Chips Jan/Feb 2017 by Potatoes South Africa

Vol 31 No 1 Januarie â&#x20AC;˘ Februarie 2017

CHIPS

Die enigste tydskrif vir die aartappelbedryf â&#x20AC;˘ The only magazine for the potato industry

Guidelines for the control of Tuta absoluta on potato

A national minimum wage and the potato industry

PCR-identifikasie goedgekeur vir bevestiging van R. solanacearum

Nuus • News

CHIPS is die amptelike tydskrif van Aartappels Suid-Afrika. CHIPS is the official magazine of Potatoes South Africa. Redakteur/Editor Gawie Geyer Advertensies/Advertisements Gawie Geyer Sel/Cell: 082 388 0524 gawie@potatoes.co.za E-faks/E-fax: 086 685 6524 Aartappels Suid-Afrika, De Havillandsingel 6, Persequor Technopark, Persequor Park, Pretoria, 0020. Tel: 012 349 1906. Faks: 012 349 2641

COVER | VOORBLAD

Potatoes South Africa, 6 De Havilland Crescent, Persequor Technopark, Persequor Park, Pretoria, 0020. Tel: 012 349 1906. Fax: 012 349 2641 Ontwerp en uitleg: Henco Schoeman (HJ Ontwerp) Gedruk deur BusinessPrint vir die eienaar en uitgewer: Aartappels Suid-Afrika, Privaatsak X135, Pretoria, 0001. Design and layout: Henco Schoeman (HJ Design) Printed by BusinessPrint for the owner and publisher: Potatoes South Africa, Private Bag X135, Pretoria, 0001. Die menings wat uitgespreek word is die menings van die skrywers en verteenwoordig nie noodwendig die mening van die redaksie van CHIPS of die mening van Aartappels Suid-Afrika nie. Aartappels Suid-Afrika aanvaar geen verantwoordelikheid vir aansprake wat in advertensies en artikels gemaak word nie. The opinions expressed are the opinions of the writers and do not necessarily portray the opinion of the editorial staff of CHIPS or that of Potatoes South Africa. Potatoes South Africa does not accept any responsibility for claims made in advertisements and articles. Alle regte voorbehou. Geen gedeelte van hierdie publikasie mag op enige wyse gereproduseer word nie. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form. www.potatoes.co.za

Guidelines for the control of Tuta absoluta on potato

A national minimum wage and the potato industry

PCR-identifikasie goedgekeur vir bevestiging van R. solanacearum CHIPS • January/February 2017

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INHOUD | CONTENT

ARTIKELS | ARTICLES • NOVEMBER | DECEMBER 2016 Gesprek | Conversation 6

Transformasie | Transformation

Nuus | News

A farmer listens to a farmer Obtaining a glimpse of the potato industry

IInternational news 8 Plaaslike nuus / Local news 10 Bedryfsdienste | Industry Services Noord-Kaap kultivarproef onder besproeiing op Bemarking | Marketing Douglas in 2016 Generiese produkpromosie – 2016/17: Bo-die-lyn Oos-Kaap kultivarproef onder besproeiing op advertensie-aktiwiteite 14 Hankey in 2016 2016 Ceres Soccer Tournament … another chip in Aartappellaboratoriumdienste | generic product promotion 18

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PCR-identifikasie goedgekeur vir die bevestiging van Ralstonia solanacearum 64 20 24

Prokon

Aartappellewerings aan varsproduktemarkte – November / Desember 2016

30 31

Ekonomiese Nuus | Economic News A national minimum wage and the potato industry

Potato Laboratory Services

Tegniese Nuus | Technical News Fusarium dry rot on potatoes: Bioassay to predict the risk Plantluisaktiwiteite in die Koue Bokkeveld – 2015/16 Tuta absoluta – navorsing om sy status as aartappelpes te bepaal Guidelines for the control of tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) on potato Wanted: powdery scab infected tubers

40 44

Algemeen Grieweprosedure in die werkplek

Aartappelresep | Potato recipe 34

Gebakte vis met aartappels

ADVERTENSIES ADVERTISEMENTS Uit die argiewe | From the archives 75 Dagboek | Diary 76

Bayer

Skyfie sê | Skyfie says 77

ANSA

APAC

Wesgrow 12

Markagente – Market agents

Binneblad - voor

Uniekum 11 11

Goldpack 23 Crofft

Syngenta 31 RSA Saad Beurs

Haifa

Africa Transport Solutions

Ivanhoe 51 Kynoch

Moerhandelaarsforum 63 LWO

SA Exporters Forum

CHIPS (Advertensietariewe)

GWK

Agterblad

CHIPS • January/February 2017

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Mag 2017 'n goeie jaar wees Ek wens alle belanghebbendes in die aartappelbedryf ’n voorspoedige en geseënde 2017. Die jaar het afgeskop met goeie reëns oor meeste van die land, wat ek glo die gees van landbouers in die algemeen sal opkikker. Meeste indikators dui op goeie produksietoestande wat die landbousektor se rol sal vergroot om voedselsekerheid in Suid-Afrika te verseker. In die lig van die beter produksietoestande is daar 'n grotter waarskynlikheid vir hoër aartappelvolumes op markte. Die risiko's van vroeë ryp, hael en bederfskade as gevolg van te nat toestande kan nog steeds die oes negatief beïnvloed. Die kritiese aspek voorhande sal wees om te verseker dat die vraag na aartappels sal tred hou met aanbod, anders sal reële pryse onder druk kom, wat skaars bekostig kan word in ’n omgewing wat gekenmerk word deur deurlopende verhogings in produksiekoste. Enersyds sal dit gedissiplineerde voorsieningskettingbestuur verg en andersyds deurlopende pogings om die vraag na aartappels te stimuleer. Ten opsigte van laasgenoemde sal Aartappels Suid-Afrika voortgaan met sy nuwe strategiese rigting om aartappels aan die LSM 3-7 verbruikersgroepe te bemark by wyse van goed geposisioneerde televisie, radio en gedrukte media wat gerugsteun word deur sosiale media, gratis mediadekking, resepte en samewerking met dieetkundiges. Vir sover dit markontwikkeling betref sal Aartappels Suid-Afrika steeds ’n kernrol vervul in Project Rebirth deur die Departement van Landbou, Bosbou en Visserye en ander belanghebbendes te steun in hul

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CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

pogings om die Suid-Afrikaanse varsproduktemarkte te verbeter. Aartappels Suid-Afrika, deur middel van sy betrokkenheid by die Aartappelverwerkingsfourm, sal voortgaan om 'n gelyke speelveld te vestig vir sover dit internasionale handelsaangeleenthede betref. Aartappels Suid-Afrika skakel op 'n gereelde grondslag met die Departement van Landbou, Bosbou en Visserye en die Nasionale Landboubemarkingsraad oor verskeie bedryfsverwante aangeleenthede en sal voortgaan om sterk bande met hierdie instellings in stand te hou. Een besondere aangeleentheid wat dringende aandag sal geniet is die harmonisering van landbouprodukstandaarde wat van toepassing is op plaaslike en uitvoerstandaarde. Die kulminasie van al hierdie pogings behoort 'n meer optimale aartappelwaardeketting te verseker asook die verhoogde vraag na aartappels te rugsteun. Die Aartappels Suid-Afrika Kongres word vanjaar op 28 September in die Premier Hotel, OR Tambo, Kempton Park, Gauteng aangebied. Dit volg op die Moerkwekersforum wat op 27 September by dieselfde plek gehou word. Ek sien uit om u daar te sien. Weereens, my beste wense vir 2017! Aartappelgroete Dr. André Jooste Hoofuitvoerende Beampte

Gesprek • Conversation

May 2017 be a good year I wish all stakeholders in the potato industry a prosperous and blessed 2017. The year has started with good rainfall over most of the country, which I belief has lifted the spirit of agriculturalists in general. Most indicators point towards good production conditions that will amplify the role of the agricultural sector to ensure a food secure South Africa. In light of the better production conditions there is higher probability for an increase in the expected volumes of potatoes to the market. The risk of early frost, hail and decay damage as a result of too wet conditions can still impact negatively on the crop. The critical issue at hand will be to ensure that demand meet the increase in supply, otherwise real prices will come under pressure, which can rarely be afforded in an environment characterized by ever increasing production costs. On the one hand it will require disciplined supply chain management and on the other continuous efforts to stimulate demand for potatoes. In terms of the latter Potatoes South Africa will continue with its new strategic direction to promote potatoes to the LSM 3-7 consumer groups through well positioned television, radio and printed media campaign, which is supported by social media, free press exposure, recipes and collaboration with dieticians. As far as market development is concerned Potatoes South Africa will still play a pivotal role in Project Rebirth and will support the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries as well as other stakeholders, in their efforts to improve South Africa’s

fresh produce markets. Potatoes South Africa, through its participation in the Potato Processors Forum, will continue to work towards a level playing field as far as international trade matters are concerned. Potato South Africa frequently liaises with the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and the National Agricultural Marketing Council on a number of issues and will continue to build strong relations with these institutions. One particular issue that will receive urgent attention is the harmonization of the agricultural product standards pertaining to local and export standards. The combination of these efforts should ensure a more optimal potato value chain and support the demand for potatoes. The Potatoes South Africa Congress will be hosted on 28 September in the Premier Hotel, OR Tambo, Kempton Park, Gauteng. It follows the Seed Potato Growers’ Forum that will be held on 27 September at the same venue. I look forward to see you there. Again my best wishes for 2017. Potato greetings Dr André Jooste Chief Executive Officer

CHIPS • January/February 2017

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international Botswana bans potato imports The Botswana Plant Protection Services has put a ban on fresh produce imported from South Africa as a result of the detection of tomato leaf miner at the borders between South Africa and Botswana. The ban applies to produce such as potatoes, tomatoes and bell peppers. Although Botswana produces its own fresh produce, the volumes produced are not enough to supply in the local demand. As a result of the ban a shortage in potatoes and tomatoes are already being experienced. South African retail chains operating in Botswana have confirmed the introduction of the ban which means they cannot import a variety of fresh produce for their outlets. According to information received the Botswana Plant Protection Services are removing any banned products from trucks before allowing them into the country. Apparently seed potatoes have also been banned from entering Botswana which means that local farmers cannot plant potatoes for the next crop. Source: FreshPlaza Page 8 •

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

NEWS

Spiralized Idaho® potatoes for Potato Lover’s month

Every Potato Lover’s Month (February), the Idaho Potato Commission (IPC) explores Idaho® Potato versatility from a different and exciting angle. For 2017, they are showcasing spiralizing, a preparation method that gives Idaho® Potatoes a whole new look. Spiralizing turns our top quality potatoes into all natural, single-ingredient noodles that are heart-healthy, gluten-free and vegan/vegetarian-friendly, making them an ideal ingredient for signature appetizers, salads and entrees. Spiralized potatoes can make the dish. Amanda Cohen, whose innovative restaurant, Dirt Candy (New York City) is an incubator for chic and satisfying vegetarian dishes, created a unique Spiral Idaho® Potato Salad around thin Russet and Yukon Gold potato ribbons that are quickly sautéed and dressed to keep a crisp texture. At Campono (Washington DC), Tracy O’Grady wraps cheesy potato sticks with thin potato spirals before frying them, doubling the flavor and crunchy appeal of her Spiral Cut Idaho® Potato French Fries. This Potato Lover’s Month, the Idaho Potato Commission encourages browsing a collection of spiralized Idaho®

Nuus • News

The two promoters of "Gastheiz" beer recalled that, with their initiative, they are following the example of the first brewers; women who invented and elaborated it more than 7 000 years ago in Mesopotamia and Sumer. They have now produced a first symbolic batch, an edition limited to 1 181 bottles, which will be distributed among well-known Alava citizens, to which they want to pay their particular tribute. They have launched that specific number of bottles in memory to the year of the foundation of Vitoria by Navarrese king, Sancho the Sixth. Source: eitb.eus

Potato recipes from both chefs and food bloggers at idahopotato.com/2017PLM. Source: FreshPlaza Spain:

New beer brewed from Alava potatoes A team of students from the University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU) have created a potato beer, which they have launched under the "Gastheiz" brand, in honour of Vitoria, and which they aim to make the Alava beer par excellence. According to their promoters, the chemical engineer Ainhoa Ocio and the Head of Communication Jone Conde, the new drink "symbolises the pride of being an Alava citizen," a territory where potato cultivation is a sign of identity, to the point that its inhabitants are called "patateros". "In Euskadi, there are hundreds of thousands of people who consider us 'patateras', and we are proud of it. And as the 'patateras' that we are, our beer could only be brewed from potatoes," stressed Ainhoa Ocio in a statement. This beer, made from potatoes planted and harvested in Alava, hops, malt and barley, is handcrafted and requires two of the most typical tuber varieties of this province, called Miren and Mona Lisa, due to their natural properties and their high starch content. After a year of work, the young researcher obtained this product, in which the malt helps decompose the starch of the potatoes, which are used in several stages of the process to make sure the beer retains the flavour.

Bangladesh officials worry GM potatoes may result in export ban After a recent initiatives to grow more resilient GM potatoes, the Bangladesh Fruits, Vegetable and Allied Products Exporters' Association worry that exports from Bangladesh may face a huge setback if the government goes along with the expansion plan. “Cultivating GM potatoes will definitely hamper potato exports as many countries, including Russia, do not import GMO [genetically modified organism] foods,” said Mohammad Monsur, general secretary of Bangladesh Fruits, Vegetables and Allied Products Exporters’ Association. According to the Export Promotion Bureau, potato exports have been declining as one of the country’s major buyers, Russia, stopped importing potatoes from Bangladesh two years ago, due to the presence of brown rot disease in the produce. Bangladesh is a potato-surplus country which relies hugely on export to protect farmers’ interests. After seeing the effects of the Russian ban due to rot disease officials worry that farming GM potatoes will only worsen the problem and further shrink the number of viable markets for exports. “We have sent an application for approval to release the GM [potato] varieties to the Ministry of Agriculture, later to be vetted by the Ministry of Environment and Forests,” said Dr Abul Kalam Azad, director general of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI). source: dhakatribune.com

CHIPS • January/February 2017

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Nuus • News

plaaslike nuus

LOCAL NEWS Toelaatbare afwyking op Klas 2 aartappels word verslap Die Departement van Landbou, Bosbou en Visserye het kragtens Artikel 3(1)(c) van die Wet op Landbouprodukstandaarde, 1990 (Wet No. 119 van 1990), met onmiddellike effek toestemming verleen vir die verslapping van die toelaatbare afwyking op Klas 2 aartappels (groottegroepe: Medium, Groot / Medium en Groot) van 15% na 25%. Die verslapping geld vir alle produsente, markagente, groothandelaars, handelaars en kleinhandelaars wat Klas 2 aartappels verkoop en bemark.

Appointments at RSA Group

Permissible deviation on Class 2 potatoes relaxed

Deon van Zyl

The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries has with immediate effect granted permission in terms of Section 3(1)(c) of the Agricultural Products Standards Act, 1990 (Act No 119 of 1990), for the relaxation of the permissible deviation on Class 2 potatoes (size groups: Medium, Large/Medium and Large) from 15% to 25%. The relaxation applies to all producers, market agents, wholesalers, traders and retailers who sell and market Class 2 potatoes.

Roy Coetser

Jaco Oosthuizen, RSA Group Managing Director, has announced the appointment of Deon van Zyl as the RSA Group Sales Director and Roy Coetser has been appointed as the RSA Joburg Managing Director as from 1 December 2016 to support and strengthen the: RSA Group’s Strategic Vision 2020. “The appointments will enhance our service delivery and the fulfilment of our value proposition to the fresh produce industry at large. It is sure to add value to the marketing and sales channels from farmer to consumers”, Mr Oosthuizen said.

Lillibeth Moolman calls it a day Ms Lillibeth Moolman, at the end of 2016, has decided to call it a day after serving on the Potato Industry Development Trust since its inception in 2004. During her term of office she played a pivotal role in getting the Trust started. She also served with distinction on the Trust’s Bursary Committee, an aspect that was very close to her heart. In 2014 she was awarded the Solanum Tuberosum Certificate by Potatoes South Africa for her dedicated service to the South African potato industry. C

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Nuus • News

CHIPS • January/February 2017

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Generiese produkpromosie – 2016/17: Bo-dielyn advertensie-aktiwiteite Immaculate Zinde: Potatoes South Africa

Vestig die grondslag Na afloop van 'n proses waartydens die strategiese rigting vir Aartappels Suid-Afrika se Generiese Produkpromosie-veldtog (GPP) deeglik onder die loep geneem is by wyse van navorsing asook verskeie besprekings- en konsultasieprosesse met die organisasie se Bemarkingskomitee en Direksie, is daar op die volgende besluit: • Die GPP-veldtog se aktiwiteite sal toegespits word op die LSM 3 – 7 groepe. • Die teikenmark sal gesegmenteer word gebaseer op waar die grootste groei lê – swart middelklas. • Gegewe klasmobiliteit en verstedelikingstendense, sal stedelik-geografiese gebiede die sleutelpunte wees vir Page 14 •

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

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die oorgrote meerderheid GPP-aksies. Minder is meer, d.i. GPP-projekte sal streng fokus op 'n kombinasie van promosie-elelemente van advertensie (televisie, radio en tydskrifte), openbare skakeling (motivering vir gratis media-dekking wat verskeie mediums dek) en direkte bemarking (wend sosiale media aan om verkoops-, opvoedkundige- en gespreksveldtogte te dryf).

GPP het 'n kommunikasiestrategie ontwikkel wat gedurende Augustus 2016 van stapel gestuur is. Wat die 2016/17-finansiële jaar betref bestaan die aksieplan uit ‘n drieledige aanslag getiteld: #WTP. Die merk (#) en afkorting (WTP) vergestalt verskillende boodskappe wat

Bemarking • Marketing

oorgedra word en wat daarop gemik is om die volgende drie vrae te beantwoord: #WTP: Where’s the potato? Sleuteldoelwit: Om intrige en belangstelling te wek deur Suid-Afrikaners te herinner dat 'n klassieke Suid-Afrikaanse gereg onvolledig is as daar nie aartappels by is nie. #WTP: Why the potato? Sleuteldoelwit: Om voorligting te verskaf insake die voedingswaarde van aartappels, die verskeie maniere waarop aartappels ingesluit kan word in 'n voedingsdigtheidsdieet, en die skep van 'n voorliefde vir aartappels as 'n veelsydige produk wat perfek kombineer met enige kulinêre geleentheid.

#WTP: Who’s the potato? Sleuteldoelwit: Om vertroue in en respek vir aartappels te herstel deur Suid-Afrikaners op 'n aartappelreis te neem sedert die produk se aankoms in die land deur middel van ware lewensverhale wat weerklank vind in geleenthede en lewensfases. Aartappels is al met ons vir meer as 8 000 jaar ..... miskien het familiariteit, gemaklike en gerieflike toegang tot die produk aanleiding gegee tot selfvoldaanheid en het ons vergeet van die besonderste eienskappe wat die aartappel verpersoonlik.

GEΪNTEGREERDE VELDTOG OORHOOFSE DOELWIT Om die bedryf te ondersteun met dienste wat daarop gemik is om die vraag na aartappels te stimuleer en daardeur die jaarlikse per capita verbruik van aartappels te verhoog

Die #WTP veldtog moet aanvanklik daarop gemik wees om aartappels te posisioneer as 'n voedingsbron wat met enige ete geniet kan word. Om sukses te behaal gaan 'n opvoedkundige aanslag gevolg word wat daarop gemik is om die verskeidenheid en veelsydigheid van aartappels toe te lig asook om te wys hoe heilsaam aartappels kan wees as dit korrek voorberei is.

OPENBARE SKAKELING Bou affiniteit en skep bewustheid

Sosiale media

Televisie- en radioveldtog

Skep bewustheid en direkte skakeling met die teikengehoor

Dryf geloofwaardige besigheidsverhale wat praat van kwaliteit en dit bewys

Gedrukte media en aanlyn-advertensies Wei uit oor alles wat gedoen word met die klem om die bereiking van die spesifieke teikengehoor

CHIPS • January/February 2017

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TELEVISIE-ADVERTENSIE Die #WTP: Where’s the potato?-advertensie wat gemik is op swart-middelklasverbruikers wat na SABC 1, 2 en 3 kyk, is op 16 September 2016 vir die eerste keer gebeeldsend. Die getal verbruikers wat met die 64 gekose flitse op die verskillende kanale bereik is, word op 34 miljoen gereken. 45% (13,2 miljoen) hiervan val binne LSM 3-7. Die advertensie se gemiddelde kykersfrekwensie was 3.1.

Met verwysing na die kykersgetalle en blootstellingsfrekwensie aan die advertensie, ontstaan die vraag: was daar 'n RENDEMENT OP BEMARKINGSBELEGGING (ROB)? Rendement op belegging kan slegs bereken word in 'n winsgenererende milieu, aangesien wins noodsaaklik is om te bepaal of 'n ware rendement verkry of bepaal kan word. Indien soos volg bereken: Item

Koste (R)

Koste van lugtyd

430 000

Produksiekoste

197 846

Totale koste

627 846

Waarde van gratis televisiefiltse

820 000 Is die ROB = Voordeel minus kostes

Voordeel = R1 290 000 – R627 846/R627 846 = 1.05 ~ 105%

Die tweede sarsie beeldsending van die televisie-advertensie is betyds geloods om verbruikers te oorreed om aartappels deel van hul feesgety-inkopies te maak. Die advertensie is op SABC 1 en 2 van 2 tot 16 Desember 2016 gebeeldsend. Die ROB word soos volg bereken: Item

Koste (R)

Lugtydkoste

497 000

Produksiekoste

198 706

Totale koste

695 706

Waarde van gratis televisiefiltse

1 494 500 ROB = Voordeel minus koste / koste

Voordeel = R1 494 500 – R695 706/R695 706 = 1.15 ~ 115%

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Bemarking • Marketing

Radiostasie

Luisteraars bereik

Ukhozi FM (Zulu)

7.4 miljoen

Umhlobo Wenene (Xhosa)

4.5 miljoen

Thobela FM (N. Sotho)

2.9 miljoen

Lesedi FM (Setwana)

4, 5 miljoen

Deur middel van die gekose radiostasies het Aartappels Suid-Afrika 18.9 miljoen luisteraars in die LSM 3-7 segmente bereik. Vanaf die middel tot einde Januarie 2017 word die #WTP: Why the Potato? radio-advertensie oor die sender van Metro FM uitgesaai.

TYDSKRIFADVERTENSIE RADIO-VELDTOG Om momentum te behou en te verseker dat die #WTPveldtog voortgaan om intrige, belangstelling en gesprekvoering te genereer is 'n robuuste radio-veldtog ontwikkel en op 8 Oktober 2016 van stapel gestuur. Die radio-veldtog gebruik dieselfde strategiese boodskap #WTP – where is the potato? wat in die televisieadvertensie gebruik word. Die veldtog is vir 'n periode van agt weke oor die senders van die volgende SABC se Afrikatale-stasies uitgesaai:

Verskeie tydskrifadvertensies, gekoppel aan die #WTPkonsep, is teen die einde van 2016 in die tydskrifte You en Drum geplaas. Die tydskrifadvertensie-veldtog sal voortduur tot 30 Junie 2017. Dit is nog 'n manier om die nuwe, opgekikkerde, maar tog treffende generiese produkpromosie-boodskap, aan die eindverbruiker oor te dra. Slegs deur voortdurende blootstelling sal ons daarin slaag om hierdie boodskap ten volle in die bewussyn en harte van die teikengehoor vas te lê. Die sleutel tot sukses om die verbruikers se houding te verander en persepsies te verskuif lê in herhaling van die boodskap. C CHIPS • January/February 2017

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2016 Ceres Soccer

Tournament…another chip in generic product promotion Shantall Ramatsui: R\VERBED and Immaculate Zinde: Potatoes South Africa

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Bemarking • Marketing

POTATOES SOUTH AFRICA'S INVOLVEMENT

COVERAGE ACHIEVED

Potatoes South Africa has been supporting the annual Ceres Soccer Tournament in partnership with Santos Football Club and the Shoprite Group since its inception in 2008. The tournament was first established by potato farmers in the region as part of the launch of the International Year of the Potato. Potatoes South Africa’s long-standing relationship with growers in the Western Cape and specifically the Ceres Valley led to its decision to become title supporter of the tournament.

In respect of Potatoes South Africa's involvement in the tournament, the media coverage obtained and the PR value are set out below. C

The tournament is an annual event that sees farm workers form soccer teams that compete against each another. It aims to grow and build the local communities that the farms operate in, as well as give back to farm workers. This year R\VERBED was tasked with developing a PR campaign that would amplify communication around the event. The campaign included creating build-up to the final, as well as inviting media to attend. We additionally drafted and distributed a press release to both print and broadcast media (mainstream, sports and community) in the build-up to the event.

MEDIA

AVE

PR VALUE

Valley

R 12 165.35

R 36 196.05

Move Magazine

R 37 139.51

R 111 418.53

TOTAL AVE

R 49 304.86

TOTAL PR VALUE (AVE X3)

R 147 614.58

Missed opportunity

AVE: R 16 500

SA FM, Game On Amplified On 17 November 2016 18h05 - 18h15

PR VALUE: R 49 500

STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS OBJECTIVES The strategic communication objectives of Potatoes South Africa's in the Ceres soccer tournament are: • To create awareness about the nutritional value of potatoes and demonstrate how to prepare them correctly. • To position Potatoes South Africa as the custodians of potatoes. • To highlight Potatoes South Africa’s support of and commitment to industry-led CSI initiatives press release to media, and lobbied for interviews pre and post the tournament.

CHIPS • January/February 2017

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Fusarium dry rot on potato in South Africa IV: Bioassay to predict the risk of Fusarium dry rot of a particular crop Dr Fienie Niederwieser: Potatoes South Africa Dry rot is an important post-harvest disease in South Africa, and losses of between 5-15% annually have been reported. Losses resulting from dry rot are not limited to stored ware and seed potatoes, as cut seed pieces can also be infected during the cutting and planting process. Dry rot is caused by Fusarium spp. of which F. oxysporum and F. solani are the most important in South Africa. These pathogens are mainly soil-borne.

area may not enlarge and no further rot may be noticed until the inside of the tuber has rotted completely. Dry rot symptoms are normally visible two to four weeks after infection, depending on the environmental conditions. However, sometimes a large part of the tuber surface is visibly affected as the rotting process proceeds. The skin will exhibit typical wrinkling, often covered with pink or grey spore masses.

Symptoms Infected tubers sometimes show few external symptoms of rotting. At the point of infection a small brown to dark brown, sometimes sunken lesion may develop. This sunken

The disease cycle Spores of pathogenic Fusarium spp. are widely distributed in almost all soils wherever potatoes are grown. Fusarium spp. are mainly wound pathogens infecting tubers through

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CHIPS â&#x20AC;˘ Januarie/Februarie 2017

Tegniese Nuus • Technical News

wounds and bruises during harvesting, sorting and transportation, or when seed tubers are cut before planting. Rotting can also take place in the soil before harvesting through lesions caused by nematodes, insects or other pathogenic fungi. When seed potatoes are infected by Fusarium spp., or are planted in hot dry soils, they can rot in the soil and reduce the plant population considerably. Rotten seed tubers may also be infected by secondary bacteria in the soil, which will cause complete rotting. Conditions conducive to disease development Fusarium dry rot is more severe after dry and hot growing seasons. The disease develops most rapidly under conditions of high relative humidity (90 - 98%) and at high temperatures of between 20 - 30°C. When tubers are ‘stored’ in the soil, soil temperatures are often conducive to dry rot. During cold storage, disease development is restricted primarily by low temperature. However, if the crop is kept at high temperature after cold storage, dry rot can develop rapidly. Disease management • Generally, tuber-rotting Fusarium spp. is specific to potatoes, so there are no known alternative host species except solanaceous crops. A rotation of one year with potatoes and 3 - 4 years with grasses is recommended. • Prevent mechanical damage to tubers at all costs. This can be done by harvesting only physiologically mature tubers and through the correct use of mechanical harvesters. • Do not harvest potatoes when the soil is excessively wet or dry.

• • • • • • • •

Handle tubers carefully during sorting, packing and transport to avoid mechanical damage. During sorting, remove and destroy visibly damaged and rotten tubers. Apply registered fungicides to seed tubers as soon as possible after harvesting. If possible, after packing store tubers under conditions that favour wound healing. A temperature of between 13 - 16°C and a relatively high humidity for at least a ten day period is recommended. Transport and store seed tubers under cool, dry and well-ventilated conditions, preferably 4 - 5°C. Avoid unnecessary handling of stored, particularly coldstored, potatoes. Remove seed potatoes from cold storage at least ten days before planting and store them at 20 - 25°C. Plant tubers, where possible, in cool moist soil.

Assessment of the risk for dry rot of stored crops Fusarium species (including dry rot pathogens) occur commonly in soils where ever potatoes are grown and conditions are often conducive to dry rot, especially under dryland conditions. It is therefore not possible to control the disease in all plantings. The prospects of a healthy crop decrease if the crop, or part thereof, is to be stored for a number of weeks or months. By using a bio-assay to determine the absolute inoculum potential of a specific soil, it is possible to predict the risk of fusarium dry rot of a particular crop. The inexpensive potato tuber disc baiting technique is simple and provides a rapid and effective quantitative and qualitative means of assessing the absolute inoculum potential of fusarium

Table 1. The absolute inoculum potential of dry rot causing fusaria in soil from four Roodeplaat field plots assessed by different bioassays.

Absolute inoculum potential (%) Soil sample

Tuber discsb

Inoculated tubersc

Naturally infected tubersd

FIELD 1

FIELD 2

FIELD 3

FIELD 4

FIELDS 1 and 2 = two plots with a one-year potato and three-year Eragrostis curvula rotation; FIELD 3 = a plot planted previously with vegetables; FIELD 4 = a plot of potatoes planted in virgin soil. b The percentage tuber discs colonized by a dry rotting Fusarium (species singly or in combination) was regarded as the absolute inoculum potential. c,d The percentage successful infections considered as the absolute inoculum potential. a

CHIPS • January/February 2017

• Page 21

Table 2. Soil inoculum potential for fusarium dry rot in spring and autumn plantings in 1990 – 1992.

Soil inoculum potential for Fusarium dry rot (%)

1990

1991

1992

Average

Spring plantings

Autumn plantings

An example of the variation of the absolute inoculation potential of dry rot causing fusaria of four fields at Roodeplaat is given in Table 1. In this assessment three different bioassays were also compared to determine the value of the tuber disk technique. In this case, FIELDS 1 and 3 should be harvested first followed by FIELD 2. The absolute potential for dry rot was the lowest on FIELD 4, thus the crop could be stored. An example of how soil temperature affects the absolute inoculum potential of dry rot is given in Table 2. It is clear that the potential for fusarium dry rot was lower in spring when temperature was lower than during the autumn plantings. In this case the test was done to determine the risk of dry rot on cut seed pieces. Both the plant stand and the yield of the autumn plantings (with a high potential for fusarium dry rot Source: Final report: Fusarium dry rot on potato in South Africa. A report written by C Millard on work done by DJ Theron in the 1990’s. Report available on www.potatoes.co.za/ research/final-reports

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CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

as tested by the tuber disc bioassay) was lower than that of the spring plantings where the inoculation potential of the soil was relatively low.

% PLANT STAND / YIELD (T/HA)

dry rot pathogens in soil adhering to tubers after lifting. This technique offers farmers a method to predict the risk of storage rot.

STAND

YIELD

50 40 30

YIELD

20 10

Spring

Autumn

Spring

Autumn

Figure 1. Plant stand and yield of spring and autumn planted seed.

CMY

The Bioassay Soil Samples. Soils for the tuber disc bioassay should be collected from tubers 14 days before harvesting, at lifting or during grading. It is important that soil adhering to tubers be collected. If the test is used to predict which fields may be suitable for crop storage, or which ones have the highest risk for dry rot, samples should be taken once the tubers have matured and the skin has set. Tuber samples. The tubers used to collect soil samples from, should be used for the preparation of the baits to eliminate differences in susceptibility between cultivars, or between tubers of the same cultivar. Tubers are washed, disinfected and air-dried before disks (5 mm in diameter and 5 mm thick) are removed between the rose and the stem ends, using a cork borer. The Test. Ten petri dishes are used per soil sample and are each filled with soil (24 g). Ten tuber disks per Petri dish are placed on the soil surfaces and incubated at 25+/-2°C. After 24 hours the disks are removed and the soil and mycelium adhering to the disk are washed away under running tap water. The disks are then surface sterilised and air-dried. A 2 mm section is cut from the portion of the dried disks that had touched the soil, and discarded. The remainder of each disk is subsequently plated on RbGU medium and incubated at 25+/-2°C for 7 days. The percentage of tuber disks colonised by dry rot Fusarium spp (singly, or in combination), is regarded as the absolute inoculum potential for the soil sample. C

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Foto: Aartappelsertifiseringsdiens

Plantluisaktiwiteite in die Koue Bokkeveld – 2015/16 Dr. Kobus Laubscher: Direktoraat: Plantwetenskappe, Wes-Kaap Departement van Landbou

Die monitering van plantluise is belangrik vir die Koue Bokkeveld omdat plantluise dien as vektore wat verskeie aartappelvirusse na aartappelplante oordra. As gevolg hiervan is tydige data omtrent plantluisbewegings uiters belangrik vir die bestuur van virusprobleme in die Koue Bokkeveld. In die Koue Bokkeveld vind aanplantings normaalweg in Oktober plaas, in Februarie doodgespuit en vanaf Maart geoes. Die 2015/16-seisoen Gedurende die afgelope seisoen is daar slegs by ses

Page 24 •

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

lokaliteite monsters geneem as gevolg van die droogte in die Koue Bokkeveld. Dit moet beklemtoon word dat daar slegs van plantluisof dan vektordruk gebruik gemaak word. Daar is gewoonlik geen verskil tussen vektordruk en gemiddelde plantluisaktiwiteite nie. Tydens die 2015/16-seisoen het monitering van die aartappelplantluis reeds in September begin om die patroon van voorkoms daarvan te bepaal. Monsters is op ’n gereelde basis vanaf die begin van Oktober (week 40) ingestuur om 'n volledige beeld van plantluisaktiwiteite

Tegniese Nuus • Technical News

VEKTORDRUK'14/'15

VEKTORDRUK '15/16

1000

VEKTORDRUK (Log.)

100 10 1 0,1

0,01 0,001

WEEK

Figuur 1. Vergelyking van vektordruk tussen die 2014/15- en 2015/16-seisoen in die Koue Bokkeveld.

AANTAL

PERSKELUIS 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Figuur 2. Perskeluisaktiwiteite in die Koue Bokkeveld gedurende die 2015/16-seisoen.

gedurende die begin van die plantseisoen (Figuur1) te gee. Dit is dan ook die rede waarom die figuur hierbo nie September se data insluit nie. Rol van klimaat Gedurende die 2015/2016-seisoen het die perskeluise vir

die eerste keer gedurende die wintermaande voorgekom (Figuur 2). Hulle het vir slegs vyf weke gedurende hierdie tydperk nie voorgekom nie, wat toegeskryf kan word aan lae reënval. Wat kennis van hierdie streek betref, en dit gaan 40 jaar terug, toe die eerste monitering van perskeluisaktiwiteite in die Koue Bokkeveld begin het, is CHIPS • January/February 2017

• Page 25

dit die eerste keer dat perskeluis-aktiwiteite gedurende die wintermaande waargeneem is (Figuur 2). Dit is met behulp van die suigval gevang. Seisoenale waarnemings Die data toon dat daar gedurende Oktober 2015 (week 40) 'n hoër vlak van aktiwiteit as gedurende dieselfde periode vir die 2014/2015-seisoen ervaar is, en dat hierdie vlak weer begin daal het gedurende Week 43. Die vektordruk was baie hoog (bo 10) gedurende hierdie tydperk (Figuur 1). Die volgende piek is eers gedurende Februarie 2016 (week 5) waargeneem. Die aanvanklike aktiwiteite vroeg in die plantseisoen was hoofsaaklik as gevolg van perskeen aartappelplantluisaktiwiteite (Tabel 1 en 2), maar ook tot 'n mindere mate as gevolg van die graanluiskomponent. Tabel 1. Aartappelplantluisaktiwiteite aan die begin van die plantseisoen in die Koue Bokkeveld – 2015/16

WEEK

SUIGVAL

TOTALE LOKALITEITE

170

Tabel 2. Perskeluisaktiwiteite aan die begin van die plantseisoen in die Koue Bokkeveld – 2015/16

WEEK

SUIGVAL

TOTALE LOKALITEITE

136

Gedurende Januarie (Week 2) is die normale styging in plantluisgetalle (Figuur 1) waargeneem. In hierdie geval was dit as gevolg van die perskeluisaktiwiteite. Vanaf hierdie punt het die vektordruk dramaties toegeneem en is 'n piek gedurende Week 5 (begin van Februarie) bereik wat drie weke later was as wat in die 2014/15-seisoen die geval was. Die druk het daarna begin daal, maar was ook drie weke later as gedurende die 2014/15-seisoen. Geen piek in plantluisaktiwiteite het aan die einde van die seisoen voorgekom nie en die vektordruk het heeltemal verdwyn. Page 26 •

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

Die pieke van aktiwiteite toon dat hoë vlakke van vektordruk weer binne die gebied voorgekom het, maar dat die vlak van druk die afgelope seisoen min of meer dieselfde was as wat dit tydens die 2014/15-seisoen was. Die aanvanklike aktiwiteite gedurende die 2015/16-seisoen was hoër met lae aktiwiteite aan die begin van November, maar geen aktiwiteite later in November nie (Figuur 1). Vir die eerste keer in byna tien jaar was daar weer vroeg in die 2015/16-seisoen perskeluis-aktiwiteite (Figuur 2). Die vroeër en hoër perskeluisaktiwiteite aan die begin van Januarie is ’n bekommernis vir moontlike virusverspreiding. Op daardie stadium is moeraanplantings nog steeds groen aangesien aanplantings eers aan die einde van Januarie doodgespuit word om virusbesmettingsprobleme te voorkom. Hierdie verandering in die aktiwiteite van virusvektore sal fyn dopgehou moet word, want dit kan toekomstige virusbestuurstrategieë beïnvloed. Die sertifiseringsresultate van die moeraanplantings van die afgelope seisoen het in werklikheid hierdie vrees bevestig aangesien daar virusbesmettings in dié aanplantings voorgekom het weens die vroeë aktiwiteite van perskeluise gedurende Januarie in die Koue Bokkeveld. Daar sal dus steeds gepoog moet word om die ontwikkeling van sulke vlakke van vektordruk binne die moerproduserende gebied van die Koue Bokkeveld te voorkom, of te beperk. Monitering tydens die vroeë deel van die seisoen het weer getoon dat daar 'n korrelasie is tussen suigvaldata en perskeen aartappelplantluisaktiwiteite in die gebied. Hierdie resultaat bevestig dat die perskeen aartappelplantluis in die produksie-area beweeg het en dat daar nie net lokale beweging (geelbakke) van perskeen aartappelplantluispopulasies was nie. Die suigval word gebruik om die aktiwiteite van vektore in die boonste lugstrome te moniteer. Die vlakke van plantluisaktiwiteite gedurende September 2015 kon nie vergelyk word nie as gevolg van die foutiewe suigval gedurende die 2014/15-seisoen. ’n Interessante vergelyking wat wel gemaak kon word, is dat die perskeen aartappelplantluisaktiwiteite gedurende week 40 en 43 van die 2015/2016-seisoen 367 vir die perskeluis was teenoor die 261 van die aartappelplantluis (Tabel 1 en 2). Hierdie verskynsel verduidelik die oorspronklike hoë vlakke van vektordruk binne die Koue Bokkeveld aan die begin van die plantseisoen (Figuur 1). Die voortsetting van die plantluismoniteringsprogram is baie belangrik vir die streek en dit dien as 'n vroeë waarskuwingstelsel vir moerprodusente en help hulle met die beplanning van virusvektorbestuurstrategieë. C

Crofft, ‘n oplossing vir Suid-Afrikaanse boere op soek na beter opbrengs! Uitstekende resultate op mielies, soja, koring, aartappels, sorghum, katoen, ertjies, tamaties, ens.

Crofft gebruik die nuutste tegnologie wat ‘n benydenswaardige reputasie onder van Suid-Afrika se top aartappel en graanboerdery-bedrywe ontwikkel het. Dit is as gevolg van indrukwekkende resultate, toenemende oesopbrengste en kwaliteit. Crofft is ‘n nuwe unieke formulasie en gebruik die omvattende voordele van organiese sure geïnkorporeer met noodsaaklike voedingstowwe om die wisseling van sink-, magnesium-, fosfaat- en Kalium-ione te maksimeer en ook stikstofmetabolisme te bevorder. Die verhoging in katioon-uitruilkapasiteit (CEC) verseker dat die ione gerieflik beweeg tussen die grond en grondoplossing, wat beter vrugbaarheid en behoubaarheid van voedingstowwe te weeg bring. Die komplekse molekulêre sisteme in Crofft heradresseer stikstofopname van onproduktiewe blaar- en stamgroei tot produksie wat dus ‘n effektiewe plantsamestelling veroorsaak.

Voordele •Vermeerder hoeveelheid knolle met ongeveer 10-15%. •Verminder oormatige groei om plaag probleme te verminder. •Knolle is groter met ongeveer 20-50%. •Konstante opbrengs in totaal tussen 15-30% hoër. •Hoër ru-proteïen inhoud met 3-4%. •Groot verbetering in algehele knol kwaliteit en bemarkbaarheid. •Verhoogde weerstand teen temperatuur uiterstes. •Meer robuuste plant as gevolg van beter sel struktuur.

Wessel Cloete (SA Bestuurder) S: 082 821 3254 E: wessel@goldsuite.com.au Gerhard Veldman (Limpopo Agent) S: 083 229 8245 E: ghveldman@telkomsa.net www.goldsuite.com.au

Ultra High Powered Fertiliser

Tuta absoluta mot. Lengte 6 mm.

Tuta absoluta – navorsing om sy status as aartappelpes te bepaal Diedrich Visser: ARC-VOP Roodeplaat Die tamatieblaarmyner, Tuta absoluta, is vir die eerste keer in Augustus 2016 in Suid-Afrika opgemerk. Hoewel die eerste motte hul verskyning in die noordoostelike dele van die land gemaak het, het opvolg-monitering getoon dat die pes oor groter dele van die land voorkom. Vangste met feromoonlokvalle is binne twee maande na die inisiële vangste ook in Pretoria en in die Wes-Kaap gemaak. Verskeie boere meld tans vangste in aartappelproduksiegebiede aan. Dit is bekend dat Tuta absoluta tamatieplante kan vernietig as geen beheer toegepas word nie. Die blaarmyner se Page 28 •

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

primêre skade is die vernietiging van die loof, maar larwes kan ook in tamatievrugte intonnel. Ander gewasse wat aangeval word sluit in aartappels, eiervrug, Capsicum, en appelliefies. Tamaties is egter die enigste gewas waar tans totale oesverliese aangemeld word (in ander Afrika-lande, nog nie in Suid-Afrika nie). Hoewel dit bekend is dat die larwes ook in die lower van die genoemde alternatiewe gewasse kan intonnel, is navorsing rakende die status van Tuta absoluta as ’n pes wat opbrengste op hierdie gewasse kan verlaag, nog nie nagevors nie. Die skade wat Tuta absoluta aan blare aanrig (blaarmyne)

Tegniese Nuus • Technical News

is amper identies aan die van ’n naverwante pes, naamlik die aartappelmot. Die aartappelmot is ’n bekende pes op al die alternatiewe gewasse, en beide Tuta absoluta en die aartappelmot kan tegelykertyd op 'n gewas voorkom (as blaarmyners). Deur net na die skade (blaarmyne) te kyk, kan dus nie ’n aanduiding wees van watter plaag op die gewas die ergste skade veroorsaak nie. Slegs ’n deeglike studie sal uitklaring kan gee oor die verwantskap tussen Tuta absoluta en die aartappelmot wat betref skade op die alternatiewe gewasse. So ’n studie is in Januarie 2017 deur die LNR-VOP, in samewerking met Aartappels Suid-Afrika, van stapel gestuur. Die hoofdoel van die studie sal wees om die pes-status van Tuta absoluta op aartappels te bepaal. Laboratorium bioassays en landproewe sal gedoen word om potensiële

skade met dié van die aartappelmot te vergelyk. Die teenwoordigheid van Tuta absoluta in landerye, in verhouding met die aartappelmot, sal bepaal word en die potensiaal van beide peste om vanaf tamaties na aartappel te beweeg, sal ondersoek word. Tans is daar geen wetenskaplike bewys dat Tuta absoluta die vermoë het om aartappelknolle te beskadig nie. Hierdie aspek sal onder verskeie scenario’s ondersoek word, insluitend: vrye keuse- en geen keuse-eksperimente; die potensiaal van infestasie deur verskillende stadia van die mot; die rol van kultivars; en in hoe ’n mate Tuta absoluta aartappelknolle beskadig in vergelyking met die aartappelmot. In al hierdie eksperimente sal die aartappelmot as die kontrole gebruik word, en vergelykings sal gemaak word tussen die skadepotensiaal van beide die peste. Tuta absoluta is nou deeglik in Suid-Afrika gevestig. Die meeste tamatieboere is bewus van sy verwoestende potensiaal, maar inligting rakende die status van die nuwe blaarmyner op aartappels ontbreek. Slegs deur deeglike navorsing, spesifiek gerig op die aartappelboer, sal ons kennis rakende die potensiaal van die mot as ’n aartappelpes uitgeklaar word. Die "Tuta absoluta Task Team" van die Departement van Landbou, Bosbou en Visserye, in samewerking met die LNR, CropLife SA, IRAC SA en Crop Watch Africa, het ’n volledige lesing met gedetailleerde inligting oor die pes in Suid-Afrika saamgestel. Die lesing, met die titel "Tuta absoluta, biology, damage and control, a South African perspective", is in pdf formaat by die outeur (dvisser@arc. agric.za) beskikbaar. C

Die aartappelmot. Lengte 8 mm.

Tuta absoluta larwe in blaarmyn.

Tuta absoluta vierde instar larwe. Lengte 8 mm.

CHIPS • January/February 2017

• Page 29

Guidelines for the control of tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta) on potato Dr Fienie Niederwieser: Potatoes South Africa

• A number of insecticides have been registered for use against Tuta absoluta on potato (Table 1) •

T. absoluta is known to develop resistance against effective insecticides unless a spraying programme developed to avoid resistance, is followed. Visit www.irac-online.org. Make sure to watch the video explaining how resistance to insecticides develop.

• Use insecticides registered for use against tomato leaf

Page 30 •

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

miner on potato. Read the label and discuss the spraying progam with suppliers.

•

The international committee, Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC), recommends alternation of insecticides based on their Mode of Action (MoA). The MoA refers to the manner in which an insecticide kills an insect. Some insecticides have an effect on the muscles and nervous system of the insect, others act on the stomach, others affect the respiration, etc.

Tuta geskroef • Vinnige uitklopaksie stop voeding onmiddellik met geen verdere gewasskade • Lang nawerking verseker effektiewe beheer met minder toedienings • Beheer alle lewensstadia – eiers, larwes en motte

AMPLIGO®. Die slim keuse vir die beheer van Tuta

LEES DIE ETIKET VAN ELKE PRODUK VIR VOLLEDIGE BESONDERHEDE. AMPLIGO® bevat chloorantraniliprool en lambda-sihalotrien (Reg. Nr. L8685, Wet Nr 36 1947) SKADELIK. Syngenta Suid Afrika, Privaatsak X60, Halfway House, 1685. Tel: 011 541 4000. www.syngenta.co.za Alle gelyste produkte is geregistreerde handelsmerke van ’n Syngenta Group Maatskappy.

@SyngentaSA

• Different active ingredients can have the same MoA (Table 1). If such insecticides are rotated in a programme, resistance can still develop. •

The insecticide used last in one season, should not be used first in the following season. • Attend sessions on the management of insect resistance.

IRAC recommends that insecticides with a specific MoA be used for a period of 30 days. Thereafter, it should not be used for 60 days (Table 2), also not to control other insect pests! After 60 days, it can be used again.

Source: Biology Guide and Integrated Control Approaches. Eds: Luigi Sannino, Bruno Espinosa. Available from Du Pont de Nenours, SA

Table 1. INSECTICIDES REGISTERED FOR USE AGAINST TOMATO LEAF MINER (Tuta absoluta) ON POTATO (February 2, 2017)

Product and supplier

Active

IRAC MoA group

Chlorantraniliprole & Lamda-cyhalothrin

3+28

Flubendiamide

Coragen (L8529) DuPont de Nemours SA (Pty) Ltd

Chlorantraniliprole

Delegate 250 WG L8392) Dow AgroSciences SA (Pty) Ltd)

Spinetoram

Prevathon (L8622) DuPont de Nemours S A (Pty) Ltd

Chlorantraniliprole

Pyridalyl dichloropropene-derivitive

Spinosad

Bacillius thuringeinsis

RB Tuta Lure River Bioscience On import permit

(E,Z,Z)-3,8,11-Tetradecatrienyl acetate

Feromone lure

RB Hook Tuta River Bioscience On import permit

(E,Z,Z)-3,8,11-Tetradecatrienyl acetate & Cypermethrin

Feromone + 3a

Ampligo (L8685) Syngenta SA (Pty) Ltd Belt (L8860) Bayer (Pty) Ltd

Sumipleo (L8377) Philagro SA (Pty) Ltd Tracer 480 SC (L6557) Dow AgroSciences SA (Pty) Ltd Delfin WG (L9761) Madumbi Sustainable Agriculture (Pty) Ltd

Notes: More insecticides are expected to be registered. RB Tuta Lure is used for the monitoring of populations of T. absoluta RB Hook Tuta is used to attract and kill male moths of T. absoluta

TABLE 2. AN EXAMPLE OF A SPRAYING PROGRAMME BASED ON THE MODE OF ACTION OF INSECTICIDES

YEAR 1 0 – 30 days

30 – 60 days

MoA 3+28 No MoA 11

No MoA +28 MoA 11

No MoA 5 Page 32 •

60 – 90 days

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

YEAR 2 90 – 120 days

120 – 150 days

MoA 28 No MoA 11

MoA 5

0-30 days

30 – 60 days

No MoA 28 MoA 11

No MoA 5

MoA 28+3 No MoA 11

MoA 5

No MoA 5

WANTED:

Powdery scab infected tubers! We require a constant supply of powdery scab infected tubers to continue research on this disease. Contact Jacquie van der Waals to dispose of your unwanted infected tubers (we will collect!) 082 8999 088, Jacquie.vdwaals@up.ac.za

GESOEK:

Poeierskurf-geïnfekteerde knolle! Ons benodig ‘n konstante toevoer van poeierskurf-geïnfekteerde knolle om voort te gaan met navorsing op hierdie siekte. Kontak Jacquie van der Waals om van jou ongewenste geïnfekteerde knolle ontslae te raak (ons sal afhaal!) 082 8999 088, Jacquie.vdwaals@up.ac.za

A national minimum wage and the potato industry Pieter van Zyl: Potatoes South Africa

A panel of experts1 tasked with determining South Africa's proposed National Minimum Wage (NMW) came to an amount of R20 per hour. They believed that this would not lead to job losses. According to the panel extensive research showed that introducing a NMW could lead to economic growth. The panel also recommended a two year ‘’freeze’’ on the NMW to give companies and businesses enough time to introduce the transition. The agricultural and domestic sectors are given separate minimum wages to avoid job losses in these sectors. For agriculture, the proposed minimum wage for the first year (2018) is 90% of R20 or R18 per hour (currently R14.25 per hour), while the

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CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

proposed minimum wage for the domestic sector is 75% of R20 or R15 per hour. A critical issue that the panel considered is the adjustment or transition period. Since the adjustment period should allow enterprises and workers to adjust to the new policy in a systematic manner and be as non-disruptive as possible, the panel suggested the following: • •

The legislative and institutional arrangements be finalised as early as possible in 2017. The recommendation level of R20 per hour should be effective as soon as the legislation is enacted – at the latest 1 January 2018.

Ekonomiese Nuus • Economic News

• •

Over the period 2018 – 2019, compliance with the NMW should be based on technical assistance and persuasion, rather than penalties. Beginning in 2020 (2021 for small businesses), enforcement of the NMW should be based on financial penalties for non-compliance.

The Panel recommended that changes to the level of the NMW should be based on evidence and can only be feasibly undertaken in 2020, after the initial level has been implemented and sufficient time has passed for an assessment of the evidence. Potatoes South Africa acknowledges the important role that farm workers play in the sector. The agricultural sector is unique in the sense that a farm is a place where farm owners, managers, workers and their families live and work together on the same property. In many instances, close relationships exist between farmers and workers (for generations). Sound relationships ensure a harmonious and productive workforce. Potatoes South Africa also acknowledges government’s goal of creating one million additional jobs in the agricultural sector by 2030 as set out in the National Development Plan (NDP). Background to the potato industry Between 50 000 and 54 000 hectares of potatoes are planted annually with a total production of between 2 million and 2.5 million tons during the last three years. Potatoes are grown twelve months of the year with approximately 80% under irrigation. The primary potato industry supplies work to an estimated 45 000 labourers (permanent and seasonal) on approximately 560 commercial potato farms. In 2011 the number of labourers were approximately 63 000 which means that potato producers are shedding labour2. Eighteen thousand labourers lost their jobs on potato farms

since 20113. Furthermore, it is estimated that between 2 000 and 3 000 small holder farmers cultivate potatoes, meaning that 2 000 to 3 000 households produce potatoes for own consumption, and they are probably selfsufficient in terms of food security as they can easily realise between five to 30 tons of potatoes per hectare (i.e. they can also sell surplus production to generate income). The potato industry contributes 3% of the total gross agricultural product and 58% of total vegetable production. Total consumer spending on potatoes and potato products is estimated at between R20 billion and R23 billion. The per capita consumption of potatoes is almost 40 kg and growing. A hectare of potatoes under irrigation can easily produce 50 to 70 tons of fresh food, meaning potatoes can make a significant contribution to food security. On average the potato producer in South Africa produces 47 tons of potatoes per hectare (average for dryland and irrigated land) compared to one hectare of maize which can produce four tons of maize. The direct production cost to produce one hectare of potatoes is however four to six times higher than to produce one hectare of maize. Recent studies have shown that out of the total consumer expenditure on staples (potatoes, maize meal, bread, rice and pasta), 10% is spend on potatoes, making potatoes part of the daily diet of consumers. When comparing food retail prices it is clear that potatoes are highly affordable when compared to other starches. Consequently, potatoes comply with all three tiers of the food security equation, i.e. availability, affordability and nutrition. Hawkers, or informal traders, not only buy 55% of all potatoes on fresh produce markets, they also buy directly from producers. In total informal traders buy between 65 and 75 million 10 kg bags of potatoes (+/- 700 000 kg

Consumer prices per unit of different food items (urban areas)

July 2014

July 2015

July 2016

Loaf of brown bread 700 g

R10.40

R10.64

R11.86

Loaf of white bread 700 g

R11.18

R11.89

R13.01

Super maize 2.5 kg

R18.51

R20.50

R27.98

Rice 2 kg

R22.94

R23.24

R24.81

Potatoes – fresh per kg

R9.55

R9.59

R12.57

Source: NAMC, 2016

CHIPS • January/February 2017

• Page 35

of potatoes), which is 25 % to 30% of the total potato harvest. In 2016 the estimated worth of potatoes bought for reselling by the informal trade was between R3.0 and R3.5 billion. All these potatoes were marketed through the various marketing structures in local communities, which emphasises the fact that the potato industry has a huge social footprint, as well as an informal labour multiplier in local communities. Furthermore, informal traders contribute to job creation as they also depend on employees. As mentioned earlier, potato producers employ an estimated 45 000 labourers of which 40 000 qualify as being seasonal workers (most of which are women4). The seasonal labourers are mainly employed during planting, lifting or in the pack houses for a number of weeks during the production and harvesting seasons, which can last between one month (small producer) to ten months (large producer) per year. This, in many potato production

regions, is the only income for many of these seasonal labourers. During 2016 an estimated R409 million (40 000 seasonal labourers x R128 minimum wage per day x 80 work days) was paid to seasonal workers alone which was predominantly redirected to their local communities. If, for example 10% of these seasonal workers lose their labour opportunity as a result of mechanisation (unintended consequence of an increase in minimum wages), less money will flow back to mostly poor local communities. Such a loss will be equal to R40.9 million in wages. Therefore, the potato industry has a huge influence on the economy of many local communities. Indirectly this will also impact on other employment opportunities in these local communities which stem from the loss of income suffered by seasonal workers (and potentially permanent workers).

Table1: Labour costs on potato farms - 4 regions (based on case studies done): 2016 versus 2012 Limpopo irrigation

Sandveld irrigation

KZN seed production

Eastern FS dry land

1. Labour cost per hectare of potatoes (exclusive of management): Total 2012

R 10 504

R 5 818

R 11 750

R 5 487

Seasonal - mainly women (2016)

R 6 889

R 3 378

R 15 743

R 6 862

Permanent (2016)

R 9 204

R 4 411

R 3 428

R 1 141

Total 2016

R 16 093

R 7 788

R 19 171

R 8 003

Total 2017 (estimated) *

R 17 316

R 8 380

R 20 628

R 8 611

(increase = CPI + 1, as per Sectoral Determination)

Total 2018 (90% of NMW) *

R 20 328

R 9 838

R 24 216

R 10 109

(increase to 90% of R20/h - National Minumum Wage)

Increase: 2012 - 2016 (labour cost)

53%

34%

63%

46%

(increase in 2013 alone = 51.2%)

Increase: 2012 - 2016 (CPI index)

25%

2. Labour cost as percentage of total cost (excluding land rent & owner remuneration): 2016

17%

11%

2012

11%

3. Rank: Labour cost in terms of single largest cost item 2016

3rd largest

5th largest

2nd largest

3rd largest

2012

5th largest

6th largest

2nd largest

6th largest

* Assumption: Producers will keep all their labour25%

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Ekonomiese Nuus • Economic News

Current realities Potato growers are experiencing the following: • Real production costs show an increasing trend over time, meaning that production costs have increased faster than inflation. Potato farming is also exceptionally capital intensive. The three large input cost items (seed, chemicals and fertilisers) are easily more than R50 000 per hectare planted while the value invested in machinery and implements alone is worth between R25 000 and R125 000 per hectare of potatoes, depending on the region and size of the operations. • The trend in real potato market prices is downwards (CPI Food as deflator). • The increase in real production costs and decline in real market prices have resulted in a much tighter cost-price squeeze situation over the last number of years and consequently the sustainability of potato production in many regions is increasingly being threatened. Some potato growers are already finding it difficult to survive financially and will be forced to leave the industry. More than 100 potato growers (17%) left the industry since 2011. Moreover, in order to remain sustainable, producers will have to either increase output and/or cut back on expenses. Depending on the production region, labour costs vary between R7 000 and R20 000 per hectare on irrigated land (see Table 1), which makes cutting back on labour costs a major consideration in managing the costprice squeeze effect on potato farms. From Table 1 it is clear that labour costs on potato farms are increasing at a much faster rate than inflation. The labour cost on KwaZulu-Natal farms increased by 63% for the period 2012 – 2016, while at the same time inflation (CPI) was only 25%. Labour cost as percentage of total cost has also increased in the under-mentioned regions. In KwaZulu-Natal labour cost as percentage of total cost increased from 11% in 2012 to 17% in 2016. Labour cost was also the 6th largest cost item in the Eastern Free State in 2012. In 2016 it became the third largest cost item. Clearly, labour cost is getting more significant over time. From Table 1 it is clear that producers in both Limpopo and KwaZulu-Natal will realise labour cost of more than R20 000 per hectare in 2018 when the National Minimum Wage is expected to be implemented (R20 per hour, but for 2018 agriculture will only pay 90% of R20). Calculations are that the minimum wage will then increase by 17.4% from 2017. In 2013 the minimum wage increased by almost 52% which started a ‘’wave of mechanisation’’ in the potato industry, leaving thousands of especially seasonal labourers (= women) jobless. The 17.4% increase in labour cost next year will see more seasonal workers

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being replaced by machinery. Cognisance should be taken that potato farming is very labour intensive and has the potential to absorb labourers. Potato producers, however, accelerated mechanisation after the introduction of the increase of 52% in minimum wages in 2013, since it is very difficult to cut back on seed and chemical and fertiliser application as this would result in sub-optimal production conditions. The following numbers indicate that labourers in the potato industry, especially seasonal labourers, can easily be replaced by mechanisation: • Under normal conditions a potato producer will employ between 20 and 50 seasonal labourers during planting time (this is in addition to his permanent labourers). However, should such a producer decide to fully mechanise his planting operation only permanent labourers will be required. An average size planter (R150 000 to R200 000) can easily replace 20 to 30 seasonal labourers. The payback period is two seasons, meaning the savings in labour cost will then be larger than the initial outlay. • A fully mechanical potato harvester can potentially replace 40 to 80 seasonal labourers during the lifting of potatoes (only five to seven seasonal labourers will then be needed). A mechanical harvester costs anything between R1.8 million and R2.8 million, but can easily replace 40 to 80 seasonal labourers. The payback period is two to four seasons. • Expanding the level of mechanisation in a potato pack house can result in 30 to 40 seasonal labourers losing employment as opposed to the typical 80 to 100 seasonal labourers usually required in a pack house. There are currently examples of where producers have decided to “fully” mechanise their pack houses, and consequently they now employ less than 20 seasonal workers in their pack houses. Through such extreme mechanisation between 50 and 70 labourers can be replaced in pack houses. The payback period, depending on the level of mechanisation, is two to six seasons. Potatoes South Africa is cognisant of the fact that producers can never mechanise 100% and will hence remain dependant on labour, but the number of labourers needed/utilised can vary significantly. The initial cost of mechanisation is extremely high and as 50% of all potato

producers plant less than 50 hectares, they will find it difficult to commit to large-scale mechanisation. Thus, should the cost of potato production result in unsustainable potato enterprises they will exit the industry. Potato producers are increasingly being contracted by processing companies which negates the need for pack houses as processing companies transport potatoes in bulk directly from the field to their facilities. Producing potatoes for processing also means that less labour is required on farms. Other benefits received by permanent labourers should also be taken into account, for example the cost of housing. Most households also have access to running water and electricity (sometimes these labourers have to pay a certain portion of the electricity cost). The point to be made is that these benefits will be lost should such a labourer be dismissed. Suggested way forward A recent study on the efficiency in pack houses done by Potatoes South Africa concluded that some producers can easily cut back 10% on the number of labourers in pack houses without having them be replaced by machinery. Producers, however, have indicated that they do not want to shed labour as they have a social responsibility. It is thus imperative that engagement with government aims to develop a policy environment which is supportive of job retention / creation in order to achieve the goals of the NDP. Any opportunity to further engage with government on this issue will be welcomed. Potatoes South Africa would like to see a value chain approach as the potato producer, the labourer and the informal trader (as well as many other role players, such as input suppliers) are dependent on one another. If a potato producer leaves the industry, not only will his seasonal labourers (and probably his permanent labourers as well) lose their jobs, but the related informal traders will probably not be able to source enough potatoes. Should the potato producer cut back on seasonal labourers in favour of mechanisation, less money will be directed to mostly poor local communities. Unintended consequences when changes are made to labour legislation should be considered at all times. C

A National Minimum Wage for South Africa: Recommendations on Policy and Implementation; National Minimum Wage Panel; November 2016. The number of labourers are derived from 2 nationwide surveys done by Potatoes SA, one in 2011 and one in 2014. 3 Main reasons for shedding of jobs: About 100 potato farmers left the industry during this time (17%) & the sharp increase in labour costs. 4 ‘’It must be clearly stated that the people at the bottom of the wages and poverty picture are overwhelmingly women. It is women who are most vulnerable to unemployment, earn the lowest wages in the most vulnerable sectors, and who dominates the care-work and unpaid sectors.’’ Page 7 of the Recommendations on Policy and Implementation: National Minimum Wage Panel; November 2016. 1 2

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CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

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CHIPS • January/February 2017

• Page 39

A Farmer listens to a Farmer Hanrie Greebe: Potatoes South Africa At the beginning of the second planting season in Limpopo, an irrigation course was presented to Enterprise Development farmers in the new pack house on the farm of self-made commercial farmer, Mr Solly Ratsjomane. Mr Ratjomane produces potatoes under pivot irrigation. The course was presented by the Research and Development Department of Potatoes South Africa and facilitated by Prof Martin Steyn and Mr Chris Barnard. Enterprise Development farmers from the Limpopo Province quickly spread the word that the third irrigation course will be presented and black potato farmers as well as other farmers who are interested in taking up potato farming came in “bakkie” loads from all over the province. Mr

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CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

Barnard jokingly observed that in the previous course there were only three ladies, but that this time there were 35, not counting the men! During the first day of the course the focus was mostly on presentations on best practices of irrigation and the reasoning behind it. The group of farmers spoke different languages, some of whom did not understand English and early on during the theoretical presentation of the course, a seasoned farmer volunteered to translate certain concepts to individuals in the audience. Mr Barnard literally took the farmers back to basics by providing them with an overview on the evolution of the

Transformasie • Transformation

discussed numerous other related issues such as irrigation scheduling, particularly in relation to energy (electricity) use efficiency, the balance between cultivation practices and the importance of a holistic approach. He stressed the importance of knowing the fertility status of soil and that soil analysis is essential. Mr Barnard reiterated the importance of crop rotation and gave practical tips such as not to plant tomatoes and potatoes next to each other as they attract the same diseases.

Mr Chris Barnard captivated the attention of the Black farmers who attended the irrigation course in Limpopo. In the back is co-facilitator, Prof Martin Steyn. “Fertigation” industry. He started with a background on the saying of “Minimum input = Maximum blame” which encompasses aspects such as an established farming practice, marketability, international influences, gaps in the cultivation practices, isolated knowledge and misconceptions. Mr Barnard then went through the evolution of fertiliser where traditionally manure was used and all the following stages of development until the modern day use of biological-semi-organic-chemical fertilisers. He also explained the elements which promote growth as shown in the diagram below:

Prof Steyn focused on the relationship between type of soil and the availability of soil water and explained that potatoes grow well in a variety of soil types, but that deep, well-drained soils of light to medium texture are preferred. He said that soil texture (the ratio of clay to silt and sand) influences the rate of water infiltration as well as the water holding capacity of a soil. Prof Steyn further said that in general coarse textured and light loamy soils are best for potato cultivation and that although sandy soils are usually ideal for mechanical tillage and harvesting, these soils have a limited water holding capacity and will only produce good yields if the rainfall is adequate, or if good irrigation management is practiced. Prof Steyn emphasised the importance of the availability of soil water as a factor in determining the yield and quality of potatoes. He explained that inadequate water during critical growth stages may increase the occurrence of diseases (such as common scab) and tuber deficiencies (such as growth cracks, malformation and secondary growth). Excessive water from rain and irrigation in sandy soils on the other hand may also cause leaching of mineral nutrients, especially nitrogen, beyond the root zone of a shallow rooted crop such as potatoes, which will cause a wastage in input costs and a poor yield. A practical demonstration on water absorption was given with a sponge and a bucket of water and Prof Steyn expanded on this topic in detail, often taking questions from the floor.

Mr Barnard then spent some time on management challenges such as root volume versus leave coverage and gave some valuable tips on position and depth when it is time to rip. He addressed root diseases, types of root systems, rainfall patterns and pruning. Special attention was given to the role of water during growth and how energy is optimised when there is a balance between water absorption and growth. Mr Barnard CHIPS • January/February 2017

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On the second day of the course, after a brief conclusion of the theoretical aspects of irrigation, Prof Steyn and Mr Barnard took the farmers out into the potato field. In their fourth week after emergence the potato plants were robust with healthy dark green leaves and no weeds were visible. The plants had yet to flower. Mr Ratjomane, who has been producing potatoes for decades, shared his best practices with the farmers. He opted for Afrikaans and the volunteer translator once again conveyed the message in various languages. There were many questions and a lot of affirmative head nodding as the farmers confirmed what they have learned during the theoretical presentation of the course through the discussion with Mr Ratjomane.

the most succulent hamburgers with chips for lunch, Ms Mathabo Naltho, a tomato farmer who is interested in planting potatoes enquired from Dr Fienie Niederwieser, Manager of PSA’s Research and Development Department, if it is possible to plant potatoes in tunnels which she plans to erect. Dr Niederwieser advised her to first start with planting potatoes outside in the field, even if it is only on one hectare and also to buy the publication “Guide in Potato Production in South Africa” from PSA as there is a lot to learn about potato production before the first seeds are planted.

Mr Barnard demonstrated an affordable yet reliable method of determining moisture levels by means of a soil auger. The first sample was taken right at the edge of the potato field. Mr Barnard gently rubbed the soil sample from the auger in his hand and then showed the attending farmers that there is very little soil left on his palm after he threw down the soil sample. All the farmers agreed that the soil from the sample is therefore dry, indicating that the last head on the pivot probably does not release enough water. Taking another sample a few metres deeper into the field, there was more soil left on his hand, indicating that the soil was sufficiently wet. Another few paces further into the field, the soil proved to have a high water content. Farmers then had the opportunity to enthusiastically use the soil auger and feel the differences in soil moisture levels for themselves. Mr Barnard strongly advised all the farmers to obtain soil augers as it will aid them tremendously in their irrigation scheduling. Prof Steyn then demonstrated a more technical method of measuring soil moisture content, this time to determine the moisture at different levels by means of a chameleon device positioned approximately halfway in the length of the pivot. The chameleon is an electronic device which consists of three electrodes that are inserted at different depths in the same patch of soil. The electrodes measure the soil moisture levels and send a signal to a corresponding light indicator. Each electrode has a specific light with which it corresponds. If the colour of a light is red, is means that the soil is dry. If the colour is green it means that the soil moisture is sufficient and if the light is blue, the soil is wet. This is a valuable instrument for the farmer to determine if the moisture levels are sufficient throughout the depth of the roots of the plant. On our way back to the pack house from the field where PSA Regional Manager, Mr Albert Boneschans organised Page 42 •

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

Prof Martin Steyn demonstrating the results of the Chameleon soil moisture level device Mr Enos Mahwai, who is in his second year of the Enterprise Development Programme which is presented by the Transformation Department of PSA, said with much appreciation that apart from the assistance he received with seed, that good arrangements have been made with the supply of fertilisers and chemicals. He planted 5.4 hectares with Mondial under pivot irrigation. Mr Mahwai said that the assistance and support given by PSA through training such as the irrigation course is critically important and that he believes that it should be repeated at least twice a year, just to refresh the farmers' understanding to ensure that they are on the right track. According to Mr Mahwai the most important thing in planting is irrigation and acknowledged the facilitators in saying that the farmers have learned all these things from these

Transformasie • Transformation

Mr Solly Ratjomane (centre) explaining his potato management system to the black farmers and Mr Chris Barnard (right) with the soil auger professional people who has that knowledge. Mr Mahwai said that the irrigation course brought to the fore some of the little mistakes he had been making and that he now has the knowledge to correct them. Mr Joseph Shivambu from Leboakgomo already started farming with tomatoes and plans to expand his production to include potatoes and cabbage. He said that he learned a lot about potatoes during the irrigation course and that as soon as he gets back on the farm, he will start with his

preparations since he already has the skills and "lots of knowledge". He is interested in a pre-feasibility study on his farming business and confirms that as he is the farmer he is manager of his crop and that he must know his soil and apply all the other things he has learned. Mr Shivambu laughingly said that once he has started with his potato production and something goes wrong, that “I will call Solly (Mr Ratjomane) to come and have a look and give me some advice”, proving that a farmer listens to a farmer. C

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Obtaining a glimpse of the potato industry Hanrie Greebe: Potatoes South Africa Black farmers obtained a highly informative glimpse of the potato industry during the recent farmer induction, presented by the Transformation Department of Potatoes South Africa (PSA).

Mandela People’s Market where the whole marketing system was explained. By midmorning the question and answering session was concluded and the group returned to Pretoria for a late breakfast.

As usual the farmer induction programme started with an early morning visit to a fresh produce market, this time around it was Joburg Market. There was, however, a power outage in the main market when the group arrived, leaving the market floor in total darkness. Fortunately, the public relations representatives of the Joburg Market could accompany the farmers to the adjacent open plan

At Potato House, Dr André Jooste, CEO of PSA and the managers of the core businesses gave presentations to the farmers with overviews on the South African potato industry, factors that influence price, challenges and solutions faced by potato farmers as well as a focus on industry information, transformation, research and development, and market development and generic

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CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

Transformasie • Transformation

product promotion. Once again many questions were asked by the farmers and the group reluctantly left for their visit to the in vitro gene bank at the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) outside Pretoria, still with many questions to ask. Farmers donned laboratory coats and covered their feet in disposable protection to maintain the sterile environment after Ms Nokuthla Myeza gave an inspirational talk on the value that the gene bank adds to the potato industry. Then the group set of for the long ride to Polokwane where they were to visit black potato farmers the following day. The first farm to be visited was that of Mr Erence Phooko, who also participates in the Farmer Induction programme. His crop was approximately at three weeks after emergence and is under portable sprinkler irrigation from a borehole and he is proud to announce that he plants only certified seed potatoes. Mr Albert Boneschans, PSA Regional Manager for the Limpopo potato production region, identified areas that received less water than other areas in the field and advised Mr Phooko to consider switching over to a pivot system. The sprinkler system is labour intensive whereas the pivot system requires less labour, thus saving on cost, and it provides a more accurate method of evenly distributed irrigation.

Appreciation was expressed for the exposure to the potato industry and all the participants found the opportunity most informative, motivational and empowering. To most it was an eye opener. Some of the feedback included the following: • Insight into trading and how the market system functions, particularly the role of market agents and the importance of a good relationship between potato producers and market agents. • Better understanding of the potato industry and the role of PSA. • Appreciation for the presentations made by PSA, particularly that of Dr André Jooste who emphasised the importance of producing quality potatoes. • A change in perceptions of the impact of the economy on the decisions potato farmers must make. • Insight into the genetic origins and multiplication of potato plant material, and the benefit thereof provided to potato farmers by the in vitro gene bank of the ARC. • Visiting the farms of black potato famers, observing the mechanised washing, sorting and packaging machinery in a pack house and learning first-hand from other black potato famers, is critical to the success of farmer induction programme. This provided the participating farmers an opportunity to take the knowledge they have obtained back to improve their own farming businesses. • Embracing the responsibility of advertising/promoting one’s brand/product to reach the ideal consumer population. The bottom line of the repeated message that was conveyed by the black potato farmers visited is that potato production must be managed with precision if a farmer wants to see economically viable results. There is no room for shortcuts. C

Two more black potato farmers were visited, namely Mr Phophi Raletjana and finally Mr Solly Ratjomane, both who have potatoes under irrigation. The group of farmers on the farmer induction programme highly appreciated the opportunity to engage with other black potato farmers and to learn from their practices, which mistakes to avoid and what solutions there are to specific challenges. From the evaluation forms completed by the participating farmers on the way back to Pretoria, the value of the Farmer Induction programme was quite evident.

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Noord-Kaap kultivarproef onder besproeiing op Douglas in 2016 André Prins (GWK), Chantel du Raan en Herman Haak (Aartappels Suid-Afrika)

Die Noord-Kaap produksiestreek produseer sowat 3% van die totale aartappelproduksie in Suid-Afrika. Die streek verbou hoofsaaklik moere, maar ook vir die tafel- en verwerkingsmark onder besproeiing. Die hoofkultivars vir die produksie van moere is Up-to-Date, Lanorma en Eos terwyl die populêre keuses vir tafel- en verwerkingsaartappels Sifra, Mondial en Fabula insluit. Proewe is op Douglas uitgevoer wat in die mees ylbevolkte provinsie in Suid-Afrika geleë is en wat as 'n groot landbouen veeboerderygemeenskap dien. Douglas is geleë naby die samevloeiing van die Oranje- en Vaalrivier en Page 46 •

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

vorm die grense met die Vrystaat en Namibië. Douglas is in 'n droë kontinentale gebied geleë met 'n jaarlikse gemiddelde reënval van tussen 211 en 334 mm (Figuur 1), waarvan die meeste in die herfs (Maart) ontvang word. Somers is matig tot warm, terwyl die winters weer koud is met ryp wat voorkom. Die hoof aanplanting geskied in Januarie en Februarie. Die proefperseel het bestaan uit 'n sandleemgrond en is geplant in 'n ewekansige blokontwerp met drie herhalings. Verdere tegniese inligting rakende die proefperseel en uitleg is opgesom in Tabel 1.

Bedryfsdienste • Industry Services

Tabel 1: Opsomming van tegniese inligting rakende proefperseel en uitleg. Plaas:

Landzicht Boerdery

Boer:

Mnr. Jan Steenkamp

Plantdatum:

26 Januarie 2016

Oesdatum:

23 Augustus 2016

Besproeiing / Droëland:

Besproeiing

Dubbel-of enkelrye:

Dubbelrye

Loofafsterwe:

Natuurlik

Tussen-ryspasiëring:

0.9 m

In-ryspasiëring:

0.25m

Proefperseel:

18 m2

Plantestand:

44 444 plante / hektaar Bemestingsprogram:

Tyd van toediening:

Totaal

Voedingswaarde: N (kg/ha)

P (kg/ha)

K (kg/ha)

225

105

181

Oesopbrengs en knolgrootte word ook beïnvloed deur die aantal halms per area en dus deur die aantal moere geplant asook die aantal halms per moer. Die aantal halms per moer is afhanklik van die aantal ogies per knol, die aantal spruite per ogie en die aantal stamme per spruit. Die aantal ogies per knol is kultivar-afhanklik, terwyl die aantal halms per knol beïnvloed word deur die moergrootte en die plantgereedheid van die moere. Dit is belangrik om daarop te let dat hierdie eienskappe tussen kultivars varieer. Die plantgereedheid, stand (%) en halmtelling van kultivars wat in die 2016 proewe geplant is, word aangedui in Tabel 2. Temperatuur, dagliglengte en water is die belangrikste abiotiese faktore wat die groeipatroon, opbrengs en kwaliteit van aartappels beïnvloed. Om te bepaal wat die aanpassingsvermoë van nuwe kultivars in die Douglasomgewing is, is dit belangrik om hierdie faktore in aanmerking te neem wanneer die prestasie van verskillende kultivars geëvalueer word. Dit is ook belangrik dat die kultivars vir 'n aantal seisoene geëvalueer word omdat klimaat van seisoen tot seisoen verskil. Daaglikse en langtermyn-weerdata

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Tabel 2: Karaktereienskappe rakende groeiperiode, plantgereedheid, stand (%) en halmtellings vir elke kultivar aangewend. Kultivar

Groeiperiode (Dae)1

FL2108

Lanorma

Kort

Laperla

Plantgereedheid2

Generasie

Stand (%)

Halms per plant

Halms per hektaar

151 110

(80-90)

3.75

116 666

Kort

(70-80)

97 332

Mondial

Kort tot medium

(95-100)

3.75

99 999

Taisiya

Kort tot medium

(100)

7.5

299 997

Algemene riglyne en kategorieë (dae van opkoms tot natuurlike loofafsterwing, afhangend van die seisoen): Kort = 70-90 dae; Kort tot Medium = 80-100 dae; Medium = 90-110 dae; Medium tot Lank = 90-120; Lank = 90-140 dae. 2 Plantgereedheid van moere 1 – Vars; 2 – Effens vars; 3 – Plant gereed; 4 – Effens oud; 5 – Oud. 1

is verkry vanaf die LNR se Douglas: Luneburg-stasie (-29.13149, 23.71372). Die gemete reënval gedurende die 2016-groeiseisoen was deurentyd effens minder as die langtermyn-gemiddeld, maar dieselfde patroon as in vorige jare is waargeneem (Figuur 2). Die minimum- en maksimumtemperatuur (Figuur 3) vir die 2016-groeiseisoen het dieselfde patroon as in vorige jare gevolg met die uitsondering dat Februarie tot Maart hoër maksimumtemperature ondervind het, terwyl April tot die einde van die seisoen hoër minimumtemperature as die langtermyngemiddelde temperature getoon het. Die uitermatige maksimumtemperature wat aan die begin van die seisoen voorgekom het (hoër as 40°C) kon moontlik die vegetatiewe groeistadium en die begin van knolinisiasie negatief beïnvloed het. Die gemiddelde optimale temperature vir die vegetatiewe groeistadium is 25-27°C terwyl die vir knolinisiasie en fotosintese tussen 15-20°C wissel. Hoe hoër die temperature bo 20°C styg, hoe minder knolle sal inisieer. Wanneer die temperatuur bo 29°C styg, sal min of selfs geen knolinisiasie of knolgroei voorkom nie as gevolg van die feit dat die koolhidrate gebruik word vir respirasie. Temperature onder vriespunt (0°C) gedurende die groeiseisoen was waargeneem vroeg in Mei en weer vanaf Junie, en het voortgeduur tot aan die einde van die proef. Hitte-eenhede is 'n verdere belangrike faktor om in ag te neem aangesien die ontwikkeling van die plant hoofsaaklik gebaseer is op die versameling van hitte-eenhede. Daar word dus aanvaar dat die plant 'n sekere aantal hitteeenhede moet versamel om 'n ontwikkelingsfase te voltooi. Page 48 •

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

Die hitte-eenhede vir die 2016-groeiseisoen was regdeur die seisoen effens hoër (12.3%-13.9% hoër) as die langtermyn-gemiddelde hitte-eenhede en word aangedui in Figuur 4. Moontlike effekte as gevolg van ongunstige temperature (=hoë hitte-eenhede) sluit in die verlenging van die tyd wat nodig is vir ontwikkelingfases om te voltooi wat opbrengs asook kwaliteit negatief kan beïnvloed. Moontlik faktore wat kon bydra tot die 18.4% verhoging in opbrengs in vergelyking met die gemiddelde opbrengs van die vorige drie jaar, is dat 'n warmer winter vergeleke met die langtermyngemiddeld ondervind is. Slegs ligte ryp vroeg in Mei was waargeneem wat die groeiseisoen verleng het in vergelyking met vorige jare. Die opbrengsdata is statisties verwerk met behulp van die GenStat® program en die gemiddelde was geskei deur gebruik te maak van die Tukey KBV-toets. Die kultivareffek gedurende die 2016-proef (Figuur 5) was statisties beduidendend (p<0. 05) ten opsigte van opbrengs terwyl die koëffisiënt van variasie hoog (24.4%), maar nog aanvaarbaar was. Die proefgemiddeld van al die kultivars word as 100% geneem. Die opbrengs van die individuele kultivars word dan deur die proefgemiddeld gedeel en elke kultivar se opbrengsprestasie word as 'n persentasie van die proefgemiddeld uitgedruk (opbrengsindeks). Die gemiddelde opbrengs (64.04 t/ha) vir die 2016-seisoen was hoër in vergelyking met die proefgemiddelde van die vorige drie jaar (52.23 t/ha). Gedurende die 2016-proef (Figuur 5) het die kultivar Taisiya die hoogste opbrengs behaal, en was dit beduidend hoër as kultivar FL2108. FL2108, wat nie statisties van Lanorma verskil nie, het aan die ander kant

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Totale reënval per maand 2016

Langtermyn gemiddelde reënval

Kumulatiewe reënval 2016

Langtermyn kumulatiewe reënval

350 300

Reënval (mm)

250 200 150 100 50 0 Januarie Februarie Plant

Maart

April

Mei

Junie

Julie

2016

Augustus Oes

Datum Figuur 2: Reënval gedurende die groeiseisoen (2016) asook die langtermyn gemiddelde reënval. Maksimum temperatuur 2016

Minimum temperatuur 2016

Langtermyn gemiddelde maksimum temperatuur

Langtermyn gemiddelde minimum temperatuur

Temperatuur (°C)

40 30 20 10

-10

01-Jan-16 09-Jan-16 17-Jan-16 25-Jan-16 02-Feb-16 10-Feb-16 18-Feb-16 26-Feb-16 05-Mar-16 13-Mar-16 21-Mar-16 29-Mar-16 06-Apr-16 14-Apr-16 22-Apr-16 30-Apr-16 08-May-16 16-May-16 24-May-16 01-Jun-16 09-Jun-16 17-Jun-16 25-Jun-16 03-Jul-16 11-Jul-16 19-Jul-16 27-Jul-16 04-Aug-16 12-Aug-16 20-Aug-16

Plant

2016

Oes

Datum Figuur 3: Minimum en maksimum temperatuur (°C) gedurende die groeiseisoen (2016) asook langtermyn.

CHIPS • January/February 2017

• Page 49

Totale hitte-eenhede 2016

Langtermyn gemiddelde hitte-eenhede

Kumulatiewe hitte-eenhede 2016

Langtermyn kumulatiewe hitte-eenhede

2000

Hitte-eenhede

1500

12.3%

13.9%

13.6%

1000

500

0 Januarie

Februarie

Maart

April

Mei

Junie

Julie

Augustus

-500

Maand *Totale hitte-eenhede spesifiek bepaal vir aartappels (drumpel temperatuur = 5Â°C) as gewas [bereken vanaf uurlikse data].

Figuur 4: Hitte-eenhede gedurende die groeiseisoen (2016) asook langtermyngemiddeld.

Opbrengsindeks (%)

Bemarkingsindeks (%) 117.1 a

Opbrengs van kultivars verskil nie statisties nie

Taisiya

Laperla

111.7 a-b

102.1 a-c

Opbrengs van kultivars verskil nie statisties nie

Kultivar

Mondial

Lanorma

FL2108

100.9 a-d

Proefgemiddeld = 64.04 t/ha p < 0.05 KBV = 32.66 KV% = 24.4

68.3 d

100

120

Opbrengs en bemarkingsindeks as persentasie van die proefgemiddeld (%)

140

*Waardes gevolg deur dieselfde letter is nie beduidend verskillend van mekaar nie.

Figuur 5: Totale opbrengs- en bemarkingsindeks per kultivar vir 2016 as persentasie van die proefgemiddeld.

Page 50 â&#x20AC;˘

CHIPS â&#x20AC;˘ Januarie/Februarie 2017

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die swakste opbrengste gelewer. Hoër opbrengste as die proefgemiddeld (64.04 t/ha) was behaal deur die kultivars Taisiya, Mondial, Laperla en Lanorma. Ten einde die prestasie van die kultivars in terme van opbrengs en kwaliteit te bepaal, is die opbrengs, groottegroepverspreiding en klas gebruik om teen die gemiddelde markpryse vir die betrokke dag 'n bemarkingsindeks te bereken. Die opbrengs, vermenigvuldig met die heersende prys wat bepaal word deur die grootteverspreiding en gradering, gee die bemarkingsindeks (Figuur 5). Ten spyte van 'n groot persentasie klein aartappels het die kultivar Taisiya oor die algemeen die hoogste bemarkingsindeks behaal. Dit kan hoofsaaklik toegeskryf word aan 'n groot persentasie klas 1-aartappels (Figuur 7) wat die kultivar gelewer het. Groottegroepverspreiding en gradering is dus ook van die faktore wat gebruik word om aartappels te klas, daarom is dit belangrike faktore om in ag te neem om 'n optimale ekonomiese bemarkbare opbrengs te verseker. In Figuur 6 word die groottegroepverspreiding, in Figuur 7 die gradering van die opbrengs. Dit is ook belangrik om te let op die kultivars se vermoë en betroubaarheid om konsekwent te presteer, ongeag fluktuasies in die klimaat oor tyd. In Figuur 8 word die drie-jaar data aangetoon vir die kultivarproewe in die Douglas produksie-area. Dit blyk dat kultivar Lanorma die minste variasie toon vir die Douglas-area. Verder is dit ook belangrik om op die interne kwaliteit van die produk te fokus om 'n ekonomiese optimale bemarkbare opbrengs en dus winsgewendheid te verseker. Dit sluit belangrike faktore in soos die kook- en prosesseringseienskappe, soortlike gewig (SG) asook inwendige defekte (holhart, bruinvlek en vaatbundelverkleuring) wat opgesom word in Tabel 3. Gedurende die 2016-groeiseisoen het die kultivars Fl 2108, Lanorma en Mondial voldoen aan die skyfiekleur norm van >50 vir prosessering. Wat die soortlike gewig (SG) betref het slegs die kultivar Fl 1208 voldoen aan die norm van ≥1.075 vir prosessering. Rakende die inwendige defekte, het die kultivar Laperla (20%) interne bruinvlek getoon. Geen holhart het voorgekom nie. C

CHIPS • January/February 2017

• Page 51

Klein

Medium

Groot

Proefgemiddeld

80 70

Grootteverspreiding (t/ha)

2016 = 64.04 t/ha 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Taisiya

Mondial

Laperla

Lanorma

FL2108

Kultivar

Figuur 6: Grootteverspreiding van elke kultivar tydens die 2016 finale oes.

Tabel 3. Kook- en prosesseringseienskappe en interne kwaliteit van opbrengs vir 2016 (Uitgevoer deur LNR-Roodeplaat). Kultivar

Vleeskleur

Kooktipe1

Struktuur

Verkleur na kook

Skyfiekleur2

SG3

Bruinvlek (%)

Holhart (%)

FL 2108

Geel

Medium

Geen

56.3

1.093

Lanorma

Room

Medium

Geen

58.8

1.068

Laperla

Geel

Medium

Geen

39.7

1.060

20%

Mondial

Geel

Medium

Geen

52.4

1.071

Taisiya

Geel

Medium

Geen

42.0

1.064

1 BM – Baie melerige tot losse tekstuur; M – Melerig, krummelrige tot los aartappel; EM – Effens melerige, vry ferm aartappel met fyn tot taamlike fyn tekstuur; NM – Nie melerige, ferm aartappel met ’n fyn tekstuur. 2 Skyfiekleur met waarde >50 en sonder defekte is aanvaarbaar vir die droëskyfiebedryf. 3 Soortlike gewig van >1.075 is aanvaarbaar vir die prosesseringsbedryf. 3 Knolvorm indeks: Rond: <1.09; rond-ovaal: 1.10 - 1.29; ovaal: 1.30 - 1.49; lank-ovaal: 1.50 - 1.69; lank: 1.70 - 1.99.

Page 52 •

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

≥ Norm (Aanvaarbaar vir prosessering) < Norm (Onaanvaarbaar vir prosessering)

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Uitgooi

Klas 3

Klas 2

Klas 1

Proefgemiddeld

2016 = 64.04 t/ha

Gradering (t/ha)

50 40 30 20 10 0 Taisiya

Mondial

Laperla

Lanorma

FL2108

Kultivar

Figuur 7: Gradering van elke kultivar tydens die 2016 finale oes.

2016

2015

2014

Opbrengs as persentasie van die proefgemiddeld (%)

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 FL2108

Lanorma

Laperla

Mondial

Kultivar

Figuur 8. Prestasie van kultivars oor vier jaar uitgedruk as persentasie van die proefgemiddeld.

CHIPS • January/February 2017

• Page 53

Oos-Kaap kultivarproef onder besproeiing op Hankey in 2016 Pieter Ferreira (produsent), Retief Celliers (Nelson Mandela Metropolitaanse Universiteit), Terence Brown en Chantel du Raan (Aartappels Suid-Afrika) Die Oos-Kaap produksiestreek produseer sowat 3% van die totale aartappelproduksie in Suid-Afrika. Die streek plant aartappels vir die tafel- en verwerkingsmark onder besproeiing. Die hoofkultivars in die streek sluit in Mondial, Valor, Sifra en Eos. Die Gamtoosriviervallei word gekenmerk deur wye, vrugbare vloedvlaktes wat verband hou met laagliggende lande en styl, minder vrugbare hange weerskante van die vallei. Die dorpe van Hankey en Patensie, Loerie en Thornhill is fokuspunte van hierdie hoë-potensiaal landbougrondstreek. Die Gamtoosrivier is

Page 54 •

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

die voedingsaar van kommersiële landbou in die vallei, wat tans grootliks op die verbouing van sitrus en groente (insluitend aartappels) gefokus is. Proewe is in die Hankeyomgewing uitgevoer wat 'n bimodale reënvalverspreiding het met lente- en herfspieke. Die jaarlikse gemiddelde reënval vir hierdie gebied is tussen 361 en 432 mm (Figuur 1). Hierdie streek het twee seisoene en sluit 'n somer- en winteraanplanting in. Aartappels word egter hoofsaaklik in die winter vanaf Maart tot en met Julie geplant. Die opbrengs in die winteraanplanting is nie baie hoog nie,

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maar bemarkinggeleenthede is gewoonlik beter teen einde van die jaar as gevolg van minder mededinging vanuit die Vrystaat. Aartappelproduksie daal in die Oos-Kaap as gevolg van beperkte grond vir wisselbou. Die proefperseel is geplant in 'n ewekansige blokontwerp met drie herhalings. Verdere tegniese inligting rakende die proefperseel en uitleg is opgesom in Tabel 1.

Figuur 1: Ligging van Hankey in die Gamtoosvallei-produksiegebied

Tabel 1: Opsomming van tegniese inligting rakende proefperseel en uitleg. Plaas:

Wagondrift

Boer:

Mnr. Pieter Ferreira

Plantdatum:

17 Mei 2016

Oesdatum:

25 Oktober 2016

Besproeiing / Droëland:

Besproeiing

Dubbel-of enkelrye:

Dubbelrye

Loofafsterwe:

Natuurlik

Tussen-ryspasiëring:

0.8 m

In-ryspasiëring:

0.25 m

Proefperseel:

16 m2 Bemestingsprogram:

Tyd van toediening:

Totaal

Voedingswaarde: N (kg/ha)

P (kg/ha)

K (kg/ha)

121

122

Dit is belangrik om daarop te let dat groeiperiodes die oesopbrengs van kultivars kan beïnvloed. Groeiperiodes word gedefinieer as die aantal dae vanaf opkoms tot natuurlike loofafsterwe, afhangend van die seisoen. Die presiese tydsberekening van die vyf groeifases (spruitontwikkeling, vegetatiewe groei, knolinisiasie, knolvulling en volwassenheid) hang af van die omgewing en die bestuurspraktyke wat wissel tussen lokaliteite, kultivars en groeiperiodes. Die kultivars wat gedurende 2016 in die werksgroepproewe ingesluit was, word in Tabel 2 weergegee. Oesopbrengs en knolgrootte word ook beïnvloed deur die aantal halms per area en dus deur die aantal moere geplant asook die aantal halms per moer. Die aantal halms per moer is afhanklik van die aantal ogies per knol, die aantal spruite per ogie en die aantal stamme per spruit. Die aantal ogies per knol is kultivar-afhanklik, terwyl die aantal halms per knol beïnvloed word deur die moergrootte en die plantgereedheid van die moere. Dit is belangrik om daarop te let dat hierdie eienskappe tussen kultivars varieer. Die plantgereedheid en halmtelling van kultivars wat in die 2016-proewe geplant is, word aangedui in Tabel 2. Temperatuur, dagliglengte en water is die belangrikste abiotiese faktore

CHIPS • January/February 2017

• Page 55

Tabel 2: Karaktereienskappe rakende groeiperiode, plantgereedheid en halmtellings vir elke kultivar in 2016 kultivarproewe. Kultivar

Groeiperiode (Dae)1

Plantgereedheid2

Halms per plant

Almera

Kort

(85)

Bonnata

Medium

(90-110)

Electra

Kort tot medium

(100)

El Mundo

Kort tot medium

(90-100)

Fandango*

Medium tot lank

(120)

Farida

Medium tot lank

(120)

Fianna

Medium tot lank

(112)

Labadia**

Kort tot medium

(100)

Lanorma*

Kort

(80-90)

Marimba

Kort

(85)

Markies

Medium

(110)

Mondeo

Medium

(90-110)

Mondial

Kort tot medium

(95-100)

Savanna

Medium

(90-110)

Sifra

Kort tot medium

(90-100)

Valor

Medium

(100-110)

Algemene riglyne en kategorieë (dae van opkoms tot natuurlike loofafsterwe, afhangend van die seisoen): Kort = 70-90 dae; Kort tot medium = 80-100 dae; Medium = 90-110 dae; Medium tot lank = 100-120; Lank = >120 dae. 2 Plantgereedheid van moere 1 – Vars; 2 – Effens vars; 3 – Plantgereed; 4 – Effens oud; 5 – Oud. * Roes het voorgekom op die kultivar ** Enkel blomme tydens halmtellings (18 Augustus 2016) - Markies het heelwat later eers opgekom 1

wat die groeipatroon, opbrengs en kwaliteit van aartappels beïnvloed. Om te bepaal wat die aanpassingsvermoë van nuwe kultivars in die Hankey-omgewing is, is dit belangrik om hierdie faktore in aanmerking te neem wanneer die prestasie van verskillende kultivars geëvalueer word. Dit is ook belangrik dat die kultivars vir 'n aantal seisoene geëvalueer word omdat klimaat van seisoen tot seisoen verskil. Daaglikse en langtermyn-weerdata is verkry vanaf die LNR se Nikalandershoekstasie (-33.78844, 24.82749). Die gemete reënval gedurende die 2016-groeiseisoen was deurentyd laer as die langtermyn-gemiddelde reënval met die uitsondering gedurende September waartydens hoër reënval as die langtermyn-gemiddelde ontvang is (Figuur 2). Ongeag die hoër reënval gedurende September was Page 56 •

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

die kumulatiewe reënval vir 2016 aan die einde van die groeiseisoen steeds laer as die langtermyn-kumulatiewe reënval. Die minimumtemperatuur (Figuur 3) vir die 2016-groeiseisoen het dieselfde patroon as vorige jare gevolg met die uitsondering dat einde Julie, Augustus en begin September hoër maksimumtemperature ondervind het terwyl Junie tot begin Julie laer minimumtemperature as die langtermyn-gemiddelde temperature getoon het. Wat die maksimumtemperature betref was die temperature regdeur die seisoen ooglopend hoër as in vorige jare, veral gedurende Augustus wat 'n maksimum temperatuur van tot 40°C bereik het. Die uitermatige maksimumtemperature regdeur die seisoen kon moontlik die begin van knolinisiasie asook vegetatiewe groeistadium negatief beïnvloed het. Die gemiddelde optimale temperature vir die vegetatiewe groeistadium is 25-27°C terwyl dit vir

Bedryfsdienste • Industry Services

Totale reënval per maand 2016

Langtermyn gemiddelde reënval

Kumulatiewe reënval 2016

Langtermyn kumulatiewe reënval

300 250

Reënval (mm)

200 150 100 50 0 Mei

Plant

Junie

Julie

Augustus

September

2016

Oktober

Oes

Datum Figuur 2. Reënval gedurende die groeiseisoen asook die langtermyn-gemiddelde reënval.

Maksimum temperatuur 2016

Minimum temperatuur 2016

Langtermyn gemiddelde maksimum temperatuur

Langtermyn gemiddelde minimum temperatuur

45 40

Temperatuur (°C)

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 -5

01-May-16 07-May-16 13-May-16 19-May-16 25-May-16 31-May-16 06-Jun-16 12-Jun-16 18-Jun-16 24-Jun-16 30-Jun-16 06-Jul-16 12-Jul-16 18-Jul-16 24-Jul-16 30-Jul-16 05-Aug-16 11-Aug-16 17-Aug-16 23-Aug-16 29-Aug-16 04-Sep-16 10-Sep-16 16-Sep-16 22-Sep-16 28-Sep-16 04-Oct-16 10-Oct-16 16-Oct-16 22-Oct-16 28-Oct-16

Plant

2016

Oes

Datum Figuur 3. Minimum en maksimum temperatuur (°C) gedurende die groeiseisoen asook langtermyn.

CHIPS • January/February 2017

• Page 57

Totale hitte-eenhede 2016

Langtermyn gemiddelde hitte-eenhede

Kumulatiewe hitte-eenhede 2016

Langtermyn kumulatiewe hitte-eenhede

2000 1800

Hitte-eenhede

1600 1400

57.8%

1200

59.7%

1000

59.3%

800 600 400 200 0 Mei

Junie

Julie

Augustus

September

Maand

Oktober

*Totale hitte-eenhede spesifiek bepaal vir aartappels (drumpel temperatuur = 5Â°C) as gewas [bereken vanaf uurlikse data].

Figuur 4: Hitte-eenhede gedurende die groeiseisoen (2016) asook langtermyngemiddeld.

Opbrengs (%)

Bemarkingsindeks (%) 135.0 a

Electra

Mondial

120.3 a-c

Opbrengs van kultivars verskil nie statisties nie

Almera

122.2 ab

Valor Mondeo Savanna

Kultivar

El Mundo Labadia

111.8 a-d 109.8 a-e 107.8 a-f 107.6 a-g 106.5 a-h 104.5 a-i

Bonnata

102.3 a-j

Farida

95.4 b-k

Fandango

92.2 b-l

Sifra

Marimba Markies Lanorma

Proefgemiddeld = 54.24 t/ha

82.6 d-m

Opbrengs van kultivars verskil nie statisties nie

Fianna

81.0 d-m

p < 0.01 KBV = 34.5 KV% = 15.4

63.6 k-m 57.2 m 40

100

120

140

160

Opbrengs en bemarkingsindeks as persentasie van die proefgemiddeld (%) vir 2016

180

*Waardes gevolg deur dieselfde letter is nie beduidend verskillend van mekaar nie.

Figuur 5. Totale opbrengs en bemarkingsindeks per kultivar as persentasie van die proefgemiddeld.

Page 58 â&#x20AC;˘

CHIPS â&#x20AC;˘ Januarie/Februarie 2017

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knolinisiasie asook fotosintese wissel tussen 15-20°C. Hoe hoër die temperature bo 20°C styg, hoe minder knolle sal inisieer. Wanneer die temperatuur bo 29°C styg, sal min of selfs geen knolinisiasie of knolgroei voorkom nie as gevolg van die feit dat die koolhidrate gebruik word vir respirasie. Gedurende die groeiseisoen is temperature by vriespunt (0°C) vanaf middel Junie tot die begin van Julie waargeneem. Hitte-eenhede is ook 'n belangrike faktor om in ag te neem aangesien die ontwikkeling van die plant hoofsaaklik gebaseer is op die versameling van hitte-eenhede. Daar word dus aanvaar dat die plant 'n sekere aantal hitteeenhede moet versamel om 'n ontwikkelingsfase te voltooi. Die hitte-eenhede van die 2016-groeiseisoen was regdeur die seisoen aansienlik hoër (tot 57.8% hoër) as die langtermyn-gemiddelde hitte-eenhede en word aangedui in Figuur 4. Moontlike effekte as gevolg van ongunstige temperature (=hoë hitte-eenhede) sluit in die verlenging van die tyd wat nodig is vir ontwikkelingfases om te voltooi wat opbrengs asook kwaliteit negatief kan beïnvloed. Die opbrengsdata is statisties verwerk met behulp van die GenStat® program en die gemiddelde was geskei deur gebruik te maak van die Tukey KBV-toets. Die

Baby

Klein

Medium

kultivar-effek in die 2016-proewe (Figuur 5) was statisties hoogsbeduidendend (p<0.01) ten opsigte van opbrengs terwyl die koëffisiënt van variasie laag (15.4%) was. Dit dui aan dat die proewe goed uitgevoer en die resultate betroubaar is. Die proefgemiddeld van al die kultivars word as 100% geneem. Die opbrengs van die individuele kultivars word dan deur die proefgemiddeld gedeel en elke kultivar se opbrengsprestasie word as 'n persentasie van die proefgemiddeld uitgedruk (opbrengsindeks). Die gemiddelde opbrengs (54.24 t/ha) vir die 2016-seisoen was hoër in vergelyking met die proefgemiddelde van die vorige drie jaar (45.87 t/ha). Gedurende die 2016-proewe (Figuur 5) het die kultivar Electra die hoogste opbrengs behaal, en dit was beduidend hoër as die kultivars Fandango, Sifra, Fianna, Marimba, Markies en Lanorma. Lanorma wat nie statisties verskil van Markies, Marimba en Fianna nie, het aan die anderkant die swakste opbrengste gelewer. Hoër opbrengste as die proefgemiddeld (54.24 t/ha) was behaal deur die kultivars Electra, Almera, Mondial, Valor, Mondeo, Savanna, El Mundo, Labadia, Bonnata en Farida. Markies het baie swak gevaar omrede die kultivar heelwat later opgekom het en die stand laag was.

Groot medium

Groot

Proefgemiddeld

Grootteverspreiding (t/ha) vir 2016

70 60

2016 = 54.24 t/ha

Proefgemiddeld van die vorige 3 jaar = 45.87 t/ha

40 30 20 10 0

Kultivar

Figuur 6. Grootteverspreiding van elke kultivar tydens finale oes.

CHIPS • January/February 2017

• Page 59

Tabel 3: Hoofredes vir afgradering tydens die 2016 Hankey oes. Kultivar

Hoofrede vir afgradering

Almera

Vergroening en bruinskurf

Bonnata

Vergroening, insekskade en meganiese beskadiging

Electra

Vergroening

El Mundo

Vergroening en meganiese beskadiging

Fandango

Vergroening

Farida

Vergroening

Fianna

Misvorming

Labadia

Vergroening en sandspleet

Lanorma

Meganiese beskadiging, bruinskurf en vergroening

Marimba

Vergroening en meganiese beskadiging

Markies

Nerf-los

Mondeo

Vergroening en misvorming

Mondial

Vergroening en sandspleet

Savanna

Vergroening en bruinskurf

Sifra

Vergroening

Valor

Vergroening

Uitgooi

Klas 3

Klas 2

Klas 1

Proefgemiddeld

70 60 Gradering (t/ha) vir 2016

2016 = 54.24 t/ha

Proefgemiddeld van die vorige 3 jaar = 45.87 t/ha

40 30 20 10 0

Kultivar

Figuur 7. Gradering van elke kultivar tydens finale oes.

Page 60 â&#x20AC;˘

CHIPS â&#x20AC;˘ Januarie/Februarie 2017

Opbrengs as persentasie van die proefgemiddeld (%)

Bedryfsdienste • Industry Services

2016

160

2015

2014

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Labadia

Lanorma

Mondial

Savanna

Sifra

Kultivar

Figuur 8. Prestasie van kultivars oor drie jaar uitgedruk as persentasie van die proefgemiddeld.

Ten einde die prestasie van die kultivars in terme van opbrengs en kwaliteit te bepaal, is die opbrengs, groottegroepverspreiding en klas gebruik om teen die gemiddelde markpryse vir die betrokke dag 'n bemarkingsindeks te bereken. Die opbrengs vermenigvuldig met die heersende prys, wat bepaal word deur die groottegroepverspreiding en gradering, gee die bemarkingsindeks (Figuur 5). Die kultivar Almera het oor die algemeen die hoogste bemarkingsindeks behaal hoofsaaklik as gevolg van 'n hoë opbrengs in kombinasie met 'n hoë persentasie groot en klas 1 aartappels. Electra het egter die tweede hoogste bemarkingsindeks behaal, ongeag die feit dat die kultivar 'n hoë opbrengs as Almera behaal het. Dit kan toegeskryf word aan 'n lae persentasie groot aartappels (Figuur 6) wat die kultivar gelewer het. Groottegroepverspreiding en gradering is dus ook van die faktore wat gebruik word om aartappels te klas, daarom is dit belangrike faktore om in ag te neem om 'n optimale ekonomiese bemarkbare opbrengs te verseker. In Figuur 6 word die groottegroepverspreiding, in Figuur 7 die gradering van die opbrengs en in Tabel 3 die hoofredes vir afkeuring van die onderskeie kultivars aangetoon. Markies het losskil getoon omrede die kultivar heelwat later opgekom het en die knolle dus nog onvolwasse was.

Dit is ook belangrik om te let op die kultivars se vermoë om konsekwent te presteer, ten spyte van fluktuasies in klimaat oor tyd. In Figuur 8 word die drie-jaar data aangetoon vir die kultivarproewe in die Hankey-gebied. Dit blyk dat kultivar Savanna die minste variasie toon vir hierdie gebied. Dit is ook belangrik om op die interne kwaliteit van die produk te fokus om 'n ekonomiese optimale bemarkbare opbrengs, en dus winsgewendheid te verseker. Dit sluit belangrike faktore in soos die kook- en prosesseringseienskappe, soortlike gewig (SG) asook inwendige defekte (holhart, bruinvlek en vaatbundelverkleuring) wat opgesom word in Tabel 4. Gedurende die 2016-groeiseisoen het slegs die kultivars Fianna, Markies en Mondial aan die skyfiekleurnorm van >50 vir prosessering voldoen. Wat die soortlike gewig (SG) betref, het die kultivars Fianna en Markies aan die norm van ≥1.075 vir prosessering voldoen. Rakende die inwendige defekte, het geen holhart en bruinvlek voorgekom nie. C

CHIPS • January/February 2017

• Page 61

Bedryfsdienste • Industry Services

Tabel 4. Kook- en prosesseringseienskappe en interne kwaliteit van opbrengs vir 2016 (Uitgevoer deur LNRRoodeplaat). Kultivar

Vleeskleur

Kooktipe1

Struktuur

Verkleur na kook

Skyfiekleur2

SG3

Bruinvlek (%)

Holhart (%)

Almera

Geel

Medium

Geen

31.1

1.057

Bonnata

Geel

Medium

Geen

46.3

1.063

Fandango

Geel

Medium

Geen

40.1

1.060

Farida

Wit

Medium

Geen

41.9

1.059

Fianna

Room

Styf

Geen

51.4

1.075

Electra

Geel

Medium

Geen

30.2

1.049

El Mundo

Geel

Medium

Geen

45.8

1.051

Labadia

Geel

Medium

Geen

33.3

1.062

Lanorma

Room

Medium

Geen

43.5

1.062

Markies

Donker geel

Styf

Geen

55.8

1.075

Marimba

Geel

Medium

Geen

29.5

1.057

Mondial

Room

Medium

Geen

1.061

Mondeo

Room

Medium

Geen

35.3

1.057

Savanna

Room

Medium

Geen

46.5

1.062

Sifra

Room

Medium

Geen

37.7

1.054

Valor

Room

Medium

Geen

42.7

1.062

BM – Baie melerige tot losse tekstuur; M – Melerig, krummelrige tot los aartappel; EM – Effens melerige, vry ferm aartappel met fyn tot taamlike fyn tekstuur; NM – Nie melerige, ferm aartappel met `n fyn tekstuur. 2 Skyfiekleur met waarde >50 en sonder defekte is aanvaarbaar vir die droëskyfiebedryf. 3 Soortlike gewig van >1.075 is aanvaarbaar vir die prosesseringsbedryf. 3 Knolvorm indeks: Rond: <1.09; rond-ovaal: 1.10 - 1.29; ovaal: 1.30 - 1.49; lank-ovaal: 1.50 - 1.69; lank: 1.70 - 1.99. 1

Page 62 •

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

≥ Norm (Aanvaarbaar vir prosessering) < Norm (Onaanvaarbaar vir prosessering)

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• Page 63

PCR-identifikasie goedgekeur vir die bevestiging van Ralstonia solanacearum Anel Espach: Plantovita

Tydens die pas afgelope vergadering van die Onafhanklike Sertifiseringsraad vir Aartappelmoere (OSRA), is die insluiting van ’n PCR-stap in die toetsproses vir Ralstonia solanacearum by Aartappellaboratoriumdienste (ALD), spesifiek Plantovita, goedgekeur. Die Departement van Landbou, Bosbou en Visserye (DLBV) het ook hierdie metode reeds goedgekeur en die gewysigde protokol van ALD sal soos vereis aan die DLBV gestuur word. Page 64 •

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

Ralstonia solanacearum is as ’n verbode organisme gelys volgens Tabel 1 van Regulasie R.110 [Wet op Landbouplae, 1983 (Wet 36 van 1983)]. Die voorkoms daarvan in ’n moeraanplanting lei daartoe dat die aanplanting nie voldoen aan die vereistes vir sertifisering nie en daar word verder ’n beperking geplaas op die vervoer en verbouing van moere vanaf so ’n aanplanting, asook die toekomstige gebruik van geïnfesteerde grond vir

PLANTOVITA

aartappelverbouing.

Toetsmetodes

Bakteriese verwelk van aartappels veroorsaak deur Ralstonia solanacearum

’n Geskikte toetsmetode word beskou as ’n metode wat voldoen aan die vereistes gestel deur gebruikers in ’n sisteem met ’n spesifieke eindresultaat in die vooruitsig. Oorweging word gewoonlik geskenk aan die sensitiwiteit en spesifisiteit van ’n metode, die koste van die uitvoering en die praktiese uitvoerbaarheid daarvan. Vir verskillende toepassings word verskillende metodes as geskik beskou. Navorsers het al etlike metodes ontwikkel en gebruik vir die toets van monsters vir die teenwoordigheid van Ralstonia solanacearum. Hierdie metodes word nie ewe maklik gebruik in ’n sertifiseringsopset nie en daarom is die keuse van metodes nie voor die handliggend nie.

Ralstonia solanacearum is die organisme wat bakteriese verwelksiekte van aartappels veroorsaak. Die siekte is vernietigend in aartappelaanplantings wêreldwyd – so ook in SuidAfrika. Binne die aartappelbedryf is die voorkoming van die siekte noodsaaklik en daarom word die voorkoms van die organisme in die Suid-Afrikaanse Moersertifiseringskema getoets in alle generasies en vorme van voortplantingsmateriaal – vanaf in vitro plante tot Generasie 8 moere. Die monitering van aanplantings vir die voorkoms van bakteriese verwelk kan nie slegs op visuele waarnemings berus nie omdat die organisme latent in ’n gasheerplant kan voorkom. Omgewingstoestande (temperatuur, grond, humiditeit), ’n isolaat (biovar, individuele isolaat) en die gasheerplant (kultivar, plantspesie, ouderdom) is van die belangrikste faktore wat bepaal of waarneembare simptome sal manifesteer of nie. Dit is daarom noodsaaklik dat aanplantings met behulp van ’n geskikte toetstegniek gemoniteer word vir die teenwoordigheid van Ralstonia solanacearum. Die proses van sertifisering van aartappelmoere in Suid-Afrika kan daarom nie voltooi word indien ’n verteenwoordigende monsters nie getoets is vir die patogeen nie.

Internasionaal word kombinasies van die volgende metodes in sertifiseringsprosesse gebruik (in foto volgorde): • Serologie, Immunifluoressensie (Figuur 1) • Serologie, ELISA (Figuur 2) • Konvensionele mikrobiologie en biochemie (Figuur 3) • Biotoetse soos gasheertoetse (Figuur 4) • Molekulêre toetse wat die PCR insluit (nie as fotobeeld ingesluit bo nie) Die rede waarom meer as een metode in sertifisering aangewend word, is dat die voordele van verskillende metodes aanvullend is tot mekaar vir die uiteindelike akkurate rapportering van die Ralstonia solanacearumstatus van ’n moerlot. Omdat die implikasies van ’n positiewe toetsuitslag enorm is, is dit nodig om enige positiewe uitslag in ’n eerste toets te bevestig met nog ’n onverwante metode. In Tabel 1 word aangedui hoeveel monsters vals-positief toets met die ELISA en dit verduidelik voorts waarom ELISA-uitslae vir bakteriese verwelk bevestig moet word met ’n addisionele toetsmetode.

Metodes vie sertifiseringsprosesse

Tabel 1: ELISA toets evaluasie 2006 – 2016 ELISA-toetse uitgevoer deur ALD

Monsters positief getoets met ELISA

Monsters wat positief getoets het na bevestiging van ELISA

% vals positiewe monsters

5251

393

7.5% CHIPS • January/February 2017

• Page 65

Die teoretiese sensitiwiteit en spesifisiteit van metodes verskil soms noemenswaardig. Dit is egter krities dat die analitiese en diagnostiese sensitiwiteit en spesifisiteit van metodes in ag geneem word wanneer metodes gekies word. So kan serologiese en molekulêre toetse baie dieselfde presteer in beide kriteria wanneer monsters soos aartappelknolle getoets word. Die keuse van ’n metode sal dan verder bepaal word deur koste, praktiese uitvoerbaarheid en stroomaf toepassings. Die vraag moet ook gevra word: “Wat moet na hierdie toets ook nog gebeur?” So moet daar van konvensionele mikrobiologie gebruik gemaak word om die patogeen te isoleer sou dit later in die proses nodig wees om identifisering van isolate te doen met behulp van ’n volgende tegniek soos gasheertoetse of PCR.

teenwoordigheid van Ralstonia solanacearum. Indien ’n monster positief toets vir die patogeen, word die ELISA-toetse gevolg deur die isolasie en identifikasie met behulp van konvensionele mikrobiologie en biochemie. Die sensitiwiteit en spesifisiteit van die ELISA soos hier toegepas, vergelyk breedweg met ander tegnieke sou dit toegepas word in hierdie opset. Dit is gebruikersvriendelik en koste-effektief vir beide gebruikers en kwekers. Waarom dan ander toetsmetodes vir insluiting oorweeg?

Negatief

Lesings bo afsnywaarde

FINAAL NEGATIEF

BEVESTIGING VAN ELISA TE PLANTOVITA

Uitplaat van sap

Identifiseer verdagte isolate

Biochemiese en mikrobiologiese toetse vir identifisering van R. solanacearum FINAAL POSITIEF

Knolle: warmkamer - 14 dae

Prosesseer knolle

Uitplaat van sap

Verdagte isolate

GEEN

FINAAL NEGATIEF

Word uitgevoer by streekslaboratoriums

Word uitgevoer by Plantovita

Page 66 •

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

Biochemiese en mikrobiologiese toetse vir Identifisering van R. solanacearum

NEE FINAAL NEGATIEF

JA FINAAL POSITIEF

14 TOT 21 DAE

ROETINE ELISA-TOETSE VIR

LANDMONSTERS IN SERTIFISERING

Die uitvoering van konvensionele mikrobiologie en biochemie is afhanklik van die isolasie van reinkulture van die teikenorganisme en voorts die identifisering daarvan. Dit neem etlike weke om te voltooi wat ’n groot risiko plaas Tans word ’n serologiese tegniek, naamlik die ELISA, op die produk wat steeds op die plaas lê. As gevolg van ingespan vir die toets van roetine-landmonsters vir die hierdie risiko was dit vir Aartappellaboratoriumdienste, en spesifiek Plantovita, belangrik om ’n Die huidige toetsproses ondersoek te loods na ander vinniger metodes as die Monsterprosessering by streekslaboratoriums mikrobiologiese en biochemiese identifikasie van ELISA (4605 KNOLLE) die verdagte isolaat. Die mees tydrowende stappe in die proses van toets en identifisering van Ralstonia solanacearum is die identifikasie stappe met die daaropvolgende uitvoering van die gasheertoets. Die toevoeging van die molekulêre toetsfasiliteit by Plantovita maak dit vir ALD nou moontlik om ’n PCR-stap uit te voer in stede van die konvensionele mikrobiologie en biochemie vir identifisering van die verdagte isolaat.

PLANTOVITA

wat deur enige kweker uitgeoefen kan word nie, maar sal gebruik word in die laboratorium vir elke isolaat uit ’n monster (amptelik, nie-amptelik, diagnosties, plante, knolle, grond en water), wat moontlik Ralstonia solanacearum mag wees as deel van die departementele- en OSRA-goedgekeurde protokol. • Die toetsproses van enige tipe monster (plante, knolle, grond en water) ingedien deur enige kweker (tafelkweker of moerkweker) en getoets deur laboratoriums wat deel vorm van ALD, soos bepaal deur die OSRA-goedgekeurde Gedragskode van ALD en verdag toets vir Ralstonia solanacearum, sal voltooi word volgens die goedgekeurde veranderde protokol waar PCR ingesluit word as metode vir die identifikasie van die verdagte isolaat. • Die bevestiging- en identifiseringstappe van Ralstonia solanacearum kan slegs by Plantovita gedoen word omdat ander laboratoriums nie oor die toerusting en kundigheid beskik nie. Daarom word daar Die goedgekeurde nuwe toetsproses by streekslaboratoriums binne ALD slegs roetine-amptelike Monsterprosessering by streekslaboratoriums knolmonsters vir die teenwoordigheid van R. solanacearum met ELISA (4605 KNOLLE) behulp van die ELISA getoets. C

Negatief

Lesings bo afsnywaarde

BEVESTIGING VAN ELISA TE PLANTOVITA

Uitplaat van sap

PCR-verdagte isolate

Knolle: warmkamer - 14 dae

Prosesseer knolle en uitplaat van sap

R. solanacearum

POSITIEF

Verdagte isolate

GEEN

1 TOT 3 DAE

ROETINE ELISA-TOETSE VIR

LANDMONSTERS IN SERTIFISERING

Om ’n ander vinniger metode in te sluit kan kwekers die koste van hersortering en verliese as gevolg van verrotting spaar. Veral in die streke waar produksie in die somermaande piek sal dit toenemend belangriker raak. Die volgende is dus belangrik: • Vir amptelike roetine-landmonsters ingedien by enige deelnemende laboratorium in ALD beteken die insluiting van die PCR slegs ’n meer stroombelynde toetsproses met geen noemenswaardige verandering aan die proses wat die sensitiwiteit of spesifisiteit verlaag nie. Die mees koste-effektiewe metode (ELISA) word steeds aangewend as eerste metode van toets, gevolg deur die insluiting van opeenvolgende stappe (onder andere die PCR) om enige verdagte isolate as Ralstonia solanacearum te identifiseer. Verwys na ingeslote vloeidiagramme. • Die gebruik van die toets gaan nie ’n keuse wees

NEGATIEF PCR verdagte isolate

Word uitgevoer by streekslaboratoriums Word uitgevoer by Plantovita

NEE

NEGATIEF

POSITIEF

CHIPS • January/February 2017

• Page 67

Prokon Nuus Gedurende November en Desember 2016 het 16 aartappelproduksiestreke asook nie-produserende verskaffers aartappels aan die varsproduktemarkte landswyd gelewer STREEK

% VAN LEWERINGS

SAKKIES GELEWER

DRIE HOOF KULTIVARS

PERSENTASIE AFMERKINGS

HOOFREDES VIR AFMERKINGS

12.84%

2 147 081

Mondial (52.56%) Sifra (30.56%) Valor (6.72%)

9.70%

Verbruining (48.92%) Te klein (20.20%) Vergroening (7.62%)

Ceres

0.50%

82 960

Mondial (40.74%) Sifra (59.26%)

10.34%

Verbruining (56.41%) Vergroening (28.21%) Te klein (7.69%)

Suidwes-Kaap

0.14%

23 579

Lanorma (51.23%) Valor (22.41%) BP 1 (16.49%)

19.20%

Uintjies (72.79%) Verbruining (8.02%) Holhart (7.95%)

Noord-Kaap

0.23%

37 662

Sifra (57.07%) Mondial (42.93%)

0.29%

Sandveld

Page 68 •

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

Meganiese beskadiging (100%)

PROKON

STREEK

% VAN LEWERINGS

SAKKIES GELEWER

DRIE HOOF KULTIVARS

PERSENTASIE AFMERKINGS

HOOFREDES VIR AFMERKINGS

Oos-Kaap

Mondial (60.35%) 7.80% 1 303 401 Sifra (28.36%) Labadia (7.12%)

Vergroening (32.72%) 4.76% Lentiselle beskadiging (22.15%) Meganiese beskadiging (14.26%)

Suid-Kaap

0.11%

5.10% Meganiese beskadiging (100%)

Noordoos-Kaap

0.04%

Wes-Vrystaat

0.47%

Mondial (61.70%) 79 187 Sifra (32.89%) Savana (42.80%)

Oos-Vrystaat

0.58%

96 357

Suidwes-Vrystaat

4.60%

KwaZulu-Natal

Valor (44.56%) 8.13% 1 359 566 Mondial (29.00%) Sifra (16.91%)

Mpumalanga

3.25%

Limpopo

17 654 Valor (100%) 7 480

Lanorma (58.82%) Labadia (41.18%)

Sifra (64.08%) Mondial (35.92%)

Sifra (88.06%) 768 594 Mondial (11.52%) Up-to-Date (0.42%)

0.00% Geen Nerf-af/los (57.06%) 4.38% Binne bruinvlek (17.29%) Meganiese beskadiging (6.77%) Bederf (53.92%) 3.81% Vergroening (24.56%) Verbruining (11.98%) Te klein (42.17%) 3.36% Aartappelmot (14.59%) Meganiese beskadiging (11.39%) Sandspleet (23.77%) 2.72% Vergroening (14.94%) Nerf af/los (12.78%)

Valor (68.39%) 544 049 Mondial (17.96%) Sifra (13.65%)

Bederf (31.02%) 2.77% Aartappelmot (27.73%) Meganiese beskadiging (19.45%)

Mondial (75.98%) 49.32% 8 245 396 Sifra (10.08%) Valor (9.24%)

Meganiese beskadiging 18.93(%) 3.32% Te klein (13.44%) Verbruining (12.61%)

Noordwes

3.57%

Sifra (82.44%) 596 871 Almera (13.38%) Lanorma (2.26%)

Vergroening (29.79%) 4.39% Binne bruinvlek (18.88%) Nerf-af/los (12.59%)

Gauteng

3.55%

Sifra (76.44%) 594 104 Savana (12.06%) Mondial (10.99%)

Meganiese beskadiging (21.48%) 6.75% Verbruining (19.63%) Te klein (11.47%)

Loskopvallei

0.07%

Nie-produserende verskaffers

4.80%

10 940

Mondial (69.84%) Sifra (30.16%)

Mondial (51.47%) 801 761 Sifra (35.06%) Valor (3.74%)

26.60%

Uintjies (96.22%) Meganiese beskadiging (3.78%)

Meganiese beskadiging (22.46%) 7.44% Verbruining (22.25%) Bederf (14.12%)

Relevante statistiek ten opsigte van lewering gedurende November tot Desember 2016 is soos volg: • 16 716 642 sakkies vanuit 16 streke, insluitend nie-produserende verskaffers, is aan die varsproduktemarkte landswyd gelewer. • 46 413 sakkies het nie aan die voorgeskrewe merkvereistes voldoen nie. Dit was 3 725 sakkies minder as gedurende September / Oktober 2016 waartydens 50 138 sakkies nie voldoen het nie. • 15 630 sakkies het nie die nodige kultivar aangedui nie, wat 'n verlaging toon van 15 116 sakkies teenoor die 30 746 sakkies gelewer in September / Oktober 2016. • Die verslag toon 'n steeds dalende verlaging in die gemiddelde persentasie afmerkings van 4.62% teenoor die 4.91% vir September / Oktober 2016. Totale aantal sakkies gelewer in November / Desember 2016 = 16 716 642

Gemiddelde persentasie afgemerk 4.62%

CHIPS • January/February 2017

• Page 69

Prokon Nuus

4,80%

3,55%

3,57%

49,32% 3,25%

8,13%

4,60%

7,80%

30,00% 20,00% 10,00% 0,00%

12,84%

STREEKLEWERINGS OP VARSPRODUKTEMARKTE: 1 NOVEMBER31 DESEMBER 2016

ANDER: CERES (0.50%),SUIDWES-KAAP (0.14%), NOORD-KAAP (0.23%), SUID-KAAP (0.11%), NOORDOOSKAAP (0.04%), WES-VRYSTAAT (0.47%), OOS-VRYSTAAT (0.58%), LOSKOPVALLEI (0.07%)

Page 70 •

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

7,44%

6,75%

4,39%

3,32%

2,77%

2,72%

3,36%

3,81%

26,60%

ANDER MET MINDER AS 0% AFMERKINGS: NOORD-KAAP, NOORDOOS-KAAP.

4,38%

5,10%

4,76%

19,20%

10,34%

30,00% 20,00% 10,00% 0,00%

9,70%

AFMERKINGS PER STREEK OP VARSPRODUKTEMARKTE: 1 NOVEMBER 31 DESEMBER 2016

PROKON

1,12%

0,41%

1,05%

0,48%

0,89%

1,11%

10,00%

0,66%

20,00%

1,08%

11,76%

30,00%

25,29%

56,16%

HOOF KULTIVARS GELEWER OP VARSPRODUKTEMARKTE: 1 NOVEMBER 31 DESEMBER 2016

0,00%

ANDER: PANAMERA, SYNERGY, ONBEKEND, INOVA, EL MUNDO, AVALANCHE, FIANNA, LADY ROSETTA, SERENADE, FL2108, PLATINA, PENTLAND DELL, RONALDO.

14,38%

6,01%

2,98%

13,48%

3,15%

6,37%

21,54% 4,80%

10,00%

3,57%

20,00%

9,98%

30,00%

13,75%

REDES VIR AFMERKINGS OP VARSPRODUKTEMARKTE: 1 NOVEMBER 31 DESEMBER 2016

0,00%

ANDER: HITTE SKADE, SILWERSKURF, BRUINSKURF, UINTJIES, HOLHART, ANTRAKNOSE, UITGELOOP, INSEK BESKADIGING, BRUINVLEK, AALWURM, GROOTTE, DROE VROT, GEBREEKTE KNOLLE, BESMEER EN BESMET, GRONDBESMEER, MISVORMD, STINGELENT BEDERF, VERLEP, RHIZOCTONIA, .VAATBUNDEL VERBRUINING, VOORKOMS . CHIPS • January/February 2017

• Page 71

Grieweprosedure in die werkplek Alexandra Small: LWO Werkgewers moet daagliks besigheidsrisiko’s bestuur ten einde die onderneming se winsgewendheid en volhoubaarheid te verseker. Om aan arbeidswetgewing te voldoen is nie onderhandelbaar nie en hou ’n groot besigheidsrisiko in vir die werkgewer. Prosedures in die werksplek verwys na ’n vasgestelde of amptelike wyse waarop ’n situasie hanteer moet word en het ten doel om beide die werkgewer en werknemer in te lig rondom die nodige stappe wat geneem moet word wanneer ’n spesifieke insident plaasvind. Arbeidswetgewing is van toepassing op alle werkgewers en werknemers en het ten doel om arbeidsverhoudinge in die werksplek te reguleer ten einde billikheid in die werksplek te handhaaf. Die grieweprosedure word nie deur arbeidswetgewing gereguleer nie, maar dit is uiters belangrik dat die werkgewer interne kommunikasieprosedures vestig ten einde werknemers die geleentheid te gee om enige ongelukkigheid of onbevredigende werksomstandighede onder die werkgewer se aandag te bring. ’n Geordende en positiewe werksomgewing dra direk by tot produktiwiteit. Daarom beveel ons sterk aan dat werkgewers ’n grieweprosedure in die werksplek implementeer. Page 72 •

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

Wat is 'n grief? ’n Grief is enige gevoel van ontevredenheid by ’n werknemer met betrekking tot die werkgewer, werksomgewing, medewerknemers of enige ander aspek van die diensverhouding. Let wel dat ontevredenheid met betrekking tot diensvoorwaardes, vergoeding, die toepassing van dissipline, of personeelvermindering nie as ’n grief geag word nie en dus nie deur die grieweprosedure aangespreek word nie. Wie mag 'n grief rig? Elke werknemer, ongeag sy/haar posvlak, het die reg om ’n grief rakende werksomstandighede wat die diensverhouding negatief beïnvloed, sonder vrees vir viktimisering te rig. Wanneer ’n werknemer ’n grief rig, mag hy/sy bygestaan word deur ’n medewerknemer of verteenwoordiger. Werknemers is egter huiwerig om griewe te opper wat bydra tot ongelukkigheid en onbevredigende werksomstandighede. Wat is die doel van ’n griewe prosedure? Die doel van die grieweprosedure is om eerstens ’n harmonieuse werksomgewing te skep deur enige ontevredenheid of gevoel van onreg by ’n werknemer

Algemeen • General

te identifiseer en op te los. Tweedens beskerm die grieweprosedure die werkgewer in gevalle van konstruktiewe ontslag. In so ’n geval sal die kommissaris by die Kommissie vir Versoening, Bemiddeling en Arbitrasie (KVBA) altyd vra of daar ’n grieweprosedure was wat die werknemer kon volg. Konstruktiewe ontslag verwys na wanneer ’n werknemer bedank as gevolg van onuithoudbare werksomstandighede. Hoe werk 'n grieweprosedure: Die prosedure verwys na hoe ’n grief hanteer moet word, asook die verskillende stappe indien die saak nie gedurende die eerste stap opgelos kan word nie. Elke werksplek is uniek met betrekking tot werkswyses en uitdagings, daarom beveel ons die volgende stappe aan as ’n riglyn om te verseker dat ’n grief op ’n billike manier hanteer word: • Stap 1: Die werknemer moet ’n grief skriftelik of mondelings binne twee dae na die insident na die toesighouer verwys. Indien die grief teenoor die toesighouer is, moet die werknemer die grief na die assistent-bestuurder of volgende vlak van senioriteit verwys. • Stap 2: Indien die grief nie binne twee dae opgelos word nie, moet die grief amptelik verwys word na die assistent bestuurder of die volgende vlak van senioriteit. Die werknemer mag ’n medewerknemer vra om hom/haar by te staan of te verteenwoordig. • Stap 3: Indien die grief nie binne twee dae opgelos word nie, moet die werknemer die grief na die bestuurder of volgende vlak van senioriteit verwys. • Stap 4: Indien die grief nie binne twee dae opgelos word nie, moet die werknemer die grief na die werkgewer verwys. Die werkgewer moet die grief ondersoek en ’n besluit binne vyf dae neem. Die werkgewer se besluit is finaal en bindend.

kommunikasieprosedures te volg, om ontevredenheid in die werksplek aan te spreek en te beperk. Die grieweprosedure speel ’n baie belangrike rol in die werksplek om griewe intern te hanteer ten einde ’n oplossing te vind wat vir albei partye aanvaarbaar is. Die verhouding tussen 'n werkgewer en werknemer is gebaseer op wedersydse voordeel en respek. Duidelike reëls en riglyne verseker dat wrywing en misverstande beperk word wat op sy beurt nie net produktiwiteit nie, maar ook 'n positiewe werksomgewing bevorder. C

Alexandra Small is regsadviseur by die LWO Werkgewersorganisasie, wat geregistreer is by die Departement van Arbeid. Sy het die volgende grade aan die Noordwes Universiteit voltooi: B.Com. Bedryfsielkunde en Arbeidsverhoudinge, asook B.Com. Honneurs in Arbeidsverhoudinge.

Wees proaktief: • Maak seker dat daar ’n grieweprosedure in die werksplek geïmplementeer is en dat alle werknemers bewus is van die prosedure, asook elkeen se reg om ’n grief te rig. Beleide en prosedures word normaalweg saam met die dienskontrak geïmplementeer wanneer ’n werknemer aangestel word. Andersins kan die werkgewer die beleid of prosedure bespreek tydens ’n vergadering met werknemers waar ’n bywoningsregister geteken word as bewys. • Maak seker dat griewe konsekwent, vertroulik, regverdig en spoedig hanteer word. • Dit is in die werkgewer se belang om werknemers aan te moedig om griewe te rig deur interne

CHIPS • January/February 2017

• Page 73

Gebakte vis met

aartappels bedek met ’n warm romerige sous Bedien vier Neem 50 minute om voor te berei

Bestanddele Aartappels

4 groot aartappels 45 ml (3 eetlepels) olyfolie Sout en varsgemaalde swart peper na smaak

Vis

800 g geelstert, skoongemaak 30 ml (2 eetlepels) olyfolie 2 suurlemoene, in skywe gesny

Dillesous

1 salot, fyngekap 1 knoffelhuisie, fyngekap 60 ml (¼ koppie) droë witwyn Sap van 1 suurlemoen 60 ml (¼ koppie) vars dille, fyngekap 10 ml (2 eetlepels) Dijon mosterd 125 ml (½ koppie) vars room 45 ml (3 eetlepels) botter, in blokkies Sout en varsgemaalde swart peper na smaak

Metode 1. Kook die aartappels in soutwater tot gaar. Verwyder, dreineer en sny in kwarte. 2. Voorverhit die oond tot 180°C. 3. Plaas die aartappelkwarte op ’n bakplaat, bedruip met die olyfolie Page • CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie en 74 geur na smaak season. 2017

4. Bak die aartappels tot goudbruin en goudbruin en bros. Dit neem ongeveer 5 minute. 5. Om die sous te maak, meng die salot, knoffel, wyn en suurlemoen en bring tot kookpunt. Roer die dille in en kook vir ’n minuut. Klits die mosterd en room in en kook vir ’n verdere minuut. Klits die

botterblokkies een vir een in tot. Geur na smaak season. 6. Plaas die vis in foelie en geur na smaak. Bedek met suurlemoen skywe en maak foelie toe. Bak vir 20 minute. 7. Bedien die vis met die aartappels wat met die warm dillesous bedek topped is.

Uit die argiewe / From the archives CHIPS – January / February 1997

Disciplined marketing remains the answer The question is how to market the ever increasing production in an orderly manner? As a starter the performance of the previous year should be taken into account in the action plan. In ’96 production came to 167 million 10 kg bags. This is 18.5 million 10 kg bags more than the previous year and represents an increase of 12.5%. The reasons for the increase are the following: • a higher yield per hectare of 28.40 x 10 kg bags per hectare; and

• more hectares planted – 58 701 hectares in ’96 compared to 55 746 hectares in ’95. Apart from the good climatic conditions experienced during ’96, the higher yield per hectare can also be ascribed to the application of better farming practices and the use of modern technology. In ’87, 50% of the total area under potato production was irrigated. It is currently 73%. If this tendency continues an increase to 80% by the year 2000 is possible. This converts into a continued stable production of potatoes with less opportunity for risk taking. Potato producers will therefore have to be more market orientated as far as production and marketing are concerned. Discipline will be the key. C

CHIPS • January/February 2017

• Page 75

Dagboek / Diary - 2017 Aartappels Suid-Afrika / Potatoes South Africa Direksievergadering / Board Meeting: 14 &15 Maart / March Aartappelbedryfsforum / Potato Industry Forum: 15 Mei / May Navorsingsimposium / Research Symposium: 25 & 26 Julie / July Kongres / Congress: 28 September Direksievergadering / Board Meeting: 21 & 22 November

Aartappelsertifiseringsdiens / Potato Certification Service Moerkwekersforum / Seed Potato Growers’ Forum: 27 September

Moerhandelaarsforum / Seed Traders Forum Moerhandelaarsforum / Seed Traders Forum: 26 September

Ander / Other Graan SA Kongres / Grain SA Congress: 8 & 9 Maart / March NAMPO: 16 – 19 Mei / May EARP (Frankryk / France): 9 -14 Julie / July PMA: 16 & 17 Augustus / August Agri SA Kongres / Congress: 12 & 13 Oktober / October

Page 76 •

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2017

Skyfie sê / Skyfie says Although their attitude is understandable because of the fickleness of nature … it can stop raining tomorrow with serious consequences for our water reserves … it will be great to open the sprayers at full throttle. What is nice, however, is that Skyfie can now enjoy his fire water neat and keep the rust that is associated with water, out of his system.

Nog iets oor die reën Skyfie kan goed onthou uit sy jongdae toe die oomie gesê het: “Liewe Here die droogte is besig om ons erg te knel, kan dit nie vir ‘n slaggie lank sjor dan die aarde behoorlik diep-nat kan word nie.”

Wyk satan (aartappels) wyk! As dit nie genoeg is dat Tamatieblaarmyner (Tuta absuluta) nou viervoet in die land kom nesskop het nie, hoor Skyfie 'n onderlangse gebrom dat daar moontlik nog 'n pes is wat besig is om tande te wys. Die wetenskaplikes is glo kliphard besig om dié pes van alle kante af te beskou om te bepaal op watter gewasse hy sy kloue gaan inslaan. Gepraat van peste en plae. Dis interessant dat Botswana sommige varsproduktebesendings (onder andere aartappels) vanuit Suid-Afrika by sy grense laat omdraai weens die feit dat die teenwoordigheid van Tamatieblaarmyner in Suid-Afrika geïdentifiseer is .... die verderflike pes is glo nie in dié land teenwoordig nie en hulle wil dit met mag en mening uithou. Suid-Afrikaanse moere is blykbaar ook nie in Botswana welkom nie. Wyk satan (aartappels) wyk! Skyfie was nog altyd onder die indruk dat dié myner vanaf bo in Afrika sy vlugpad tot hierby ons gevind het. My ou skoolatlas sê Botswana lê ietwat bokant ons ... net die tyd sal leer.

Water shortage has its benefits

Dit reën vanaand in onse kontrei – dankie Vader!

The evil of imports Grain SA has learnt via the media than a large number of import permits have been approved for the importation of American GMO maize that spells nothing good for local maize producers who are trying to recover from the previous season’s severe drought and subsequent devastating consequences. The sting in the tail is that apparently local farmers and their representative organisation have no access to market information (it’s only available to traders) with the emphasis on import contracts. Grain SA has indicated that they have no qualms if food security is at stake, but ghee the rain is falling so give the local farmers a break and a first bite at the cherry! It reminds Skyfie of the battles Potatoes South Africa had fought tooth and nail against the importation of processed potato products because of an overproduction in Europe not so long ago. I really trust that this is not a foreboding that the potato industry will have to oil its Martini Henry’s and 303’s and get back into the trenches to battle imports all over again. Is Trump going to triumph already?

Although South Africa is having good widespread rains and the dams are slowly filling up, the authorities are still reluctant to lift the water restrictions, especially for city dwellers.

CHIPS • January/February 2017

• Page 77

APAC AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE AGENTS COUNCIL

REGISTERED FRESH PRODUCE AGENTS BLOEMFONTEIN FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Bloemfontein Market Agency Modise Market Agency RSA Bloemfontein Market Agency Subtropico Bloemfontein Market Agency Vrystaat Market Agency CAPE TOWN FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Boland Market Agency Cape Market Agency Fine Bros Market Agency Rhoda’s Market Agency RSA Cape Town Market Agency Subtropico/Spes Bona Market Agency DURBAN FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Delta Market Agency Hanly Market Agency Port Natal Market Agency RSA Durban Market Agency Wenpro Durban Market Agency EAST LONDON FRESH PRODUCE MARKET AA Market Agency Border Farmers Market Agency Martin & Scheepers Market Agency Subtropico East London Market Agency EPPING MUNICIPALITY Laeveld Somerset Market Agency GEORGE MUNICIPALITY Garden Route Fresh Express Market Agency Maverick Market Agency JOBURG FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Botha Roodt Johannesburg Market Agency C L de Villiers Market Agency Catu-Fresh Market Agency Citi Deep Waatlemoen Market Agency Citifresh Market Agency Dapper Market Agency DW Fresh Produce Johannesburg Market Agency Egoly Johannesburg Market Agency Exec-U-Fruit Market Agency Marco Market Agency

Matla Market Agency Metro Market Agency Pula Nala Market Agency RSA Johannesburg Market Agency Subtropico Johannesburg Market Agency Swartberg Market Agency Target Market Agency Wenpro Johannesburg Market Agency

Subtropico Pietermaritzburg Market Agency

KEI FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Farmers Direct Market Agency

SPRINGS FRESH PRODUCE MARKET AM Meyer Market Agency New Africa Market Agency Springs Market Agency (Fruit) Springs Market Agency (Vegetables) Subtropico Springs Market Agency

PORT ELIZABETH FRESH PRODUCE MARKET African Market Agency Algoabaai Market Agency Gouws & Co Market Agency Lansdell Market Agency W Finlayson & Co Market Agency

KING WILLIAM’S TOWN FRESH PRODUCE MARKET King William’s Town Market Agency KIMBERLEY FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Kimberley Market Agency Samuels & Sons Market Agency Squires & Sons Market Agency Subtropico Kimberly Market Agency KLERKSDORP FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Garfield Market Agency J Frances & Son Market Agency Matlosana Market Agency Subtropico Klerksdorp Market Agency W.L. Ochse & Kie Market Agency LIMPOPO PROVINCE RSA Limpopo Market Agency RSA Mooketsi Market Agency

TSHWANE FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Botha Roodt Pretoria Market Agency Du Plessis & Wolmarans Market Agency DW Fresh Produce Tshwane Market Agency Egoly Tshawane Market Agency Farmers Trust Market Agency Fresh Way Market Agency Noordvaal Market Agency Prinsloo & Venter Market Agency RSA Tshwane Market Agency Subtropico/Protea Market Agency Tshwane Green Market Agency UITENHAGE FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Waspe Market Agency VEREENIGING FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Impala Market Agency Subtropico Vereeniging Market Agency

NELSPRUIT MUNICIPALITY Laeveld Nelspruit Market Agency Nelspruit Market Agency NOORDEINDE FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Noordeinde Market Agency PIETERMARITZBURG FRESH PRODUCE MARKET G.W. Poole Market Agency Natalia Market Agency Nkosi Market Agency Peter & Co Market Agency

WELKOM FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Botha & Roodt Welkom Market Agency Opkoms Market Agency Subtropico Market Agency WITBANK FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Subtropico Witbank Market Agency Witbank Market Agency

VISIT APAC’S WEBSITE REGULARLY Do you know if your fresh produce agent practise sound financial management? Did your agent received an audit qualification on his last audit report? Does your agent submit their monthly trust reconciliation timeously and has no trust account shortages? Ensure that you visit our website monthly as it is updated regularly with information on the financial status of agencies.

SUITE NUMBER 69, PRIVATE BAG X 9, EAST RAND, 1462 TEL: (011) 894-3680, 0870951335, FAX: (011) 894-3761 www.apacweb.org.za

REGISTRATEUR • REGISTRAR : L PRETORIUS

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