors.

Good symbols, less creative pictures and less attractive colors.

Symbols and pictures are less interesting but creative in terms of color presentation.

Students use the correct methods in producing good interactive maps and quality output.

The map information generated is of good quality. The map is placed correctly in the center of the frame.

The map information generated is of good quality. The map is slightly slanted than it should be.

The map information generated is of good quality. The map is placed too obliquely not according to the frame size.

The map information generated is of poor quality. The map is placed too obliquely not according to the frame size.

The resulting map is less creative in terms of symbols, pictures and colors. The resulting map does not meet the requirements of the question.

All the Best ….

Reference

Terry A Slocum, Hugh H. Howard, Fritz C. Kessler, Robert B, McMaster (1999). Thematic Cartography and Geovisualization. University of Kansas.

Erwin Raisz (1962). Principle of Cartography. United State.

Sharifah Izyani (2018), Nota Kartografi. POLISAS