Creating Homes for Tomorrow by CANactions

AMSTERDAM – ZURICH – HELSINKI – KYIV AMSTERDAM – ZURICH – HELSINKI – KYIV

CREATING HOMES FOR TOMORROW

2019/2020 CANACTIONS SCHOOL

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CONTENT INTRO 8 CREATING HOMES FOR TOMORROW PROGRAM

AMSTERDAM WORKSHOP

ZURICH WORKSHOP

106

HELSINKI WORKSHOP

160

KYIV WORKSHOP

206

INTRO

CREATING HOMES F AMSTERDAM-ZURIC The discussion about human needs and the concepts of housing in cities is old but deserves to be continuously reassessed and updated to the current situation. In the context of global challenges, climate change, migration and the ongoing urbanization, the cities of Europe are facing new, more comprehensive questions than ever concerning their spatial and social transformation processes. Today more than three-quarters of the European population lives in cities and urban agglomerations. They are the places with the greatest economic activity, they offer living space for the majority of the population and are the areas where the majority of the building stock is concentrated in. Due to their spatial qualities, they are also affected particularly hard by the effects of climate change such as rising temperatures, heat stress and extreme weather conditions. The population structure of European cities is much more multicultural today than it was half a century ago. The search for better living conditions, good education and new professional perspectives draw people to the economic centers. The urbanization processes in Europe are no longer driven by internal migration but rather by global migration from economically weak regions to the economic powerhouses in Europe. The growing multicultural population structure in European cities poses new questions for urban planning. A quarter of a century ago, the main target group for new residential buildings was the classic family of four. Today, there is a significantly more diversified population structure with varying lifestyles and -models and increased mobility: Single people, couples without children, people living in shared apartments out of conviction, patchwork-families or nomads are typical residents of a city today and have new and more diverse needs that should be recognized when developing living spaces and neighborhoods. In metropolitan areas, the increasing demand for housing can often no longer be fulfilled within the city limits. More living space is usually created by renovation and new construction, but population density often decreases with new construction because the apartment occupancy of new buildings often is lower than before or, the living space per resident in new buildings has increased. In most European cities, the proportion of income spent on housing is growing. In addition, there is a tendency towards social disentanglement in most cities, as cheaper housing is becoming scarce in attractive locations and lower-wage earners move to the peripheral areas where apartments are still affordable. Housing construction in the post-war period was concentrated on the outskirts of the cities. Today, a big portion of the population lives in such peripheral areas. The modernistic idea of the separation of functions together with the belief in the automobile gave rise to settlement struc-

FOR TOMORROW: CH-HELSINKI-KYIV tures distancing residential and non-residential uses from each other. The urban fabric in these areas do not have the qualities of the historic centers and often the originally targeted quality of settlements with close access to green landscape disappears with ongoing construction. Due to their functional layout, they are dependent on traffic infrastructure to access city centers, places of leisure and cultural life. In the last few decades, globalization has extended economic relations to a worldwide network. Recently as a result of the corona pandemic, an extreme jump of digitalization was triggered. Remote working became a new reality for a large number of people. With the help of new digital tools, working from home - or from anywhere - has also strengthened the opportunities for collaboration on a global level in society at large. Location doesn’t matter that much anymore. Further remote work blurs the boundaries between work and leisure and thus also changes the use of the built space. Living environments are increasingly becoming working environments which has the potential to reduce mobility, but also the possibility of helping peripheral locations to achieve a new urbanity. The above mentioned makes evident that cities have to deal with increasingly complex and comprehensive questions relating to their spatial and social transformation processes concerning accommodating their ever-growing and evermore diverse urban populations. As part of the study program “Creating homes for tomorrow” which took place in Amsterdam, Zurich, Helsinki and Kyiv, the issues mentioned were tackled in each city through case-studies that address them and work on them in a locally specific spatial, economic and social context. For the development of the case-studies, the following themes served as working hypotheses: Climate change and Resilience The cities and thus the majority of the population are particularly hard hit by the effects of climate change such as rising temperatures, heat stress and extreme weather events. The high degree of sealing and a small proportion of green areas together with difficult conditions for cooling at night create urban heat islands (as an example, the proportion of green areas in Zurich has decreased in recent decades, with the density of residents and building stock increasing). Extreme weather events such as heavy rain or periods of drought require the consideration of new boundary conditions for the design of open spaces and the planning of new infrastructures. Since the construction industry is one of the main causes of global CO2 emissions, the question arises as to whether a new building is still the right answer to the growing demand for living

space today. In the future, it is a matter of examining the options of renovation, conversion and/ or expansion as a serious alternative to replacement. In addition to new strategies for development, this will probably also require new legislation that will add value to existing buildings. Cities need new strategies for climate-adapted and resource-saving development and must find new ways to make their living space more livable given the challenges of climate change. Affordability The price of housing in Europe has increased more or less sharply since the beginning of this century and was accompanied by a sharp rise in construction activity and increasing lending. However, the global financial and economic crisis of 2008 also led to a massive decline in investments in affordable and social housing in Europe. The lower level of investment in such areas of housing and the continuously high demand for housing means that the proportion of the population that spends more than thirty percent of the equivalized disposable income on housing is continuously increasing in most European countries. The availability of affordable housing is strongly linked to housing policy and tax policy, which promotes non-profit/social housing. Quality of the living environment The question which factors contribute to a high quality of living environment is relevant for new urban areas as well as for renovating the existing. At the same time it is a very subjective one. In the context of needed adaption to the changing climate, there is a need not only for qualitive recreational spaces but also enough green space in the centers for cooling effects, whereas the settlement structures outside of the central urban areas often provide enough green space but lack more urban qualities. In the context of creating these urban qualities, the right amount of interaction of people, the density of the built but also the density of experiences, good transport connections and low emissions such as noise and pollution are factors which need to be carefully negotiated. Diversity Societal changes combined with migration make cities into living environments characterized by increasing diversity. Cities have always been the places where people with different identities, lifestyles and customs meet and exchange. They have always been magnets for migrants - for those who moved from the countryside to the city and for those who came from abroad. As different as the places of origin and motivations are, the cultural influences of the people who live together in cities today are just as diverse. The question is how the potential of diversity can be used for better urban development and how cohesion can be created and promoted in society. Inclusiveness The concept of inclusivity is about the approach of developing the living space within a city in such a way that it appeals to the broadest possible section of society and thus creates possibilities for social interaction. In the context of urban planning, this is reflected in the desire to put people with their needs and the interactions between people in the foreground when developing living environments, with the goal to address as many people as possible. From the point of view of inclusiveness the focus on the individual dwelling becomes less relevant than the collective living environment with its outdoor spaces, its services or the recreation and leisure spaces. Designing is less about functionally defined spaces than about their programming and meaning for the residents as well as letting them appropriate it.

Growth and densification In the context of resource-efficient planning and construction, the aim is to accommodate growth primarily within existing settlement structures. At the city level, under-used and transformation areas in particular offer high potential for densification. Strategies that provide new impulses for increasing the quality of life in these areas and their surrounding neighborhoods offer high potential for a positive change. Strategies for growth should include qualitative approaches for the structural density, the desired population density as well as for the density of experiences in an urban area. In the future also the question whether existing buildings can be converted and renovated will be increasingly important. Sufficiency The term sufficiency is understood as the conscious reduction of our use of resources - especially non-renewable natural resources. The concept is based on an understanding of prosperity and quality of life that focuses on values other than consumption. Ultimately, sufficiency aims to shape the use of resources in such a way that future generations can also meet their legitimate needs by limiting our consumption. In the context of housing, for example, the following questions are relevant: Which areas and functions of daily life can be organized in a resource-efficient manner, e.g. by sharing them with other residents? What qualities does an apartment need in order to be attractive despite the small size, without conveying the feeling that something has been given up? Community In the context of the changing society with its diverse lifestyles and its multicultural composition, where traditional life models are more and more replaced with new models and life is increasingly multi-local, the question of how the living environment supports community life and social interaction becomes ever more important. A community is a place where its residents feel connected to and are more willing to invest in the wellbeing of it. Flexibility and adaptability The value of the building stock takes on a new dimension in the context of sustainable planning and construction. The most sustainable structures are those which persist for as long as possible and can adapt to changing user requirements. Flexibility and adaptability are key concepts to support a long lifespan of the built. Architects and planners today almost have to assume that they are designing for «the unknown», that a building and its surroundings have to be flexible enough that they can react to the dynamics of society. A flexible building should allow different uses and be the basis for different forms of occupying it. The goal of the educational program was to research on the above listed themes beforehand and explore them further by working on case studies in the respective cities. This was an ambitious goal for a workshop with participants from different cultural and professional backgrounds working often in cities previously less known for them. With the help of our tutors and all local specialists they were able to rapidly develop concepts relevant for each theme and case study. Mirjam Niemeyer, Curator

CANACTIONS SCHOOL CANactions School is an educational platform, with offices in Kyiv and Amsterdam. Our mission is to enhance the creation of places and communities where people love to live and work. Since 2015 CANactions School runs post-graduate interdisciplinary Educational Programs in the field of Urban Studies, Integrated Urban Development and Strategic Spatial Planning in a context of local and global city challenges. CANactions School bases its programs on the following educational principles: •

Interdisciplinary Approach

•

Teamwork and Experiential Learning

•

Project-based Learning

•

Strategic Approach to Urban Design and Spatial Planning

•

Cooperation with a vast network of international experts and institutions

CANACTIONS SCHOOL TEAM

VALENTYNA ZOTOVA CO-FOUNDER, CEO

ANASTASIA ZHURAVEL COORDINATOR

ZORESLAVA PENDELIUK GRAPHIC DESIGNER

OLENA VOZNIAK COMMUNICATIONS

VIKTOR ZOTOV FOUNDER

VITALII KHRYSTEVYCH COORDINATOR

VALERIA GNATENKO GRAPHIC DESIGNER

IEVGENIIA KATASHYNSKA GRAPHIC DESIGNER

EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM TEAM

MIRJAM NIEMEYER CURATOR

ROMEA MURYŃ PROGRAM DIRECTOR

Mirjam Niemeyer is an architect, urban designer and founding partner at Helsinki Zürich Office. Mirjam works as a designer and researcher in the fields of architecture, urban design and planning in an international context and has won several international prizes for architectural and urban design projects. Mirjam has been a visiting professor at the PBSA Düsseldorf and assistant professor at the Institute of Urban Design at Prof. Kees Christiaanse at the ETH Zurich, where she led and conducted the «s5-city project», an urban research and design project about the agglomeration of Zurich. She has tutored several international workshops and published internationally. Mirjam is a member of the Advisory Board of CANactions School and has curated and mentored CANactions School educational programs since 2016.

Romea Muryń is a Polish architect and urban planner. After receiving her master’s degree from West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland and her bachelor’s degree from the School of Design and Technology, Copenhagen, Denmark she worked for 8 years as an architect in leading design practices—JDS, COBE, REX, BIG and OMA. Romea also successfully completed the postgraduate programme ‘Hybrid Urbanism’ at Strelka Institute for Media, Architecture and Design and worked as a leading architect and urban strategist at KB Strelka, Moscow, Russia, taking part in the projects ‘My Street’ large-scale urban renovation program and, ‘Key Public Spaces: Improvement in 40 Cities of Russia’. Romea was an adjunct Professor at INDA International Program in Design and Architecture, Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, Thailand. She is co-founder of the studio Locument (2015) and SKALA Architects (2020).

MENTORS Fani Kostourou is an architect, urban designer and academic. Trained at the National Technical University of Athens, she holds a MAS in Urban Design from ETH Zürich and an MRes in Spatial Design from University College London. In 2017, she joined the MIT Department of Architecture and Computation as a visiting researcher and participated in the Future Architecture Platform. Fani currently finishes her PhD research at the Bartlett, teaches at the Welsh School of Architecture and works as a researcher at Theatrum Mundi. Gianmaria Socci received a Master degree in Architecture from FAF Ferrara and a MAS degree in Urban Design from ETH Zürich, with a research focus on informal urbanism. Between 2013 and 2016 he has been research assistant at ETH Zürich, leading urban research and teaching design studios at the chair of Architecture and Urban Design. Since 2017 he has been adjunct professor at INDA, the International Program in Design and Architecture of Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok. In 2018 Gianmaria co-founded Space Saloon. Konstantinos Pantazis is an Adjunct Assistant Professor at Columbia GSAPP. He founded Point Supreme with Marianna Rentzou in 2008 after working in London, Rotterdam, Brussels and Tokyo (OMA, MVRDV, 51N4E, Jun Aoki). In 2015 Athens Projects, a book dedicated to their work was published by Graham Foundation in Chicago. They recently finished building the Petralona House and won 1st prize at the acclaimed completion for the new architecture school in Marseille, whose construction will start in 2019.

Roel Griffioen is a researcher and writer. He is currently a Research Organization Flanders (FWO) PhD candidate at the Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Ghent University. He edited and co-authored De Frontlinie: Bestaansonzekerheid en gentrificatie in de Creatieve Stad (2017), a compilation of essays exploring the intersections of recent art and housing policies and state-led gentrification in the Netherlands. Roel Griffioen is editor of Frontlinie.org, and guest editor of De Correspondent.

Dr. Phillippe Koch is a researcher and lecturer in urban studies at the Institute Urban Landscape, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW). His research interests lie in urban politics and the politicalpossibilities of urbanisation. In recent research projects he has examined urban self-government, therole of cooperatives in housing policy/politics and the political import of urban public spaces.

Dr. Johanna Lilius is a planner and geographer and a postdoctoral researcher at the Department of Architecture/Aalto University. Her research has focused on housing and housing policy & development, (strategic) urban planning and development, suburban regeneration, urban cultures and lifestyles as well as urban entrepreneurs. As a consultant, she has developed housing concepts and facilitated stakeholder meetings and planning sessions. She is the author of «Reclaiming Cities as Spaces of Middle Class Parenthood» (Palgrave Macmillan). Andrius Nemickas is an urban development specialist from the US and CANactions School Advisory Board member with a dual-degree MBA & MCRP from The University of North Carolina at Chapel hill (Class of 1998), has lived and worked in Ukraine since 1999.

AMSTERDAM EXPERTS TEAM

ERIC NAGENGAST CITY OF AMSTERDAM

FLORA NYCOLAAS CITY OF AMSTERDAM

GRISHA ZOTOV ARCHITECTURAL PRESCRIPTION, CANACTIONS SCHOOL

HEIN COUMOU MUST

DR. JEROEN VAN DER VEER AMSTERDAM FEDERATION OF HOUSING ASSOCIATIONS

MARK VAN VILSTEREN CITY OF AMSTERDAM

MARTIJN DE WIT CITY OF AMSTERDAM

MICHIEL MULDER CITY OF AMSTERDAM

NL ARCHITECTS

PI DE BRUIJN DE ARCHITEKTEN CIE

RENÉ BOER FAILED ARCHITECTURE

ROB BRINK CITY OF AMSTERDAM

THEO HAUBEN DIEDERENDIRRIX ARCHITECTS

TIM NAGTEGAAL CITY OF AMSTERDAM

VIKTOR ZOTOV ZOTOV&CO, CANACTIONS

WOUTER KROEZE WOUTER KROEZE ARCHITECT

ZEF HEMEL AMSTERDAM ECONOMIC BOARD

ZURICH EXPERTS TEAM

ANDREAS WIRZ ARCHIPEL GMBH

ANNA HALLER HUNZIKER AREAL

BLANCA GARCIA GARDELEGUI ETH ZURICH

CARLA COESTER FAMILIENHEIM-GENOSSENSCHAFT ZURICH

CHARLOTTE MALTERRE-BARTHES ETH ZURICH

CHRISTOPH DURBAN STADT ZURICH

F.A.T.

GÜNTHER ARBER STADT ZURICH

KORNELIA GYSEL FUTURAFROSCH

PASCAL HUNKELER COVAS HUNKELER WYSS ARCHITEKTEN, STADT ZURICH

STEFAN KURATH SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE ZHAW

URS THOMANN CANACTIONS SCHOOL

PASCAL MÜLLER MÜLLER SIGRIST ARCHITEKTEN

STEFAN ROSCHI STADT ZURICH, AUSSTELLUNGSSTRASSE

PROF. REGULA ISELI SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE ZHAW

THOMAS SACCHI THOMAS SACCHI BUILDS UTOPIAS

VIKTOR ZOTOV ZOTOV&CO, CANACTIONS

HELSINKI EXPERTS TEAM

ANTTI AHLAVA AALTO UNIVERSITY

ANNE TERVO AALTO UNIVERSITY

MONIKA MAGDZIAK BIALYSTOK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

NIKLAS AALTO-SETÄLÄ CITY OF HELSINKI

PENTTI KAREOJA AALTO UNIVERSITY, ARK-HOUSE ARCHITECTS

PIA FRICKER AALTO UNIVERSITY

PIA ILONEN ILO ARCHITECTS

PIA KUUSINIEMI LOCI LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS LTD

RIIKKA KARJALAINEN CITY OF HELSINKI

SALLA KORPELA WRITER, CONSULTANT

KYIV EXPERTS TEAM

ANDRIY VAVRYSH SAGA DEVELOPMENT

ARTIOM NOVIKOV DIALOG-CLASSIC ADVISORY

GRISHA ZOTOV ARCHITECTURAL PRESCRIPTION, CANACTIONS SCHOOL

PROF. KOSTYANTYN MEZENTSEV TARAS SHEVCHENKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

MARINA KHARLAMPOVA ISEK, GIZ UKRAINE

MARKUS APPENZELLER MLA+, AMSTERDAM ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE

MICHAEL ENGEL INTEGRATED URBAN DEVELOPMENT UKRAINE, GIZ

MITYA GURIN PARLIAMENT OF UKRAINE

PAVLO FEDORIV CEDOS

VIKTOR ZOTOV ZOTOV&CO, CANACTIONS

VITALII PYLYPIV KYIV NATIONAL ECONOMIC UNIVERSITY

PARTICIPANTS

ALEXANDRA TOTOIANU ARCHITECT

ANASTASIIA BORODIIENKO URBAN PLANNER

ANNA POTANINA ARCHITECT

ANNA SCORRETTI ARCHITECT

ANNE-ROOS DEMILT ARCHITECT

ANTONIO FARIA ARCHITECT

ANTON NIKITIN REAL ESTATE

ARTEM OSLAMOVSKYI ARCHITECT

CEZAR MOLDOVAN ARCHITECT

CORINA POPA ARCHITECT

DARIA BOROVYK ARCHITECT

DARIA ROSH ARCHITECT

DARYNA PYROGOVA SOCIOLOGIST

EWA WASILEWSKA ARCHITECT

IRYNA TSYBA ARCHITECT

IVAN PROTASOV ARCHITECT

LAURENS SCHUITMAKER ARCHITECT

LIDIA CHYZHEVSKA ARCHITECT, URBAN PLANNER

PARTICIPANTS

MARTA POPYK LAWYER

MATILDE BAZZOLO ARCHITECT

MIRIAM QUASSOLO ARCHITECT

MYKOLA MOROZOV ARCHITECT

NIKITA BIELOKOPYTOV ARCHITECT

OLGA KONONOVA URBAN PLANNER

OLENA RUBAN ARCHITECT

PAVLO KUKURUDZ ARCHITECT

PEDRO SILVA COSTA ARCHITECT

TOMIRIS KUPZHASSAROVA ARCHITECT

ULIANA DZHURLIAK ARCHITECT

YELYZAVETA REDKINA ARCHITECT

YULIA ZINOVIEVA ARCHITECT

VIKTORIA BONCHYK ARCHITECT

CREATING HOMES FOR TOMORROW PROGRAM

CREATING HOMES FOR TOMORROW PROGRAM Within the 2019/20 educational program, CANactions School travels to 4 metropoles in western, northern and eastern Europe and explores their innovative approaches for creating more livable neighborhoods. Based on the findings, we develop new strategies for locally specific and globally relevant questions, considering spatial, economic, social and political measures. The used methodology advances the holistic thinking skills of participants and the ability to develop strategy and design tools to shape inclusive and livable cities of the future. Furthermore, the program supports professional exchange between the students from different cultural backgrounds and will facilitate exchange and work with international experts.

Working language: English Program duration: October 2019—December 2020 Number of participants: – up to 35 participants in each workshop – all program participants (full and modular) gather in Kyiv for the final workshop Participants: Graduates and Master-students from the fields of Architecture, Urban Design and Planning, Sociology, Political and Cultural Studies and other related fields. Locations: Amsterdam—October 19—26, 2019 Zurich—November 30—December 7, 2019 Helsinki (online format)—September 28—October 3, 2020 Kyiv (online format)—November 16—21, 2020 Creating Homes for Tomorrow is a non-degree program. Upon the completion of studies (in full or modular form), the program graduates will receive a certificate issued by CANactions School and verified by the program curator. The program participants will have a chance to become presenters at XIII CANactions International Architecture Festival, one of the biggest annual architecture gatherings in Eastern Europe. The program outcomes will be disseminated among professional networks and academia by CANactions Publishing.

THE 4 CITIES The program takes place in three West European cities that are acclaimed for a high living quality: Amsterdam, Zurich and Helsinki. We will examine their living environments and will develop new environments for a projected future. The series ends with a concluding workshop in Kyiv, addressing the housing challenges of a rapidly expanding Eastern European metropolis. The workshop in Kyiv is based upon the key findings and guiding principles of the Workshops before, building on the Integrated Urban Development concept of Podilskyi district, which is currently being prepared by GIZ (Gesellschaft für internationale Zusammenarbeit).

During each Workshop we work on a real case in a residential neighborhood which is currently experiencing impact for transformation of its morphological, social, infrastructural and economic pattern. We work together in teams that work integratively but focusing on different disciplines and addressing different aspects of housing design and development. At study visits, we explore best practice housing projects and meet their authors and initiators. During Inputs and Lectures we meet and interact with local experts, including city administration, architecture and planning offices, educational institutions and civil society representatives.

AMSTERDAM ZURICH Like all communes in the Netherlands, has a long tradition and strong urban planning culture where the efficient use of resources is a central matter. To work against ongoing segregational tendencies, the Netherlands recently passed a law introducing new strategies against spatial segregation. The city also aims at tools supporting individual ownership and affordable housing aiming at diversifying the housing market.

Is known for its long tradition in housing cooperatives from which outstanding bottom-up co-housing projects evolved in last decades. Within their processes of creation, new participatory models for integrating future inhabitants and users were developed. Because of the great success of their projects, the bottom-up housing cooperatives became a player in the market and today are driving innovative approaches in the field.

HELSINKI

KYIV

Is one of the fastest growing cities in Europe. Within the last decade, the city transformed its centrally located former harbor areas into future-oriented neighborhoods and is also aiming at developing its highways into multifunctional urban boulevards. Finland has a long tradition of building with pre-fabricated elements aiming at provision of low cost housing.

Is currently undergoing fast urbanization processes resulting in a growth at its border areas and in a transformation of industrial areas in its center. The transformation of old harbor areas reveal the future potential of creating a new waterfront for the whole city. Besides providing infrastructure for its growth in new territories, the city has a need to renew the housing stock from the socialist times.

PARTNERS Aalto University, Amsterdam Academy of Architecture, Architectural Prescription, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), helsinkizurich, Zurich University for Applied Sciences (ZHAW) Institute for Urban landscape, Activating Urban Periphery in Eastern Europe Program (ACT UP) supported by the federal foreign Office of Germany, City of Zurich Stadtentwicklung, Amsterdamse federatie van woning corporaties, City of Helsinki.

TIMELINE The program is organised in a modular format, with possibility to pick two or more workshop for attendance, including the final workshop in Kyiv, which is compulsory for all participants. Applicants can indicate their preference in the online form. Separate open calls will be announced prior to workshops in Zurich and Helsinki (see the timeline below for details).

Amsterdam 19-26/10/19

Zurich 30/11-07/12/19

Helsinki online 28/09-03/10/20

Kyiv online 16-21/11/20

FOCUS THEMES Various development questions influence the development of the urban fabric, the neighborhoods and the living environments in a city. The challenge is to translate the impact of these questions and to what kind of development themes they are leading. Looking at each of the chosen cities Amsterdam, Zurich, Helsinki and Kyiv in detail, in some cities certain themes are more relevant than others depending on its economic, societal and political situation. Keeping all the relevant themes for living environments in cities in mind, we will focus in each city on the themes which seem to be most relevant in comparison to the other cities:

AFFORDABILITY QUALITY OF LIFE DIVERSITY CLIMATE CHANGE INCLUSIVENESS ACCOMMODATION OF GROWTH MINIMAL LIVING COMMUNITY PERFORMANCE FLEXIBILITY SUFFICIENCY

AMSTERDAM

HYPOTHESIS / VISION

ZURICH HELSINKI KYIV

LIVING SCENARIO DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

KEY ACTIONS KEY PROJECTS

PROGRAM METHODOLOGY We will be working in groups with main focus on of the following disciplines / scales: •

Urban and architectural design;

•

Urban strategy and policy making;

•

Socio-economics and anthropology.

SOCIO-ECONOMICS ANTHROPOLOGY

In the frame of the Program, we will research, challenge and link Architecture, Urbanism, Sociology, History and Policy-making, learn and practice the principles of an integrated approach to urban development and elaborate urban projects. Each workshop is strutured into three phases, a research phase, a development phase and a design phase. The research will start two weeks before each workshop to get involved into the topic and the city.

URBAN STRATEGY POLICY MAKING

Based on research outcome(s), combined with information from inputs, further research and on-site findings you will formulate a Vision for a future living scenario. Based on your vision, you will design an urban project and/or you will work on a development strategy. URBAN & ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

WORKSHOP PHASES TRAJECTORY FEEDBACK PHASE

THEMES

KEY ACTIONS KEY PROJECTS

RESEARCH PHASE

HYPOTHESIS VISION

DESIGN PHASE II

DEVELOPMENT PHASE

NEW LIVING SCENARIO

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

DESIGN PHASE I

WORKSHOP PHASES CONSOLIDATED HYPOTHESIS STATEMENT

RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT

NEW L SCEN

RESEARCH PHASE

DEVELOPMENT PHASE

KICK-OFF

MID-T REV

LIVING NARIO

TERM VIEW

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

KEY ACTIONS KEY PROJECTS

DESIGN PHASE

FINAL REVIEW

AMSTERDAM WORKSHOP

WORKSHOP THEME Not only is Amsterdam the main touristic attractor in the Netherlands, it also has shown the fastest population growth rate among major Dutch cities in the last decade, leading to increasing housing prices. This upward spiral in connection with privatization processes in the housing market affects constant migration of people within the city. To work against the continuation of segregation processes in Dutch cities, a reform for new housing development was determined, fixing percentages for social and rental flats for new housing development, bringing up new questions for stakeholders how future housing could be provided.

Photo source: Dingena Mol

During the workshop, we work in a team. We explore constraints of housing development, conceptualize strategies and design homes for tomorrow for Amsterdam. We understand the local conditions like ownership structures, policies and stakeholders influencing production and quality of housing in Amsterdam and explore how global trends like societal changes, virtual communication and environmental change will influence the way we live. Based on this, we conceptualize and design future-oriented scenarios for housing with different focuses and scales: the socio-economic aspects defining the framework for development, the neighborhood as a living environment, the building block as a unit for living in a community, and the building itself as an expression of lifestyles.

CASE STUDY: NIEUW WEST ‘NIEUW WEST’ (CALLED WESTELIJKE TUINSTEDEN) Is one of the largest housing project districts that was realized in the fifties and sixties, which gave rise to some of the more characteristic modernist housing blocks in the city. The neighborhood is characterized by a high portion of social housing (three quarter of the build area), unemployment, accumulation of poverty and high percentage of immigrants who live with limited income.

The housing stock is considered an essential factor in influencing the neighborhood. The «Amsterdam 2030+» city development strategy intends with the allocation of up to 60% additional housing, together with the expansion of the business cluster surrounding the station, a remarkable densification for the area and brings up identity questions for the future of the district. You will visit «Nieuw West» flagship projects of the initial social housing structure, as well as newly developed, renovated areas which try to improve housing and the living conditions of the neighborhood.

Photo source: Egbert de Vries, Eric Nagengast / Housing corporation Rochdale

Housing plans densification by City of Amsterdam Case study area Public transportation Tram line Tram stop Local centers

PROJECT GROUP 1

PARTICIPANTS: ANNE-ROOS DEMILT OLGA KONONOVA ARTEM OSLAMOVSKII DARIA ROSH MENTOR : FANI KOSTOUROU 52

THE PARADOX Looking at the current housing situation in the city of Amsterdam, few issues can be observed. Housing prices have rocketed over the past couple of years, especially after the Brexit referendum, turning the current building stock increasingly less affordable for the lower- and middle-income population groups. International migration has also increased significantly, putting pressure on the current deficit and creating a demand for new shortterm living models (Knappers & Pronkhorst, 2019). These have already started to push individuals out of the city towards the peripheral and rural parts of the metropolitan region. At the same time, the neighbourhoods are being developped (or considered for development) at different speeds and according to different agendas, which contributes to the rise of inequality and segregation at the local scale. If these phenomena are only the tip of the iceberg which slowly reveals itself, the pertinent question is in what ways can the city of Amsterdam future-proof its housing provision system to ensure affordable and inclusive living conditions for everyone?

Middle-income Amsterdammers are neither eligible enough to apply for social housing nor affluent enough to afford a house in the non-rental market. The Netherlands has a long tradition of social housing provided by housing associations. For over a century, social housing was mainly public, which meant that low- and middleincome people had access to housing, subsidised by public funds. However, the situation changed with the introduction of a new law, that lowered the income threshold for social housing eligibility. Currently, 80 percent of social housing from housing associations is intended for people with an income of up to 37.000 euros (approximately), 10 percent for income between 37.000 euros and 42.000 euros, and 10 percent for those with a higher income, but only under certain circumstances. This creates a paradox: while regulations have made it harder for the mid-sector to access rental housing, the sky-rocketing prices of the private market leave it no other choice. Middle-income Amsterdammers are neither eligible enough to apply for social housing nor affluent enough to afford a house in the non-rental market. The consequences of this can already be seen. Young populations are forced to leave the city because they cannot afford to stay. Social housing tenants are clinging to their flats regardless of changes in their socio-economic situation or family composition. Large families live in small apartments, and single-person households or elderly people live in big houses without an elevator. At the same time, housing associations which are since recently obliged to contribute signficant taxes to the government cannot afford to adapt or refurbish their existing building stock in order to accommodate the growing needs of the populations and new living standards.

How can we ensure the longevity and livelihood of Amsterdam’s neighbourhoods in terms of social, economic, spatial and environmental sustainability, without eradicating the existing building stock, the established social networks, and the long-term history of the houses and their residents? Can we envision a more inclusive, energy efficient, and affordable living scenarios for the next tens of years? This project reflects on the negative impact that the existing physical and political policies have and will have on the economic prosperity of the citizens, their social life and cultural practices, as well as the domestic energy efficiency and environmental sustainability, and responds with a series of tactical and pragmatic suggestions. It uses the neighbourhood of Nieuw West as the test bed for these suggestions.

LODEWIJK VAN DEYSSELBUURT AMSTERDAM NIEUW WEST

Source: Rochdale Housing Association

POTENTIAL (+)

STRIVING (-)

Proximity to the city center; Good accessibility and connectivity; Abundant green areas and Buildings with strong bearing structures.

High levels of disatisfaction with housing and illiteracy. Non-diversity in housing model (95% social housing) and socio-economic segments.

OPEN INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE LONGER NOW Open infrastructure for the longer now envisions a future that can profit from the long tradition of Dutch public housing supply and design, while providing an open infrastructure of material, immaterial and ecological conditions that may ensure denser, more socially diverse and inclusive housing for the longer now (term coined by Brian Eno).

ADAPT ! We propose minor transformations of the current outdated building stock by modernising the circulation, expanding private space with winder gardens, reconfiguring the interior configuration to create more apartments, and introducing communal spaces in certain floors (ground floor and attic) as well as between them (sectional spaces).

MAIN INTERVENTIONS

INITIAL STRUCTURE

MODIFIED STRUCTURE

initial modiﬁcation

MODIFIED STRUCTURE

CIRCULATION CIRCULATION

1st FLOOR PLAN

BEFORE

BEFORE AFTER

public private

AFTER

1st FLOOR PLAN

DEVELOPED INFRUSTRUTURE IN A SCALE OF A BUILDING INFRUSTRUTURE IN A SC DEVELOPED INFRUSTRUTUREDEVELOPED IN AFLOOR SCALE OF A BUILDING GROUND FLOOR FIRST DEVELOPED INFRUSTRUTURE IN A S BEFORE

BEFORE

AFTER BEFORE

BEFORE BEFORE

AFTER

Plans showing the tactical interventions at the interior of the building, whcih ensure more apartments, communal spaces, and thermal comfort (incl. the reduction of household bills). The refurbished buildings will be able to attract middle- and high-

Expansion of the apartments with winder gardens

AFTER income AFTER

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

population groups, offering the possibility to GROUND PLAN implement the 40/40/20 rule within FLOOR the same building.

SOCIAL MIXING BEFORE

Social Housing 95% Mid-rent 5%

AFTER

Social Housing 75% Mid-rent 25%

Sectional space of communal use

DENSIFY!

Intensification (from north to south or from right to left in the plan below) via:

We suggest a gradient system of densification which prioritises areas closer to main arteries that concentrate functions and movement. Similar to the New Urbanists’ ‘transect planning’ (Duany & Talen, 2002), this slow densification process creates a continuum of experiences with varied levels of built intensity and experience of nature.

1. Linear park along the river 2. Programmed open spaces 3. Pedestrianised street to form urban square 4. New built mass added on top of or next to existing buildings and on the open/green spaces between them AN M ANTS TRAA T

AERL

GARDENS & GARDENS & PLAYGROUNDS PLAYGROUNDS WITH BENEFITS WITH BENEFITS

ANNA BIJNSSTRAAT

MELIS S TOKEHOF

COORNHERTSTRAAT

AT BOENDALESTRAAT V JAN VAN

JACO B VA N

VAN MOERKERKENSTRAAT

MELIS S TOKEHOF

ANTS

MAERL

MELIS S TOKEHOF

TRAA T

BURGEMEESTER VAN LEEUWENLAAN

Kinetic playgrounds DU PE

JAN GOEVERNEURHOF

RRON

JAN GOEVERNEURHOF

OLTMANSSTRAAT

STRA

Allotment gardens

Veggies for urban kitchen

VAN KOETSVELDSTRAAT

RRON

DU PE

LODEWIJK VAN DEYSSELSTRAAT

JAN VAN BEERSSTRAAT

STRA AT

ALBRECHT RODENBACHHOF

ANNA BIJNSSTRAAT

COORNHERTSTRAAT

B VA N

Working station

BURGEMEESTER VAN LEEUWENLAAN

DU PE

STRA AT

Storage for gardens

JAN GOEVERNEURHOF

RRON

DU PE

ALBRECHT RODENBACHHOF

JAN VAN BEERSSTRAAT

STRA AT

LODEWIJK VAN DEYSSELSTRAAT

Parking relocated

STRA

Workshop ALBRECHT RODENBACHHOF

RRON

JAN GOEVERNEURHOF

OLTMANSSTRAAT

VAN KOETSVELDSTRAAT

LANT

MAER

Public mini-library

AT BOENDALESTRAAT V JAN VAN

JACO

RAAT

MELIS S TOKEHOF

Tools cabinet

VAN MOERKERKENSTRAAT

MELIS S TOKEHOF

NTST

ERLA

AN MA

USE USEOF OFOPEN OPEN SPACES SPACES

Revitilisation of the currently underused green spaces between the buildings through the pedestrianisation of one street and the introduction of communal activities such an urban kitchen. In this activity, the residents will gather periodically to cook and eat to-

gether, using the food waste from local supermarkets opening the neighbourhood to passers-by.

SUSTAINABILITY WHICH ENHANCES SOCIAL INTERACTIONS, AMSTERDAM

Water management in the Netherlands Pump

Rainwater Sea level Ground level

Salt water

Sweet water

Rainwater is harvesting from the rooﬅop. Then, this water stored in the open pounds which function as an additional thermal mass and summer air

humidiﬁer. Water from the pound used to irrigate the urban farm. The system produces 6 365 m⁄an of water, which can irrigate 2 300 m of a farm.

Urban farm enhances the communication between occupants of diﬀerent age, promoting the time spend on nature and a healthier lifestyle.

Farm of 2 300 m produces around 28 000 kg of vegetables, which don`t require transportation, thus carbon neutral.

A conservatory provides a pleasant space that can be used for much of the year without recourse to conventional heating.

CONCLUSIONS •

This project takes a magnified and multi-layered strategic approach to one particular neighbourhood of Amsterdam city, concluding with a few tactical and minor interventions that can be tested all-at-once, separately or piecemeal on the ground in Nieuw West or other similar areas.

•

While the Lodewijk van Deysselbuurt neighborhood and its housing forms work relatively well to support the living of the residents, they fall short of satisfying the inhabitants’ present and future needs.

•

Methodologically, the project focuses on the material forms of the neighbourhood (buildings, streets, natural elements); the immaterial and contextual issues such as planning regulations, land uses, social practices; and the ecological conditions that can be found in that particular environment, i.e. the temperature, topography, water networks etc.

•

The triptych [Adapt!Densify!Exploit!] suggests a set of adroit and realistic actions carefully planned to (1) provide bigger, better, mixed, and still affordable housing; (2) create opportunities for spontaneous social interactions; (3) actively mix the socio-economic segments; and (4) make living sustainable and efficient in view of the climate change emergency.

References: Bingham-Hall, J. & Kaasa, A. (2017) ‘Making Cultural Infrastructure: Can We Design the Conditions for Culture?’ Theatrum Mundi report. Druot, F., Lacaton, A. & Vassall, J. P. (2007) Plus: large-scale housing developments: an exceptional case. Barcelona: Gustavo Gili. Duany, A. & Talen, E. (2002) Transect planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 68(3), 245-266. Knappers, L. & Pronkhorst, A. (2019) Amsterdam attracts! Has the city reached its limits? In A. Pronkhorst, M. Provoost & W. Vanstiphout. A City of Comings and Goings. Rotterdam: nai010. 176-215. Van der Hoeven, F. & Wandl, A. (2015) Amsterwarm: Mapping the landuse, health and energy-efficiency implications of the Amsterdam urban heat island. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 36(1), 67-88.

PROJECT GROUP 2

PARTICIPANTS: ANNA SCORRETTI MATILDE BAZZOLO PAVLO KUKURUDZ TOMIRIS KUPZHASSAROVA ANNA POTANINA MENTOR : KONSTANTINOS PANTAZIS

PUBLIC SPACE AS EXTENSION OF HOUSING Nowadays it had become impossible to buy a house in the city center and many different demographical groups are already moving to the periphery of Amsterdam: migrants, young couples and the elderly with a middle-low income). These former suburbs are gradually replacing the old city that is not affordable anymore for its residents. Although we are still facing the same primary challenges of the beginning of the XX century, like housing shortage, lack of jobs and the need for high quality space, we also have the new challenges of the globalized market, overtourism and climate change. The Niew West is challenged to meet the needs of their new residents in all those ways with its big housing stock ready to accommodate new generations of owners and plans underway for further densification.

But this is not enough assuming that cities are not just about housing: they are places of economic and public life, fascinating melting pots of diversity, places of exchange. Our proposal seeks to incorporate the periphery into the civic body enhancing public interaction and investing available public spaces with different meanings and open possibilities.

Westpoort Noord

Nieuw-West

Central Amstedam Oost Zuid

Image 1. Amsterdam sprawling process.

In order to do that we propose an affordable module built with pre-cast concrete elements from dutch construction standards: a Trojan horse in the inner courtyards in wich the abstract idea of public space is finally staged. This new tool will be placed in each courtyard between the anonymous buildings as an open, flexible infrastructure ready to be appropriated by all of the current and future needs of Nieuw West neighbours. Spontaneous programs will fill its modular units activating the trivial green that surrounds the area.

Image 2. and 3. Public spaces in the Niew West today.

SOFT MONUMENTALITY OF A SHARED LANDMARK Currently, many of the 4 stories buildings are standing alone in between parking plots and empty lawns. There is no hierarchy in the city fabric: the scale is the same for all of the programs provided to the neighborhood. Housing blocks blend in with each other and with all the other services. Cars can easily reach those residential fortresses, and the pedestrian paths disappear into the indistinct green space. Each courtyard differs in the publicness of its nature, but overall there is no continuity between the public and the private spaces (Image 4.). A shift from private to public is abrupt with strong dividing inacces-

sible fences, and there are no accessible gathering points or landmarks. This no man’s land is the focal point of the project: it is articulated by the removal of the parking road and creation of the first–floor access porticos from both adjoining buildings. Space is characterized by soft green landscaping, and the pavilion is acting as a new landmark that connects with articulated pathways the surrounding.

a Linear, partially closed, back facade + back facade

b Linear, open, back facade + front facade

Linear, open, back facade + front facade

d Triangular, open, front facade + front facade

e Triangular, closed, back facade + back facade

Triangular, open, back facade + back facade

Image 4. Masterplan of the Niew West case-study with the pavillion placed inbetween the blocks.

b c

Image 5. Analysis of existing public spaces and typologies of courtyards on site.

nobody

a neighbour of the courtyards

one family

district residents

housemates

private territory

Furthermore, with small architectural interventions on the housing blocks, it is possible to connect the courtyards marking new passages. Linked toghether, all these interventions become a liveable promenade through the neighbourhood, articulated in always different situations: from the gathering to the party, from rest to production, from knowledge to conflict. The passages that connect the courtyards are made by reducing the sizes of shared areas within the block (storage space, circulation area and the general room) - a small sacrifice towards a new shared realm (Image 6.).

The number of the pavilion units correlates to the number of flats within the housing block. The pavilions are designed to be provided by the Housing Association, and each apartment is assigned a small space of 3 square meters inside. Thus, the cheap structural element with little possibility to be used individually becomes a decisive point of public mediation. As units are combined together, the collective program can begin. This simple element can suggest inhabitants how to dwell and live together: a space that is more public than a rooms, but more intimate than a square.

The structure of the pavilion is provided by standard prefabricated concrete units (Image 7.) It is a minimal graft for flexible usage. storage room

stairs

Image 6. Expansion pf public realm into the housing with new passages

general room

The pavilion is usually an element belonging to the sphere of the park, thanks to its nature of public passage and shelter from the rain, but within our proposal, the garden pavilion is an opportune economic unit in disguise of a garden shed.

Inspired by smart practices of economic use of available space, the project finally provides a shape to the many examples of already existing practices of shared gardens, urban farming and shared energy productions resources.

Image 7. Garden shed/Pavillion - a trojan horse inside the public space

terrace

Сommunal Pool

Pleasure Garden

Communal Kitchen

swimming pool

Chicken Farm

Elderly facility combined with a daycare centre

WHAT MAKES A CITY LIVABLE? Looking to Niew West new expansion, sprawling on the periphery, the issue of the housing quality should include aspects as the livablility of the neighborhood, which are often being overlooked. One of the aspects that are always being brought into discussion when considering postwar residential neighborhoods is their ability to be transformed according to the needs of today’s residents within their repetitive planning grids. The project proposes an ancillary space to the housing unit – to expand one’s private life into the the public realm. How the public realm could satisfy one’s personal housing needs? As the rising prices reduce the sizing of the apartments, the small additional space within public realm opens up many possibilities. Another important challenge that urban planners had always struggle with is the need to give identity and orientation, introducing variety as opposed to monotony.

Instead of churches and city halls a new type of landmark is proposed: something monumental yet unfinished, specific yet flexible. Furthermore, the price and value of land is ever increasing and it is almost ironic to have such underused large expanses of land as the ones available on the site. The pavilion within this context claims the rights of the residents to use the public land. Hosting programs such as production of green energy, farming and other economic and social functions the pavilion is the manifestation of all the potentials of a shared space.

PROJECT GROUP 3

PARTICIPANTS: PEDRO SILVA COSTA LAURENS SCHUITMAKER IRYNA TSYBA YELYZAVETA REDKINA EWA WASILEVSKA MENTOR : GIANMARIA SOCCI

‘NEW NEW WEST’ In 1959 we came to live in Nieuw West, overjoyed that we finally had our own flat. We belonged to the first residents, so the pavement was not completely finished yet; we had to walk through sand and emergency roads. The children soon started playing in the street, there was no traffic at all, and there was plenty of room to build huts and set up tents. It was a true play paradise. The lake was then a beach bath where they could play in the sand. In the winter, the ditch next to the street was skated and there was skidding from the dyke on which the metro now runs. The children grew older and left the house. Forced by the continuing shortage of homes, many left for the peripheral municipalities such as Almere. The elderly nevertheless began to miss the luxury of lifts and central heating. And so gradually one after the other began to move. People with a different cultural background came to live in the vacated flats, so the social cohesion between the residents unfortunately disappeared. But I still happily think back to the fun start period in Nieuw West. This is how the history of Nieuw West started and evolved. At least we imagined it like that. Nieuw West – a patchwork of stories, a place where the pioneers brought meaning into the modernistic housing structure. They filled empty rooms with their breath, empty schools with their kids and the empty agora with the new social fabric. After this revolutionary start, an “eternal, linear present” or, in Walter Benjamin’s words, a «homogeneous empty time» began. Many things got stuck: applicants in the waiting lists, big families in too small flats, elderly people in oversized apartments, housing associations in the jaws of a brutal economic machine... In our draft we would like to refresh pre-capitalist notions of time based on cyclical relationships between moments of the past, present and future as well as focus on subjective human experience within a neighbourhood.

Because essentially it is all about people. People living in Lodewijk van Deyssel may be seen through sociological categories as: couples, bigger families 3+, elderly singles or families with non-western backgrounds. Each of these categories is like a snapshot of a rotating three-dimensional object at a given moment – it is hard to guess the shape and the moves behind the frozen picture. In 20 years’ time, the same residents may live in other (family-like or non-family) settings. Also, governmental and administrative decisions could push young students, immigrants or asylum seekers to Nieuw West. Having seen the rigid floor plans of existing buildings you may ask, paraphrasing Winston Churchill: Did the idea of a specific style of living shape this architecture or did, reversely, the architecture shape a specific style of living?

Evaluating a survey we conducted among the participants of the workshop, and we were surprised to learn that many amenities in a market-typical flat were not necessarily considered “private” and that there was a great willingness to share (vacuum cleaners, washing machines, mirrors, terraces etc.). At the same time we found out about the spaces people do not want to share at all: bedroom, bathroom and walk-in closets. We relied on the results of the survey when designing our floor plans in order to satisfy both the human desire to share and the right to private space. The profit-oriented housing market today does not offer such a combination. In most cases, it tends to minimise sharing in order to avoid questions of responsibility and legal issues, delivering clearly separated flats instead. More collective models of living you can find in retirement communities, student dormitories or co-housing cooperatives are the exception rather than the rule.

Although the size of the ‘very private space’ required to satisfy the needs for protection, autonomy etc. is a personal and cultural matter, this model of shared space could contribute to overcoming the problem of social isolation and loneliness western societies are suffering from (J. Cacioppo, E. Portacolone). Taking about the housing of tomorrow we should not forget the important voices of feminist architects like Dolores Hayden – her research on cooperative housekeeping and her ideas for kitchenless single houses with communal kitchens in a block, communal laundries or day-care facilities as a strategy against isolation in the home inspired us to take sharing as a central value of our concept.

THE CYCLE OF HUMAN LIFE Is an important, if not central issue for many social sciences. However, modern architecture does not offer satisfactory concepts of how to accommodate people throughout their lifespan (changing location, changing spatial demands). We pin our hopes on management to answer this question. We imagined it as a new type of housing contract which provides,

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depending on current demand, the possibility to get more space, give it back, change the floor or unit within the same building. We imagined it as a new type of housing contract – where people, depending on current demand, have the possibility to get more place, give it back, change the floor or unit within the same building.

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One family housing story:

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NEW WEST 2035 HOUSING CONTRACT

•

The principle of solidarity: Equal relationships between people of different ages, gendersand, origins Integration of refugees into Dutch society. Keep Amsterdam accessible for new comers with the current pressure on the housing market. Provide housing for the middle segment, which can no longer enter social housing.

•

The principle of balance with nature: Nature education as mean of empowerment

AGREEMENT - MANIFESTO

The main objectives of development in freedom can be divided into 3 fundamental principles, which have been deciding for the way in which we wish to arrange ourselves: •

The principle of self-administration and responsibility: Foster the self-activation of the residents by encouraging creativity and supporting enterpreneurship. Self-managed neighbourhood. Promote the fair sharing of resources

SHAREABILITY

At the same time we found out about the spaces people do not want to share at all: bedroom, bathroom and walk-in closets. We relied on the results of the survey when designing our floor plans in order to satisfy both the human desire to share and the right to private space.

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SYSTEM If we agree with Hazel Henderson that all economies are sets of rules, derived from cultural norms, we can choose by which regulatory strategy our local economy should be driven. There is a variety of solutions starting from open systems (private sector, Adam Smith’s rules: win-lose) to closed systems (cooperative rules, win-win). Although we live in a free market paradigm und tend to think in monetary categories, there are many communities relying on the social, horizontal bonds to satisfy their needs and proving that “conventional economic indicators are irrelevant to the well-being of people” (Max-Neef). Barter and sharing may largely replace monetary trading when there is enough bridging social capital, i.e. when people share the same values. According R. Putnam this is a link correlating diversity and trust within communities. Our proposal of empowering community is based on visible and invisible structures. The visible structure

Collage of the possible scenario

is like hardware – a network of workshops making it possible for inhabitants to produce goods (like vegetables, electronic tools or music). These places have a spatial dimension, are anchored in space. At the same time they enable entrepreneurial activity – everyone wanting to run a venture can get a workshop for one year. This possibility is bound with the responsibility to participate and connect with the community (by, e.g., organizing concerts, public readings, meetings) and to look after the interiors and the space outside (if applicable). This agreement may have a positive impact on the costs of maintenance, which, in recent years, have been very high. The invisible structure is primarily a network of caring, knowledge and soft skills. Like a software is portable and based on people that Manfred MaxNeef considers “as social actors who can help create a participatory and decentralized form of democracy”. They could be informal teachers using semi-private living rooms to share their knowledge, accountants helping with tax return or compassionate inhabitants reacting to inquiries via the App “the emergency nanny” Saskia Sassen talked about in Parkhuis de Zwijger, Amsterdam, in August 2016. We wish

the services of those people could be exchanged with other services and close the non-monetary circle within the ‘Lodewijk van Deyssel’ community. Following this path we imagined a parliament of houses as an invisible structure that makes all of this possible. Ever house could post one person taking care of communication, responsible to react to urgent problems and organising annual assembly

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COMMUNICATION SUPERVISION

SUPERVISION

SPACE. FLOOR PLAN VARIETY AND TYPOLOGY STRATEGY STRATEGY

BUILDING BLOCKS BUILDING BLOCKS

STRATEGY

BUILDING BLOCKS

STRATEGY

4 single units (compact core) 4 single units (compact core) 4 single units (compact core)

EXISTING

4 single units (compact core)

ExitingEXISTING

EXISTING

clustering services clustering+ services + combine clustering services combine + combine

Strip

STRIP STRIP

EXTRA EXTRA

STRIP FLOOR FLOOR

SPACE SPACE

EXTRA

FLOOR

SPACE

Clusering services + combine

clustering services clustering+ services + combine clustering combine & services + & differentiate combine differentiate & differentiate

S E R V I C E - Z O N E S E R V I family C unit E - Z O N E S E R V I C E - Z O N E 1 single unit 1 duble unit + Shared: living room kitchen dining

EXPAND EXPAND + + ADD SERVICES ZONE EXPAND ZONE ADD SERVICES + ADD SERVICES ZONE

Expand + add services zone

Clusering services + combine & differentiate

family unit family unit

1 single unit 1 duble unit + Shared: living room kitchen dining

4 th floorplan proposal

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5 th floorplan proposal

bedrooms

Shared: living room kitchen dining co-working

bedrooms

Shared: living room kitchen dining co-working

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bedrooms

2 nd floorplan proposal

Shared: living room kitchen dining co-working

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3d floorplan proposal

bedrooms

bedrooms Shared: living room kitchen dining co-working

bedrooms

2 single units + Shared: kitchen dining

bedrooms

2 single units + Shared: kitchen dining

public unit public unit

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Floorplan combination proposal GSPublisherVersion 0.0.100.100

Ground floor proposal GSPublisherVersion 0.0.100.100

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1st floorplan proposal

loﬅ loﬅ

duble unit

living bedrooms

coworking

common living room

terrace

bedrooms kitchen

large family unit

duble unit

single unit

cafe

Scheme section

laundry

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First floor SCHEME FIRSTscheme FLOOR

SCHEME GROUND FLOOR

Ground floor scheme

MASTERPLAN Please, do not believe that this is a masterplan because we abolished the “master” figure and because our proposal is based on a cyclical conception of time. Just like the low and high tides wash away structures people built, our annual agreement renews common spaces (but the people stay!). There is no final shape, the current state changes as the people and their lives change. We designed a process of

raising/destructing/reshaping/rebirth. Infrastructure is as generic as it can be, allowing people to reshape space and bring meaning into it for a while.

LAYERED APPROACH LAYERED APPROACH

CONCLUSIONS Our proposal in short: Flexible housing contract Open floor plans within one staircase – reduced private space, more shared spaces – changed pattern of domestic life towards cooperative housekeeping Self-governing community with internal structures based on “human scale development” Cyclical time - cyclical changes in open spaces – annual agreements between inhabitants/ entrepreneurs and housing association Shift of cost from maintenance to social management and liveability non-monetary circle of sharing goods and services within the ‘Lodewijk van Deyssel’ community (prosumption /CBPP). We would like to continue writing the Nieuw West story: In 2035 I came to live in New New west, overjoyed that I finally got to share one of the innovative units. I belonged to the first new residents that had this opportunity to feel the new era of co-living. I didn’t have to wait for a long time before my flatmates moved in. It was a nice family from Turkey with a 8 years old child Ilkay. I could contribute my knowledge of English to teach him grammar and the credits that I earned by doing that helped me to attend electronic workshops regularly and learn to fix my iphone 35 by myself. When Ilkay grew older he moved to London for studies and by that time I had a girlfriend with whom I wanted to move in. So according to the New New west flexible contract we could occupy the former Ilkay’s room, and now it’s our bedroom. Now we are planning on having a child in one year so recently we went to our local manager from housing association and applied for one more room that we’ll need soon. Meanwhile my tech skills have improved to the point that I started renting the ground floor of the public tower where I run my business two days a week. I really love the pioneering spirit of the neighbourhood – there is always something happening. I feel lucky and I can see how this new model of living is empowering people not only in the neighbourhood but across all Amsterdam. References: Cacioppo J. (2008) Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection, New York: W. W. Norton & Co Hayden, D. (1981) The grand domestic revolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Illich I. (1971) Deschooling Society, London: Calder & Boyars Putnam, R. (2000) Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York: Simon & Schuster Max-Neef M. (1991) Human scale development: conception, application and further reflections, London: Apex Press

PROJECT GROUP 4

PARTICIPANTS: ANTONIO FARIA CORINA POPA DARIA BOROVYK DARYNA PYROGOVA ANTON NIKITIN MARTA POPYK MENTOR : ROEL GRIFFIOEN

REIMAGINING THE NEIGHBORHOOD FROM THE INSIDE-OUT A USER GENERATED DESIGN STRATEGY TOWARDS 2035 The painful irony of the large-scale socio-spatial restructuring of the post-war Dutch housing estates is that it is based on the same pillars as the modernistic planning that it is supposed to correct.

Modernist urban planning is disqualified as being technocratic, top-down and dependent on the idea of a tabula rasa. But the solutions formulated since the late 1990s are equally technocratic, top–down and dependent on the idea of a tabula rasa. This certainly applies to the Nieuw-West district of Amsterdam, a series of urban expansion neighbourhoods built in the 1950s and 1960s, based on an urban development plan that was designed in the 1930s under the leadership of CIAM chairman Cornelis van Eesteren. Especially the plans for this area developed in the 2000s under the project name Parkstad were—certainly in retrospect—hallucinatory in terms of the projected scale and the way in which decision-making processes were fenced off from public scrutiny. The Parkstad master plan stipulated the demolition of 13,300 social housing units, most of which would be replaced by more expensive unregulated rental and owner-occupied units, with the objective of ‘opening up’ the district to higher income groups. The residents were not listened to—at least not really. Participation processes were mainly used to provide quasi-democratic legitimacy for policies that were already being rolled out. Much has changed since. The ‘demolition fever’ of the noughties was suppressed by the financial crisis of 2008 and the subsequent malaise in the construction sector. The colossal and monolithic Parkstad master plan was broken down into more feasible but fragmented subplans. Housing corporations—crucial players in the Nieuw-West district as proprietors of the public housing stock—learned to demonstrate more awareness of the potential heritage value of the post-war architecture and more sensitivity to the needs and wishes of their tenants.

Nevertheless, residents still experience a ‘democratic deficit’ and a lack of access to the decision-making machinery. They do not feel heard in the design of their living environment. Two important participation experts, whom we consulted in the context of our research, also state in no uncertain terms that moments of participation are often an afterthought and do not form an integral part of the planning processes. Participation in the Netherlands is often a case “too little, too late”, they argue. More than 60 years after the construction of Nieuw-West the general process of a largescale urban design is still extremely linear and top-down. We challenge this process and the idea that it can result in an ever-lasting solution.

Our approach is to redesign the neighbourhood from the inside out. We argue that the design process needs to be centred around user feedback, co-design and flexible methodologies on all scales, from the scale of the city to the scale of the individual housing unit. Our group is composed of members from different professional and cultural backgrounds. In order to take maximum advantage of our internal diversity, we decided for this workshop to take on the guise of a fictional consultancy agency, that we named Submarine Consultancy. This framework allowed us to take on different roles that resonate with our different skill sets and interests. Our research product is an advice to the municipality, the district council and housing corporations—important stakeholders in the renewal of Amsterdam New West. It is centered, however, around what should be regarded as the key stakeholders of any urban intervention: the users, the residents.

Due to historical, cultural and societal developments, our user today is in a continuous flux. The general process of a large-scale urban design, however, is extremely linear and allows for very little user feedback and flexibility.

involve them in the process of development, work together, design, build, gather feedback. Redesign if necessary. Use the feedback to configure the design for the next location.

BUILD ON THE EXPERIENCE AND AND SO, WHAT IF WE WERE TO FEEDBACK OF THE PREVIOUS STEP. BORROW A PAGE FROM THE AGILE METHODOLOGY AND INSTEAD OF As expressed through the methodology, it is of high importance to have the residents involved TRYING TO FIX IT ALL AT ONCE, WE GO throughout the entire project, from start to finish and SMALL? beyond. The Agile Project Management methodology enables teams to release segments as they’re completed. This continuous release schedule allows for teams to demonstrate that these segments are successful and, if not, to fix flaws quickly. The advantage is that this helps reduce the chance of large-scale failures, because there is continuous improvement throughout the lifecycle of the project. Start with small strategic locations. Talk to people,

PLAN

DESIGN

BUILD

DEMOLISH AND REPEAT

IMPLEMENTATION

Classic linear design process

DEMAND

RESEARCH USER FEEDBACK

CO-DESIGN

BUILD AREA 1

CO-DESIGN AREA 2

REVIEW BUILT AREAS

BUILD AREA 2

(Based on user feedbacka nd previous experiences)

(Based on user feedback and experience of previous area(s))

CO-DESIGN AREA 3

REVIEW AREA 2

If necessary

User oriented process

REVIEW RESULT

CO-DESIGN (If necessary)

IMPLEMENT CHANGES

REVIEW AREA 1

If necessary

REPEAT as many time as necessary

BUILD AREA 3

REVIEW AREA 3

If necessary

USE

REVIEW LONG TERM IMPACT

CO-DESIGN (If necessary)

IMPLEMENT CHANGES

If necessary

USE

CONTINOUS PROCESS OF REVIEW AND TRANSFORMATION

There are, however, two layers of communications required here: the communication throughout the project and the constant cultural, sociological and administrative feedback between the residents of a city and its administration. The project communication relies on having all parties involved at the right time in its development. It requires that the residents are informed, assisted in translating their needs into actual steps that can be implemented and the resource that is user feedback properly utilized.

IN ORDER TO AVOID GETTING TO THE POINT WHERE LARGE SCALE PROJECTS OF REDEVELOPMENT, SUCH AS THE FORMER PARKSTAD MASTERPLAN FOR NIEUW-WEST, ARE REQUIRED WE NEED TO CREATE AND INTEGRATE A PROCESS OF CONSTANT FEEDBACK TO IMPLEMENTATION. AND FOR THAT, WE NEED MUCH GREATER CHANGES ON SOCIAL, CULTURAL, ADMINISTRATIVE AND ECONOMIC LEVELS. This can be achieved through a larger variety of contact methods, tailored methods per resident type, education, awareness, as well as research programs. Such a coherent and adaptable social structure would redistribute both the power as well as the responsibility of the process.

PROJECT IS ON THE TABLE

INFORMATIONAL CAMPAIGN

Public presentation and collecting fast feedback

Raising awareness posters billboards SMM leaflets newspapers

1 5

3 RESEARCH ON NEEDS SPECIFICATION Collecting different type of data surveys street conversations SWOT + TOWS ABCD (assets based community development)

IDEATION OF SOLUTIONS

Developing strategies to meet the residents’ needs workshops world café open space

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FIRST SOLUTION Testing first solution during short period of time (1-3 month)

7 6 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FINAL SOLUTION

M&E

Monitoring and evaluating system on the city level, collecting of feedback on the long term basis

FEEDBACK ROUND + REDESIGN

Collecting feedback + analysis + developing new improved solution

Participation process

VISION

VALUES

SCALE

DEMOCRATIZATION OF CONTRACTS

FLEXIBILITY

EMPOWERMENT

HOUSING

RIGHT TO THE CITY AND RIGHT TO THE HOUSING

VISION

DESIGN BY USERS

NO DEMOLITION

COMMUNITY CENTE SELF-ORGANIZATIO

AFFORDABILITY

THE COMMONS

PUBLIC SPACE

PARTICIPATORY PLAN

CO-DESIGN

EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC MANAGEMENT

PUBLIC PARTICIPATI ENHANCE POPULATI

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS

STABLE AND CONTROLLE

LEGAL & FINANCE

RIGHT TO DECISION MA

RAISING AWARENE

COMMUNICATION VISION

VALUES

SCALE

NIEUW-WEST

STRATEGY

INHABITANTS

CO-DESIGN

STRATEGIES IN CONTEXT

DESIGN

OUTCOME

DEMOCRATIZATION OF CONTRACTS

UNDER 15 YEARS OLD FLEXIBILITY

HOUSING

HOUSING STRATEGY

MULTIPLE POSSIBILITIES IN THE FUTURE FOR THE RIGHT TO THE CITY AND THE RIGHT TO THE HOUSING

EMPOWERMENT

NO DEMOLITION

30 YEARS OLD YOUNG FAMILY QUALITIES OF THE PLACE GARDEN CITY SPACIOUS 1950’S ARCHITECTURE

THE COMMONS

PUBLIC SPACE

PUBLIC SPACE STRATEGY

EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC SPACE MANAGEMENT

ELDERLY PEOPLE

CITY

LEGAL & FINANCE

LEGAL & FINANCE STRATEGY

SHARE+SERVICE

TENANT/ SHAREHOLDER

LIVES & PAYS

NEWCOMERS RAISING AWARENESS

LEISURE ACTIVITIES

ELEMENTS OF NATURE

PLAYGROUND ELEMENTS

STABLE AND CONTROLLED RENT

LEGAL & FINANCE RIGHT TO DECISION MAKING

COMMUNICATION

INFRASTRUCTURE

PUBLIC SPACE

NEWCOMERS

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ENHANCE POPULATION

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS

APPLY TO

NEEDS OF INHABITANTS ENHANCING EDUCATION QUALITY HOUSING ACCESS TO DECISIONMAKING

PARTICIPATORY PLANNING

CO-DESIGN

MIDDLE AGED PEOPLE

PARTICIPATORY PLANNING

VISION

RIGHT TO THE CITY AND RIGHT TO THE HOUSING

DESIGN BY USERS

COMMUNITY CENTER SELF-ORGANIZATION

AFFORDABILITY

LOAN 30-40YEARS

BUILDING+SERVICE

CO-OPERATIVE MONTHLY PAYMENT

MONTHLY PAYMENT

REPRESENTS SHAREHOLDERS

HOUSING CORPORATION

BUILDS, PRODUCES MATERIALS, MANAGES

CREDITOR MONTHLY PAYMENT + COLLATERAL 1) NEW STOCK 2) EXISTING STOCK

GIVES A LOAN

NIEUW-WEST

STRATEGY

INHABIT

UNDER 15 Y HOUSING STRATEGY

30 YEAR YOUNG F QUALITIES OF THE PLACE

ER ON

GARDEN CITY SPACIOUS 1950’S ARCHITECTURE

MIDDLE AGE

APPLY TO

PUBLIC SPACE STRATEGY

NEEDS OF INHABITANTS ENHANCING EDUCATION QUALITY HOUSING ACCESS TO DECISIONMAKING

NNING

SPACE

ELDERLY

NEWCO

ION ION

ED RENT

LEGAL & FINANCE STRATEGY

AKING

NEWCO

ESS

VISION

VALUES

SCALE

NIEUW-WEST

STRATEGY

INHABITANTS

CO-DESIGN

STRATEGIES IN CONTEXT

DESIGN

OUTCOME

DEMOCRATIZATION OF CONTRACTS

UNDER 15 YEARS OLD FLEXIBILITY

HOUSING

HOUSING STRATEGY

MULTIPLE POSSIBILITIES IN THE FUTURE FOR THE RIGHT TO THE CITY AND THE RIGHT TO THE HOUSING

EMPOWERMENT

NO DEMOLITION

30 YEARS OLD YOUNG FAMILY QUALITIES OF THE PLACE GARDEN CITY SPACIOUS 1950’S ARCHITECTURE

THE COMMONS

PUBLIC SPACE

PUBLIC SPACE STRATEGY

EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC SPACE MANAGEMENT

ELDERLY PEOPLE

INFRASTRUCTURE

PUBLIC SPACE

LEISURE ACTIVITIES

ELEMENTS OF NATURE

PLAYGROUND ELEMENTS

NEWCOMERS

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ENHANCE POPULATION

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS

APPLY TO

NEEDS OF INHABITANTS ENHANCING EDUCATION QUALITY HOUSING ACCESS TO DECISIONMAKING

PARTICIPATORY PLANNING

CO-DESIGN

MIDDLE AGED PEOPLE

PARTICIPATORY PLANNING

VISION

RIGHT TO THE CITY AND RIGHT TO THE HOUSING

DESIGN BY USERS

COMMUNITY CENTER SELF-ORGANIZATION

AFFORDABILITY

CITY

STABLE AND CONTROLLED RENT

LEGAL & FINANCE

LEGAL & FINANCE STRATEGY

SHARE+SERVICE

TENANT/ SHAREHOLDER

LIVES & PAYS

RIGHT TO DECISION MAKING

LOAN 30-40YEARS

BUILDING+SERVICE

CO-OPERATIVE MONTHLY PAYMENT

MONTHLY PAYMENT

REPRESENTS SHAREHOLDERS

HOUSING CORPORATION

BUILDS, PRODUCES MATERIALS, MANAGES

CREDITOR MONTHLY PAYMENT + COLLATERAL 1) NEW STOCK 2) EXISTING STOCK

GIVES A LOAN

NEWCOMERS RAISING AWARENESS

COMMUNICATION

NIEUW-WEST

INHABITANTS

CO-DESIGN

UNDER 15 YEARS OLD

QUALITIES OF THE PLACE

MIDDLE AGED PEOPLE

GARDEN CITY SPACIOUS 1950’S ARCHITECTURE APPLY TO

EGY

NEEDS OF INHABITANTS ENHANCING EDUCATION QUALITY HOUSING ACCESS TO DECISIONMAKING

ELDERLY PEOPLE NEWCOMERS

TEGY NEWCOMERS

VISION

VALUES

SCALE

NIEUW-WEST

STRATEGY

INHABITANTS

CO-DESIGN

STRATEGIES IN CONTEXT

DESIGN

OUTCOME

DEMOCRATIZATION OF CONTRACTS

UNDER 15 YEARS OLD FLEXIBILITY

HOUSING

HOUSING STRATEGY

MULTIPLE POSSIBILITIES IN THE FUTURE FOR THE RIGHT TO THE CITY AND THE RIGHT TO THE HOUSING

EMPOWERMENT

NO DEMOLITION

30 YEARS OLD YOUNG FAMILY QUALITIES OF THE PLACE

AFFORDABILITY

GARDEN CITY SPACIOUS 1950’S ARCHITECTURE

THE COMMONS

PUBLIC SPACE

PUBLIC SPACE STRATEGY

EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC SPACE MANAGEMENT

ELDERLY PEOPLE

CITY

LEGAL & FINANCE

LEGAL & FINANCE STRATEGY

SHARE+SERVICE

TENANT/ SHAREHOLDER

LIVES & PAYS

NEWCOMERS RAISING AWARENESS

LEISURE ACTIVITIES

ELEMENTS OF NATURE

PLAYGROUND ELEMENTS

STABLE AND CONTROLLED RENT

LEGAL & FINANCE RIGHT TO DECISION MAKING

COMMUNICATION

INFRASTRUCTURE

PUBLIC SPACE

NEWCOMERS

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ENHANCE POPULATION

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS

MIDDLE AGED PEOPLE

APPLY TO

NEEDS OF INHABITANTS ENHANCING EDUCATION QUALITY HOUSING ACCESS TO DECISIONMAKING

PARTICIPATORY PLANNING

CO-DESIGN

PARTICIPATORY PLANNING

VISION

RIGHT TO THE CITY AND RIGHT TO THE HOUSING

DESIGN BY USERS

COMMUNITY CENTER SELF-ORGANIZATION

LOAN 30-40YEARS

BUILDING+SERVICE

CO-OPERATIVE MONTHLY PAYMENT

MONTHLY PAYMENT

REPRESENTS SHAREHOLDERS

HOUSING CORPORATION

BUILDS, PRODUCES MATERIALS, MANAGES

CREDITOR MONTHLY PAYMENT + COLLATERAL 1) NEW STOCK 2) EXISTING STOCK

GIVES A LOAN

PARTICIPATORY PLANNING

30 YEARS OLD YOUNG FAMILY

STRAT

TEGIES IN CONTEXT

OUTCOME

DESIGN

MULTIPLE POSSIBILITIES IN THE FUTURE FOR THE RIGHT TO THE CITY AND THE RIGHT TO THE HOUSING

HOUSING

INFRASTRUCTURE

LEISURE ACTIVITIES

PUBLIC SPACE

ELEMENTS OF NATURE

PLAYGROUND ELEMENTS

CITY

LEGAL & FINANCE

SHARE+SERVICE

TENANT/ SHAREHOLDER

LIVES & PAYS

VISION

VALUES

SCALE

LOAN 30-40YEARS

BUILDING+SERVICE

CO-OPERATIVE MONTHLY PAYMENT

MONTHLY PAYMENT

REPRESENTS SHAREHOLDERS

HOUSING CORPORATION

CREDITOR MONTHLY PAYMENT + COLLATERAL 1) NEW STOCK 2) EXISTING STOCK

BUILDS, PRODUCES MATERIALS, MANAGES

GIVES A LOAN

NIEUW-WEST

STRATEGY

INHABITANTS

CO-DESIGN

STRATEGIES IN CONTEXT

DESIGN

OUTCOME

DEMOCRATIZATION OF CONTRACTS

UNDER 15 YEARS OLD FLEXIBILITY

HOUSING

HOUSING STRATEGY

MULTIPLE POSSIBILITIES IN THE FUTURE FOR THE RIGHT TO THE CITY AND THE RIGHT TO THE HOUSING

EMPOWERMENT

NO DEMOLITION

30 YEARS OLD YOUNG FAMILY QUALITIES OF THE PLACE GARDEN CITY SPACIOUS 1950’S ARCHITECTURE

THE COMMONS

PUBLIC SPACE

PUBLIC SPACE STRATEGY

EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC SPACE MANAGEMENT

ELDERLY PEOPLE

INFRASTRUCTURE

PUBLIC SPACE

LEISURE ACTIVITIES

ELEMENTS OF NATURE

PLAYGROUND ELEMENTS

NEWCOMERS

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ENHANCE POPULATION

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS

APPLY TO

NEEDS OF INHABITANTS ENHANCING EDUCATION QUALITY HOUSING ACCESS TO DECISIONMAKING

PARTICIPATORY PLANNING

CO-DESIGN

MIDDLE AGED PEOPLE

PARTICIPATORY PLANNING

VISION

RIGHT TO THE CITY AND RIGHT TO THE HOUSING

DESIGN BY USERS

COMMUNITY CENTER SELF-ORGANIZATION

AFFORDABILITY

CITY

STABLE AND CONTROLLED RENT

LEGAL & FINANCE

LEGAL & FINANCE STRATEGY

SHARE+SERVICE

TENANT/ SHAREHOLDER

LIVES & PAYS

RIGHT TO DECISION MAKING

LOAN 30-40YEARS

BUILDING+SERVICE

CO-OPERATIVE MONTHLY PAYMENT

MONTHLY PAYMENT

REPRESENTS SHAREHOLDERS

HOUSING CORPORATION

BUILDS, PRODUCES MATERIALS, MANAGES

CREDITOR MONTHLY PAYMENT + COLLATERAL 1) NEW STOCK 2) EXISTING STOCK

GIVES A LOAN

NEWCOMERS RAISING AWARENESS

COMMUNICATION

When we address the housing scale, we must work on different levels in order to achieve the right to have a home. First of all, we propose an alternative solution to the partial demolition of the existing housing stock. We strongly believe that we must look towards alternatives of densification without destroying the existing buildings, thus avoiding the displacement of the people who live in the neighbourhood. The densification strategy that we present aims to be gradual and adaptable with the residents’ participation and feedback at every step. We suggest adding new low-rise buildings on the north side and on the west side free–standing structure capable and flexible enough to add houses made in a co-design process.

be considered. That way, it is possible to densify without demolishing any existing structure. Besides adding new volumes on the scale of the neighbourhood, we also propose strategies to improve the existing buildings (see diagram above). By changing floor plans or adding an elevator or winter garden, the houses can evolve with the changing needs of the users. In the end, it is important to state that these strategies can only be successful if we establish a participatory planning and a co-design process, in order to solve the real problems pointed out by the residents and work towards a place they can call home.

Adding new volumes by attaching them to the existing ones is another proposal that we believe should

Attic

OR...

HOUSING STRATEGIES 2nd, 3rd and 4th floor

Enhance community : add new common space Potentiate densification : add new apartments Improve accessibility : add elevators Extend the facade : add winter garden and balcony Potentiate inclusivness : add new apartments, stop evictions

1st floor

Ground floor

100

Common areas

Working with the modernist heritage of the garden cities means working with large public spaces which are often accused of being empty and not providing liveability on the streets. We believe that large open spaces and the omnipresence of green zones are assets, not problems. They provide opportunity and space to create programs and add facilities.

PUBLIC SPACE ONLY WORKS WHEN IT IS CREATED BY THE PUBLIC. We are deeply convinced that public space only works when it is created not for the public but by the public. The problem we see is a lack of communication and public participation in the process of creating public spaces.

PLAYGROUND ELEMENTS

INFRASTRUCTURE

Our team argues that the top–down planning approach does not result in desirable public spaces and has little or no effect on community involvement, empowerment of the residents, or enhancing the quality of public life in the district. However, these criteria of good neighbourhood design can be achieved by involving people in the design process and into the decision-making. User participation not only results in achieving a particular goal (for example, the improvement of quality of public space) but also helps to empower the community and to create social sustainability. While realizing that this approach is much more time consuming and resource demanding, we argue that only the creation of public spaces by the public can lead to success.

LEISURE ACTIVITIES

ELEMENTS OF NATURE

101

CITY

SHARE+SERVICE

TENANT/ SHAREHOLDER LIVES & PAYS

MONTHLY PAYMENT

CO-OPERATIVE

REPRESENTS SHAREHOLDERS

There is a unique system of housing corporations in the Netherlands. The solution for a shortage of affordable housing is to build more houses, using the book value that housing corporations already have. After all, it is more cost-effective to end a shortage of affordable housing than to “manage” it. We also think that it is more cost–effective for housing corporations to build and to produce basic building materials. According to our preliminary estimations, it might be up to 15-20% cheaper than to outsource the named services. We believe that a model of co-ownership in the form of cooperative housing is one of the ways to involve people more into the community. This is the model that we have in mind for the new volumes in the project area. The idea is that individual users will be shareholders instead of tenants. The housing corporation attracts money on financial markets and agrees on a long-term payment schedule for 30-40 years with a cooperative. Shareholders of a cooperative can inhabit an apartment and in return, make a monthly payment. After 30-40 years, co-operative will own the building. Each party of framework performs tasks as stipulated on the drawing.

102

LOAN 30-40 YEARS

BUILDING+SERVICE

MONTHLY PAYMENT

HOUSING CORPORATION BUILDS, PRODUCES MATERIALS, MAINTAINS

CREDITOR MONTHLY PAYMENT + COLLATERAL 1) NEW STOCK 2) EXISTING STOCK

GIVES A LOAN

The key point that remains despite the change of model is the affordability of housing – the price of rent does not go over the threshold for social rent. This can be achieved by minimizing the costs of construction and production and prolonging the payback period. During that payback period, no subletting or transfer of tenancy is allowed with some minor exceptions and reservations for student exchange programs or internships. Upon completion of the payment period, the housing cooperative acquires the right of ownership over the property. Then two scenarios are possible. First, to keep on living in one’s own dwelling or, second, to sell that property. To avoid the second option that in practice can work as a delayed transferal of social housing into the free market, we introduce the one-entrance rule. In other words, we let the shareholder freely decide on the disposal of such a property, but by selling it and gaining a profit, the shareholder loses her or his right to enter the social market again. Within the new model, there also exists the possibility of exchanging dwellings once the household expands – e.g. children are born and thus, more space is crucial – and another way round when the household shrinks – e.g. one of tenants moves out and less space is economically viable. These and other considerations are all reflected in the contract to serve the stability of social housing market further on in the future while also fostering tenants’ sense of belonging to their own home.

CONTRACT ART. 1. AGREEMENT The landlord (hereinafter — the Housing Corporation) is letting an independent dwelling to Housing Cooperative, intended for occupation by [n] Tenants, situated at street and number ..., town/city .. ART. 2. THE PROPERTY COMPRISES (No furniture is included in the property - personalized approach to design — consequently, freedom to organize the space): cold water, hot water, shower, toilet, fitted kitchen, TV connection, cycle storage, telephone connection, central heating, electric heating, other.

ART. 7. THE RIGHT TO EXCHANGE In case the amount number of occupants change before the buy-out date, and the dwelling is no longer suitable to meet the housing demand of the household, the tenant has the right to change the dwelling within the social housing system, subject to the availability of stock. Depending on the parameters of the dwellings to be exchanged, the tenants agree on the change of the payment rent accordingly. ART. 8. EARLY TERMINATION This agreement can be terminated early by giving three month’s notice by: The landlord: •

for serious reasons relating to the behavior of the tenant which jeopardizes the purpose of the social house;

•

for non-payment of 2 consecutive monthly rents.

ART. 3. DURATION The rental period is 30-40 years, starting on 201(X) and ending on 201(X). ART. 4. RENT AND COSTS

The tenant: The rent is € 700 per month. The rent includes the following indicated items: water in the room and in communal areas, electricity in the room for standard use, heating in the room. electricity in the communal areas, heating in the communal areas, cleaning of communal areas, other.

•

as the need arises.

ART. 9. THE RIGHT OF SECOND CHANCE Once terminated, the agreement can be renewed depending on the availability of stock. ART. 10. INHERITANCE

ART. 5. SUBLETTING AND TRANSFER OF TENANCY Subletting and transferring tenancy is prohibited unless written consent has been received from the landlord. However, the landlord will agree to allow the tenant to sublet the room when the tenant takes part in a student exchange program or has to undertake an internship. The tenant must give the address and contact details of the subtenant to the landlord before the subletting begins. The monthly payment for the subletting cannot exceed the tenant’s monthly rent. ART. 6. THE RIGHT TO BUY OUT Upon completion of the payment period, the Housing Cooperative acquires the right of ownership over the property. If the tenant decides to sell its acquired property, it loses access to the social housing market further on. Any further rent or ownership is possible on the free market only.

In case of a tenant’s death, the acquired property may be transferred to the children of the tenant. If the tenant does not have children, the property returns into the ownership of the landlord. ART. 11. MAINTENANCE - REPAIRS –DAMAGE-RENOVATION As governed by law, technical maintenance and repairs are the responsibility of the landlord. The landlord must be able to provide evidence that the heating appliances and chimneys have been regularly maintained by qualified people. The landlord may not carry out any renovations or alterations to the rented property without written consent from the tenant. The tenant may make minor alterations to the rented property without written permission from the landlord.

103

CONCLUSIONS • GET PERSONAL. Urban interventions touch real lives of real people - they must be involved. • GO SMALL. Urban planning today is - still! - too technocratic and top– down. The time of simply rolling-out large-scale redevelopment plans is over and done with. • REFLECT AND IMPROVE. Urban planning is not supposed to be linear. Reflect on each step and build on user feedback. • INTEGRATE. Feedback and participation are often an afterthought in the design process. In our approach, they are integral from beginning to end. • TRUST. Urban planning often departs from a deeply ingrained distrust of the residents. We depart from trusting that they know best what their neighborhood needs. • ADD. Densification does not have to mean demolishing and starting over again, it can also mean carefully adding to what is already there. • ADAPT. Houses can be made adaptable to life changes of the residents; public spaces can change along with changing needs. • INVOLVE. Public space is only truly public if the public was involved in its design. • TOGETHER. We believe that co-housing and cooperatives enhance the sense of togetherness and shared responsibility. We want to invest in adding housing cooperatives, using a new ‘social ownership’ model. • CO-OWNERSHIP. In our model, that is speculation-proof, housing cooperatives can acquire a building over a period of 30 or 40 years.

104

105

ZURICH WORKSHOP

WORKSHOP THEME Zurich is known for its long tradition in housing cooperatives from which outstanding innovative bottom-up co-housing projects evolved in the last decades. For instance, new participatory models for integrating future inhabitants as well as innovative flat typologies were developed. The bottom-up housing cooperatives have become a prominent market player and are driving innovative approaches in the field. Only two decades ago, stagnation and escape to the countryside dominated the urban development debate in Zurich. Since 2000, the city is growing rapidly and especially in its agglomeration. The rapid urbanization processes involve a variety of social, cultural and spatial transformation processes posing challenges of adaptation to its growth. Facing the urban development debate pointing at eventual consequences to its attractiveness, the city needs to develop scenarios for growth to maintain the high quality of life at the same time counteracting the population’s doubts on further city expansion.

Photo source

108

During the workshop, we explore local constraints for housing development, visit best practice projects, conceptualize strategies and design homes for tomorrow for Zurich. We understand the local conditions like ownership structures, policies and stakeholder interests influencing production and quality of housing in Zurich and explore how global trends like societal changes, virtual communication and environmental change will influence the way we live. Based on this, we conceptualize and design future-oriented scenarios for housing with different focuses and scales: the socio-economic aspects defining the framework for development, the neighborhood as a living environment, the building block as a unit for living in a community, and the building itself as an expression of lifestyles.

CASE STUDY: WIEDIKON / ALTSTETTEN

The formerly independent municipality «Altstetten» was incorporated in 1934 and today forms the largest district of the city of Zurich in terms of area (7.4 km2) and population (over 30,000 inhabitants). Because the district is partly mixed with large scale industrial, office and infrastructure buildings, Alstetten is heterogeneous in structure and use. The current face of Altstetten is largely dominated by buildings from the period after 1940 and characterized by housing settlements of the 60s with relatively low rents compared to the rest of the city. Thanks to a new rail connection, the large-scale project «DiameterLine» and the «Limmattalbahn» tram line which opened this year, the area is moving closer to Zurich’s city center and Oerlikon and also has a better connectivity to the neighboring communities in

the Limmatvalley. The strong improvement of public transportation in the district together with currently underused areas or industrial areas make Altstetten one of the future potential development areas in Zurich with potential for the development of a continuous city body in the future.

Photo source

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PROJECT GROUP 1

PARTICIPANTS: IVAN PROTASOV ARTEM OSLAMOVSKII DARIA ROSH MIRIAM QUASSOLO NIKITA BIELOKOPYTOV ULIANA DZHURLIAK CEZAR MOLDOVAN MENTOR : FANI KOSTOUROU

2 000W SOCIETY IS A LIFESTYLE The 2000-watt society is an environmental vision, first introduced in 1998 by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETH Zurich)1. Bearing in mind the Swiss local lifestyle, ETH researchers set the goal for each citizen to consume on average 2000 W (or 2 kWh per hour) of primary energy by 2050. The calculations took into account not only the consumption of individuals and households but also that of the entire population, including the embodied energy. While the vision did not aim to be radical, it did seek to decrease annual consumptions, following the idea of energy sufficiency2; meaning, consuming more efficiently, choosing quality over quantity and without sacrificing the quality of living.

The 2000-watt methodology defines primary energy as the total energy present in the source plus grey energy. After losses of conversion and transmission, the energy that reaches the consumers is called final. Nevertheless, only a part of this is actually used by people—the so-called effective energy. The rest is lost as waste heat. On 30 November 2008, the vision became a reality. 76,4% of Zurich population voted for amending the constitution to bring it into line with the vision of 2000-watt society3.It meant that the state legally committed itself to actively deal with issues of energy efficiency and renewable energies, sustainable buildings, efficient mobility and citizens’ awareness. As a first step, Zurich aims to reduce the average energy consumption per capita by 43 percent before 2035. This will mainly affect the most energy-consuming sectors: transport and housing4. Within these two, the greatest shares of responsibility rest with public transport (43% of the total amount of energy consumption in transport) and heating and cooling (84% of the residential consumption) respectively5. 1 2

Stadt Zürich, On the way to the 2000-watt society, City of Zurich UGZ, Zurich, April 2011;

Goldemberg J., Johansson T.B., Reddy A.K.N., Williams R.H., « Basic needs and much more with one kilowatt per capita », AMBIO A Journal of the Human Environment. n. 14, pp. 190-200; 3

112

2000-watt neighbourhood: www.2000watt.swiss/2000-watt-areale-finden.html 2000-WATT-AREALE FINDEN

However, replacing the old fabric with new, high-tech buildings and systems does not necessarily lead to lower energy consumption levels, even when passive solutions are adopted. Instead, a radical restructuring of the current Swiss lifestyle and spatial modus operandi is needed, should the goal of 2000watt society be reached. For this, we suggest the principles of adapting and densifying the existing built environment while hybridizing its functions. The testbed for trying these principles out is a working-class settlement in Friesenberg, owned by Familienheim-Genossenschaft Zürich. The current plan of the cooperative is to transform the neighbourhood according to the Zurich sustainable roadmap, investing in solutions that deal with energy efficiency, the ageing of the building stock, the increase of built density and compactness, and the mixity of uses in order to make the neighbourhood sustainable for the longterm. Our proposal responds to these concerns by suggesting a series of actions that span from the restructuring and cross-financing of the FGZ operation to strategic architectural and urban interventions that extend the lifespan of the existing building stock. The scientific calculations of energy consumption levels are provided for the situation before and after, to demonstrate how these actions may help to achieve the goal of 2000-watts society.

Blum M., Stadt Zürich, Energy Strategy City of Zurich, City of Zurich UGZ, Zurich, April 2011;

[www.stadt-zuerich.ch/gud/de/index/umwelt_energie/2000-watt-gesellschaft/publikationen/unterwegs-zur-2000-wattgesellschaft.html] 5

Federal Statistical Office, Swiss Federal Office of Energy, We are full of energy, FDFA, 2019;

[www.aboutswitzerland.org]

113

STRATEGIES TOWARDS 2000 W

A set of hard and soft interventions was adopted. Starting from simple actions to more complex ones, it can reform people’s lifestyles in accordance with more sustainable standards. The first action (soft) concerns the piecemeal transformation of the existing housing typologies by the inhabitants themselves so as to increase the population density. A series of mechanisms are proposed: extend vertically or horizontally, subdivide the building or plot, sell or rent out space, retrofit non-domestic functions, and join individual buildings 6.

As a consequence of these processes, the gap between the affluent and less well-off people in the area is increasing. A response, we propose a more complex management system that restructures the financial operation of the cooperative, giving more initiatives to the members and enhancing the socioeconomic composition of the neighbourhood by opening up to the rest of the city.

CROSS-FINANCING, HYBRIDIZATION AND ADAPTATION ARE THE RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES FOR A 2000 W SOCIETY.

The second action (soft) is the hybridization of spaces with more functions than those initially planned. This might not require material transformations, but it should be regarded as an efficient solution for sober energy consumption. In the second phase, ‘harder’ transformations could be realized. The gradual adaptation of existing buildings could lead to a new building typology that introduces a variety of living arrangements. When spaces are rented out to micro-businesses or other tenants, the surplus capital could be used to build a solidarity fund to subsidize communityled enterprises and support the building adaptation processes. Furthermore, the current structure of FGZ cooperative is linear in its decision making, often resulting in shortterm solutions. For example, each time the cooperative demolishes old houses and builds new buildings, rental prices rocket leaving many members without a choice but to abandon their previous home and neighbourhood. Even worse, the residents finance the reconstruction through their membership, only to realise that they invest money in order to pay more later in rent. 6

Kostourou f., Psarra s., « Formal Adaptability: A Discussion of Morphological Changes and their Impact on Density in Low-Rise

Mass Housing», Proceedings of the 11th International Space Syntax Symposium, pp. 73.1-73.19;

114

2035

Reconstruction

98.5% fund

1.5% fund

Solidarity fund

Grants for community led initiatives

2025

Reconstruction adaptation fund

New executive board

Non member +25% F/s.m.

Member +0% F/s.m. Extend

Solidarity commission

Member Member +0% F/s.m. +0% F/s.m. Subdivide

Refurbish

Adaptation of existing structure

Strategy of development

New executive board

2018

Reconstruction (stages 3, 24, 25)

100% fund

1960

Expansion (stage 5-19)

Executive board

100% fund

1940

Initial construction (stage 1-5) Cross-ﬁnancing Hybridization Adaptation

Building sum

Member Members fee Loan from bank

Member

Co-op

Member

FGZ increased structure FGZ current structure

Member

1924

FGz Structure

115

HYBRIDIZATION

+ laboratory workshop

+ workplace shop

kindergarten

housing

after-school childcare nursing home

TO REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA MEANS TO HYBRIDIZE DOMESTIC AND NON-DOMESTIC FUNCTIONS. In other words, use the same spaces for more functions than the existing ones. Analyzing the present situation, it is clear that the predominant function is residential. There are very few private offices and leisure (restaurants, bars, pubs) as well as one supermarket chain. As a consequence, most buildings are active7 during the night time, the early morning and late evening hours. Then, while the houses get emptied during the daytime, the educational buildings, offices and retail get activated. Given the residential function of the area, we can notice a lack of activities from 8 am to 8 pm. Not only most buildings are unoccupied, but also the neighbourhood feels empty and abandoned. Diversifying the functions of the neighbourhood is 7 8

pub/restaurant kitchen lab

necessarily social and energy-related purposes. This is done by activating existing facilities with other programmes after regular hours. For instance, provide a laboratory or workshop space for retired people8 in Kindergarten, which brings together young people and elderly, creating conditions for elderly to teach their know-how, take care of children when parents are working or engage in gardening or other activities. A further step, itn is about hybridizing residential buildings. In this case, it is possible to sub-rent or subdivide to accommodate small-scale workplaces, artisanal or small shops, pub, restaurants, even shared kitchens, living rooms or community spaces. Both these actions could essentially open the neighbourhood to non-coop members, diversifying the local society. They could also generate additional profit, ensuring economic sustainability for the organisation based on the prevailing needs of the people. Finally, they take into account the time component, programming for days, weeks, seasons or years.

In this case active means when people are effectively inside buildings, considering passive and positive energy consumption. TheJapan Times, « Interaction benefits toddlers and elderly alike »,13th March 2016.

116

THE HYBRIDIZATION WORKS OBLIQUELY ON ENSURING ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND LIVEABILITY, SAVING FROM URBAN SPRAWL, LAND WASTE, CONSTRUCTION COSTS AND ADDITIONAL TRANSPORTATION COSTS. housing

kindergarten 6:00

existing

+ functions

existing

+ functions

5 year 10 year

8:00

15 year 20 year 25 year 30 year

15:00

20:00

35 year 40 year

23:00

45 year 50 year 55 year 60 year

5:00

efficiency: 8 h

> 20 h

15 years

+ private office + community space retail gym bistro

workshop community space retail leisure

community space library charity workshop leisure nursing home

> 60 years

+ private office workshop bistro pub retail

+ community space laboratory gym retail

+ nursing home gym laboratory leisure

Kindergarten Primary School Leisure Religious buildings Retail Offices FGZ Residential buildings Other residential buildings FGZ boundary

Hybridization of functions in existing buildings considering the aspect of time.

117

ADAPTATION

While the process of demolition and reconstruction results in growing rental prices, adaptation strategy seeks to preserve both material elements and intangible assets - bearing structures, local identity and social relationships. At present, Kleinalbis is a one-family district characterized by flats for 4 or 5 people9.

WHAT DOES FAMILY MEAN NOWADAYS? HOW WILL THE FAMILY OF THE FUTURE BE COMPOSED? As an answer, we imagine a 50-years timeline of a nuclear family from Kleinalbis considering the natural development its family members. We observe changes 50 years lifecycleofof the years lifecycle of theas family in50required space the family grows, members get older or move out, and aged couples are left to live alone.

35 8

4 - 5 rooms 150 m2 4min - 5 rooms min 150 m2

2 - 3 rooms m2 2min - 3 70 rooms min 70 m2

2 - 3 rooms 70 m2 2min - 3 rooms min 70 m2

50 years lifecycle of an hypotetical Kleinalbis family.

1 - 2 rooms m2 1min - 230 rooms min 30 m2

2 - 3 rooms m2 2min - 3 70 rooms min 70 m2

+ 15+YEARS 15 YEARS

+ 13+YEARS 13 YEARS

+ 8 YEARS + 8 YEARS

+3 YEARS +3 YEARS

NOW NOW 2019 2019

1 - 2 rooms 30 m2 1min - 2 rooms min 30 m2

+ 20+YEARS 20 YEARS

3 - 4 rooms 120 m2 3 min - 4 rooms min 120 m2

3 - 4 rooms m2 3min - 4120 rooms min 120 m2

4 rooms 120 m2 4min rooms min 120 m2

1 - 2 rooms m2 1min - 2 30 rooms min 30 m2

1 - 2 rooms m2 1min - 230 rooms min 30 m2

+ 50+YEARS 50 YEARS

3 rooms 120 m2 3min rooms min 120 m2

Our goal is to achieve unity instead of uniformity. So, we provide a variety of spatial programming, using basic tools such as subdivisions, extensions, extrusions, and changing entrance spaces. For instance, when a teenager wants to move out, he may choose a smaller unit in a subdivided or extended building within the neighbourhood; whereas, the family could divide and sub-rent their surplus room for coop or non-coop members. The proliferation and overlay of these actions would gradually transform houses into a new typology.

+ 25+YEARS 25 YEARS

2 rooms 70 m2 2min rooms min 70 m2

The present structures represent a good bearing structure for a non-invasive and gradual evolution of housing that is able to maintain the atmosphere of the low-rise vernacular development beloved by FGZ inhabitants. Through this strategy, we are not only maintaining the identity and image of the site but also saving secondary and grey energy while limiting soil consumption.

SOCIAL COMPOSITION AFTER

BEFORE Nuclear family

118

100%

Nuclear family

40%

Couple

30%

Single-person households

25%

Original

Extrude GSEducationalVersion

GSEducationalVersion

Extend

Subdivide building GSEducationalVersion

Change entrance space

Original

Subdivide plot

Subdivide

Extrude

Change circulation

Extend

To new typology

GSEducationalVersion GSEducationalVersion

Possible Adaptions per plot.

Possible Adaptions per block. GSEducationalVersion

GSEducationalVersion

Another consequence of adapting the existing built environment is densification. It is naturally achieved by providing facilities to grown-ups to stay in their home district with their partners—noncoop members—and start a new family. However, current research10 shows the conventional nuclear family is no longer the central cell of society. Instead, alternative families structures have been identified, such as patchwork families, single-parent families, GSEducationalVersion

non-marital families and same-sex parenting partners. New family structures imply different temporal and spacial needs. However, adaptive spaces may adjust to these ever-evolving conditions strengthening and enhancing the social mix in the community. GSEducationalVersion

GSEducationalVersion

DENSITY Before 480 residents

+ 40% of dwellers in 50 years

After 680 residents

Diagram of the neighborhood.

Data provided by FGZ.

Crespi I., Meda S.G., Merla L., Making Multicultural Families in Europe: Gender and Intergenerational Relations, Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.

119

ENERGY Current energy load per capita in Switzerland is 6000 W11, which is three times higher than the stated goal of 2000 W. While energy-saving technology is well established in the country, such a noticeable mismatch could be covered only by changing lifestyles. In the following sections, the solutions proposed are examined by energy-saving estimations. The data are expressed in percentage of 2000 W.

SHARING Communal living is widely known in Zurich mainly for the energy benefits it offers. In an average household, the kitchen is the space where most of the energy is consumed, ergo, many of the appliances could be used by several occupants at the same time, decreasing energy use. Raw calculations (Appendix A) demonstrate that in a single person household the average energy required for a dish is 1400 Wh, while for a 5-person household (occupants sharing appliances) the number is 500 Wh. Within a 2000 W concept, shared kitchen decreases the energy load from 17% (single occupant) to 10% (5 occupants).

COMPACTNESS & EFFICIENT SYSTEMS Heating load is affected by three main factors: heated volume, envelope insulation, and systems12. Sharing and previously mentioned densification leads to compactness and reduction in heating load respectively. Systems and exterior surface insulation are well developed in Switzerland and the locally available heating technology is applied. Friesenberg exploits a district heat pump, with ground heat exchangers, including reuse of wasted heat. Application of the exterior walls insulation, along with densification, can reduce a Heat Loss Coefficient (HLS) from 150 kWh/ m2ann (typical for buildings of the same era) to 100 kWh/m2ann.14 Calculations demonstrate (Appendix B) that the abovementioned actions can dramatically decrease the energy load from 31% to 6%.

HYBRIDIZATION According to the Swiss Federal Statistic Office, 30.6% of the whole energy in Switzerland, is spent on transportation of people15. This could be reduced by the hybridization of functions, mixing living, working and recreation within the neighbourhood. The current energy density of public transport is 1.4 MJ/pass.kl.16, while average commitments in Zurich are 15 km for worker and 21 km for student. Based on data, we profiled the consequences of occupants working within the plot - no daily transports needed - and occupants using public services, e.g. buses, electric car-sharing (Appendix C). As a result, hybridization may reduce the transportation energy from 15% to 6%. 11 Stadt Zürich, On the way to the 2000-watt society, City of Zurich UGZ, Zurich, April 2011; 12 Buxton P. Metric handbook, Planning and design data, Routledge, London, 2015; 13 Swiss Competence Center for Energy Research, Future Energy Efficient Buildings & Districts, Research and Innovation Roadmap 2017-2020, 2017; 14 Hastings S.R., Swiss Research in Building Heating Conservation, Swiss National Energy Research Fund, NEFF, Basel, 1984; 15 Federal Statistic Office, Swiss Federal Office of Energy, National annual statistic diagrams, 2019; [www.aboutswitzerland.org] 16 International Energy Agency, Swiss national energy statistic, 2017; [www.iea.org]

120

Principal section of the new 2000 W structure.

CONCLUSIONS •

Socio-economic enhancement of the cooperative structure: moving from a linear to a loop system that is able to finance bottom-up initiatives and generate surplus capital for new cooperative funds.

•

Sub-renting encourages the development of small businesses or services by both coop and non-coop members.

•

Hybridization of domestic and non-domestic functions reduces transportation, activates spaces all year around, boosts social cohesion existing structures, and ensures a more efficient use of buildings.

•

Adaptation of the built environment limits grey energy consumption. It also reduces the gap of ever-growing rental prices, caused by reconstruction processes while develops flexible solutions for different living models.

•

Planning for piecemeal long-term transformation of the area while maintaining its identity is a more socially, spatially, and environmentally sustainable solution than radical changes.

•

Changing lifestyle influences the energy consumption and raises awareness towards its necessity. It starts from the individual, but it ends in the entire restructuring of societal models of living.

121

APPENDIX APPENDIX A

Cluster household Appliances

1 person household

Time Power (h) (KW) Energy(KWh) day ann

Appliances

Time Power (h) (KW) Energy(KWh) day ann

Kitchen Electric hob Range hood Oven Kettle Refrigerator Microwave Dishwasher Other appliances Lighting (2.5W/m2) Summary

1 1 1 0,2 24 0,5 1,2 0,5 6

1 0,4 2,15 2 0,07 1 1 0,5 0,04

1 0,4 2,15 0,4 1,68 0,5 1,2 0,25 0,24

356 142 765 142 598 178 427 89 85 2784

Kitchen Electric hob Range hood Oven Kettle Refrigerator Microwave Dishwasher Other appliances Lighting (2.5W/m2) Summary

0,6 0,6 0,6 0,1 24 0,1 0,3 0,2 5

1 0,4 2,15 2 0,05 1 1 0,5 0,04

0,6 0,24 1,29 0,2 1,2 0,1 0,3 0,1 0,2

214 85 459 71 427 36 107 36 71 1506

Utility room Washing machine Dryer Iron Lighting (2.5W/m2) Summary

1,5 2 0,8 3

0,5 0,9 1 0,01

0,75 1,8 0,8 0,03

267 641 285 11 1203

Utility room Washing machine Dryer Iron Lighting (2.5W/m2) Summary

0,4 0,5 0,2 3

0,5 0,9 1 0,01

0,2 0,45 0,2 0,03

71 160 71 11 313

Living room TV Player Lighting (2.5W/m2) Other appliances Summary

4 4 8 3

0,08 0,1 0,05 0,1

0,32 0,4 0,4 0,3

114 142 142 107 506

Living room TV Player Lighting (2.5W/m2) Other appliances Summary

2 2 4 2

0,08 0,1 0,05 0,1

0,16 0,2 0,2 0,2

57 71 71 71 271

1,5 0,6 0,1 0,02 0,011 0,066

214 7 23 244

Bathroom Hairdryer Other appliances Lighting (2W/m2) Summary

1,5 0,3 0,1 0,01 0,011 0,044

107 4 16 126

Bathroom Hairdryer Other appliances Lighting (2W/m2) Summary

0,4 0,2 6

Computer Room (bedroom) x5 Charger (Phone) Charger (laptop) Other appliances Lighting (2W/m2) Summary (5rooms)

3 3 3 8

0,01 0,12 0,1 0,03

0,03 0,36 0,3 0,24

53 128 107 85 1869

Computer x 2

0,6

2136

TOTAL (KWh/a) TOTAL/capita (KWh/a) TOTAL/capita % of 2000 (%)

122

8742 1748 10

0,2 0,1 4

TOTAL/capita (KWh/a) TOTAL/capita (KWh/a) TOTAL/capita % of 2000 (%)

0,6

1,8

641

2857 2857 17

APPENDIX B Space heatingeating load Existing block Flats total S (m2) Occupants (n) Area/Capita (m2) HLC (KWh/m2 a) Total Heating load KWh/a)HL/capita (KWh/a) % of 2000w (%) 1350 38 36 150 202500 5329 31 Adopted Block (Densification+Systems improvement) Flats total S (m2) Occupants (n) Area/Capita (m2) HLC (KWh/m2 a) Total Heating load KWh/a)HL/capita (KWh/a) % of 2000w (%) 1350 45 30 150 202500 4500 11

Adopted Block (Densification+ Systems improvement+Facade refurbishment) Flats total S (m2) Occupants (n) Area/Capita (m2) HLC (KWh/m2 a) Total Heating load KWh/a)HL/capita (KWh/a) % of 2000w (%) 1350 45 30 100 135000 3000 6

Domestic water heating Existing Block L/day/occupant KWh/a/person % of 2000w (%) 13000 800

Adopted Block (systems improvement) L/day/occupant KWh/a/person % of 2000w (%) 13000 320

APPENDIX C Transport energy usage Distance to work (km) Avarage by car to work (Zurich)* Avarage by public transport to work (Zurich)* Avarage by electric car to work (Zurich)* Avarage by car to study (Zurich)* Avarage by public transport to study (Zurich)* Avarage by electric car to study (Zurich)* % of 2000w (mix use) if 50% work nearby (%)

KWh/km 15 15 15 21 21 21

0,6 0,4 0,2 0,6 0,4 0,2

Energy usage (KWh/a) % of 2000w (%) 4500 26 3000 18 1500 9 6300 37 4200 25 2100 12 6

*Source: Federal Statistic Office

123

PROJECT GROUP 2

PARTICIPANTS: ANNA POTANINA TOMIRIS KUPZHASSAROVA PAVLO KUKURUDZ ANNA SCORETTI VIKTORIA BONCHUK LIDIA CHYZHEVSKA MENTOR : KONSTANTINOS PANTAZIS

SHARING AS AN ESSENCE OF URBAN LIVEABILITY

FGZ Cooperative Area

Zürich Central

Image 1. Scale Comparison between case study site and Zurich Central

Zürich, similar to many European cities, is foregoing re-urbanization. The city is becoming very attractive and progressive in many areas, although it is facing problems in housing market pressure. Within contextual problems of sustainable urbanization, the trend of dense, compact cities is prominent. As a part of a larger citywide densification plan many districts of Zürich, including our case-study site, are set to be densified. The cities thrive as spaces for housing, economic and public activities merge and intertwine. The daily sharing of these services between different city dwellers fosters economic potential, social interactions, inclusivity and creativity, enriching the essence of the city life.

Sharing becomes not a compromise, but a privilege, a magnet that draws people into the cities. Further, the new expanding neighbourhoods, similar to FGZ, which used to be on the city periphery, usually approach in sizes and population numbers to the traditional city centres. Neverthless, traditional city centres burst with a varying scale of public life, while the new areas provide minimal opportunities such urban condition to happen.

126

3. 7.

6. 4. 5. 1. 2.

1. Genossenschaft Kalkbreite 2.Wohnsiedlung Günmatt FGZ 3.Kraftwerk2 4.Limatt West 5.Kraftwerk1 6.Wohnsiedlung Brüggliäcker 7. Baugenossenschaft mehr als wohnen 8.Whonsiedlung Zwicky Areal

Image 2. Succesful housing developments we took in consideration in Zürich

Looking to many successful examples of housing in Zürich we think that the approach to housing shortage should be considered from a wider angle, where construction of livable neighbourhoods needs considerably more than just new homes to live in.

Our project proposal sought approaching housing densification looking at the city scale, where a higher population density allowed for an intensified city experience, providing a various hierarchy of sharing from intimate courtyards, busy launderettes and small cafes to large squares, leisure infrastructures and landmarks.

127

HOUSING AS A MIX OF POSSIBILITIES

The case study area is part of the family-oriented cooperative FGZ and, as part of the citywide plan, it is going to be densified. The goal of the City Council is to reach 110%, while the current one is 38%. The site has a distinct identity of an edge condition in between the green belt of Zurich hills and the city expansion in front (Image 2). The green rooftop enhances the existing qualities of such area that lies close to nature by weaving nature into the project.

Image 2. An hard edge between the green and the city

128

In order to approach the task of achieving the densification numbers, three distinct densification typologies were tested on site: the idea was to reach maximum FAR for each typology not losing its features (image. 3). As a final proposal, a hybrid was combined (Image 5 and Image 6) - a radical approach as a definitive statement towards densification. The project accumulates and reinterprets Zurich’s collective intelligence on housing, fusing it into an implausibly rich whole

MAT BUILDINGS maximum density 160 %

TOWERS maximum density 130 %

TERRACED maximum density 90 %

352 dwelling units

281 dwelling units

205 dwelling units

1056

845

615

FAR = 1.6

FAR = 1.3

FAR = 0.9

Image 3. Comparison and testing typologies

Image 4. Hybrid proposal

129

Image 6. Ground floor plan

Image 7. Rooftop plan and section

130

10% commercial

40.6% minimal

8% public 18.4% family

23% two-storey

Image 7. Plan with living units typologies

Image 8. Living units close-up with shared gardens

131

The proposal features the three main universal typologies tested,their implementation within the project is specific, and a direct response to the site. The agglomeration of typologies stages interaction and fosters the creation of a community. The nuclear family house has been kept as an option within a more diverse mixing of typologies of apartments. A minimal flat unit with a small sleeping and cooking space can be combined with other units allowing apartment pooling for different people with changing needs and changing lifestyles. In this hybrid agglomeration, all the space is organized around different levels of privacy and green spaces. Dwellers can choose between the smaller intimate gardens that it can be shared with the neighbour,

SPORTS FACILITIES/ACTIVITIES

PLAYGROUND KINDERGARTEN

Image 9. Functional densification strategy

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SCHOOL

the semi-public courtyards (Image 10 & 11), bigger neighbourhood scale square, and the larger city scale terrace overlooking Zurich (Image 12). Staging the project on-site, we assumed that also the all FGZ area would be developed and densified. In order to complete our proposal, we suggest a strategy for the whole area that will be featured by different services, beside cafes, restaurants, sports facilities and playgrounds for the collectivity. Looking at our hybrid project, we provide to neighbours a sewing atelier and a library of an object, where everyone can lend what they want and borrow what they need.

SHOP

RESTAURANT CAFE

PLACES LIBRARY OF FOR MEETING OBJECTS

SEWING ATELIER

GREENING

Image 10 & 11. View toward interior private courtyards and the public functional one

Image 13. View towards the city

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CONCLUSIONS • Nowadays densification is not an urban quality by itself, it’s an instrument that need to be articulated in order to generate new qualities of living • Densification should not only include provision of additional housing, but each new area in question should be approached as an essential constitute of a richer city as a whole, with its own urban conditions and spaces for economic and public life to take place in. Further, apt and thoughtful densification tools should aim to accentual the area’s distinctness and identity, creating truly polycentric urban conditions

• Densification of housing should be supplemented by equal intensification of an urban experience to this new larger population, creating a quality of city life with inclusive, open and beautiful spaces of leisure, encounter and interaction • Within a context of a necessary densification as part of a more sustainable urbanization, a wider range of possibilities for housing and sharing would allow for a more inclusive, diverse and fundamentally congruous to the current reality and housing market

134

• Sharing can work as a tool which can affect the affordability of the spacial wealth. Sharing allows us to use benefits from the space which doesn’t need to be owned and maintained only by oneself. Taking into account masterplan of FGZ neighbourhood 2050 we decreased the area ofprivat gardens in order to create more shared semi-public courtyards. • Sharing can be considered not only as a need or a compromise, but rather as a luxury that can influence beneficial our daily life. Sharing a space, infrastructure or knowladges brought people to live closer to each other and develope the cities. Cities are generating a strong social, cultural network , a synergy between users and infrastrustructure

• Methodologically the project is working with different types of publicness (public space, streets, courtyards, privat gardens), morphology of the neighbourhood, including also the landscape of the plot, which makes the site very specific and gives an opportunity to experiment different housing typologies • Project works well not just by making a plot 3 times denser, but (1) provides living in a neighbourhood with a quality housing among the nature; (2) creates new spaces for interaction, leisure and spontantaneous meetings; (3) new mixed and flexible typologies of the apartments which can be inhabited by anyone(singles, nuclear families, elderly) in order to create an active social neighborhood; (4) project meets climat change emergency by activating the flow of fresh air to the city and connencting the plot with an Ueitelberg mountain.

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PROJECT GROUP 3

PARTICIPANTS: ANASTASIIA BORODIIENKO OLGA KONONOVA YELYZAVETA REDKINA OLENA RUBAN ALEXANDRA TOTOIANU IRYNA TSYBA EWA WASILEWSKA MENTOR: GIANMARIA SOCCI

BOUNDARY THAT IS AN INTERFACE By 2019 the available land for new development in Zürich is limited by 19 vacant plots. Although it is the largest city in Switzerland, the state is a mountainous country with a low proportion of productive terrain and severely restricted land exploitation.1 The city wants to be prepared for its inevitable growth: by 2040 the population of the city is expected to increase by 25%, which translates in 90 000 more people.

Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Allegory of Good Government (detail), Siena, 1338–40 Although this number seems relatively small comparing to other European cities (Amsterdam expects 150 thousands new residents by 2035, and London expect around one million increase in its population by 2035), due to the physical limits, the land in Zürich — city with fixed boundaries — experiences pressure as demand for new housing stock grows along.

1 Volume 78 Housing Bulletin, Human Settlement in Switzerland, 2006

138

Important inspiration of the project comes from the allegorical painting by Ambrogio Lorenzetti, which depicts the consequences of a ‘good’ governance. Decisions made inside the city, and behind the city’s wall, immediately affects the country life and vise versa And the project interest lands on the line which separates the urban and rural, what is the conflict that is laying between this two areas, how to treat this ‘line’. The conflict in the current context is: how to accommodate growth within limited space? Till now the city was growing towards its boundaries facing with its ‘back’, and once reaching the edge finally start «facing» what was always around the city — natural surroundings, rural areas. How their relative qualities can integrate each other? This edge, located between the city and the surroundings (which is nature), becomes the focus of the project: how can you relate to the border and why the border turning into boundary?

The city that reached its edge, turns towards its surroundings. Therefore, through ‘noticing’ nature and its asserts, one gets the opportunity to turn into inhabitable infrastructure. The change in the qualities of the boundary opens the door toward new types of interactions between people, services, common activities and natural resources. The importance of interaction between people emphasizes by many authors, who claim «that people are willing to pay extremely high land rents in order to be close to other people, and thus to benefit in terms of learned knowledge and increased productivity.2 By establishing the dialog between the more and more densified city and its surrounding, the project aims to create open membrane-like space, which «both porous and resistant at the same time, holding in some valuable elements of the city, letting other valuable elements flow through the membrane. 3

2 Brian Knudsen, Richard Florida, Gary Gates, and Ke vin Stolarick, Urban Density, Creativity and Innovation, 2007 3 Richard Senett, Open City

139

STATUS QUO

The residential block (Kleinalbis) in Friesenberg was chosen as the case study of the Zürich context and a testing ground for the hypothesis.This block is the part of the Familienheim Genossenschaft Zurich (FGZ), which means ‘family home cooperative Zurich’. FGZ is the largest housing cooperative in Switzerland with 25 settlements on the outskirts of the city1. Although cooperative offers affordable housing for families, the whole structure undergoes significant changes. On the one hand, the tendency of an increasing number of single-person households creates a relatively new request for smaller affordable housing. But while the city is growing, the number of residents is increasing and squeezing into city’s fixed border, the low-density areas close to the limits experience enormous pressure: this space should expect densification and redevelopment in order to meet the public interest. Case study residential block consists of the row houses, all of which have two-story family apartments, each complemented with a private garden. This part was built in 1931 and considered very ‘neighbourly’. While the future of the «first Zurich garden city»2 is unsettled, the project proposal investigates the possibilities: how to densify and keep the rural feeling of the area? Is it possible to keep the atmosphere of the private garden in common space? Is there a number of urban incentives to be introduced that replace the attachment to the status quo of the place?

CAN THE ‘EDGE CITY’ OFFER THE BEST OF RURAL AND URBAN WORLDS In order to understand the current state and character of the neighbourhood in the areas close the edge, where the city meets nature, went through a survey. These ‘states’ can be classified simply as-built and unbuilt environment, as pure untouched and processed landscape, as hard transport infrastructure. All this ‘states’ transition into the layers of the project. Layers, which benefit from one another, create the environment on the edge that becomes an inhabitable infrastructure. The project claims that the edge can be treated as the specific zone of specialized strength, that provide opportunities for interactions without established rules and «encourage conflict, and conflict is an integral part of creating genuine public life».3

1 Familienheim Genossenschaft Zürich official page [https://fgzzh.ch/] 2 New buildings on Friesenberg: Zurich’s first garden city falls victim to compression [https://www.limmattalerzeitung.ch/limmattal/neubauten-am-friesenberg-die-erste-zuercher-gartenstadt-faellt-der-verdichtung-zum-opfer-132102734] 3 Un-Habitat with Richard Sennett, Ricky Burdett, Saskia Sassen, The Quito Papers and the New Urban Agenda, 2018

140

BUILT/ UNBUILT

LANDSCAPE

INFRASTRUCTURE

141

FRIESENBERG MASTER PLAN

142

T he area of case study in Friesenberg and the new residential cluster

THE BOUNDARY IS AN EDGE WHERE THINGS END; THE BORDER IS AN EDGE WHERE DIFFERENT GROUPS INTERACT. (THE OPEN CITY, RICHARD SENNETT)

n.n.

The master plan depicts the relationship between built and unbuilt and addresses the edge. This edge is no longer treated as line and becomes an interface that creates conditions for the relations between the city and nature — this means the transition from boundary to the border. The contrary of the idea of Cedric Price’s ‘scrambled city’, Zürich has been developing over the years towards the edge where it suddenly stops; therefore it is possible the potential of the edge by creating a hybrid between the ‘city’ plus ‘nature’ and a stronger exchange between them. This ‘outback’ could be a space where exchange, production and innovation can (and will) happen. The strategy is to look at nature through the following principles: 1. To enhance the role of the green corridors by ‘bringing’ into the neighbourhood and making it part of the infrastructure; 2. To add a wide range of program to the layers of the available land; 3. To connect residents of the clusters — a new territorial unit — closer to the natural environment. Located in-between the two streams, the residential cluster is considered to provide inner qualities of a special kind. Cluster design principles are focused on the environmental conditions of the territory and use advantages of it. The east-west building orientation provides unimpeded transit of the cold air flows from the mountains towards the city. This measure reduces the heat island effect inside the neighbourhood in a long term perspective.

143

Neighborhood design principles: (1) Programmatic layering; (2) Access point; (3) Crossing emphasis; (4) Cluster’s connections; (5) Vertical connections; (6) Planar paths; (7) Public/ private; (8) Orientation

Layers of rural and urban activities: farmer’s market, restaurant, storage, stables, bakery, playground, communal kitchen, greenhouse, beer garden, etc.

144

New vertical and horizontal connections are introduced, operating in accordance with a strategy for ground floors, as well as open spaces (public and private), which provide a worthy replacement for private gardens of residential houses in FGZ. On all sides, the cluster is encompassed by activated public edges with the different character. On the northern and southern edges, the cluster is facing vast green spaces of two streams. Public functions on the ground floors are deliberately located towards Schweighofstrasse — the central street of Friesenberg, while the programmed collective gardening area is facing west. Layers of a program that includes rural practices (local identity), while new necessary services such as market, sports facilities, restaurants and playgrounds represent an urban way of life. Community premises such as greenhouses, workshops, and ateliers generate possibilities for collective activities and spontaneous encounters. On the other hand, the cluster provides a sufficient level of privacy within inner semi-private courtyards. Moreover, such orientation creates spectacular views towards both the city and the mountains. Contrary to the existing housing in FGZ, variety of buildings typology provides a mix of social and age groups with-

in one cluster. Vehicle movement within the cluster is restricted except for the service and emergency cases. Instead, cycling is promoted as the main way of commuting and supported by bike-dedicated premises at the neighbourhood centre. Proposed solutions allow the overall density of the new development area to be increased from the current 30–40 % up to 110–130 %. Same time, livability and comfort of the new housing and spaces are prioritized.

6 3

Cit

1 1. Greenhouse

2. Neighborhood center 3. Public ground floors 4. Collective gardens 5. Kolbenhofbach park

e tur

6. School yard

Master plan of the residential cluster

145

Public functions face Schweighofstrasse — central street in Friesenberg

The border with stronger exchange between ‘nature’ and ‘city’

146

CONCLUSIONS •

The lenses of ‘nature as infrastructure’ made it possible to rediscover the streams and its potential to benefit the whole neighborhood, not only the area limited by the case study residential block.

•

xisting transportation infrastructure integrated with natural surrounding by E bringing people exactly to the points of intersection with the streams and green areas. This points become gates directly to the surroundings, which almost physically brings nature and the atmosphere of the park closer not only to the locals, but to the residents of entire city.

•

T he most important asset of local community today is private garden, which residents of the block adjust according to one’s needs. To make the transition process toward new urban layout of the space painless and acceptable, the idea of green garden was realized in inner courtyards, that provide a semi-private space for rest and encounter with neighbors. Since FGZ is cooperative that still focuses mostly on families, this courtyard might turn into safe and active playgrounds for kids.

•

T he disposition of activities, both rural practices and urban services, in proposed residential cluster is considered to allow future changes and upgrading. Activities distribution has strong relationships with topography and vertical connections, therefore creates a new walking routes and pedestrian flows. This spacial organization of deliberate complexity is capable of provoking human interactions and intersection of activities, even existing in tension, resulting in lively neighborhood and genuine social life.

147

PROJECT GROUP 4

PARTICIPANTS: ANTONIO FARIA DARIA BOROVYK DARYNA PYROGOVA MARTA POPYK ANTON NIKITIN MENTOR: DR. PHILIPPE KOCH

FAMILY IN 2050

REACTING TO CHANGING FAMILY PATTERNS

The FGZ cooperative owns most of the housing units in project spot Friesenberg. Under the pressure of absence of possibility to expand the borders of the city of Zurich and densify some areas in the central part of the city, Friesenberg now has to provide housing for 50 new families each year. However, densifications should be not only quantitative but qualitative. If we refuse the idea of a peaceful life in a garden city in terraced single-family houses, which now seem like a big luxury, we should ensure an adequate quality of life instead. How can we reach this, considering the need for densification and settle more people on the same territory? Beginning with FGZ’s rhetoric about family as the main beneficiary of their work, we decided to rethink the idea of family itself. For us, it is important to mention the user of a dwelling - family, because its features will determine the form and design of the housing and the public space around it at the quarter and neighbourhood scales. Families are not the same and have different needs for space inside and outside of the dwelling. Therefore, it will affect both the dimension of urban planning and the architecture and design of homes for tomorrow.

How will a family in 2050 look like? We predict that there will be three things to describe future families: fluidity, plurality and complexity. Nowadays, the core target group for FGZ is a nuclear family with children and single fathers or mothers with children. However, in the general life cycle of a family, this nuclear phase lasts no more than 18 years or may not happen at all. Family size, leisure practices, indoor and outdoor space use, income, and other characteristics change significantly during the family life cycle. At first glance, it seems that the most effective way would be simply to change places of living depending on the life cycle to make proper use of available housing. Larger families occupy larger apartments or houses, and unmarried young people live in small cluster apartments. However, we would like to approach the challenge of fluidity from the other side and try to offer an adaptive housing design that responds to the fluidity challenge because of the possibilities for flexibility in space use.

150

The next characteristic is a plurality. We think that thinking about the future; we should consider not one family model. At first glance, it seems that the nuclear family is dominant, and the other varieties exist but are in the minority. Nevertheless, let us look at the numbers. According to official statistics, 44% of the Zurich population are families, consisting of 1 person, another 30% - consisting of 2 people. For the design of diverse and adaptive housing, we suggest recognizing that not only nuclear families but also childless couples, empty nesters and people who live alone for a long time for various reasons, either forced or through personal choice, need new housing or better living conditions. In addition, the practice of divorce is quite common in Switzerland. In 2018, marriages/ divorces proportion was 40,000/16,000, which is roughly 40% of marriages ended with divorce (both «old» and «new» couples). Divorce may form new patchwork families from parts of previous families. Such features should also be reflected in the design of the home - the size of shared space and the number of individual bedrooms in an apartment or house that can be used both as a bedroom and as a study or workshop, for example. We would also like to draw additional attention to the extra two special types of families as multi-localized families and metamodern tribes. They show the complexity challenge. Through Professional and labour market integration, different family members can live and work in different cities and even countries, while maintaining close family relationships that are supported through intensive mobility. Nuclear families, couples and patchwork families could be multi-localized as well. Also, so-called cluster flats, with small private small apartments of up to 25 m2 and shared kitchens and living rooms, are increasingly appearing in new housing. Can we call people who live in cluster flat a family? We propose the idea that family now and in the near future (often called metamodern because of the idea of accepting diversity and the unnecessity of acknowledging truth or norm) does not necessarily mean having blood ties, different generations and genders. As a basis for family, we consider common everyday life, regular arrangements and communication as well as caring and emotional attachment. Therefore, living in cluster apartment creates a new family from co-tenants - metamodern tribe, with its peculiarities of space use. In this form of cohabitation, personal space is reduced to a minimum and sharing space is increased. Considering these factors, in our proposal, we show flexible and adaptive housing and living environments that can be designed for a growing population that will live in diverse forms of families in the next 30 years.

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FAMILY LIFE THROUGH SHARED PRACTICES TRANSFORMATION OF FAMILY ARRANGEMENTS OVER TIME 80%

60%

flat as a single

couple apartment

25% family apartment/ nuclear family

50% multi-localized family

30% empty nesters

time

Transformation of family arrangmants over time

At the same time, the evolution of the family takes place over time. The family is transforming and acquiring a new device, and accordingly, values that need a spatial interpretation. Family varies in time from the concept of youth as a family - friends. Here we are ready to share most of our time in activities with the community and share most of the space with others. Then we move on to the nuclear family and to other new types that have emerged in our time from the modern way of life. Moreover, the arrangement of our family, for the most part, is already filled with family practices. Research in this area confirms the change in activity and types of social connections depending on the person’s age and social status. It can trace the ratio of personal connections and social activities, with respect to each period and the arrangement of his family.

THE FAMILY IS TRANSFORMING AND ACQUIRING A NEW DEVICE, AND ACCORDINGLY, VALUES THAT NEED ASPATIAL INTERPRETATION.

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personal networks/space social networks/space

Accordingly, the ratio of certain places - personal, public, as well as spaces that we are ready to share only with a particular group of people. And this new variety in the structure of the life of a modern family gives a request also for a new typology of such places. It can be noted from studies that the number of social networks decreases with age, and the time for their implementation is reduced. However, the importance of their presence for actualizing oneself in society at any age is difficult to deny. This is especially important for the elderly.

This view of the family issue leads us to a more personalized approach to design. This requires high variability, a free or easily transformable building system. The additional structure, the new “building envelope” proposed in the project allows us to reorganize the space depending on the type of family and its transformation in time. The new structure will allow families to remain in the community where established social networks already exist, without tearing them to find for themselves new possibilities for arranging life appropriate for residents at any time in their lives. At the same time, this approach will create the possibility of the presence of variability and diversify the environment of the whole community, which is important for the development of the whole cooperative. In implementing this concept of the diversity of the typology of families and their arrangement to the structure of buildings, we can also get a higher density, balancing between the added total area and the number of small living units with the most developed social component and full modules for families with additional more comfortable content.

THE NEW STRUCTURE WILL ALLOW FAMILIES TO REMAIN IN THE COMMUNITY WHERE SOCIAL NETWORKS ALREADY ESTABLISHED. Also, each of the volumes of buildings can be unique in the nature of filling and inherent density. For example, in part adjacent to the main transport artery, it can be filled with small units and social functions, when from the opposite side of the site, most of the families with children will be resettled in a more distant, calm and close to nature part. Over time, families evolve and the structure of the blocks depending on the needs of residents and should be governed by the policy of the cooperative.

FAMILY LIFE THROUGH SHARED PRACTICES flat as a singl

couple apartment

80%

60%

cook in groups

coworking

shared meals

maintainance

car sharing

creative space

family apartment/ nuclear family

multi-localized family

empty nesters

50%

25%

30%

park

guest house

share storage

playground for children

sauna

pet sharing

family-gardening

shared livingroom

sport activities

public laundry

health care

cinema

personal networks/space social networks/space

Family life through shared practices

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MINIMAL HOUSING — MAXIMUM LIVING

SPORT

MEDICAL CARE

PARK

MEDICAL CARE

WORK

CAFE

CO-WORKING

PLAYGROUND

CO-WORKING

SHOPING LAUNDROMAT

WORK SHOPING

SAUNA HOME

RESTAURANT SPORT

CINEMA

NATURE

CINEMA

RESTAURANT

NATURE

SAUNA CO-WORKING HOME LAUNDROMAT

PLAYGROUND

PARK

Space distribution of daily activities today

When working on the topic of densification on an urban scale, we approach it from two different perspectives. From one side, we densify with the more built environment in order to make dwellings more flexible and accommodate more people. From another perspective, our group claims that only physical densification cannot (meet) with global challenges that pressure the city today. We perceive densification as a complex of interventions, which includes building new housing units, developing social infrastructure and adding new programs to the neighbourhood. To achieve this goal, we analyzed the daily activities of representatives of different family types. To understand in-depth how these activities are shaped and why we analyzed movement patterns in space and time. As a result of this analysis, we realized that people spend much more time outside their flat than inside. These results proved the hypothesis of our group about minimizing living space and extend facilities outside, including more services and creating public spaces inside the neighbourhood.

154

Future space distribution of daily activities

“MINIMAL HOUSING – MAXIMUM LIVING” BY INCREASING THE USE OF OUTDOOR, COMMON AND PUBLIC FACILITIES. When addressing the housing topic, we aim to find a way to achieve the idea of “Minimal Housing – Maximum Living” by increasing the use of outdoor, common and public facilities. We consider that when we talk about minimal living, we need to define some uses and elements that can be shared and be outside the private realm, driven by user’s intentions and not by some exterior imposition.

NUCLEAR FAMILY WO

ME RK E RT ME OF HO WO I PO OM T S H T / O LD L U I N T G O T O A A T N G I H A N G U G E E P IN O US MM OK EATIN SHOP PERS EATIN RECR HO CO CO

C AL

ING

0.5

1.5

1 0.5 1.5

METAMODERN FAMILY AL

N SO

T ME OR IME HO G /SP LT AT TIN ING NG NA I U O G P RS OP MM COOK ATIN PE SH E CO

1 0.5 1

LIN

1.5

MULTILOCALIZED FAMILY AL

N SO

NUCLEAR FAMILY

K OR

5.5

ING

M OM

ME E HO PO ME T OF OM I S / H T G ON L AT OU G PIN ATI NA OP RE KIN ATING SO ATING C H O R S E E RE PE CO RT

1.5

0.5

1.5

Analysis of time spent for daily activities NUCLEAR FAMILY NUCLEAR FAMILY NUCLEAR FAMILY METAMODERN FAMILY METAMODERNMETAMODERN FAMILY MULTILOCALIZED FAMILY MULTILOCALIZED FAMILY MULTILOCALIZED FAMILY FAMILY

SLEEP INSIDE THE APARTMENT OUT OF APARTMENT

Analysis of time spent for daily activities SLEEP

SLEEP

INSIDE THE APARTMENT INSIDE THE APARTMENT INSIDE THE APARTMENT OUT OF APARTMENT

OUT OF APARTMENT OUT OF APARTMENT

WORKING COOKING EATING TOGETHER PERSONAL TIME SPORT LEISURE

Analysis of time spent for daily activities

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FLEXIBLE HOUSING FOR DIVERSE FAMILIES IN 2050 DENSIFICATION PROPOSAL: NEVER DEMOLISH, ALWAYS ADD

+ + +

EXISTING 135 m2 (house) 12 960 m2 (block)

EXISTING + EXTENSION 135 m2 (house) + 198 m2 = 333 m2 from 192 to ... houses

Besides the idea of invisible densification, we also propose working with the existing houses, by potentiating its qualities and by adding an extension to the existing facades and one extra floor. This strategy saves the current typology and incorporates a newer one, more suitable and flexible for the diverse families in future.

WHEN WE REALIZE THAT FAMILIES ARE NO LONGER, ALL THE SAME, WE CANNOT BLINDLY KEEP ON MAKING HOUSES THE SAME WAY WE DID.

Within the existing typology, all the houses in FGZ are organized for nuclear families, with no adaptability to changing family structure. By adding the extension in the existing façades, we propose a flexible typology that gives the possibility to be changed by its users.

156

The future apartments need to be flexible, easy to adapt throughout time and providing new collective spaces to be activated and used by everyone.

3RD FLOOR

2ND FLOOR

1ST FLOOR 1ST FLOOR

GROUNDFLOOR

Housing Typology: comparison between the existing typology to the proposed one

Towards a flexible typology for the diverse family

157

CONCLUSIONS The notion of family is changing and expanding. The expansion goes beyond the blood ties and encompasses more space. What constitutes a home is no longer constrained in 4 walls but is now inevitably linked to the place of emotional attachment. Thus, providing more roofs is not enough.

We need to create places where people rediscover themselves in the everchanging public realm. Reaction on global trends such as growing urban population, climate change and pressure of economic growth should be fast, firm and effective but should not be an obstacle for organic development of the neighborhood and be challenging for its inhabitants.

Our team propose to work towards the idea of minimal housing-maximal living, through flexibility and adaptability which can be an answer to pressures city experience, in the same time giving people possibility to go through this process of change in a smooth way.

158

Our idea of minimal housing plus maximum living is also reinforced by the proposal to not only provide the residential area with qualitative public spaces and services, but also to «integrate» these services for different families into the cost of rent, thus making them truly affordable. For example, multilocalized families may travel more to meet family members who live far away. For them, the cost of renting may be higher, since the size of apartments will also, in fact, be larger. At the same time the cost of rent may include a discount for trips by trains of a national railway company, or present travel card for a certain number of free trips per year.

We propose to not only provide the residential area with qualitative public spaces and services, but also to «integrate» these services for different families into the cost of rent, thus making them truly affordable. If there will be no large kitchen planned for some types of apartments for solo families, the price of such apartments may include lunches and dinners in the neighborhood canteen or restaurant. Monthly card to neighborhood gym, swimming pool or cinema can be extra services including in rent as well. Laundry can also be free and included in the rental price. Dwelling space may be reduced, but it will not impair its quality of life through accessible public services. We also suggest that the FGZ allow the «old» residents who are returning to their renovated housing to pay the new market price of the rental housing in installments in the first year, if this rent is not affordable for them. The opportunity to return to their home should be preserved for «old»ctenants, as they are accustomed to living there, have neighbors and friends, their children attend a local school etc. We understand that these proposals may sound too radical and it will not be easy to negotiate with different stakeholders, but we are convinced, that housing policy is social policy. Elements of such a social program would be very appropriate for FGZ and would help them to care about their residents.

159

HELSINKI WORKSHOP

WORKSHOP THEME Helsinki is one of the fastest-growing cities in Europe, setting the direction of growth for the next 30 years. Helsinki will become a denser city than it is today. The New City Plan 2050 predicts approximately 860,000 inhabitants and 560,000 workplaces, aiming at extending the inner-city northwards and transforming gradually today’s motorway-like entry routes in the outer suburbs into ‘city boulevards’. The new urban districts will contain mixed urban structure consisting of housing, jobs and services and giving priority to public transport, thereby reducing traffic on main streets. Helsinki has a long history of housing policy in which social sustainability is a key principle – by providing to diverse type of local residents and groups opportunities that suit their needs and financial standing. However, city growth and the high demand for housing have led to a significant increase in housing costs. The future residential development consists of infill development in existing districts where infrastructure can be utilized, which represents sustainable and economically sensible urban development.

162

In order to follow up with the rapid densification, the city needs to provide the opportunity to substantially diversify the housing supply in different districts and continue/ensure to be a green city with adequate recreational areas where nature can be enjoyed. During the workshop, we explore local constraints for housing development, visit best practice projects, conceptualize strategies and design homes for tomorrow for Helsinki. We understand the local conditions like ownership structures, policies and stakeholder interests influencing production and quality of housing in Helsinki. We explore how global trends like societal changes, virtual communication and environmental change influence the way we live. Based on this, we conceptualize and design future-oriented scenarios for housing with different focuses and scales: the socio-economic aspects defining the framework for development, the neighbourhood as a living environment, the building block as a unit for living in a community, and the building itself as an expression of lifestyles.

CASE STUDY: HUOPALAHDENTIE AREA The Huopalahdentie area as a part of “city boulevard” is planned to supplement the districts of Munkkiniemi, Haaga and Pitäjänmäki, with new homes and workplaces for about 14,000 residents in total. The New City Plan 2050 is aimed at extending the transit network, especially the development of a new cross-town tram system along its main axes. It will introduce prioritization between different modes of transport – encouraging sustainable solutions in order to give greater priority to public transportation.

The main concept is to create vibrant, cozy and densely built streets with new neighbourhoods alongside. The densification of the built environment will provide opportunities for the creation of workplaces, utilizing the agglomeration benefits of a dense city and minimizing the segregation of residential areas. Districts will have an opportunity to evolve with their own independent characteristics within the city by introducing new program –business premises, shops, restaurants, cafes, small and medium-sized companies alongside the “city boulevard”. New functions can ensure the vitality of districts and improve their image.

163

PROJECT GROUP 1

PARTICIPANTS: DARIA ROSH NIKITA BIELOKOPYTOV CEZAR MOLDOVAN MIRIAM QUASSOLO IVAN PROTASOV ARTEM OSLAMOVSKYI ULIANA DZHURLIAK MENTOR: FANI KOSTOUROU

LIVING WITH THE FOREST When you think of Finland you will probably imagine some pictures with fairy wooden houses in the depth of the snowy forest. Although we are not falling for stereotypes, during our research on the Helsinki case we had found proof of how important and valuable for the local residents is the idea of living with the forest and building the city within the forest. From the report City of Helsinki, we see that nearly 40% of Helsinki’s land area consists of green space managed by the city that proves there is a unique opportunity to realize this concept. Developing our proposal we have strategically analyzed environmental, social and economic benefits of living with the forest and enhancing relations with nature. However as most European cities, known for the high quality of life, Helsinki is facing the challenges of urbanization and densification. That could be seen in average housing density which is 34 m2 of floor area in Helsinki, compared to 40,5 m2 in all of Finland. (img Health, Age, City). In the Helsinki City Plan there are several strategies that will help to meet those challenges. expanding the city center and creating local centers.

The City Plan presents the opportunity to develop a strong new business district in eastern central Helsinki. The Helsinki of tomorrow will be a denser city than it is today. Transverse rail lines will be developed to complement the existing radial lines leading into the city centre. Stations will become important traffic hubs and the urban structure around them will become denser. The City Plan presents the opportunity to transform motorway-like entry routes into city boulevards and build the urban environment along them.The development of city boulevards is primarily about the extension of central Helsinki.

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Housing density in Helsinki is 34 m² of floor area per person, compared to 40.5 m² in all of Finland.

Housing Households (2018, proportion of all households in Helsinki)

One-person

Two-person

Three-person

Four or more persons

48.6 %

30.7 %

10.2 %

10.6 %

Housing costs (2018) Helsinki Average rent, €/m²/month

The total number of households in Helsinki is 330,933, and the average size is 1.9 persons.

12.9

4,208

2,075

Most expensive postcode area, €/m²

7,988

Least expensive postcode area, €/m²

2,057

390

No. of dwellings

% of all dwellings

Average price per sq m of old dwellings, €/m²

Housing stock (2017)

Finland

16.7

Helsinki Dwellings, total

361,866

% in detached or terraced houses

13.3

% in blocks of flats

85.5

1–2 rooms, %

59.2

3–4 rooms, %

34.2

5 or more rooms, %

41.6 %

12 — Housing

6.2

46.9 %

11.4 %

● ● ●

Omistusasunnot Owner-occupied Vuokra-asunnot Rented Muut Other

Source: City of Helsinki_Helsinki facts an figures 2019

Housing stock by construction year Year Before 1920 1920–1939

19,745

5.5

49,048

13.6

1940–1959

50,642

14.0

1960–1979

103,651

28.6

1980–1999

77,797

21.5

2000–2017

60,857

16.8

Housing — 13

Source: City of Helsinki_Helsinki facts an figures 2019

Case study area in Niemenmäki area, Helsinki

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The City Plan offers Helsinki the opportunity to develop active and vibrant centres in suburban areas as well. Local and district centres can only develop if they have a sufficiently large population base The local, district and regional centres will have a mixed urban structure with streetside businesses. In the City Plan, transverse green corridors connect the broader radial green areas and recreational areas, known as ‘green fingers’. The interconnecting corridors may vary from man-made structures to natural wooded areas. Where necessary, green overpasses or underpasses will be built. According to the urban planning strategy of the City of Helsinki our case study area of Huopalahdentie and Vihdintie are planned to be developed as a boulevard with a high speed tramline, proper cycling infrastructure, bringing more street-like setting instead of a noisy road. There are some benefits in this plan such as much easier access to the city center from the northern part of this area and opportunity to densify the territory with new housing and business functions. However, it was also stated by the experts, who work on the project, that some of the green areas will be developed and partly replaced with housing. They say: ”that this is a kind of compromise that we will have to do now in the city trying to densify it and bring new people here. Some green areas will be lost but we try to compensate for that by saving a lot of other green areas in the city”.

Land use map of Niemenmäki area, from Helsinki City

Although we were not physically present to identify main values of the area, we found a way to hear how residents reflect on such development plan. Along with coherent reports on quality of life and most statistical data City of Helsinki also encourages people to participate in the planning process by open public hearings on the official web-page Kerrokantasi (Voice your opinion).

Satelite image of Niemenmäki area

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We read hundreds of comments on the ongoing project and found out that people consider most green areas as important values of this territory and strongly oppose deforestation and destruction of the natural environment for animals living there. There are a few of the quotes from people about the nearby forest areas: “kindergarten and school classes, as well as the elderly go out there and get to know the surrounding area and a decent forest” “...in the area of the roundabout there are hedgehogs, foxes, deer, fallow… don’t destroy their territory”

WHY DOESN’T HELSINKI REALIZE THAT IT IS ONE OF THE LAST POSSIBILITIES TO BUILD A CITY WITH FOREST AREAS? Looking at images that illustrate the current development plan we also notice an interesting paradox: there is a shift of volume between existing green and built environment: housing replaces the green area and trees appear on the boulevard as a kind of compensation. But maybe we could minimize the intervention in the natural environment and provide more density on the existing infrastructure. And there is how we came to the main question for our proposal: how can we save the existing green by building on the top of the already urbanized area?

“it takes hundreds of years to grow and cannot be regained once they are felled” We took those comments as the important turning point developing our proposal, as people not only claim that deforestation is bad in itself but provide concrete examples of their interaction with the green in everyday life.

Existing situation

Potential proposal by City of Helsinki

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THE COMBINED SYSTEM OF INFRASTRUCTURES

1. On top 2. Tactic the fores 170

p of the boulevard - large-scaled mixed-use structures cally inserted in nature - small activity functions spreaded through st 171

CAFE

LIBRARY

HOUSING

Мoreover, several typologies for the mixed-use structures built on the boulevard could be developed. There are a few examples to illustrate the approach.

HOUSING

MIXED-USE STRUCTURES AS AN OPEN INTERACTION WITH NATURE ON PASS WAYS.

KINDERGARTEN

RETAIL

1. Residential towers connected by the platform with a range of public functions. This variant is efficient to accommodate more people as well as create an alternative public square. 2. Solid volume of a building on high columns that open interaction with nature on passways. System of bridges could connect the new multifunctional complex with smaller functional follies and existing buildings to use the common public infrastructure and enhance its accessibility.

CO-WORKING

COMMUNICATIONS

RESTAURANT

HOUSING HOUSING CAFE

SPORT SPORT SPORT SPORT

3. The typology that combines housing and traditional market spaces. It would provide possibilities for small businesses. Shops along the pass ways make the street more livable and at the same time protect people from the traffic noise. Important aspect is the opportunity to develop project gradually in time. If the municipality begins with financing one structure on the boulevard. It makes the initial idea clear from the first project. Developers could be invited to go further to the next typology of mixed-use structure on the boulevard and the grid of smaller functional follies. Timeline and financing models of the project could be split in the most comfortable way according to the actual demand and investment capacity.

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HOUSING HOUSING

OFFICE

MARKET

GROCERY

COMMUNICATIONS

CONCLUSIONS Finally, there are some calculations that prove the reasonableness of such a complex idea. In our proposal we could achieve FAR - 3.14 instead of the planned FAR - 2.7. Furthermore, the most important and impressive numbers speaking for this strategy is the amount of preserved green. According to the current plan 40 000 sq.m. of greens are going to be removed, and with the strategy of building on the existing infrastructure only 8 000 sq.m. have to be replaced. To recapitulate, we identify the following environmental, social and economic benefits of the concept of building on the existing infrastructure. • keeping the forest areas and the natural environment for the animals’ spices is important for environmental sustainability.

• This approach also contributes to economic sustainability. Facing the challenges of pandemic, prices for housing near nature increased rapidly. That would have a long term influence on people’s choice for housing and be an important value of the new and existing development. • activating some of the green areas also emphasizes the importance of human relations with nature; supports traditional and provides new opportunities for social interaction.

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PROJECT GROUP 2

PARTICIPANTS: ANNA POTANINA SVITLANA MARTYNIUK MARIELLE FERREIRA SILVA ANNA SCORETTI MENTOR: KONSTANTINOS PANTAZIS 174

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FROM OPEN-PLAN TO DIGITAL NOMADS It seems that modern society has become much more fluid than before, having rapidly changing demands to the built environment. However, in its turn, architecture has not changed a lot, providing the same sizes, the same relation to our private and public spaces, usually looking as a strictly defined concrete box.

How did architecture deal with flexibility so far? Modernists` ideas, such as open-plan, provided a structure for different scenarios, separating bearing structure from the skin, inner walls, and interiors. Besides this, such aspects as durability and level of decision making were discussed. The production of architectural elements became more and more flexible to the point of allowing the prefabrication of different parts of the building regardless of the site and still allowing to halve the time and give the illusion of greater control over building production. Additionally, nowadays people can use different platforms such as Airbnb, Couchsurfing, or DOMA to share, rent, or own housing. These digital platforms provide the possibility to move and choose a more suitable place for living, answering the current personal needs. Basically, these allow to choose a proper building for every circumstance rather than adopt one.

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nomadism flexible lifestyle open plan flexible building layer system + parametеrs of time and responsibility now

nomadism?

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FLEXIBLE SPACES FOR FLEXIBLE PEOPLE A large number of modern people use them, having quite a nomadic lifestyle in constant movement, adapt to the environment, and are not tied to one place. Ancient nomadic tribes used scrap materials or light modular elements to create their houses, moving from place to place in accordance with seasons, following warmer weather, food demand, and all the instinctive needs of the tribe.

IT MAY BE SAID THAT THE WHOLE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT WAS THEIR HOME; TODAY WE ARE COMING BACK TO THE IDEA OF LIVING AS A PART OF THE ECOSYSTEM: THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT SHOULD NOT OPPOSE THE NATURAL ONE ANYMORE. THE NEW CHALLENGE FOR OUR GENERATION IS TO REACH A FLEXIBLE ATTITUDE AND MORE RESPONSIBILITY TOWARD NATURE AND PUBLIC SPACES.

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Starting from this idea in mind, we decided to investigate which modern materials have qualities relevant to the topic, as well as how they can be implemented in modern typologies. We took a wooden frame as a basis, a bare structure that is most sustainable, as well as strong and durable, and can be reassembled for different scenarios. Various tissues, with qualities of insulation or noise suppression, can be extended to cover the growing or reducing body of the structure, while biodegradable materials fit seasonal infrastructure.

BIODEGRADABLE

REUSABLE

MOVABLE

FLEXIBLE MATERIALITY

A FLEXIBLE GRID AS A NEW ECO-SYSTEM

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180

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TYPOLOGY LAYOUTS

The partitions and walls serve as shelter and protection from natural phenomena, such as rain, wind, heat, and cold. The closures can serve as public spaces or housing and can be temporary or permanent. The image below shows the different variations and scenarios of internal space adaptation on wood structure. For example, the wood structure can be multiples of 3 meters, which is 3x3, 3x6, 6x6, 9x9, 15x15, 18x18, and others. The housing units can have 36, 54, 72,108, ou 144 square meters, or tents for temporary shelters. The common areas can be acclimatized spaces such as saunas, a common activity in Finland, shared kitchens and rooms, as well as covered spaces without air conditioners that can also be used in winter as indoor gardens, closed balconies, greenhouse, and vivarium. Besides, the

Typology layout

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completely open spaces can be appropriated according to the season’s needs and the users.

THESE PLANS PRESENT CONCEPTS SUCH AS «FLEXIBLE AND ADAPTABLE LAYOUT» AND «SPACE APPROPRIATION» IN ORDER TO DISCUSS THE ROLES OF HOUSING AND PUBLIC SPACE IN THE CREATION OF A SOCIETAL MIX.

Typology layout for housing

Typology layout for common spaces

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184

185

186

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SECTION + PARAMETERS

The proposed urbanistic parameters for the site will influence developers’ decision making for the urban space. Parameters to place the wood structure • Time Frame • Temporary • Permanent • Weather conditions • Open / Closed • Cold / cool / warm • Location • near the boulevard • inside the lot • close to nature • Function • Residential • Common space • Density

Section

188

The sections are a demonstration of how the site may look following these parameters. t proposes higher structures with more closed spaces near the Boulevard, while lower and open structures that can integrate nature - closer to the park.

Section - close to the Boulevard

Section - close to the park

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LOW

HIGH

COLD

WARM

Gradients of density and temperature

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äenti

enm

Niem

mentie

Luuvanie

äenti

+ winter gardens

Lapinmäe

enm

Niem

ntie

äenti enm + public gardens’ tools storages Niem

I I

I I I

I I I I

ntie

Lapinmäe

ntie Lapinmäe

tu enka alahd Haap

I I

polku

+ saunas, shops and shared verandas paan

Korp

Lasten päiväkoti

+ ateliers and co-working

5 4

I 2

Korppaanpuisto

I I

mäe Niemen

nkuja

5 Kenttä

mäentie

Niemen

Rakuunantie 8

entie

Rakuunantie

Luuvaniem

uden

itus

rajo

oike

yttö

Kä

äent

enm

Niem

I I

hdentie

I I

Project plan showing the added programs to housing I

Ulvilantie

I I

ntie

Huopalahde

nti

Munkkivuoren ostoskeskus

tali an Na

I I

Kivitorpankenttä

Lapinmäentie

I I

I I I

I opala Hu I

mäentie

Niemen

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192

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NEW CONSCIOUSNESS TOWARDS (BIO)DIVERSITY Modern nomads demand a dense living environment, and their society has a highly complex structure. These made us think about the gradient of public and semi-public spaces, allowing common activity such as cooking, playing sports, or having a sauna. The staircase elements are not just for transit while being enriched with other functions and integrated into the environment. The diversity of the modern world demands new places for interaction between people and people, people, and nature.

In the months of the lockdown, the reconquest of the city by Nature reached our homes through communication channels, perhaps leaving space for a new awareness: city and nature are complementary. Deer, wild boars, wild turkeys, dolphins reconquer the space abandoned by humans, air pollution has decreased, and the city suddenly returns to breathe. During the history of the human world, different forms of relationships with other living creatures were developed. Some of them exploit animals, while others provide an opportunity for coexistence. Winter gardens, farms, animal shelters, vivariums may be introduced into modern housing structures and provide diverse possibilities to interact with nature.

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PROJECT GROUP 3

PARTICIPANTS: IRYNA TSUBA YELYZAVETA REDKINA EWA WASILEWSKA OLENA RUBAN OLGA KONONOVA MENTOR: GIANMARIA SOCCI 196

197

WORKING WITH THE REALITY Global pandemics have affected the lives of people at all times. Analyzing the cityscapes today we do not always realize how much familiar scenery was shaped with the push of necessity for public health improvements. And as deadly outbreaks of cholera in 1850 catalyzed the change of London’s city sewerage system, plague and tuberculosis urged planners to create houses with better ventilation systems and prioritize health through open space and green settlements, (many of which continue to shape our cities today) we argue we cannot be indifferent to the effects of the pandemics in cities.

Health concerns have always steered urban planning and the design of cities. Moritz Maria Karl Living in the middle of Covid-19 global pandemic, when life is disrupted in every city in the world we carefully analyze the influence of Covid-19 on our cities and ourselves. We observe city life significantly reconfigured. The relation of work and residence and leisure, use of public space, safety and security of transportation is different now from that we knew before this global pandemic.

Flexibility we see as a key role in planning resilient cities. We can conclude that it exposed the need and importance for spaces inside our flats and outside, in our cities. Flexibility we see as a key role in planning resilient cities. Flexibility in spaces, design solutions, design and planning processes and flexibility of minds.

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TOWARDS A FLEXIBLE PLANNING SYSTEM When analyzing master plans we came to a conclusion that they look very similar, even though they are in really different contexts. They are fixed, rigid and therefore not able to adapt to new needs (as the ones exposed by covid-19) Although some plans can be fixed, we also have some examples of how a plan can be a set of rules or parameters, even if it was made in an analogical way.

INSTEAD OF HAVING A RIGID PLAN, IT SHOULD BE A SYSTEM, WHICH COULD HAVE THE ABILITY TO BE CHANGED OR ADAPTED IN ANY TIME TOWARDS DIFFERENT NEEDS. When we look at the Cerda’s Plan for Barcelona, and when we see that he set up an amount of parameters or rules inside a system, we could argue that it is still possible to do it today. Again, more than a determined formal solution, we believe that if we are able to create a system, with a set of parameters that can be defined, we will have a model that can be more flexible and adaptable. Planning process in Helsinki is a comprehensive and well developed tool, however, we believe it could benefit from an additional tool, which would allow more flexibility and involvement of the actors in a more equal way. On the other hand, we want to experiment with an alternative to the current zoning system. As we can see from Cerdà’s plan to Barcelona, where there are no exclusively defined areas for housing or commerce, it gives the possibility to mix functions, different inhabitants, creating a more equal and democratic way to live in a city.

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THE MAIN GOAL OF OUR PROPOSAL IS TO DEFY THE WAY WE THINK OF CITY DEVELOPMENT, THROUGH THE QUALITIES OF A PLACE AND THE FLEXIBILITY OF THE PLANNING SYSTEM. First of all, when analyzing the site we are working on, we identify the most significant unique qualities of this place. We picked three of the most valuable qualities that are normally not present in an urban environment and that we believe should be kept regardless of future development plans for this area.

THE MOST VALUABLE QUALITIES WE BELIEVE SHOULD BE KEPT REGARDLESS OF FUTURE DEVELOPMENT PLANS Qualities of the space

DIVERSE GREEN SPACES The amount of greenery is extraordinary. From communal gardens, to parks and forest like areas, this site as an outstanding variety of different green spaces.

OPEN SPACES TO BE OCCUPIED In this site, it is possible to see how people occupy the different open spaces. From a sand pit that is used by children to play, to the shopping center plaza, there is an amount of possibilities regarding this open spaces

LIVING IN THE FOREST The connection to nature is a quality that should be pointed out and enhanced. Being able to live in the city but at the same time live in a forest is one of the most striking qualities that this place has.

Plan of Barcelona, Cerda

Diverse green spaces

Places to be occupied

Living in the forest

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INTRODUCING FLEXIBLE PLANNING SYSTEM Throughout our working process we developed a tool that can help city planners to organize the way to develop urban development concepts by means of a flexible planning system

IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THAT THIS SYSTEM WE ARE EXPLORING IS NOT A CLOSED AND FINISHED ONE, BUT SOMETHING THAT SHOULD BE ABLE TO CONTINUOUSLY ADAPT. To make this system run we start from the precise and careful analysis of the qualities of the place. Those qualities are: the diverse green spaces, the open spaces to be occupied and the living in the forest quality.

Fig. 01 Phase one towards flexible planning system

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Then we fill in the external inputs: In this case, one of the inputs is given by the city authorities, and it is the need for densification. The second external input is the need for bigger interior and exterior spaces (as a result of pandemic influence) The third external input is the one that we let open and that regards the information given by the citizens or residents through a participatory process. All of these inputs will be put together and originate the planning principles. (fig.01) The result of the connection between the qualities of the place and the external inputs is a set of principles we want to follow in this planning system.

They are: •

Decision making by inhabitants

•

Connection to nature

•

Generosity of inhabitants

•

Conscious and precise densification

•

Preservation on identity of the place

This set of parameters can be seen as the rules for a game. Different colors represent the different principles these parameters refer to. After defining the set of parameters that have to be taken into consideration and get a respond, we will demonstrate the example of possible connections.

The next step is to establish the set of parameters regarding each one of the principles.

ANY POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS IN THE SYSTEM SHOULD NOT BE CONSIDERED AS SOMETHING CLOSED OR FINISHED.

It is important to point out some of the parameters are result of the analysis of the place.

It is made just to show how this «game» could be played.

After seting the parameters for the different planning principles that we have defined, we then group all of them together. This is the set of parameters. And phase number three of our proposed planning process.

Phase two towards flexible planning system

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So, moving towards fourth phase of the system, we need to set a condition in order to create further connection. Let’s see an example of possible conditions: •

Necessity for densification of the neighborhood

•

Desire to keep the greenery (as one of the qualities of the area).

If these two are put together, we see that adaptation or compromize will have to happen. As a result of matching the two, we can see that if we want to keep the greenery we should build above the green areas or incorporate green spaces inside the buildings. After responding to this condition,

THE IDEA IS TO COME BACK AND CRITICALLY ANALYZE THE RESULTS and check if the condition is satisfied. Let’s now take a look at another example of a condition that we need to answer: ‘If we want to have an open space to be occupied and defined by residents, then it should be at 5 min. distance from their appartments.’ We defined the 5 min. distance for this spaces because we consider that if a main public space should be at 10 min distance (according to our set of rules), this intermediate spaces should be closer to the inhabitants, so it would they would have a stronger relation to it. So we start making a quick test about this condition: First we draw a 5 min distance circle from all buildings to the place. We abstract those circle distances and then we identify where are the most intense intersections.

Phase three towards flexible planning system

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205

After, we place those intersections in the site and confront them with the consequences of that. Through a critical analysis, we can conclude that it won’t be possible to have the previous areas defined by the most intense intersections in all of the places, because through the confrontation with the site, there are some places where buildings, private areas or other restrictions will distruct the result. So, in conclusion to these two small design tests in such a system with defined set of parameters that are in codependency with one another, collisions are inavitable sometimes. Which in regard, will oblige the system to redefine the strategy or the design.

THIS SHOULD BE SEEN AS A SYSTEM, WITH A SET OF PARAMETERS THAT WERE DEFINED BY THIS SITE AND NOT AS SOMETHING THAT COULD BE APPLIED ANYWHERE ELSE WITHOUT CRITICAL ANALYSIS. After one pair of conditioning is satistifed, the process can move further. Although, it should always go back and forth to check all contitions and parameters work well together.

Phase four towards flexible planning system

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PHASING & IMPLEMENTATION

Phases of the planning process

Implementation to the city planning process

Phases Phase 1 Every group expresses the values of the area from their perspective. As a result, set of core qualities (combined input from all actors) is set for the future process. Phase 2 Every group expresses ideas of how to keep core qualities and bring additional value to the area.As a result, set of principles (combined input from all actors) is set for the future process

As a result, set of parameters (combined input from all actors) is set for the future process. Phase 4 After setting the parameters, planning group sets up the conditions which show correlation between parameters. Then, the conditions are tested through a design process. Result of this phase is a planning draft. At Phase 5, planning draft is reviewed by all the actor groups.

Phase 3 Every group expresses the needs and ideas of how to follow principles.

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If the result is satisfactory, it can be put in practice. If not - it goes back to Phase 4 Creating and testing conditions.

CONCLUSIONS •

Covid-19 global pandemic disrupted life in every city in the world.

•

We observe city life significantly reconfigured. The relation of work and residence and leisure, use of public space, safety and security of transportation is different now from that we knew before this global pandemic. And these changes motivate urban professionals to create new solutions for modern challenges.

•

Instead of having a rigid plan, it should be a system, which could have the ability to be changed or adapted in any time towards different needs.

• Flexibility we see as a key role in planning resilient cities. Flexibility in spaces, design solutions, design and planning processes and flexibility of minds. •

Planning process in Helsinki is a comprehensive and well developed tool, however, we believe it could benefit from an additional tool, which would allow more flexibility and involvement of the actors in a more equal way.

•

The value of the system we are exploring is not a closed and finished one, but something that should be able to continuously adapt.

• Any system, with a set of parameters is not something that could be applied anywhere else without critical analysis.

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KYIV WORKSHOP

WORKSHOP THEME In recent decades, the Ukrainian government has initiated numerous reforms in the areas of decentralization and local self-government which has strengthened cities to take greater responsibility for tasks and resources. Nevertheless, urban service provision and infrastructure are often inadequate. The absence of the national framework for integrated urban development that provides guidance for state and municipal actors replaced with market-driven approaches based on liberal democratic ideology and integration into the global capitalist economic system. The privatization became a crucial component of the housing reform and quality of living in Ukrainian cities. Mass privatization of housing in Ukraine was initiated by the law “About privatization of the state housing stock” in June 1992.

Photo source: Wiki, Vynogradov A.I.

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It has resulted in a high number of homeownership—1% of urban housing in Ukraine is publicly owned, 93% privately owned and 6% on a rental basis—according to the latest research by the State Statistics Service. Beginning in the early 2000s, the mass migration to the capital city—Kyiv—mostly for employment and educational opportunities created uncontrollable expansion and reflected uneven development. The real estate transformed into a marked commodity reflected by a high number of vacant flats where new building stock being sold out, roughly 20-30% are being empty leadings to the unsustainable development and infrastructural waste. Viewing housing as an economic and financial sphere casts new light on the question of affordability and adaptability to diverse inhabitant’s needs.

CASE STUDY: PODIL DISTRICT The Podil District as a part of New Plan Kyiv 2030 is a project developed by GIZ “Integrated Urban Development in Ukraine”. Together with international and national experts, it is aiming to create the conditions for implementing integrated urban development policy by consolidating and optimizing urban management structures and procedures. In eight Ukrainian cities, citizens participate in development processes. The cities plan their development for the long term, sustainably and with a focus on citizens.

The project predicts Podil District’s densification from 20,000 inhabitants to 38,000 inhabitants where, with new urban blocks, it will have a capacity of 80,000 inhabitants. The administrative district is divided into several distinctive sub-districts with authentic character, from old XIX century Kyiv neighborhoods to Soviet microrayons. The existing housing typologies in Podil District are very heterogenous and reveal current conditions of almost every city of regional importance in Eastern Europe: historic patterns, socialist prefab houses, and investors driven developments.

Photo source: Wiki, Vynogradov A.I.

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PROJECT GROUP 2

PARTICIPANTS: MARIELLE FERREIRA SILVA ANNA SCORRETTI ANNA POTANINA SVITLANA MARTYNIUK LIDIIA CHYZHEVSKA MENTOR KONSTANTINOS PANTAZIS 214

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THE ROLE OF THE ARCHITECT IN THE POST-SOVIET ERA With the end of Communism, as top-down urban planning came to a sudden end, Ukrainian cities embraced market-driven approaches based on liberal democratic ideology and integration into the global capitalist economic system.

Privatization of state-owned housing stock became a crucial component of the housing reform and quality of living: the real estate market transformed housing soon into a marked commodity. Serving interests of large development companies, monopolizing the market, the real estate is today weakly controlled by city authorities because of corruption and outdated urban-planning documentation. This route quickly transformed Kyiv in a highly unsustainable city. It is visible in the architecture: housing is high-rise and highly homogeneous, but also unaffordable. While infrastructure is overloaded, unsustainable planning solutions lead to environmental pollution. The time has come to re-consider mass production principles and how the architect can act in order to address future housing needs. The role of the architect should be discussed and a new scenario should be proposed. Today the architect has little voice in a context in which housing developments are mostly driven by profit: the developer is the key actor on the scene. What if we propose a new type of cooperative as a new actor, in order to change the course of future developments and make potential buyers more demanding?

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93% 1% PUBLIC

6% FOR RENT

PRIVATE

Kyiv housing stock in the 90’s

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LEARNING FROM ABROAD

The study of cases abroad brings solutions and tools that can be implemented in new contexts with similar conditions. The More than Housing and Kalkbreite projects in Zurich bring cooperation strategies between public-private, methods of financing and specific tools for implementing the project. Furthermore, the Action Plan Wooncooperatie project in Amsterdam brings new investments and financing strategies.

projects abroad prioritize future residents’ needs and include public uses. In contrast, Kyiv apartments are extremely homogenous in terms of the environment and, even though Kyiv developers’ projects include common areas, these merely serve purposes of beautification and are not essentially able to help form any sense of community.

The Cooperative foreign projects serve as an example to develop a more integrated approach. When we compare Zurich and Amsterdam cooperative projects with Kyiv Developers projects, we realize that Kyiv’s costs are higher them foreign ones, considering each country’s minimum wage. Also,

Developers has stronger power on the construction sector DEVELOPER-ORIENTED MARKET - KYIV

We need fast, cheaper and and extremely dense!!! Next architect please...

extreme proﬁt driven projects

Architects do not have possibilities and freedom to design

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More Than Housing, Zurich MEHR ALS WOHNEN - ZURICH Strategies

an Cooperation, Amsterdam Co-operation with the City

Launch public discussion to attract people : major events, workshops, media, arte and cultural events. Registered as Non-proﬁt organizations - supported by national, cantonal and municipal

1% of the apartments for Social Department

Financed : founding members, loans from the City, national funds for cooperative housing commercial bank loans

1% of the ﬂoor space given to the City free of charge

n, Amsterdam

Action Plan Cooperation, Amsterdam

ACTION PLAN WOONCOOPERATIE - AMSTERDAM Action Plan Cooperation, Amsterdam

Action Plan Cooperation, Amsterdam Action Plan Cooperation, Amsterdam

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The cost comparison below considers each country’s minimum wage and the cost of the buildings’ square meters. In the Zurich Kalkbreite project, the cost of a 3-bedroom apartment (average 100m2) is 1.3 times the minimum salary, while in Kyiv ЖК Єнісейська садиба: стрічка новин and ЖК Вудсторія project is 3.1 times the minimum salary. If we take into account a more expensive apartment in Kyiv, like ЖК Great and ЖК Файна Таун, the cost of a 3-bedroom apartment is 4.7 and 7.1 times the minimum salary.

The More Than Housing and Action Plan Wooncooperatie apartments are only for rent, and not for sale, making the prices more accessible and bringing more diversity to the buildings. To compare apartments’ prices, we divided the 3 abroad project’s total cost by the number of housing units with the Kyiv apartments prices. The average cooperative apartment price is 0.8 to 0.2 times the Kyiv Developers apartments, i.e., it is lower and sometimes even less than half of the Kyiv price.

ABROAD More Than Housing, Zurich Total cost - USD: 202500000 Number of housing units: 400 Price per apartment (average) - USD: 506250 Cost apartment average / month salary: 209.7

Kalkbreite, Zurich Total cost - USD: 70435567 Cost square meters - USD: 3293 Number of housing units: 97 Price per apartment (average) - USD: 303720 Cost Square meter / month salary: 1.3 Cost apartment average / month salary: 125.8

Action Plan Wooncooperatie, Amsterdam Total cost - USD: 7183280 Number of housing units: 40 Price per apartment (average) - USD: 179582 Cost apartment average / month salary: 91.5

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TO CONCLUDE, BUILDINGS AND APARTMENTS WITH BETTER QUALITY, MORE DIVERSE, AND CAN BE OFFERED AT THE SAME COST, I.E., MORE AFFORDABLE.

KYIV ЖК Єнісейська садиба: стрічка новин Cost square meters - USD: 564 - 775 Number of housing units: 813 /4 buildings Price per apartment (average) - USD: 31944.6 Cost Square meter / month salary: 3.1 Cost apartment average / month salary: 176.1

ЖК Вудсторія Cost square meters - USD: 580 - 620 Number of housing units: 1100 /6 buildings Price per apartment (average) - USD: 45696.6 Cost Square meter / month salary: 3.1 Cost apartment average / month salary: 251.9

ЖК Файна Таун, Kyiv Cost square meters - USD: 1300 - 2070 Number of housing units: 8339/57 buildings Price per apartment (average) - USD: 76006.6 Cost Square meter / month salary: 7.1 Cost apartment average / month salary: 419.0

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LEGAL INSTRUMENTS IN UKRAINIAN CONTEXT Ukrainian legislation offers two similar forms of cooperative ownership:

Today the cooperative is mostly used by small development companies as a form of investment.

Building-Housing Cooperative and ОСББ (Association of co-owners of an apartment building).

Nowadays ОСББ is more widespread, also being encouraged by the government. It is used as a tool to organize housing estates maintenance in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity and as well as to implement energy-efficiency solutions. Land for housing construction cooperatives is transferred free of charge or leased in the amount established in accordance with the approved urban planning documentation.

While the former makes possible the cooperative construction of housing and then owns the building; the latter aims to maintain property that remains in the common ownership of the tenants. Moreover, the legislation offers an easy way to transform a cooperative into an ОСББ. Even though both of these forms are not widespread today they are in use. The cooperative was more popular at the end of the 20th century as the first alternatives to the soviet planned economy and housing construction. Most of such housing was built according to standard mass-housing projects, however, there are some examples of visible distinctions in the quality of housing maintenance or in the architecture itself. Several outstanding housing projects of that period were built utilizing the cooperative form.

Some examples of OSBB’s building achievements in Kyiv

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A NEW ACTOR

This overview reveals the lack of representation of other actors’ interests and their inclusion in the technical task for a project.

Trying to introduce foreign models to the local context, we came up with a new actor empowered with multidisciplinary skills.

While city authorities are not able to protect citizens’ interests, people tend to express their position in the form of protests confronting new development. It should be said that there is no tradition in the institutionalized cooperation between city communities and other actors.

Beyond the housing is a new company model that, combining a range of experts, can provide legal support and facilitate discussions, as well as implement results in the design. It enables new scenarios for housing development creating new ways of interaction between its participants.

Basically, only the developer is able to fully convey his demands. Such a situation demands a systematic approach on the policy level. However, as architects, we propose a more tactical solution using the instrument of cooperation.

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The new Company has a key role into different development scenarios.

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WE AIM • to contribute to the creation of vibrant and cohesive communities • to provide solutions for a diversity • to introduce innovative housing models into the Ukrainian context • to find common solutions fitting interests of various city actors • to make the most of the opportunities that we already exist.

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organizing public discussion

management of the designing process

provide design solutions

WE ARE

legal services

accounting of the project

dialogue with the City authorities

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FROM

STANDARD DEVELOPER DEVELOPMENT SCHEME

Look! How much diversity in just one street! Let's go playing football close to the tram depot!

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BEYOND THE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT SCHEME

For instance, in the traditional model it is the developer who initiates the project, as they have financial resources and legal expertise. However, with the help of the Company, a group of people will be able to consolidate their investments and to use legal tools for the common housing project. Another example may appear during the designing stage. In the traditional model, the architecture follows the impersonal and most convenient target - a young upper-middle-class family, hence the same solutions are generated. The developer, interested to propose a new product on the market, may ask the Company for the involvement of future residents in the designing process. Working together they will be able to create customized solutions within the general concept.

ESSENTIALLY, SUCH A COMPANY ENABLES NEW WAYS OF COOPERATION AND BRINGS BACK THE DIALOG BETWEEN ARCHITECT AND FUTURE DWELLERS, MAKING PARTICIPATION A FUNDAMENTAL PREMISE OF FUTURE HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS.

Looking at foreign examples we may assume that people would like to share some facilities with neighbours saving space in this way for additional extra qualities. There are also communities that practice the use of common goods that may be interested in such a format.

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In this project developed by the new Company proposed, there is a variety of different public and semi-public spaces. The whole project is un-fenced, making it assesible to the wider neighborhood and city. The needs of ifferent user types are adressed, since dwellers were involved in the design process of the project.

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There are no fenced public space, all the surrounding is now open to the neighborhood. Kids are now able to play together in the playgrounds of the city. People can meet in one of the various communal spaces on the ground floor of the new housing development. Housing can finally be consider beyond itself.

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PROJECT GROUP 4

PARTICIPANTS: ANTONIO FARIA DARIA BOROVYK DARYNA PYROGOVA MARTA POPYK BARBU REBECA MENTOR ANDRIUS NEMICKAS

COMMUCAPITALISM FROM SOVIET LEGACY AND HOUSING COMMODIFICATION TOWARDS SOLVING THE RENTAL AFFORDABILITY CRISIS

Ideological change came to be the most significant ‘push’ factor in the 1990s with a decisive impact on housing policy reforms in Central and Eastern Europe. It was commonly thought that privatization reforms would improve the efficiency of housing (market) provision. It will somehow bring housing systems to ‘converge’ towards (a perceived) market-oriented system, i.e. a ‘EU housing model’. However, this analysis did not take into consideration the great differences between these countries or specific cities of different ‘housing policy (and welfare) regimes’ and their outcomes.

The general tendency was to reduce government budget expenditure and to shift responsibilities for housing policy to local and individual level. Promotion of home ownership, perceived as the most ‘desirable and efficient form of tenure’, became the most important objective of privatization First phase of transition is characterized by state withdrawal from direct provision of housing, that can be labelled as ‘policy retrenchment’ which has developed into ‘policy collapse’ signifying ‘market failures’ (affordability and availability constraints) at the end of the 1990s. Knowing the historical context we can now dive into the current housing figures. To put it shortly, Ukrainians have small salaries. The cost of the property is high. But when you look at the homeownership rates - numbers disturb. After privatisation, Ukraine enjoys 90% of homeowners, twice as many as the European states do. These days, 20 years after privatisation, there is still institutional bias towards private homeownership in the form of:

LIBERAL REAL ESTATE TAX LEGISLATION INCLUDE

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• no payment for land under apartment buildings, • subsidies for housing and communal services, • state programs that subsidise the purchase of housing, • partial payment by the state WHY IS THIS A PROBLEM? Economically speaking, homeowners` capital (the ownership in Ukraine of the housing) is the result of historic state privatisation programs rather than the economic prosperity of its citizens. Thus, Ukrainian homeowners struggle to cover utility services, not even speaking about repairments, infrastructure or renovation. In turn, there is no one to pay for them - the state cannot satisfy that scale of renovations and support of private capital. Meanwhile, alternative rental housing is not accessible. Those who already rent - do that unofficially, have no protection, arbitrary costs and discrimination. In turn, landlords enjoy no real estate tax, meaning they can keep their flats empty and not put the price down, waiting for the speculations on the market. That leads to limited competition and inflated prices on the rental market.

CAN IT BE DIFFERENT? Can it be different? We say YES, it can. Instead of selective financing forof the maintenance and repairs of the private property, the state and city should direct this money to the creation of the new types of tenures - rental housing. CEDOS national representative survey revealed that only 8% of Ukrainians are renters while another. 11% refused to answer. We may presume that those individuals rent unofficially as the rental market in Ukraine operates mainly in the shadows. Still, life-long rental housing is stigmatised. Only 30% treat it as ‘normal’ or acceptable. At the same time, people expect the state to provide them with affordable rental housing, which one more time illustrates the very special mix of neoliberal and post-soviet aspirations in Ukraine. Finally, among those who rent 48% faced discrimination because of registration address, pet ownership or marital status.

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EXISTING CRISIS & HOW TO DEAL WITH IT The housing crisis in Ukraine is a long going silent and complex issue. As of getting independence in 1991 and rapid privatization of Soviet housing stock, the situation promised to be complicated. With poor governance, little understanding of importance and lack of interest, this topic for years was out of any discourse. Today more and more people realize this is a problem and acknowledge the crisis. As the crisis existed for decades, there simply isn’t one easy solution.

THE HOUSING CRISIS IN UKRAINE IS A LONG GOING SILENT AND COMPLEX ISSUE We suggest to work with it on different levels, using multiple tools and methods. We believe solving this issue is a process, not a one time, static act. General strategy can be broken down into following goals: to inform - to unite - to incentivize - to mediate Suggested step by step approach allows to involve diverse stakeholders to act in their fields of interest in order to move towards a common solution.

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AS THE CRISIS EXISTED FOR DECADES, THERE SIMPLY ISN’T ONE EASY SOLUTION. At first, awareness campaigns and other educational tools help to raise awareness about the problem and mobilize citizens. When the critical mass of people in the neighborhood is involved they naturally unite and form tenant unions to join their knowledge and ideas to form a stronger position about the issue.

FROM THE GOVERNMENTAL SIDE, INCENTIVES SHOULD BE PROVIDED. For our case we suggest the introduction of a new real estate tax model that will cater for equal rights and fair access of all citizens to a housing market. To regulate and mediate the process we believe social rental agencies can be a powerful actor and eventual solution for the housing crisis in Kyiv and Ukraine.

EDUCATIONAL TOOLS AWARENESS CAMPAIGNS

To begin the jorney towards crisis resolusion and achieving fair housing policy in Ukraine we came to research existant educational tools the purpose of which is aimed at increasing awareness of and promoting fair housing rights, identify fair housing violations and encourage those who believe they may be victims of housing discrimination to start acting and file complaints. Among all educational tools we draw our atantion towards: •

Educational materials (Booklets, videos)

•

Tenant Schools

•

Awareness campaigns

•

Games

•

Workshops

AWARENESS CAMPAINGS ARE AIMED AT INCREASING AWARENESS OF AND PROMOTING FAIR HOUSING RIGHTS, IDENTIFY FAIR HOUSING VIOLATIONS AND ENCOURAGE VICTIMS TO ACT AGAINST THEM. Main goals and benefits from educational programs and, espessially, awareness campaigns is increase of enthusiasm in the neighborhood (district, city). It also hepls to stimulate self-mobilization and action, promotes mobilization of local knowledge and resources as well as supports for community changes.

AWARENESS CAMPAINGS INCREASE ENTHUSIASM, STIMULATE ACTION, MOBILIZE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE & SUPPORTS FOR COMMUNITY CHANGES.

HOUSING DISCRIMINATION ISN’T ALWAYS OBVIOUS, BUT IT IS ILLEGAL.

IT IS A VIOLATION Of THE fAIR HOUSING ACT TO REfUSE TO RENT TO SOMEONE BECAUSE THEY HAVE kIDS, OR BECAUSE Of THEIR SEx, RACE, COLOR, NATIONAL ORIGIN, RELIGION, OR DISABILITY.

DISCRIMINATION IS WRONG, AND IT’S AGAINST THE LAW. REPORT IT TO THE U.S. DEPARTMENT Of HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT (HUD). HUD CAN HELP. If YOU THINk YOUR fAIR HOUSING RIGHTS HAVE BEEN

VIOLATED, CALL 1-800-669-9777 OR VISIT WWW.HUD.GOV/fAIRHOUSING.

#fAIRHOUSING

Fair Housing Awareness Campaign (Example)

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TOWARDS A TENANTS UNION

In the words of Leilani Fartha (UN-special Rapporteur on the Right to Housing), “housing is a human right, not a commodity”. When proposing a strategy that includes a Tenants Movement or Union, we should have in mind this principle.

THE MAIN GOALS OF THE TENANTS UNION ARE: RAISING AWARENESS, BY INFORMING PEOPLE ABOUT HOUSE AS AN HUMAN RIGHT, AND TO A STABLE, SAFE AND DIGNIFIED RENT.

rights and duties of tenants and also helps to stop evictions and discrimination in the rental sector. The Berliner mieterverein, from Berlin, is an Tenants Association that has lawyers that support in any disputes between tenants with landlords. It was also a major actor in the implementation of the Berlin Rent Cap legislation, that implemented in a first phase the rental freeze and then, in a second phase, the rend reduction based on a rent table for affordable housing. The current situation on Ukrainian rental market offers a possibility for a new model of real estate management to step in.

THE DEMAND FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING IS NOT YET REDIRECTED TO THE RENTAL MARKETS AND, THEREFORE, THE INTRODUCTION OF SOCIAL RENTAL ADVOCATE FOR THE TENANTS RIGHTS AGENCIES MAY FULFILL THE TASK OF AND OBLIGATIONS IN ALL STATE ORGA- INTERMEDIATE NEGOTIATION BETWEEN THE PROPERTY OWNERS AND POTENNIZATION LEVELS TIAL TENANTS. GIVE LEGAL SERVICES TO THE TENANTS ABOUT THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES AND CONTRACTUAL CONDITION OR LITIGATIONS WITH THE LANDLORDS.

When we think about Tenants Unions, it is important to show some other examples in the European Context. The Sindicat de Llogateres, from Barcelona has 1500 members and gives advisory services about the

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In such cases the private investment apartments are being managed by a non-profit organization, which is obliged to provide long term rent profits to the owners, while targeting low income citizens and using subsidies and grants to offer reduced prices for rental rental housing and real estate maintenance.

Tenant union Strategy Diagram

Regarding the way the Tenants Union should be organized, here we present the strategy. In the 1st phase, we need to create awareness towards housing as a right, that should go in different scale levels. On the Neighborhood level with door to door actions and campaigns, on the City Council and State level with meetings and assemblies that can present the peoples struggles regarding the access to housing. In the 2nd phase, when the movement or union is stronger, there two main goals to be fulfilled: Support and influence. On the neighborhood level that could work as legal services about the tenants rights and duties and contractual conditions. On the City Council level by advocating renal regulations, as the Rent Cap, for example. And at the State level, lobbying to make new national legislation that can guarantee an accessible, safe and dignified rent.

Tenant union in Berlin

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REAL ESTATE TAX

The next essential step concerns restructuring of the real estate tax. While the real estate market recovers after the financial crisis, the government struggles to keep up with proper taxation. Under the current regulations, owners of real-estate are required to pay annual property tax in the amount set by local authorities but not more than 1.5% of minimum wage effective on the 1st of January of the reporting year per square meter (70.85 UAH per square meter in 2020). Thus, the taxation base is conditional on the number of sq.m., and the tax rate is determined by the percentage of the minimum wage. Both make little sense to effectively tax real estate. Moreover, there is an exclusion from taxation for the first 60 sq.m. of apartment and 120 sq.m. of residential housing, and only an incremental tax over that number. Such a liberal taxation allowed for the creation of a new type of landlord that we have called squatlords - the rantiers in possession of aparments priced expensively and staying empty for that reason. With no fiscal burden on the real estate, the owners do not put the prices down and thus restrict the access to the rental market. That in turn led to limited competition and inflated rental prices that make the renting in Ukraine unattractive.

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WE SUGGEST TO CHANGE INSTITUTIONAL BIAS TOWARDS HOMEOWNERSHIP AND INTRODUCE AN EFFECTIVE REAL ESTATE TAX What we suggest is to change that institutional bias towards homeownership and introduce an effective real estate tax. It will mainly influence the squatlords who are using the housing as capital and let that capital just stay empty, waiting for the higher price. After properly taxing that property, new housing will be released on the market.

SOCIAL RENTAL AGENCY

Social Rental Agency Diagram

The current situation on Ukrainian rental market offers a possibility for a new model of real estate management to step in. The demand for affordable housing is not yet redirected to the rental markets. Infrastructural barriers often become the main reason rental opportunities are inaccessible and appear unsafe. The regulatory framework fails to provide secure and transparent conditions for tenants, while most of the social housing programmes are intended to increase the share of private ownership on the real estate market.

Another important issue to tackle is large demand for investment apartments. Real estate remains the most stable asset for Ukrainians to store their capital in and often the newly constructed flats are used only as deposits and left empty and unavailable on the rental market.

INTRODUCTION OF SOCIAL RENTAL AGENCIES MAY FULFILL THE TASK OF INTERMEDIATE NEGOTIATION BETWEEN THE PROPERTY OWNERS AND POTENTIAL TENANTS.

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WHO ARE THE STAKEHOLDERS ership and neglect interests of those who rent. For example Derzhmolodzhytlo - State Fund for Support of Youth Housing Construction. But we believe their orientation can be changed towards creating, supporting and promoting rental housing. Positive changes and smart reforms can be observed in some of Ukrainian ministries so we rely on Ministry of regional development. And we envision this stakeholder as a poverful actor in change towards rental market development.

On stakeholders map and you can see potential supporters, partners and implementers of the idea of creating well organized primary and secondary rental housing stock. Even though in 2020 this map looks speculative, it can be real in 2050. We believe that with favourable circumstances developers, investors, banks and real estate agencies can be the part of elaborating the idea of Rental Agency. Civil sector in the discourse of rental market is not yet developed, but we consider that even housing owners, NGOs and associations has overlapping interests with those who rent and promote rental model. And work of such NGOs as ‘CEDOS think tank’ can help a lot with raising awareness. Lastly, there is quite branched and developed system of state and municipal institutions dealing with housing, most of them are still of the opposite side promoting so called affordable own-

SECONDARY

Department of Social Politics of Kyiv City State Administration

KAN development

BUSINESS/ PRIVATE SECTOR

RIAL development

PRIMARY

SAGA development INTEGRAL development

KEY Real Estate Agencies

INVESTORS

Municipal enterprise Financial company ZHYTLO INVEST Ministry of Regional Development

BANKS

Department of Construction and Housing of Kyiv City State Administration

Civil Board in Ministry of Regional Development NGO Housing Ukraine

CEDOS think tank

CIVIL SOCIETY Stakeholders diagram for Kyiv

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Municipal enterprise SPETS ZHYTLO FOND

Derzhmolodzhytlo (State Fund for Support of Youth Housing Construction)

KYIVMIS’KBUD development

Association of OSBBs

GOVERNMENTAL AND MUNICIPAL SECTOR

CONCLUSIONS •

Adapting social rental agency model to the conditions of Ukrainian real estate market will be a crucial challenge for the municipal governments and policymakers. With such a large share (89%) of real estate being privately owned only effectively subsidized and regulated platform can provide inclusive rental opportunities and stabilize the homeownership rates. Mediating the market and securing the accessibility such agencies can become a key tool in solving the affordability crisis and enhancing social mobility in Ukraine.

• Housing crisis in Ukraine is a long going silent and complex issue. As the crisis existed for decades, there simply isn’t one easy solution. •

The demand for affordable housing is not yet redirected to the rental markets and, therefore, the introduction of social rental agencies may fulfill the task of intermediate negotiation between the property owners and potential tenants.

•

Even though Ukraine has developed system of state and municipal institutions dealing with housing, most of them are still of the opposite side promoting so called affordable ownership and neglect interests of those who rent.

•

Institutional bias towards homeownership has to be changed and an effective real estate tax has to be introduced.

•

Educational tools are a very important component in solving a crisis as they cater for self-mobilization and action, promote mobilization of local knowledge and resources and support for community changes

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