Chips January/February 2018 by Potatoes South Africa

Vol 32 No 1 Januarie â&#x20AC;˘ Februarie 2018

CHIPS

Die enigste tydskrif vir die aartappelbedryf â&#x20AC;˘ The only magazine for the potato industry

Nitrogen management effects on tuber initiation

South African potato production in a global context

Rot during storage due to post-harvest pathogens

CHIPS is die amptelike tydskrif van Aartappels Suid-Afrika. CHIPS is the official magazine of Potatoes South Africa. Redakteur/Editor Gawie Geyer Advertensies/Advertisements Gawie Geyer Sel/Cell: 082 388 0524 gawie@potatoes.co.za E-faks/E-fax: 086 685 6524

COVER | VOORBLAD

Aartappels Suid-Afrika, De Havillandsingel 6, Persequor Technopark, Persequor Park, Pretoria, 0020. Tel: 012 349 1906. Faks: 012 349 2641 Potatoes South Africa, 6 De Havilland Crescent, Persequor Technopark, Persequor Park, Pretoria, 0020. Tel: 012 349 1906. Fax: 012 349 2641 Ontwerp en uitleg: Henco Schoeman (HJ Ontwerp) Gedruk deur BusinessPrint vir die eienaar en uitgewer: Aartappels Suid-Afrika, Privaatsak X135, Pretoria, 0001. Design and layout: Henco Schoeman (HJ Design) Printed by BusinessPrint for the owner and publisher: Potatoes South Africa, Private Bag X135, Pretoria, 0001. Die menings wat uitgespreek word is die menings van die skrywers en verteenwoordig nie noodwendig die mening van die redaksie van CHIPS of die mening van Aartappels Suid-Afrika nie. Aartappels Suid-Afrika aanvaar geen verantwoordelikheid vir aansprake wat in advertensies en artikels gemaak word nie. The opinions expressed are the opinions of the writers and do not necessarily portray the opinion of the editorial staff of CHIPS or that of Potatoes South Africa. Potatoes South Africa does not accept any responsibility for claims made in advertisements and articles. Alle regte voorbehou. Geen gedeelte van hierdie publikasie mag op enige wyse gereproduseer word nie.

Nitrogen management effects on tuber initiation

South African potato production in a global context

Rot during storage due to post-harvest pathogens

CHIPS

INHOUD | CONTENT ARTIKELS | ARTICLES January | February 2018 GESPREK / CONVERSATION 6 BEDRYFSDIENSTE / INDUSTRY SERVICES Limpopo kultivarproef onder besproeiing NUUS / NEWS op Tom Burke in 2017 44 International news 8 KONTREINUUS / REGIONAL NEWS TEGNIESE NUUS / TECHNICAL NEWS KwaZulu-Natal potato workgroup cultivar Series: Nitrogen management effects on viewing at Cedara 56 tuber initiation – (l. Importance of tuber initiation and factors influencing it 14 AARTAPPELSERTIFISERINGSDIENS / Swartspikkel 18 POTATO CERTIFICATION SERVICE The Host Plant Table / Die Gasheertabel 22 Rot during storage due to post-harvest How to block killer toxins 24 pathogens 58 EKONOMIESE NUUS / ECONOMIC NEWS South African potato production in a global context 26 Pakstoor en bemarkingseffektiwiteit: Sandveld – 2017 32 Wat het met aartappels op die varsproduktemarkte gebeur in 2017? 38

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CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2018

PROKON Aartappellewerings aan varsproduktemarkte – November / Desember 2017

ALGEMEEN Uitkontrakteer jou arbeidsrisiko – Wat is jou opsies?

AARTAPPELRESEP / POTATO RECIPE Bros aartappel-uiegras- en knoffelkrokette

SKYFIE SÊ – SKYFIE SAYS 68 DAGBOEK / DIARY 68 UIT DIE ARGIEWE – FROM THE ARCHIVES 69 APAC Markagente – Market agents

ADVERTENSIES ADVERTISEMENTS SQM

Binneblad - voor

Haifa

ANSA

Wesgrow 12 Syngenta 21 RSA Saad Beurs

Kynoch

Uniekum 43 Ivanhoe 43 LWO

ASA Tegniese Publikasies – 2018

CHIPS (Advertensietariewe)

GWK

Agterblad

CHIPS • January/February 2018

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Be geared for

change

We have to gear ourselves for a dynamic period over the following two years, but especially during 2018. Various factors will determine how this year will pan out, inter alia, but not limited to, erratic weather conditions, uncertainty about the direction in which the political environment is moving, a sluggish economy with potential for growth and unstable international geo-political conditions that influence global economic trends. The strengthening of the exchange rate after the ANC conference probably reflects the sentiment of relief that the governing party is to change course – away from where we were heading the past few years. In the nature of things a lot of water will have to reach the ocean in order to see whether better socio-economic and political conditions will realise. I expect that we shall not have to wait long to see what changes will be implemented as the national election takes place in 2019 and political parties will, therefore, have to make their moves during 2018. From an agricultural perspective the land issue and policy direction the ANC are to follow are probably some of the biggest concerns. It has indeed been clearly stated that expropriation of land must not adversely affect other sectors of the economy and that it must be sustainable. How they are going to make the tale sound plausible remains to be seen, but what is evident is that the importance of agriculture as food and job provider are acknowledged, as well as that of catalyst for rural economies. It is in fact this acknowledgement that may be the trump card to ensure that the transformation that has to take place, is done in an orderly fashion. However, it does not end here; on an individual level agricultural producers will have to seriously reflect on the question of transformation and how suitable solutions can be found that will ensure their own sustainability and that of new producers. This assignment cannot be left to the government! 2018 kicked-off with terrible droughts in the Western and Southern Cape parts of the country that place Page 6 |

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2018

additional pressure on the profitability of the potato producers – not only on that of the potato sections, but on the whole farming enterprise. In other parts of the country the drought was to a large extent broken in 2017, but early 2018 indications are that numerous parts are already experiencing water stress, accompanied by fierce heat. This is, unfortunately, no easy farming conditions for potato producers. The cost squeeze, in other words where the prices of inputs increase faster than the potato prices, also offers no relief. However, the fact is that the South African potato producer has already proven that he/ she is resilient and possesses the ability to face difficult conditions head-on. If it wasn’t the case, we would have seen potato shortages long ago. Above only two of the drivers are mentioned that will influence our businesses in 2018. We also know that change is a given. In the context of the two drivers mentioned we must focus on the positives, i.e. that the new leadership of the governing party will take the correct course to put the economy on an upward trajectory and that the drought, especially in the southern parts of the country, will be broken shortly. The unthinkable is that the opposite outcomes will happen. I wish you a prosperous and blessed 2018. It is going to be a dynamic year and Potatoes South Africa is committed to support and assist potato producers, as well as other industry stakeholders, to reach new heights. Potato regards Dr André Jooste Chief Executive Officer

Gesprek • Conversation

Wees gerat vir

verandering

Ons moet ons self regmaak vir ’n dinamiese tydperk oor die volgende twee jaar, maar veral gedurende 2018. Verskeie faktore gaan bepaal hoe hierdie jaar daarna gaan uitsien, onder andere, maar nie beperk nie tot, wisselvallige klimaatstoestande, onsekerheid oor die rigting waarin die politieke omgewing beweeg, ’n trae ekonomie met potensiaal vir groei en onstabiele internasionale geopolitieke toestande wat globale ekonomiese winde beïnvloed. Die versterking in die wisselkoers na afloop van die ANC se konferensie weerspieël waarskynlik die sentiment van verligting dat daar van koers verander gaan word deur die regerende party, weg van waarheen ons oor die laaste paar jaar op pad heen was. Dit is uiteraard in die breë gesien en moet daar nog heelwat water in die see loop om te sien of beter sosio-ekonomiese en politiese toestande gaan realiseer. Ek vermoed ons gaan nie te lank hoef te wag om te sien watter verandering gaan plaasvind nie aangesien die nasionale verkiesing in 2019 plaasvind en politieke partye dus hul skuiwe in 2018 sal moet maak. Uit ’n landbou-oogpunt is die grondkwessie en die beleidsrigting wat die ANC inslaan waarskynlik een van die grootste bekommernisse. Dit is wel duidelik gestel dat onteiening van grond nie ander sektore in die ekonomie mag benadeel nie en dat dit volhoubaar moet wees. Hoe die kloutjie by die oor gaan uitkom is nie duidelik nie, maar wat wel duidelik is, is dat die belangrikheid van landbou as voedselen werksverskaffer, sowel as katalisator vir landelike ekonomieë, erken word. Dit is juis hierdie erkenning wat ’n troefkaart kan wees om seker te maak dat transformasie, wat moet plaasvind, ordelik geskied. Dit eindig egter nie hier nie; landbouprodusente sal op individuele vlak deeglik moet besin oor die kwessie van transformasie en hoe gepaste oplossings gevind kan word wat hul eie en nuwe produsente se volhoubaarheid gaan verseker. Hierdie taak kan nie aan die regering oorgelaat word nie!

2018 skop af met erge droogte in die Wes- en SuidKaap gedeeltes van die land en plaas verdere druk op aartappelprodusente se winsgewendheid – nie net op die van die aartappelbedryfstak nie, maar ook op die hele boerdery-eenheid. In ander dele van die land is 2017 se droogte grootliks gebreek, maar aanduidings vroeg in 2018 is dat verskeie dele reeds waterstres begin ervaar, wat gepaardgaan met erge hitte. Dit is dus geen maklike toestande vir aartappelprodusente nie. Die koste-knyptang, met ander woorde waar die pryse van insette vinniger styg as die pryse van aartappels, bring ook nie verligting nie. Die feit is egter dat die SuidAfrikaanse aartappelprodusent reeds bewys het dat hy/sy veerkragtig is en die vermoë het om moeilike toestande die hoof te bied. Indien dit nie die geval was nie, sou ons lank reeds te korte aan aartappels gesien het. Bo is kortliks slegs twee van die drywers genoem wat in 2018 ons besighede gaan beïnvloed. Wat ons ook weet is dat verandering ’n gegewe is. In die konteks van hierdie twee drywers moet ons fokus op die positiewe, d.i. die nuwe leierskap van die regerende party die regte rigting sal inslaan om die ekonomie op ’n opwaartse trajek te plaas en die droogte, veral in die suide van die land, binnekort gebreek sal word. Die ondenkbare is dat die teenoorgestelde uitkomste realiseer. Ek wens u ’n voorspoedige en geseënde 2018 toe. Dit gaan ’n uiters dinamiese jaar wees en Aartappels Suid-Afrika is daartoe verbind om aartappelprodusente sowel as ander belanghebbendes, te ondersteun en na nuwe hoogtes te help. Aartappelgroete Dr. André Jooste Hoofuitvoerende Beampte CHIPS • January/February 2018

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international

NEWS

Worms destroyed potato fields in Uganda

In the Ugandan districts of Bukedea and Kumi, a horde of strange green worms ravaged hundreds of potato gardens, leaving the crop tasting bitter rather than sweet. The pest first eats all the potato leaves and then turn to the tubers. Mr Jude Ongota, the Bukedea District agricultural officer, identified the worms as the larvae of the potato butterfly, which feed on the potato vines and can destroy an entire garden in a short time. "We have appealed to the agricultural department Page 8 |

CHIPS â&#x20AC;˘ Januarie/Februarie 2018

to come up with solutions to these worms," one of the victims said. Farmers in the area are desperate. Those farmers whose potatoes have been affected were encouraged to dig them up in order to avoid total destruction. Source: Allafrica.com

US grower launches reduced carb potato As consumers continue to seek out healthy food options, companies are continuing to provide alternatives to traditional fresh produce. Potandon Produce, a potato and onion marketer based in Idaho Falls, recently introduced a new variety of potato.

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CHIPS • January/February 2018

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Branded CarbSmart, these potatoes have 27% fewer carbohydrates when compared to standard potatoes. Potandon launched the potatoes at the PMA Fresh Summit last October and did hit shelves just over a month later. The CarbSmart potatoes are a yellow skin, yellow flesh potato with a creamy, buttery tasted. It is also grown in Idaho, the Southwest, Southeast as well as the Northwest. Potandon is confident that as the program continues to get up and running with more retailers, it will be available all year. According to Patadon the potatoes are not genetically modified. It has been naturally-bred through different varieties. They also said that the nutritional values are what set the potato apart from other similar foods. Although reduced amounts of carbohydrates are the main draw, CarbSmart potatoes also have a low amount of calories, at 90 per serving, have no fat, and are also a good source of potassium as well as Vitamin C. Source: FreshPlaza

Examining potatoes' past could improve spuds of the future Examining the ancestors of the modern, North American cultivated potato has revealed a set of common genes and important genetic pathways that have helped spuds adapt over thousands of years. The study appears in the current issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Robin Buell, Michigan State University Foundation Professor of Plant Biology and senior author of the paper, shows potential genetic keys that could ensure the crop will thrive in the future. “Worldwide, potato is the third most important crop grown for direct human consumption, yet breeders have struggled to produce new varieties that outperform those released over a century ago,” Buell said. “By analysing cultivated potato and its wild relatives using modern genomics approaches, we were able to reveal key factors that could address food security in 21st century agriculture.” Cultivated potatoes, domesticated from wild Solanum Tuberosum species, a genetically simpler diploid (containing two complete sets of chromosomes) species, can be traced to the Andes Mountains in Peru, South America.

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CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2018

Scientific explorer Michael Hardigan, formerly at MSU and now at the University of California-Davis, led the team of MSU and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University scientists. Together, they studied wild, landrace (South American potatoes that are grown by local farmers) and modern cultivars developed by plant breeders. The result, published in the current issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, was the largest crop resequencing study to date. Not only did it involve substantial re-sequencing of potato, but it also tackled one of the most-diverse crop genomes. The modern spuds found in today’s kitchens are genetically complex tetraploid potatoes, having four times the regular number of chromosomes. Potatoes’ complex genome harbours an estimated 39 000 genes. (In comparison, the human genome comprises roughly 20 000 genes.) From the large gene pool, the researchers identified 2 622 genes that drove the crop’s early improvement when first domesticated. The study appears in the current issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Studying the gene diversity spectrum, from its wild past to its cultivated present, can provide an essential source of untapped adaptive potential, Buell said. “We’ll be able to identify and study historic introgressions and hybridization events as well as find genes targeted during domestication that control variance for agricultural traits,” she said. “Many of these help focus on adapting to different climates, fending off different pathogens or improving yield, keys that we hope to better understand to improve future breeding efforts.” For example, wild potatoes reproduce through berries and seeds. Cultivated potatoes are asexual and are food and seed in one. (Anyone who has left a potato in a dark pantry too long has witnessed this trait firsthand.) The researchers present evidence of the signatures of selection in genes controlling this change. They also shed light on a role of wild species in genetic pathways for fighting pests and processing sugars for food. Diving into somewhat obscure territory, they looked at potential genetic sources that control circadian rhythm; yes, plants also have 24 hour clocks controlling biological processes. “We knew about their physiological traits, but we didn’t know what genes were involved,” Buell said.

Nuus • News

“As potatoes were moved, they had to adapt to longer days, more hours of sunlight. We’re now starting to understand what’s happening at the genetic level and how wild Solanum species evolved to long-day adapted tetraploid potatoes.” Source: FreshPlaza

Green potatoes safe for consumers to eat So many people are suspicious of any sign of a greenish colour on their potatoes. But now PhD candidate Sabine Tanios is working on research into why and how potatoes develop this green colouring. Her work at the Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture looks at the wide range of factors that cause undesirable greening in potatoes, and at ways of reducing it. "We've all heard that green potatoes are toxic," she said. "However, this is not true. When potatoes are exposed to light, they accumulate glycoalkaloids, which are known to be toxic compounds if they are consumed at high concentrations." But Tanios said this was not usually the case with green potatoes that were sometimes offered for sale. "Just peel away the green parts and you can eat them." Miss Tanios's research looks at the causes of greening in potatoes in the field, as well as what affects the greening in retail stores. Elements in the research are the effects of nitrogen, the role of genetics and the impact of harvesting times on the greening of potatoes. Source: abc.net / FreshPlaza

United Kingdom's VegPower campaign highlights the need for vegetable advertising The #VegPower campaign was recently launched in the United Kingdom with its competition-winning advertisement unveiled in over 5 000 locations nationwide; from the tills at Co-op stores to graffiti on the streets of Cardiff, and in thousands of school canteens. This collaborative campaign shines a spotlight on the lack of advertising spend for veg and calls for a different approach: A Veg Ad Fund to harness the joint power of all those that benefit from veg consumption -

farmers, retailers, restaurants and government. Celebrity chef Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall has praised the co-ordinated campaign. “Unlike all the junk food and confectionery we are relentlessly sold every day, our delicious vegetables are not 'owned' by massive global brands – so they don’t get the marketing and advertising clout they deserve," he said. "Having a pooled marketing budget from retailers, producers and government is a brilliant idea – it means we can get top agencies behind the marketing of veg, which will drive up demand and boost consumption.” Source; www.vegpower.org.uk.

Patata d'oro is finally here: Italy says the Patata d'oro is rich in vitamins A and E Patata d'oro is finally here: it has a bright yellow colour thanks to three bacterial genes as well as a high vitamin A and E content that remains unaltered during cooking, as proven by tests carried out on a simulator of the human digestive system. As described in Plos One magazine, it could be very good against diseases caused by the lack of vitamins, especially in poorer countries. The research lasted ten years and was conducted in the Enea alla Casaccia laboratories near Rome under the supervision of the Ministry for Agricultural Policy and European Commission and with the collaboration of the Bologna Consiglio per le ricerche agricole ed economiche (CREA) and Ohio University. A 150 gram portion provides 42% of the daily recommended intake of vitamin A and 34% of vitamin E in children. In women, the same portion provides respectively 15 and 17% of the daily recommended intakes. Researchers started with the Desirée variety, which has a low carotenoid content (precursors of vitamin A). According to them the genes of the Erwinia herbicola bacteria were inserted into its Dna, which led to an increase vitamin A and E levels, although they had only done it to increase beta-carotene levels. The research first started in 2007 in collaboration with the University of Freiburg in Switzerland. The procedure is safe because the Erwinia herbicola bacteria is not harmful for humans and even if it were, the genes that make the bacteria a pathogen would need to be transferred to the plant as well. Source: www.ansa.it

CHIPS • January/February 2018

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Page 12 12 || CHIPS CHIPS •• Januarie/Februarie Julie/Augustus 2017 Page 2018

Nuus • News

CHIPSCHIPS • January/February • July/August 2018 2017

Page Page 13 13

Series: Nitrogen management effects on tuber initiation I. Importance of tuber initiation and the factors influencing it Chantel du Raan (Potatoes South Africa) and Prof Martin Steyn (University of Pretoria)

Background A successful and sustainable potato production system is interdependent on the implementation of various management factors. Management practices can be visualized as the four sides of a pyramid, each representing the criteria that must be satisfied for any production practice. Production factors include aspects such as social responsibility, economics, environmental compatibility and production efficiency. When all four components are successfully implemented, the pyramid will stand firm, whereas if even one is not met, the stability of the system is threatened. Page 14 |

CHIPS â&#x20AC;˘ Januarie/Februarie 2018

Potato growers in all sectors are under immense economic pressure due to huge increases in input costs over the recent past, which threatens their economic viability (Figure 1). These are factors beyond the control of the grower, but their combined effect is that the rate of return on the growersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; investment becomes very low, or negative. The challenge for potato growers is to optimise production methods and to improve the efficient use of inputs. Seed and fertilisers comprise some of the biggest production costs in all potato production regions of South Africa.

Tegniese Nuus â&#x20AC;˘ Technical News

Figure 1: Increased cost of inputs such as fertilizers results in a very low or negative rate of return and thus threatens the economic viability of potato farming. In order to remain sustainable, our focus should be on the optimization of production factors and practices that can improve yield and quality of potatoes. One such a production aspect that deserves further research is the characterisation of tuber initiation of selected newer potato cultivars. This can provide growers with a tool that can be used to optimise production practices, such as fertiliser management, in order to optimise plant response and production. Although a lot of research has already been

conducted on the topic of fertilizer management, many aspects thereof are still not fully understood. For example, little is known about the effects of N management on the onset and duration of tuber initiation, especially of some of the newer potato cultivars available in South Africa. What is tuber initiation? Tuber initiation marks the onset of the reproductive

Figure 2: The development of potato tuber initiation CHIPS â&#x20AC;˘ January/February 2018

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Figure 3: Abiotic factors that influence tuber initiation.

stage in potatoes and occurs towards the end of the vegetative stage. Tubers are borne on underground stems or stolons, which already start forming early after emergence. Stolon tips first form a hook, which then differentiates and swells to eventually form a small tuber (Figure 2). Why is tuber initiation considered an important stage in the life cycle of potatoes? Tuber initiation is a very important stage in the life cycle of a potato plant. This is attributable to the fact that tuber initiation has the ability to affect the subsequent growth and development of the crop, and therefore also the yield, size distribution and quality. The total number of tubers initiated as well as the potential yield and quality of the tubers are determined by the onset and duration of tuber initiation. Thus, timing of tuber initiation is a crucial factor to be considered to ensure high yields and profitability. Factors that affect tuber initiation It is important to understand that tuber initiation is primarily affected by a number of interrelated abiotic and management factors. Some of the factors that influence tuber initiation include cultivar, environmental conditions, production practices as well as the Page 16 |

CHIPS â&#x20AC;˘ Januarie/Februarie 2018

physiological age of seed tubers, and are summarised in Figure 3. Why was the role of Nitrogen in tuber initiation specifically investigated? Although tuber initiation has been studied extensively before, the precise mechanism as well as factors influencing tuber initiation, are still not fully understood today. Researchers have previously discovered that tuber initiation is regulated by photosynthesis and hormone levels, whereas nitrogen directly affects photosynthesis rate and the hormone balance in the plant. Nitrogen is therefore one of the main factors that can manipulate tuber initiation (Figure 4). When the potato plant is stimulated to initiate and grow tubers, it is important to produce and maintain an efficient leaf canopy in order to produce sufficient carbohydrates through photosynthesis. These carbohydrates serve as a source of energy, which is required for crop growth. When the plant produces excess carbohydrates, it is directed to the stolons and tubers will be initiated. The size distribution, quality and yield of the crop will therefore be determined by the availability of photosynthates, which is related to the size and efficiency of the plant canopy.

Tegniese Nuus • Technical News

seasons and the following factors or treatment combinations were included: • 3 cultivars: BP1 (C1; standard for comparison), Eos (C2) and Lanorma (C3), which are known to differ in their tuber initiation behaviour. • 3 different N levels were applied, based on the soil clay content and target yield: - Spring trial: 160 kg/ha N (R1), 240 kg/ha N (R2), and 320 kg/ha N (R3) - Autumn trial: 140 kg/ha N (R1), 220 kg/ha N (R2), and 300 kg/ha N (R3). • 3 N timing scenarios were applied to both trials: - 30% N at planting and 70% after tuber initiation (T1), - 50% N at planting and 50% after tuber initiation (T2), and - 70% N at planting and 30% after tuber initiation (T3) Figure 4: Nitrogen is one of the main factors that can regulate tuber initiation and thus the general health, growth, quality and yield of potatoes.

The N fertiliser applied after tuber initiation was done three to four weeks after the date of 50% emergence.

What was investigated in the study? A study was recently conducted with the aim to better understand how N management can be manipulated and optimized so that producers can achieve high yields of desired size and quality, especially for some of the lesser known new potato cultivars available in the country. The findings of such a study should also contribute to improved economic and environmental sustainability for the consumer, due to less wastage and losses of nutrients to the environment. Field trials were conducted under irrigation at the University of Pretoria’s experimental farm on a soil with 15% clay content to determine the effect of N management on tuber initiation.

The study investigated how different N rates and N application timings influenced the following aspects of growth and yield for each cultivar: • Plant growth • Stolon growth (number and length) • Onset and duration of tuber initiation • Number of tubers initiated • Final yield • Size distribution • Quality The results of the trials will be discussed in a series of articles that will follow in future issues of Chips. C

The field trial was conducted over two growing

CHIPS • January/February 2018

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Swartspikkel Dr. Fienie Niederwieser, Aartappels Suid-Afrika en Anel Espach, Plantovita Silwerskurf of swartspikkel? In 1997 het dr. Freddie Denner bevind dat 98% van moere met “silwerskurf-swartspikkel” simptome, met swartspikkel besmet was. Twintig jaar later het ’n opname deur Plantovita bevind dat meer as 99% moere met sulke simptome met swartspikkel besmet is. Waarom word daar dan gepraat van silwerskurf-swartspikkel? Die rede is dat die twee siektes terselfdertyd op ’n knol kan voorkom en beide siektes die knolle ’n silweragtige voorkoms gee. Die aard en impak van hierdie twee siektes verskil egter soveel dat ons voorstel dat daar in die bedryf gepraat word van swartspikkel. Op die manier sal die risiko wat swartspikkel inhou erken en dienooreenkomstig bestuur word. Sien Aartappels Suid Afrika se feiteblad: Silwerskurf en Swartspikkel vir ’n vergelyking van die twee siektes se eienskappe. Swartspikkel word gekenmerk deur klein swart Page 18 |

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2018

Knol met ’n swartspikkelletsel met ’n silwerskynsel

Tegniese Nuus • Technical News

Swartspikkelletsel op ’n meer gevorderde stadium. Let op die donkerbruin letsel en skil wat losraak en maklik afskuur

die siekte ontwikkel sonder simptome / latent, kan in vaatweefsel voorkom en word eers laat in die seisoen herken. • Groot aantal gasheerplante. • Die siekte ontwikkel vinnig onder strestoestande, byvoorbeeld hoë temperatuur en hoë vog. • Effektiwiteit van swamdoders is baie laag en daar is geen kuratiewe swamdoder vir besmette grond nie. • Opslag, onkruid en ander gasheergewasse hou die inokulum in besmette grond hoog. • Kort rotasieperiodes (>5 jaar) het tot gevolg dat die inokulumvlak in grond hoog bly. • Simptome op knolle ontwikkel gewoonlik na oes tot herkenbare letsels. • Op ongewaste knolle is simptome baie moeilik of onmoontlik om met die blote oog waar te neem. • Simptome van bo-groei vorm deel van ‘early dying disease’.

’n Gewaste knol met ligbruin letsel. Let op die swartspikkeltjies in die sirkel. Op ongewaste knolle is hierdie simptome baie moeilik waarneembaar met die blote oog.

Mikrosklerotia mikroskopies waargeneem

struktuurtjies wat bekend staan as mikrosklerotia, wat net-net met die blote oog gesien word. Deur ’n handlens te gebruik, word mikroskleriotia maklik gesien. Waarom moet die bedryf regop sit oor swartspikkel? • •

Colletotrichum coccodes vorm weerstandbiedende oorlewingstrukture (mikrosklerotia) wat meer as agt jaar in grond oorleef. Die patogeen kan alle plantdele infekteer. Plante word reeds vroeg in die seisoen geïnfekteer, maar

Swartspikkel op moere Die beste praktyk bly om gesertifiseerde moere te plant. In die Suid-Afrikaanse Aartappelsertifiseringskema (Skema) word monsters nie vir grondgedraagde siektes getoets nie (uitgesluit bakteriese verwelk). Die teenwoordigheid van grondgedraagde siektes word bepaal deur identifikasie van simptome wat visueel met die blote oog op ongewaste moere gesien kan word. Hou in gedagte dat swartspikkelsimptome progressief ontwikkel na oes. Moerbehandeling Die Onafhanklike Sertifiseringsraad vir Aartappelmoere (OSRA) het na sy vergadering op

CHIPS • January/February 2018

Page 19

Tegniese Nuus • Technical News

mikroskerotia van swartspikkel nie. Moerbehandeling is dus net een element van ’n geïntegreerde bestuursprogam soos later verder bespreek word. Besmette grond Buitelandse navorsers beweer dat wanneer grond eers besmet is met die swartspikkelpatogeen (Colletotrichum coccodes), dit besmet sal bly as gevolg van die oorlewingsvermoë van mikrosklerotia, 'n groot gasheerreeks en kort rotasieperiodes. Navorsing in die noordweste van die Verenigde State van Amerika het bevind dat die inokulumvlak wel vyf jaar na aartappels, en sonder gasheer gewasse, afneem. Hierdie aspek is nog nie in Suid-Afrika bestudeer nie.

Klimaat Toestande vir swartspikkel is warm, vogtige weer en strestoestande. Bestuur van swartspikkel

Dit is moontlik dat die meeste grond wat vir aartappelverbouing in Suid Afrika gebruik word, reeds met C. coccodes besmet is. Die enigste raad vir bestuur is ’n geïntegreerde bestuurprogram waarin die eienskappe van die siekte geken en in aanmerking geneem moet word by die ontwikkeling van ’n plaasspesifieke bestuursprogram. (Riglyne word hieronder gegee.) Let daarop dat dit op eienskappe van die patogeen, plaaslike praktyke en die Skema gebaseer is.

• • • • • • •

Simptome van ‘early dying disease’ waarby swartspikkel betrokke is. 1: Verwelking van blare as gevolg van vaatbundelverstopping. 2. Blare word geel en verdroog. 3. Letsel op stingel kraak en mikrosklerotia word binne-in die stingel en op die oppervlak van die stingel gevorm.

15 November 2017, ’n versoek aan die Registrateur: Plantverbeteringswet gerig dat die behandeling van moere met swamdoders wat in Suid-Afrika geregistreer is wat teen ’n ultra-lae volume toegedien word, in die Skema opgeneem word. Navorsing wat in 1997 en 2017 gedoen is, het aangedui dat bogenoemde behandeling die groei van die swamhifes op moere beperk. Die behandeling is egter nie 100% effektief teen weerstandbiedende Page 20 |

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2018

Erken die patogeen vir wat hy is: grond- en knolgedraagd en dit vorm weerstandbiedende mikrosklerotia wat nie deur swammiddels doodgemaak word nie. Weet dat die plant vroeg in die seisoen geïnfekteer kan word, maar dat die siekte sonder herkenbare simptoom uitdrukking kan voorkom. Indien grond met C. coccodes besmet is, sal die plant van siektevrye moere nie swartspikkel verhoed nie. Indien ontboste grond gebruik gaan word, moet die beste moontlike bron van moere geplant word. Handhaaf rotasieperiodes van 4- 5 jaar. Grasse is geskikte rotasiegewasse. Grondtoediening van geregistreerde swammiddel vroeg in die seisoen. Toediening wanneer plante reeds besmet is, sal weinig effek hê. Oes aartappels so gou moontlik indien die aanplanting in lande met ’n hoë risiko vir swartspikkel geplant is. C

Lepidoptera halt, stuit 1, 2...!

D AG 1 EERSTE SIGBARE SYMPTOME BINNE URE

D AG 3 EERSTE LARWES BEGIN VREK

GEEN OORLEWENDES

DAG 2

vinnige uitklopaksie stop voeding onmiddellik met geen verdere gewasskade

stabiliseer die produk in the spuittenk

lang nawerking

verseker beter bedekking

verseker effektiewe beheer met minder toedienings

beskerm die produk teen afraak deur sonlig

met gepatenteerde Zeon tegnologie is AMPLIGO geformuleer as unieke en uniforme mikro-kapsules

beheer alle lewensstadia

motte, eiers en larwes

LEES DIE ETIKET VIR VOLLEDIGE BESONDERHEDE. AMPLIGO® bevat chloorantraniliprool en lambda-sihalotrien (Reg. Nr. L8685, Wet Nr 36 van 1947) SKADELIK. Syngenta Suid Afrika, Privaatsak X60, Halfway House, 1685. Tel: 011 541 4000. www.syngenta.co.za Alle gelyste produkte is geregistreerde handelsmerke van ’n Syngenta Group Maatskappy.

@SyngentaSA

Tegniese Nuus • Technical News

The Host Plant Table

Die Gasheertabel

Dr Fienie Niederwieser, Potatoes South Africa

Dr. Fienie Niederwieser, Aartappels Suid-Afrika

Background

Agtergrond

The so-called Host Plant Table originated in the 1990s when the late Dr Niël Theron realised that there is a need for information on the susceptibility of rotation crops, weeds and ornamental plants to potato pathogens. He and Dr Freddie Denner did the original work to combine available information in one table. The information was updated recently by a team of scientists (Drs Freddie Denner, Mariette Marias, Antoinette Swart, Ms Estiene Jordaan, Proff Jacquie van der Waals and Kerstin Kruger). The Host Plant Table is available in electronic format from Potatoes South Africa. Kindly send Hanrie Greebe an email (hanrie@potatoes.co.za) should you wish to obtain a copy.

Die sogenaamde Gasheertabel het sy ontstaan in die 1990 gehad toe wyle dr. Niël Theron die behoefte geïdentifiseer het ten opsigte van die beskikbaarstelling van inligting in een dokument oor die vatbaarheid van rotasiegewasse, onkruide en ander sierplante vir aartappelpatogene. Hy en dr. Freddie Denner het die aanvanklike werk gedoen en die tabel is onlangs deur 'n aantal patoloë en nematoloë (drr. Freddie Denner, Mariette Marias, Antoinette Swart, me. Estiene Jordaan, proff. Jacquie van der Waals and Kerstin Kruger), opgedateer. Die inligting is in ’n excel tabel saamgevoeg. Indien u ’n kopie van die Gasheertabel wil bekom, stuur 'n epos aan Hanrie Greebe (Hanrie@potatoes.co.za).

The Host Plant Table lists the plants according to the plant family, species name and popular name, is given in the columns on the left. Potato diseases and pathogens, as well as the host status of the plants in the left columns, are given in the columns on the right. The information is given in a format that can be adapted to the user’s need.

Die Gasheertabel lys ’n aantal plante volgens hul familie, spesies, en populêre name in die kolomme aan die linkerkant. Aartappelsiektes en patogene, asook hul gasheerstatus vir die plante word in die kolomme aan die regterkant weergegee. Die inligting word in ’n formaat verskaf wat vir die gebruiker se behoefte aangepas kan word.

A few points to keep in mind • The information used is from trustworthy and/or published sources. • The fact that a plant species is not listed as a host plant for a specific pathogen/nematode does not mean that it is not a hostplant as it is possible that the plants has not been tested for susceptibility. If one or more species of a specific plant family are listed as a host it is possible that other unlisted species may also be hosts. • As new information becomes available and new pathogens and pests becomes established in potato production areas, the information in the table may become outdated. The current version of the table was updated in 2015. • Species of the Solanaceae family to which the potato, tomato, tobacco and pepper also belong tend to be susceptible to potato pest and pathogens. Members of this family should therefore not be planted in rotation with potato and solanaceous weeds should be controlled near potato fields.

Aspekte om in gedagte te hou • Die inligting is uit betroubare en/of gepubliseerde bronne saamgestel. • Die feit dat ’n plantspesie nie as ’n gasheer gelys is nie, beteken nie noodwendig dat die plant nie ’n gasheer van ’n spesifieke patogeen / aalwurm is nie. Dit is moontlik dat die betrokke spesie nog nie vir vatbaarheid getoets is nie. Dit is veral die geval indien ander spesies van dieselfde plantfamilie vatbaar is vir die patogeen / aalwurm. • Soos wat meer inligting deur navorsing beskikbaar raak en nuwe patogene hulle in aartappelproduksiegebiede vestig, kan die inligting in hierdie tabel verouderd raak. Die inligting in die huidige weergawe is in 2015 opgedateer. • Spesies van die Solanaceae familie waaraan aartappel, tamatie, tabak en rissie behoort is dikwels gashere van patogene en aalwurms wat aartappels aanval. Plante van die Solanaceae, moet gevolglik nie in rotasie met aartappels geplant word nie en onkruide in die familie moet beheer word. C

Page 22 |

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2018

Tegniese Nuus • Technical News Swamsiektes / Fungal diseases Family name/ Familienaam

Daucus carota L. Apiaceae

Populere naam / Popular name

Species

Geelwortel/ Carrot

Bakteriese siektes/ Bacterial diseases

STEM ROT

POWDERY SCAB

BLACK LEG/WILT

TOMATO SPOTTED WILT

LEAFROLL

HOLSTAM

STAMVROT

POEIERSKURF

SWARTSTAM/ VERWELK

SWARTSTAM /VERWELK

KROMNEK

ROLBLAD

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Sclerotium rolfsii

Spongospora subterranea

Pectobacterium carotovorum f.sp.

Host

Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Mill.)Seldery/ Pers. Celery

brasiliensis

Host

Pastinaca sativa L.

Witwortel/ Parsnip

Amaranthus caudatus L.

Moroggo/ Hanekam/ Pigweed

A. deflexus L.

Meerjarige Misbredie/ Perennial Pigweed

Kaapse Misbredie/ Cape Pigweed/ Common A. hybridus L.subsp. hybridus var. hybridus Pigweed Beet/ Suikerbeet/ Beetroot/ Garden Beet/ Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris convar. vulgaris var. vulgaris Sugar Beet

Virussiekte / Viral diseases

WHITE MOLD

carotovorum

Aalwurms / Nematodes ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE

LESION NAMATODE

GOLDEN CYST NEMATODE /POTATO CYST NEMATODE

KNOPWORTEL AALWURM

LETSELAALWURM

GOUE SISTAALWURM

PVY

Pectobacterium wasabiae

Meloidogyne spp. Pratylenchus spp .

Host

Globodera rostochiensis

Host

Host Host

Host

Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris convar. cicla. Spinasie/ var. flavescens Swiss Chard

Amaranthaceae

Celosia argentea L.

Hanekam/ Cock's Comb

Chenopodium album L.

Withondebossie/ White Goosefoot

Chenopodium giganteum D. Don.

Varkbossie/ Tree Spinach

Host Host Host

Chenopodiastrum murale L. S. Fuentes, Muurhondebossie/ Uotila & BorschNettle-leaved Goosefoot Gomphrena globosa L.

Aardbol Amarant/ Bachelor's-Button/ Globe Amaranth

Spinacia oleracea L.

Spinasie/ Spinach

Allium cepa L.

Ui/ Onion

Acanthospermum hispidum D.C.

Regop Sterklits/ Upright Star Bur

Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns

Soetgousblom/ Botterblom/ Cape Weed/ Cape Marigold

Arctotis spp.

Gousblom/ African Daisy

Arctotis venusta Norl.

Vrystaantse Gousblom/ Witgousblom/ Free State Daisy/ Blue-eyed African Daisy

Bidens formosa (Bonato) Sch.Bip.

Kosmos/ Cosmos

Host

Bidens pilosa L.

Gewone Knapsekêrel/ Common Black Jack

Host

Carthamus tinctorius L.

Saffloer/ Safflower

Host Host Host

Host Host Host Host Host

Host

Eendjieskweek/ Gansgras /Brass Buttons/ Cotula australis (Sieber ex Spreng.) Hook.f. Water Buttons Kleinskraalhans/ Flax-leaf Fleabane/ Hairy Conyza bonariensis L. Cronquist Fleabane Kanadese Skraalhans/ Horseweed/ Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist Horseweed Fleabane

Asteraceae

Host

Helianthus annuus L.

Sunflower/ Sonneblom

Host

Harige Skaapslaai/ Katoor/ Hairy Wild Lettuce/ Dandelion/ Cat's Ear Blaarslaai/ Lettuce

Host

Skorsenier/ Black Salsify/ Scorzonera Bankkrotbos/ Hongerbos-Senecio/Starvation Senecio/ Ragwort

Senecio vulgaris L.

Kruiskruid/ Common Groundsel

Kakiebos/ Khakibush

Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg

Perdeblom/ Common Dandelion

Host

Xanthium spinosum L.

Boetebossie/ Spiny Cocklebur

Caryophyllaceae

B. oleracea L. var. botrytis L.

Blomkool/ Cauliflower

Host

B. oleracea L. var. gemmifera DC.

Spruitkool/ Brussels Sprouts

Host

B. oleracea L. var. italica Plenck

Broccoli

Host

B. rapa L.

Raap/ Turnip

Capsella bursa-pastoris ( L.) Medik.

Herderstassie/ Shepherd's Purse

Matthiola incana (L.) W.T.Aiton

Stock

Raphanus sativus L.

Radys/ Radish

Humulus lupulus L.

Hops/ Hop

Dianthus carophyllus L.

Angelier/ Carnation

Pollichia campestris Aiton

Suikerbossie/ Waxberry/ Barley Sugar Bush

Cleome gynandra L.

Cucurbitaceae

Cyperaceae

Host

Euphorbiaceae

Fabaceae

Malvaceae

Plantaginaceae

Poaceae

Polygonaceae Portulacaceae Ranunculaceae

Franse Silene/ Eierbossie/ Gunpowder Weed/ French Silene/ French Catchfly Snotterbelletjie/ Oorpeultjie/ Spider-wisp/ African Cabbage/ Cat's Whiskers

Host

Host Host

Host

Host Host

Host

Patat/ Sweet Potato

Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth

Purperwinde/ Morning Glory

Citrullus vulgaris Eckl. & Zeyh.

Waatlemoen/ Watermelon

Cucurbita pepo L.

Pampoen/ Pumpkin/ Squash

Host

Cucumis sativus L.

Komkommer/ Cucumber

Host

Cucumis melo L.

Spanspek/ Muskmelon

Cyperus esculentus L.

Geeluintjie/ Yellow Nutsedge

Ricinus communis (L.)

Kasterolieplant/ Kasterolieboom/ Castor-oil Plant

Host

Acacia longifolia (Andr.) Willd.

Langblaarwattel/ Long-leaved Wattle

Host

Arachis hypogaea L.

Grondboontjie/ Groundnut/ Peanut

S. minor

Host

Glycine max (L.) Merr.

Sojaboon/ Soybean

Host

Lupinus albus L.

Lupiene/ Lupin

Host

Medicago sativa L.

Lusern/ Lucerne/ Alfalfa

Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Boontjie/ Common Bean

Host

Pisum sativum L.

Ertjie/ Pea

Host

Trifolium alexandrinum L.

Egiptiese Klawer /Egyptian Clover/ Berseem

Trifolium pratense L.

Rooiklawer/ Red Clover

Vicia faba L.

Boerboon /Broad Bean

Host

Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.

Akkerboon/ Cowpea

Host

Gossypium hirsutum L.

Katoen/ Cotton

Host

Host Incomplete host

Host

S. trifoliorum

Host

Hermannia tomentosa (Turcz.) Schinz ex Lusernbos Engl. Terblansbossie/ Uurblom/ Bladderweed/ Hibiscus trionum L. Flower-of-an-Hour/ Black-eyed Susan

Host

Kiesieblaar/ Small Mallow/ Little Mallow/ Bread-and-cheese

Host

Geelblom Bloudissel/ Geelblom/ Yellowflowered Mexican Poppy Witblombloudissels/ White-flowered Mexican Argemone ochroleuca Sweet subsp. ochroleuca Poppy/ Devil's Fig Griekse Vingerhoedjie/ Grecian Foxglove/ Digitalis lanata Ehr. Woolly Foxglove Argemone mexicana L.

Host Host

Avena sativa L. (1753)

Hawer/ Oat

Host

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

Kweekgras/ Bermuda Grass/Quick grass

Host

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.

Jongosgras/ Rapoka Grass/ Crab Grass

Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees

Oulandsgras/ Weeping love grass

Hordeum vulgare L.

Gars/ Barley

Lolium multiflorum Lam.

Raaigras/ Rye grass

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

Graansorghum/ Grain Sorghum

Triticum aestivum L.

Koring/ Wheat

Zea mays L.

Mielie/ Maize

Emex australis Steinh.

Emex Dubbeltjie/ Spiny Emex/ Double Gee

Host

Polygonum aviculare (L.)

Litjiesgras/ Voelduisendknoop/ Common Knotweed

Host

Portulaca oleracea (L.)

Porslein/ Common Purslane

Delphinium spp. L.

Host

Incomplete Host Host

Host

Host Host

Host

Ridderspoor/ Larkspur

Host

Aarbeie/ Strawberries

Host

Malus domestica Borkh., 1803

Appel/ Apple

Host

Capsicum annuum L.

Soetrissie/ Bell Pepper/ Sweet Pepper

C. frutescens L.

Brandrissie/ Chilli

Datura stramonium L.

Olieboom/ Common Thorn Apple

Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn.

Basterappelliefie/ Apple of Peru/ Shoo-fly Plant

Nicotiana rustica L.

Wilde Tabak/ Rustic Tobacco/ Wild Tobacco

Host

Nicotiana tabacum L.

Tabak/ Tobacco

Host

Petunia x hybrida

Petunia/ Garden Petunia

Physalis angulata L.

Wilde-Appelliefie/ Kalkoengif/ Wild Gooseberry

Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.

Silwerblaar Bitterappel/ Silverleaf Bitter Apple

S. lycopersicum L.

Tamatie/ Tomato

S. mauritianum Scop.

Luisboom/ Bugweed/ Bugtree

S. melongena L.

Eiervrug/ Eggplant/ Brinjal

S. nigrum L.

Nastergal/ Black Nightshade

S. tuberosum subsp. tuberosum L.

Opslag Aartappel/ Volunteer Potato

Verbenaceae

Verbena bonariensis L.

Blouwaterbossie/ Purple top

Vitaceae

Vitis vinifera L.

Druiwe / Grapes

Zygophyllaceae

Tribulus terrestris L.

Dubbeltjie/ Duwweltjie/ Common dubbeltjie/ Devil's Thorn/ Devil's Weed

Solanaceae

Host

Fragaria spp. (L.)

Rosaceae

Host

Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.

Malva parviflora L. var. parviflora

Papaveraceae

host

Host

vo or b

Convolvulaceae

Host

Silene gallica L.

Cleomaceae

Incomplete host Incomplete host

B. oleracea L. var. capitata L. f. alba DC. Kopkool/ Cabbage

Japanese Radys/ Japanese Radish/ White Raphanus sativus L. var. longipinnatus L.H. Bailey Radish/ Daikon

Cannabaceae

Host

Raapsaad/ Koolraap/ Rapeseed/ Rutabaga

ee ld

Brassicaceae

Host

Sjinese Kool/ Kai Choi/ Chinese Mustard/ Brassica juncea (L.) VassiliĬ Matveievitch Czernajew (1796 - 1871) Mustard Greens B. napus var. napobrassica (L.) Döll

Host

B. napus L. var. oleifera (Moench) Delile Kanola/ Canola

Host Host

Wilde Sonneblom/ Wild Sunflower/ Butter Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook. var. encelioides Daisy Kankerroos/ Cocklebur

Host

Xanthium strumarium L.

Host

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill subsp. asper Doringsydissel/ Spiny Sowthistle Tagetes minuta L.

Host

Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Kuntze ex Thell. Kleinkakiebos/ Dwarf Marigold/ Khaki Bush

Senecio consanguineus DC.

Host

Oncosiphon piluliferum (L. f.) Källersjö Karoostinkkruid/ Stinknet/ Globe Chamomile

Scorzonera hispanica L.

Host

Dahlia/ Garden dahlia

Lactuca sativa L.

Host

Dahlia pinnata Cav.

Hypochaeris radicata L.

Host

xa m pl e

Amaryllidaceae

Host

Host Host

Host

Host Host

Host

Host Host

Host

Host Host

Host

Host Host

Host

Host Host

CHIPS • January/February 2018 Host Host

Host

Page 23

Host

How to block killer toxins Dr Fienie Niederwieser, Potatoes South Africa Phytophthora infestans (the pathogen causing potato late blight), and Pectobacterium carotovorum (the pathogen causing black leg and soft rot) are completely unrelated to each other: P. infestans is a fungus and P carotovorum is a bacterium. However, they share very important characteristics: both kill plant cells and live by feeding on the content of dead cells, thereby causing extensive damage to potato crops and financial losses to farmers throughout the world. These pathogens kill plant cells by employing a cytolytic toxin called cytolysin. The toxin perforates and causes irreparable damage to the cell membrane, resulting in the death of the cell. Cytolysin is described by an international team of experts, as a veritable Page 24 |

CHIPS â&#x20AC;˘ Januarie/Februarie 2018

killer toxin. Interestingly, the killer toxin enters and kills cells of broadleaf plants such as potato, but is unable to damage the cells of monocots such as cereals. By understanding why cytolysin enters cells of some plants, but is unable to enter cells of other plants, may be a step closer to finding methods to protect crops against diseases such as late blight and soft rot. The international team mentioned above, has now shown that sensitivity to cytolysin is dependent on a specific receptor in the plant cell membrane which is significantly different in broad leaf plants and monocots. The receptor is a molecule chain of sugar and fats and in broad leaf plants such as potato, the

Tegniese Nuus â&#x20AC;˘ Technical News

not able to reach the cell membrane to cause damage. The difference is the length of the chains is just one hexose (sugar) molecule: the chain of broad leaf plants has two, and the that of monocot plant, three! The research team thinks that this difference in receptor chain length can have significant application (after some more research) as new kinds of biological plant protective chemicals may be developed. Special sugar molecules could be used to block the cytolysin toxin, preventing it from docking onto cell membranes. chain is short whereas in cereal plants it is a longer chain. Cytolysin is able to bind to both the short chain of broad leaf plants and the long chain of cereals, but in the case of the longer chain in cereals cytolysin is

This article is short abstract of the article Eudicot plant-specific sphingolipids determine host selectivity of microbial NLP cytolysins published in Science of December 2017 p 1431-1434 by Lenarcic, et al. C

YEARS OF EXCELLENCE

Landswye Verskaffers Van : Gesertifiseerde Moere | Aartappelsakkies | Plakkers | Paletnet | Polipropsakke bk cc

CHIPS â&#x20AC;˘ January/February 2018

Page 25

South African potato production in a global context Pieter van Zyl, Potatoes South Africa and Divan van der Westhuizen, Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy (BFAP)

An analysis in collaboration with the North-Western European Potato Growers Foundation (NEPG) in Europe, agri benchmark, Potatoes South Africa and the Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy (BFAP) Farmers across the world are continually facing new challenges ranging from weather volatility influencing agricultural output, input cost inflation, uncertain markets and policy uncertainty. Volatile weather conditions caused major shifts in supply patterns across the globe, with significant implications on Page 26 |

CHIPS â&#x20AC;˘ Januarie/Februarie 2018

commodity prices. The rise in the cost of inputs over the past decade has redefined the cost-price squeeze effect on producers. Although world fertiliser prices reported a relatively sideways trend since 2011, a weaker Rand exchange rate has caused the nominal price of fertiliser in South Africa to increase. The same

Ekonomiese Nuus • Economic News

is true for plant protection chemicals, mechanisation and equipment. Increased administered expenditure such as the cost of labour via the introduction of the national minimum wage and the tariff increases for electricity place further pressure on producers. From a risk perspective, the margin for error is becoming exceedingly small and competitiveness, not only in a domestic environment, but also globally will remain vital to ensure long term sustainability. In order to remain competitive, producers should evaluate their existing operations in the context of the performance of others by benchmarking production aspects, costs, financial performance and efficiency with other producers. Results can typically lead to reviewing one’s tactical decisions and long term strategies. The agri benchmark initiative is an international network of agricultural research and advisory

economists aiming to create a better understanding of global cash crop farming and the associated economics behind production systems. The objective of the initiative is to create a national and international database on farm information in order to compare key farm indicators globally. Prototype farms across key production regions globally are constructed according to a standard operating procedure (SOP) defined by the agri benchmark methodology which ensures transparent and comparable information. The agri benchmark potato initiative, founded in 2012, provides a platform to compare typical potato farms Figureacross the globe. This article compares production, costs and efficiency indicators of South African potato producers with their international counterparts in countries such as Germany, France, Poland and the United Kingdom. The South African farms are located in the Eastern Free State (dry land/rain fed: fresh

TON PER HECTARE

40 30 20 10

27,1

45,8

53,1

46,6

48,7

48,5

13,8

20,4

36,6

42,5

BG7000PLE

DE160UE*

DE200GF

DE240MW

DE250KAB

FR230PICB*

KE5KI

KE5NY

PL730WO

UK310WASH

2013

2011-16

2012-16

2009-16

2012-16

2015-16

2014

2014-15

2012-15

2012-16

2011-16

Poland

United Kingdom

South Africa

Bulgaria

Germany

France

Yield per farm

Kenya

Northern Hemisphere Average Yield

25,0

SA Average Yield

36,5

Eastern Free KwaZulu-Natal State (dry land)

55,6

45,4

Limpopo

Sandveld

SA Irrigation Average Yield

Figure 1 - Potato Yield (ton/ha) on farms in different countries

Source: BFAP, Potatoes SA & agri benchmark, 2017

$350

$300

E:\HJ Design\ASA\CHIPS\2018\CHIPS Jan Febr 2018\Chips 1 2018 Jan Feb Arts\8 SA potato production in a global context.xlsx

$250

2012-16

2015-16

2014

Seed

Fertilizer

Pesticides

2014-15

2012-15

2012-16

2011-16

Poland

United Kingdom

South Africa

France

Kenya

Hired labour

Contractor

Diesel

Electricity

Certification

KZN

2009-16

Germany

UK310WASH

2012-16

PL730WO

2011-16

KE5NY

2013 Bulgaria

Sandveld

Limpopo

$50

EFS (dry land)

$50

KE5KI

$100

FR230PICB*

$100

DE250KAB

$150

DE240MW

$150

DE200GF

$200

DE160UE*

$200

BG7000PLE

US DOLLAR COST PER TON

$300

US DOLLAR FARM GATE PRICE PER TON

$350

Farm gate price

Figure 2 - Production cost to produce a ton of potatoes & farm gate price per ton (in US Dollar)

Source: BFAP, Potatoes SA & agri benchmark, 2017

CHIPS • January/February 2018

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Results

potatoes), Limpopo and Sandveld (irrigation: fresh potatoes) and KwaZulu-Natal (semi-irrigation: seed potatoes). The article highlights potato yields across the different countries, costs, farm gate prices, fertiliser usage and efficiency and key seed use indicators. Dutch and Belgium typical farms will be added to the agri benchmark database soon as well as more United Kingdom farms.

Figure 1 illustrates average yield per hectare across key potato production regions in South Africa for the 2011 to 2016 production seasons. The yields obtained by South African farms are compared with other global potato producers. The graph legend can be explained as follows: The codes refer to typical farms in each country which illustrates the name of the country (i.e. DE for Germany and FR for France), the total size of the farm and lastly, the region where the farm is situated.

One has to be extremely cautious when comparing fresh table potato farms with those farms producing primarily for processing purposes, as is done in this article, since costs and yields will fluctuate between them. As a departure point for the newly established potato initiative, an attempt is made in this article to highlight the key differences between the respective production systems. It provides a good understanding of the farm-level realities that producers are facing on a continuous basis in order to be sustainable. For the purpose of this article, only costs, income and the associated yields for the farms are discussed with the objective to compare production practises (systems) in the future. The bottom-line is that producers should consistently evaluate their production systems and associated costs to determine their relative position and compare it with other producers and alternatives, both domestically and globally.

The figure illustrates that the average irrigation yield in South Africa is approximately 50.5 tons per hectare (Limpopo 55.6 ton/ha and Sandveld 45.4 ton/ha), roughly 25 tons per hectare more than dryland potato production in the Eastern Free State. The Northern Hemisphere average is 43.6 tons per hectare where small-scale producers in Kenya produce between 13 and 20 tons of potatoes per hectare. The average (all years and countries) amounts to 39 tons per hectare. Limpopo reported the highest average yield followed by Germany and France. The 2016 drought in South Africa caused potato yields to decline substantially from long term trends. Potato yields in the Eastern Free State, for instance, has declined by 12.5 tons per hectare from 2015 where KwaZulu-Natal reported a decline of 4.5 tons per hectare. The drought conditions have largely contributed to high market prices throughout 2016 and in the beginning of 2017.

As more farms will be joining the initiative, more reliable data will become available. Separate analysis can be done where only, for instance, fresh potato farms can be compared.

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Figure 3 - Production cost per hectare of potatoes (in US Dollar)

Source: BFAP, Potatoes SA & agri benchmark, 2017 Page 28 |

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Figure 4 – Potato fertiliser key indicators: Cost of fertiliser (in US Dollar), fertiliser application (N, P & K) & nitrogen productivity

Source: BFAP, Potatoes SA & agri benchmark, 2017 E:\HJ Design\ASA\CHIPS\2018\CHIPS Jan Febr 2018\Chips 1 2018 Jan Feb Arts\8 SA potato production in a global context.xlsx Figure 2 compares direct costs per ton of potatoes produced and farm gate prices between the various farms. It should be noted that the South African potato producer functions in a different supply chain framework where the producer packs his potatoes in his own pack house into mainly 10 kg bags. Each producer has his own brand name. Potatoes are then transported at his own costs to the national fresh produce markets where it is sold via a commission based system. The bulk of table (fresh) potatoes in South Africa is sold on the national fresh produce markets (almost half of the total harvest). In the United Kingdom and Europe, potatoes are mainly sold in bulk on the farm loaded on a truck. The buyer pays for the transport. In this article, transport, packaging costs and marketing commissions have been deducted from market revenue (South African farms) to compare ‘’farm gate’’ prices against global counterparts. It is clear that ‘’farm gate’’ prices are higher in South Africa (fresh potatoes) opposed to other countries (mainly processing potatoes), mainly due to the value-adding nature at farm-level and the existence of a commission based fresh produce market system. However, from a cost perspective, the cost of production of irrigation farming in South Africa is higher compared to the Eastern Free State dry land region and other countries, according to Figure 2. According to the figure the cost of producing potatoes in KwaZulu-Natal was the highest with seed costs and the cost of hired labour the most expensive inputs. This

farm produces seed potatoes which explains the high seed cost. The Sandveld region followed with fertiliser and seed costs the two most expensive input items. From the analysis, German farms were the most cost effective, producing a ton of potatoes nearly three times more cost effective than South African irrigated farms. The DE240MW and DE250KAB farms in Germany produced industrial potatoes (not fresh or processing), but also realised relatively low farm gate prices. According to Figure 3 the South African farms have the highest cost to produce one hectare of potatoes, except the Eastern Free State farm (dry land cultivation, which means lower yields are being realised, thus lower inputs are required). Seed, fertiliser and labour are the expensive items. See also Figure 2 where calculations were done on a per ton basis. The Eastern Free State farm has the lowest cost structure of the South African farms (cost per ton and cost per hectare). Despite the fact that the region do mainly dry land cultivation, producers are low cost producers. Overall it can be said that the risk involved in dry land cultivation is much higher than is the case with irrigated potatoes. Nitrogen, phosphate and potassium application rates, average cost per kilogram fertiliser and nitrogen productivity indicators are illustrated in Figure 4. The left axis illustrates the application rate in kilogram

CHIPS • January/February 2018

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Figure 5 – Potato seed key indicators: Cost of seed & seed productivity

Source: BFAP, Potatoes SA & agri benchmark, 2017 $16 000 $3,6

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Figure 6 – Financial indicators for potato production (US Dollar per hectare)

Source: BFAP, Potatoes SA & agri benchmark, 2017 per hectare and the kilograms of potatoes harvested for every kilogram of nitrogen applied. The right axis illustrates the average fertiliser cost per kilogram in US Dollar (USD). It is acknowledged that different planting periods are represented in the data. It is clear that South African producers have to pay more for fertilisers opposed to northern hemisphere countries. Obviously the bulk of fertilisers destined for South African farms have to be imported and transported from the northern hemisphere, hence the higher costs. Page 30 |

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2018

German farms have paid on average USD 1.09 per kg of fertiliser where France paid as low as USD 0.75 per kg. When application rates are considered, the Sandveld region applies substantially more fertiliser on a per hectare basis, negatively influencing productivity indicators. The results show that a Sandveld producer applies on average 130 kg of nitrogen more compared to Northern Hemisphere countries and

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roughly 145 kg more than the South African average. The higher application rates are mainly due to the sandy soil types of the region where frequent nutrients application is required. Application of nitrogen differs, whereas KwaZulu-Natal and France apply less than 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare, Eastern Free State and the United Kingdom between 100 kg and 150 kg, Germany and Poland between 150 kg and 200 kg, while Limpopo and Sandveld apply more than 200 kg of nitrogen per hectare. Given these application rates, it is important to consider productivity indicators, thus conveying yield levels into the equation of application rates. A typical productivity indicator that can be used is nitrogen productivity. The French farm reported a relatively low nitrogen application rate at 78 kg per hectare. The low application rate with associated high yields made the French farm the most productive from a nitrogen productivity perspective. Hence, for every kilogram of nitrogen applied, 622 kg of potatoes were harvested. The KwaZulu-Natal farm followed with a productivity indicator of 409 kg of potatoes. The Bulgarian and Sandveld farms have scored the lowest nitrogen productivity with 124 kg and 156 kg of potatoes harvested respectively per kilogram nitrogen applied. It is important to note that many European farms use farmland manure which is not the case in South Africa. This has to be taken into account, especially when nitrogen productivity and the cost of nitrogen are analysed. The agri benchmark methodology do take into account when manure is used as fertilisers.

seed productivity of 20 kg of potatoes harvested per kilogram of seed planted on average. The cost of seed per 25 kg bag in South Africa ranged between USD 12.75 in Limpopo to USD 15.01 in KZN. The higher cost in KwaZulu-Natal can be attributed to lower generation seed being planted. The South African average seed cost per 25 kg bag was only 5% more opposed to the Northern Hemisphere where France reported the highest seed cost (USD 21.26 per 25 kg). Application of seed differs, whereas the Eastern Free State plant less than 1 ton of seed per hectare, the European farms on average 2.4 tons per hectare, the Sandveld farm 3.6 tons per hectare and the KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo farm more than 4.5 tons of seed per hectare. Some key financial indicators are illustrated in Figure 6. It illustrates total establishment costs (seed, fertiliser, pesticides, labour, contactor, fuel, electricity and certification â&#x20AC;&#x201C; see previous figures), total revenue and a turnover ratio which stipulates the amount of money received (USD) as income for every USD spend on cost items. The prototype farm in France, with a relatively low cost structure, reported the highest ratio. For every USD spent on the named input cost items, a return of USD 3.62 realised. The farm in the United Kingdom ranked fourth followed by the Eastern Free State farm. The Limpopo farm has received USD 2.20 for every USD spend and reported the highest gross margin (Income minus named costs). Conclusion

Key seed indicators are represented in Figure 5 and illustrates the cost of seed in USD per 25 kg bag and seed productivity as an efficiency indicator. The productivity indicator shows the kilogram of potatoes harvested for every kilogram of seed planted. Cognisance should be taken that soil types, varieties, climatic conditions (i.e. high versus low temperatures during a growing season especially in South Africa), month of planting (especially in South Africa), availability of seed/seed size, target market (prepack versus normal bag-selling, especially in South Africa) and so worth will vary and will have an effect on the number of bags of seed planted as well as the yield realised. The Eastern Free State and French farms have ranked the highest in seed productivity with 28 kg of potatoes harvested per kilogram of seed planted. The KwaZulu-Natal and Kenyan farms have ranked the lowest in terms of seed productivity (below 9 kg potatoes harvested per kilogram of seed planted). The German farms reported relatively high

The general observation that can be made is that South African typical farms (mainly fresh table potato farms) performed relatively well when compared to typical farms in Europe (mainly processing farms). Secondly, from a market price perspective, South African farm gate prices are higher than selective Northern Hemisphere countries. Irrigation yield levels in South Africa outperformed the average of the farms. A risk, especially in an environment with fluctuation oil and fertiliser prices, exists in the Sandveld production system and cost structure when considering high energy costs. The high application rates of fertiliser have a significant impact on the cost structure of these farms. In addition, these cause productivity indicators to drop substantially and the question really arises whether these patterns are sustainable. Fortunately the Sandveld producers do produce a good quality potato and receive relatively good market prices. C

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Pakstoor- en bemarkingseffektiwiteit:

Sandveld 2017 Pieter van Zyl en Eugene Strydom, Aartappels Suid-Afrika

Die projek fokus op die prosesse betrokke om aartappels markgereed te kry. Dit bestaan uit die uithaalproses, vervoer na pakstore, asook die was- en verpakkingsproses. Daar word gefokus op kwaliteitsaspekte, gewigsverlies, knolbeskadiging, arbeidseffektiwiteit, markpryse gerealiseer, asook die kostes tydens die uithaalen verpakkingsproses. Produsente se kwaliteit word geëvalueer met behulp van die kwaliteitsindeks- en kwaliteitskontroleprosedures. Gewigsverlies en knolbeskadiging word ondersoek deur monsters tydens elke faset van die uithaalen wasproses te trek. Die monsters word dan oor ’n sewe dae periode Page 32 |

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2018

geweeg en na sewe dae word die individuele knolle binne die onderskeie monsters geëvalueer, veral wat meganiese skade betref. Medewerkers se prysdata op varsproduktemarkte word ook op ’n anonieme basis vergelyk. In hierdie artikel word die oorsake van knolbeskadiging en die effektiwiteit van die uithaal en verpakkingsproses se resultate van die Sandveld produksiestreek bespreek. Die streek is tydens Desember 2017 besoek. Knolbeskadiging Knolbeskadiging verwys na knolle met een of meer

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Figuur 2: Onderskeie aksies se bydrae tot knolbeskadiging (Medewerker A) van die volgende tekens, d.i. meganiese beskadiging, vrot, verleptheid en nerf-af. Om die oorsaak van knolbeskadiging te ondersoek word daar op vier plekke in die uithaalen verpakkingsproses monsters getrek. Die onderskeie monsters (elke keer 3 x 10 kg sakkies) is getrek (1) in die land voor die uithaalaksie (“Voor uithaal”), (2) by die invoerbak voordat die

knolle die pakstoor binnegaan (“Hopper”), (3) direk na die wastafel (“Wasser”) en (4) aan die einde van die paklyn (“Verpakking”). Na sewe dae is die onderskeie sakkies se inhoud geëvalueer en is alle knolle met knolbeskadiging geïdentifiseer. In Figure 1 tot 3 word die vier aksies se bydrae tot knolbeskadiging uiteengesit. CHIPS • January/February 2018

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23 Medewerkers Figuur 4: Gemiddelde getal sakkies hanteer per pakstoor arbeider per dag (alle pakstoorarbeid) E:\HJ Design\ASA\CHIPS\2018\CHIPS Jan Febr 2018\Chips 1 2018 Jan Feb Arts\9 Sandveld arbeidseffektiwiteit en knolbeskadiging artikel grafieke.xlsx

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CHIPS â&#x20AC;˘ Januarie/Februarie 2018

Ekonomiese Nuus • Economic News

In Figuur 1 word die gemiddeldes van vyf medewerkers uiteengesit. Gemiddeld bevat 28% van die knolle van elke sakkie ’n mate van knolbeskadiging. Hiervan word 45% deur die wastafel (“Wasser”) veroorsaak en 30% deur die uithaalen aanryproses (“Hopper”). Om die oorsake van knolbeskadiging te identifiseer is daar in samewerking met die Landbounavorsingsraad ’n metodiek ontwikkel om die verskillende aksies (uithaal, wegry, aflaai, was, ensovoorts) se bydrae tot knolbeskadiging te evalueer. Die wastafels (“Wasser”) veroorsaak die meeste skade, gevolg deur die uithaalen aanry-aksie (“Hopper”), aldus Figuur 1.

effektiwiteit en kwaliteit van die finale produk wat gelewer word. Dit is hoogs waarskynlik dat wanneer groter opbrengste behaal word, pakhuise onder druk geplaas word en dit ’n negatiewe uitwerking op ’n produsent se markprys tot gevolg kan hê. Daar is ’n verskil in die vlak van meganisasie tussen medewerkers. Sommige medewerkers gebruik van die nuutste tegnologie in hulle pakstore (karousels en outomatiese sakvullers), terwyl ander medewerkers weer van meer konvensionele metodes gebruik maak om aartappels te verpak.

Figuur 4 verwys na die gemiddelde hoeveelheid Tussen medewerkers is daar groot variasies in sakkies wat per pakstoorarbeider per nege-uur knolbeskadiging. Figuur 2 verwys na medewerker werksdag hanteer word. Dit dui op die tempo A se resultate en Figuur 3 na die van medewerker waarteen arbeiders werk. Medewerker nr. 17 se B. Medewerker A se resultate dui daarop dat arbeiders hanteer gemiddeld 485 sakkies per gemiddeld 23% van sy sakkies se inhoud ’n mate arbeider per werksdag teenoor medewerker nr. 5 van knolbeskadiging bevat (nie in tabel), en hiervan wat 112 sakkies per dag per arbeider pak. word 53% deur sy wastafels (‘’Wasser’’) veroorsaak. Medewerker nr. 17 is dus meer effektief in die wyse Hierteenoor is gemiddeld 16% van die knolle in waarop hy sy arbeid aanwend. Die vraag is egter medewerker B se sakkies beskadig. Hiervan word hoe gemeganiseerd is laasgenoemde se pakstoor? 45% deur die uithaalen aanryproses veroorsaak. Die Die vier medewerkers links in Figuur 4 wat met die vernaamste oorsake van knolbeskadiging verskil dus blou driehoeke gemerk is, verwys na pakstore wat tussen die twee medewerkers. Die verskillende aksies, aansienlik meer gemeganiseerd is as die van die en spesifiek die redes vir knolbeskadiging, sal later in ander medewerkers. Hierdie pakstore bestaan onder detail bestudeer word. andere uit bunkers en outomatiese sakvullers / skale. Al vier hierdie medewerkers is dus meer effektief in Uithaal- en pakstooreffektiwiteit die wyse waarop hulle pakstoorarbeid aangewend word, alhoewel teen ’n hoër meganisasiekoste. Pakstoor artikel Die volume wat deur ’n pakstoor op ’n daaglikse Medewerkers nrs. 4 en 19 pak beide in die omgewing basis hanteer word, het ’n groot invloed op die van 5 000 sakkies per dag, met medewerker nr. 4 wat

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Figuur 5: Gemiddelde getal sakkies hanteer per sorteer arbeider per dag CHIPS • January/February 2018 Page 35 E:\HJ Design\ASA\CHIPS\2018\CHIPS Jan Febr 2018\Chips 1 2018 Jan Feb Arts\9 Sandveld arbeidseffektiwiteit en knolbeskadiging artikel grafieke.xlsx

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Figuur 6: Totale arbeidskoste per hektaar - uithaal en pakstoor (Uitgesluit die arbeid betrokke by die vervoer vanaf die land na die pakstoor) E:\HJ Design\ASA\CHIPS\2018\CHIPS Jan Febr 2018\Chips 1 2018 Jan Feb Arts\9 Sandveld arbeidseffektiwiteit en knolbeskadiging artikel grafieke.xlsx

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208 sakkies per arbeider per dag hanteer teenoor medewerker nr. 19 wat 121 sakkies per arbeider per dag hanteer. Die verskil in toerusting tussen hierdie twee medewerkers is drie sakvullers /skale en een karousel wat in medewerker nr. 4 se pakstoor is. Die vraag onstaan gevolglik wat is die optimale hoeveelheid sakkies om per arbeider per dag te hanteer? Moet medewerkers links of regs in die figuur lê? Produsente wat jaarliks goeie pryse realiseer, lê nie noodwendig regs (of links) in die figuur nie. Die arbeid wat potensieel die grootse invloed op Page 36 |

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2018

markpryse het, is die arbeiders om die sorteertafels, oftewel sorteer-arbeiders. Figuur 5 dui op die hoeveelheid sakkies wat per sorteer-arbeider per dag hanteer word (In Figuur 4 word alle pakstoorarbeid in ag geneem). Hoewel enkele medewerkers van die nuutste tegnologie in hulle pakstore aanwend, beskik die meerderheid van die medewerkers oor min of meer dieselfde tipe sorteertoerusting. Steeds kom ’n groot variasie voor tussen die onderskeie medewerkers se gemiddelde getal sakkies hanteer per sorteer-arbeider per dag, byvoorbeeld medewerker nr. 10 wat 642 sakkies met een sorteer-arbeider

Ekonomiese Nuus • Economic News

hanteer en medewerker nommer 22 wat 286 sakkies met een sorteer-arbeider per dag hanteer. Die vraag onstaan weereens, wat is die optimale hoeveelheid sakkies om per sorteer-arbeider per dag te hanteer? Die optimale hoeveelheid gaan tussen produksiestreke varieer en selfs tussen medewerkers in dieselfde streek, maar die optimale balans moet gedryf word deur markpryse. In ander streke kom die volgende verskynsel voor: Daar is medewerkers links in Figuur 5 en ook regs wat bo-gemiddelde markpryse behaal. Enige verandering wat in die pakstoor gemaak word, mag nie ’n negatiewe effek op markpryse hê nie. Medewerkers moet dus die hoeveelheid, kwaliteit en sosiale struktuur van die betrokke groep arbeiders so kombineer dat optimale markpryse behaal word. Die invloed van hierdie arbeiders op markpryse het ’n groter finansiële impak op die onderneming as die moontlike kostebesparings wat gemaak word deur eenvoudig minder arbeid om sorteertafels te plaas. Dit gaan dus nie oor die kwantiteit arbeid (getalle) nie, maar oor die kwaliteit van arbeid. Om arbeidskoste te vergelyk, word die arbeidskoste

per sakkie en per hektaar bepaal. Figuur 6 dui op die arbeidskoste per hektaar en onderskei ook tussen die bydrae van arbeidskoste in die stoor en op die land. Let op dat die kostes van al die arbeiders betrokke by die vervoer van aartappels vanaf die land na die pakstoor nie ingesluit is nie, omrede daar ’n groot variasie is tussen medewerkers in terme van afstand en tipe vervoer. Medewerkers regs in die figuur spandeer dus baie minder aan arbeid per hektaar as medewerkers links in die figuur, maar die koste van meganisasie moet in ag geneem word. Die vier medewerkers met die pakstore met ’n hoër vlak van meganisasie as die ander medewerkers, is almal regs in die figuur (laer arbeidskoste). Figuur 7 dui op die onderskeie pakstore se arbeidskoste per sakkie. Die gemiddelde koste per sakkie vir die medewerkers is R0,84 per sakkie. Weereens is daar ’n groot variasie tussen medewerkers en selfs tussen medewerkers met dieselfde tipe toerusting. Medewerker nr. 4 pak teen R0,68 per sakkie teenoor medewerker nr. 19 wat teen R1,17 per sakkie pak. Alle medewerkers maak gebruik van massa-uithalers en die gemiddelde uithaalarbeidskoste per sakkie beloop R0,08 per sakkie. C

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CHIPS • January/February 2018

Page 37

Wat het met aartappels op die varsproduktemarkte

in 2017 gebeur? Pieter van Zyl en Laryssa van der Merwe, Aartappels Suid-Afrika

In Figuur 1 word 2017 se daaglikse beskikbare voorraadvlakke (alle markte en alle klasse) vergelyk met die daaglikse gemiddelde prys (alle markte en alle klasse). Begin Januarie het pryse redelike hoë vlakke behaal, maar daal tot einde Maart (normaal vir daardie tyd van die jaar). Pryse het oor die winter hoofsaaklik sywaarts beweeg (ook normaal vir daardie tyd van die jaar) waarna dit opwaartse druk ervaar het sedert einde Augustus. Die hoogste voorraadvlakke word gewoonlik oor die winter ervaar wanneer die Oos-Vrystaat, Wes-Vrystaat, NoordKaap, en later ook Limpopo in die mark is. Page 38 |

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2018

Die Oos-Vrystaat het dan ook sy grootste oes nog na die markte gestuur gedurende 2017. Figuur 2 dui die negatiewe verband aan tussen verkope op die nasionale varsproduktemarkte en die gemiddelde reële markprys (nadat vir inflasie voorsiening gemaak is). Elke keer wanneer ’n groter oes bemark word, daal die reële prys, of anders om. Let op die groot styging in reële pryse in 2009 en 2016 wat gepaard gegaan het met redelik groot volume dalings. Dit is ook duidelik uit die figuur dat die reële prys oor tyd sywaarts beweeg. Markpryse

Ekonomiese Nuus • Economic News

klop dus nie inflasie nie. Die gemiddelde markpryse vir 2015 en 2017, die twee grootste oeste tot dusver, se reële pryse is relatief laag in vergelyking met ander jare. Die maandelikse verkoopsvolumes op markte word aangedui in Figuur 3. Die twee grootste oeste tot dusver, 2015 en 2017, se volumes word aangedui. Gedurende Junie 2015 is die eerste keer meer as tien miljoen sakkies per maand verkoop. Sedertdien is hierdie kerf verskeie kere oortref. Gedurende Maart tot Junie verlede jaar, toe die Oos-Vrystaat streek die grootste oes tot nog gerealiseer het, is rekordverkope gerealiseer. Verskillende produksiestreke se voorsiening aan varsproduktemarkte In Tabel 1 word die verskillende produksiestreke se verkope op die markte uiteengesit vir die 2017 kalenderjaar, alhoewel sommige streke oor kalenderjare bemark. Dit is duidelik dat Limpopo die streek is wat die markte die meeste ondersteun. Hulle voorsien 31% van alle aartappels op die markte. Limpopo is dan ook die grootste produksiestreek in terme van volumes en plant jaarliks meer as 10 000 hektaar aartappels, alles onder besproeiing. Sowat 60% van hulle totale oes word na die varsproduktemarkte gekanaliseer, terwyl die res plaaslik in die streek verkoop word en na verwerkingsmaatskappye gekanaliseer word. Hulle

stuur ook feitlik net Klas 1 aartappels na die markte, aldus die tabel. In 2017 was 85% van hul aanbieding op die markte Klas 1, feitlik dieselfde syfer as die vorige vyf jaar. Laasgenoemde is dan ook een van die redes hoekom hulle deurgaans elke jaar ’n goeie gemiddelde prys realiseer. In 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013 en 2014 het Limpopo die hoogste gemiddelde prys per sakkie gerealiseer. Ten opsigte van 2006 en 2010 was hulle gemiddelde prys onder die nasionale gemiddeld omrede hulle toe uitermatig groot oeste gerealiseer het (saam met ander streke) en pryse dus onder druk was. Hulle gemiddelde prys vir 2017 was bo die nasionale gemiddelde prys van R34.50 per sakkie. Tydens hulle hoofseisoen lewer hulle maklik 70% van alle aartappels landswyd en is hulle dus eintlik “prysbepalers”. Limpopo se produksiekoste is van die hoogste in die land, onder andere, omdat hulle ver van die markte geleë is. Die nasionale gemiddelde prys van R34.50 per 10 kg sakkie vir 2017 is bykans R12.43 per sakkie laer as die vorige jaar. Sowat 18 miljoen sakkies meer is gedurende 2017 markte toe gestuur vergeleke met 2016, vandaar die laer pryse. Die Oos-Vrystaat was in 2017 die tweede grootste voorsiener van aartappels aan die markte. Gedurende die drie jare, 2010 tot 2012, het hulle elke jaar sowat 14 miljoen 10 kg sakkies markte toe

1 300 000

1 200 000

1 100 000

1 000 000 900 000

800 000

700 000

600 000

Voorraad

13-Dec

23-Nov

03-Nov

16-Oct

26-Sep

05-Sep

16-Aug

26-Jul

06-Jul

15-Jun

26-May

08-May

12-Apr

23-Mar

02-Mar

10-Feb

23-Jan

03-Jan

500 000 400 000

R per 10kg sakkie

Daaglikse beskikbare voorraad

1 400 000

Prys

Figuur 1: RSA daagliks 2017 - Prys (alle klasse) versus beskikbare voorraad

CHIPS • January/February 2018

Page 39

Tabel 1: 2017 kalenderjaar - Voorsiening aan varsproduktemarkte (VPMe) Persentasie van lewerings by VPMe Produksiestreek

Totale sakkies

% van totaal

(10 kg)

Gem prys

Klas 1

Klas 2

Klas 3 en 4

Klas 1 M

(R/10 kg)

Limpopo

36 253 830

31%

38,42

85%

12%

52%

Oos-Vrystaat

22 218 415

19%

28,19

68%

23%

37%

Wes-Vrystaat

18 237 612

15%

30,13

69%

23%

50%

Sandveld

8 500 203

37,39

78%

20%

45%

Suidwes-Vrystaat

6 332 235

40,02

77%

16%

53%

Noord-Kaap

5 483 233

29,51

55%

24%

21%

37%

Kwazulu-Natal

5 194 705

37,05

77%

16%

47%

Noord-Wes

5 172 615

40,94

86%

55%

Gauteng

3 079 737

33,77

78%

17%

45%

Noordoos-Kaap

2 754 933

31,59

64%

22%

14%

40%

Oos-Kaap

1 767 447

40,98

72%

18%

10%

40%

Mpumalanga

1 468 842

35,83

70%

24%

38%

Ceres

856 257

30,86

72%

25%

44%

Suidwes-Kaap

184 523

0,2%

39,17

76%

21%

39%

Suid-Kaap

125 406

0,1%

34,09

58%

31%

11%

31%

Marble Hall

95 632

0,1%

17,53

61%

31%

14%

117 725 624

100%

34,50

75%

18%

47%

Totaal

gestuur. Gedurende 2013 het hulle egter sowat 17 miljoen sakkies, in 2015 sowat 19.5 miljoen sakkies en in 2017 sowat 22.2 miljoen sakkies markte toe gestuur, wat 'n duidelike groeitendens toon. Let op die lae gemiddelde prys van Noord-Kaap, die sesde grootste voorsiener aan die markte. Dit gebeur gereeld dat Noord-Kaap se gemiddelde prys vir die kalenderjaar laer is as die land se gemiddelde prys. Verskillende varsproduktemarkte se verkope In Tabel 2 word 19 varsproduktemarkte se ontvangste, en gevolglik, verkope van aartappels aangetoon vir die 2017 kalenderjaar. Joburg Mark verkoop die meeste, naamlik 39% van die totaal van sowat 118 miljoen sakkies vir die 2017 kalenderjaar. Page 40 |

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2018

In geheel gesien beland na raming effens minder as 60% van alle tafelaartappels op die varsproduktemarkte. Hierdie syfer daal oor die langtermyn en is ’n rede tot kommer, veral aangesien die varsproduktemarkte as “prysbepalers” dien. Die vier grootste markte verkoop sowat 75% van alle aartappels wat na die markte gekanaliseer word. Joburg Mark het nie net die meeste aartappels verkoop nie, maar sy gemiddelde prys van R34.40 per sakkie is min of meer in lyn met die nasionale gemiddeld van R34.50 (sien Tabel 2). Sedert 2007 styg Joburg Mark se markaandeel elke jaar en kon die gemiddelde nasionale prys ook elke jaar geklop word. Tshwane Mark, die tweede grootste mark, het in die vorige twee jaar daarin geslaag om die nasionale gemiddelde prys te klop. In 2010 klop die Tshwane Mark die nasionale prys met een sent per sakkie,

Ekonomiese Nuus • Economic News

125

R 54

115 110

105

100

R 49

103

R 44

R 39

103

R 34

85 80

R 59

2007

2008

R per sakkie

Miljoen sakkies

118

116

120

R 29

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Verkope op markte

2014

2015

2016

2017

R 24

Reële markprys

Figuur 2: Verkoopsvolume versus reële pryse vir aartappels op markte (kalenderjare) 11 000 000 10 500 000 10 000 000

10kg sakkies

9 500 000 9 000 000 8 500 000 8 000 000 7 500 000 7 000 000

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

Mei

Jun

2015

2017

Jul

Aug

Sep

Okt

Nov

Des

Figuur 3: Maandelikse verkoopsvolumes op markte - 2015 (vorige rekord) versus 2017

CHIPS • January/February 2018

Page 41

Ekonomiese Nuus • Economic News

Tabel 2: 2017 kalenderjaar - Verkope op varsproduktemarkte Persentasie van verkope/lewering Varsproduktemark (plek)

Totale sakkies

% van totaal

(10 kg)

Gem prys

Klas 1

Klas 2

Klas 3 en 4

Klas 1 M

(R/10 kg)

Johannesburg

45 371 269

39%

34,40

81%

14%

49%

Pretoria

21 483 535

18%

34,57

73%

20%

45%

Durban

11 197 646

10%

33,79

72%

19%

10%

51%

Kaapstad

9 695 666

35,63

73%

23%

43%

Port Elizabeth

4 067 158

32,69

65%

21%

14%

42%

Springs

3 881 633

33,54

73%

20%

43%

Pietermaritzburg

3 636 334

30,63

59%

26%

14%

36%

Klerksdorp

3 618 982

33,36

68%

23%

44%

Oos-Londen

3 510 416

36,70

70%

17%

13%

45%

Bloemfontein

3 036 356

36,80

73%

19%

49%

Mpumalanga

2 160 062

38,16

79%

18%

50%

Welkom

1 933 468

37,80

70%

17%

13%

42%

Vereeniging

1 621 225

32,48

72%

21%

47%

Witbank

868 455

36,07

78%

17%

43%

Nelspruit

641 657

38,35

74%

25%

43%

George

490 577

0,4%

36,20

77%

17%

32%

Kimberley

326 858

0,3%

35,69

72%

21%

52%

Mthatha

111 368

0,1%

26,45

43%

30%

27%

26%

Uitenhage

72 958

0,1%

29,63

74%

15%

11%

48%

117 725 624

100%

34,50

75%

18%

47%

Totaal

maar vir die voorafgaande jaar was sy gemiddelde prys laer as die nasionale gemiddeld. Die laaste elf jaar kon die Durban Mark net in een jaar die nasionale prys klop, naamlik in 2010. Slotgedagtes Dit belangrik om te besef dat produsente gedurig hul huiswerk sal moet doen oor waarheen om sy/haar aartappels te stuur. Pryse varieer nie net op ’n dag op

Page 42 |

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2018

dieselfde mark nie, maar varieer ook tussen markte. Onthou dat slegs gemiddelde pryse op die tabelle aangedui word en ook net vir die kalenderjaar. Dit is belangrik dat produsente na afloop van elke seisoen sy bemarkingstrategie sal evalueer. Het hy/sy na die regte markte gestuur en hoe vergelyk sy/haar pryse wat hy gerealiseer het met die streek se gemiddeld? Hoe vergelyk sy/haar klasverspreiding met die streek se gemiddeld? Sodanige data is by Aartappels SuidAfrika beskikbaar. C

CHIPS â&#x20AC;¢ January/February 2018

Page 43

Limpopo kultivarproef onder besproeiing op Tom Burke in 2017 Jaco Nel (Produsent), Albert Boneschans en Chantel du Raan (Aartappels Suid-Afrika) Die Limpopo produksiestreek produseer sowat 20% van die totale aartappelproduksie wat die hoogste in Suid-Afrika is. Hierdie streek plant vir die tafel- en verwerkingsmark onder besproeiing. Die streek se bydrae aan die verwerkingbedryf beloop sowat 8%. Die hoofkultivars vir tafelaartappels Page 44 |

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2018

sluit in Mondial, Valor en Sifra terwyl die populêre keuses vir verwerking Hertha, Fianna, Markies en Innovator is. Proewe is op Tom Burke uitgevoer wat feitlik aan Botswana grens. Tom Burke is in 'n tropiese somerreënval gebied geleë met 'n jaarlikse gemiddelde reënval van 371 mm (Figuur 1). Baie

Bedryfsdienste • Industry Services

Figuur 1: Ligging van Tom Burke in die Limpopo produksiegebied warm somers kom voor, terwyl die winters weer koud is met swartryp wat dikwels in Junie en Julie voorkom. Een van die redes waarom hierdie streek so groot bydrae kan maak in die bedryf is die feit dat die streek twee seisoene het. Dit sluit in 'n vroeë aanplanting wat gedurende Januarie tot Maart geplant en vanaf Mei tot Augustus geoes word

asook die hoof-aanplanting wat vanaf April tot en met September geplant en tussen September en April geoes word. Die proefperseel het bestaan uit 'n sandleemgrond en is geplant in 'n ewekansige blokontwerp met drie herhalings. Verdere tegniese inligting rakende die proefperseel en uitleg is opgesom in Tabel 1.

Totale reënval per maand 2017

Langtermyn gemiddelde reënval

Kumulatiewe reënval 2017

Langtermyn kumulatiewe reënval

120

Reënval (mm)

100 80 60 40 20 0 Mei

Plant

Junie

Julie

Augustus September 2017

Oktober

November Oes

Datum Figuur 2: Reënval gedurende die groeiseisoen (2017) asook die langtermyn gemiddelde reënval. CHIPS • January/February 2018

Page 45

Tabel 1: Opsomming van tegniese inligting rakende proefperseel en uitleg. Plaas:

Ratho Boerdery

Boer:

Mnr. Jaco Nel

Plantdatum:

25 Mei 2017

Oesdatum:

1 November 2017

Besproeiing / Droëland:

Besproeiing

Dubbel- of enkelrye:

Dubbelrye

Loofafsterwe:

Natuurlik

Tussen-ryspasiëring:

0.75 m

In-ryspasiëring:

0.30 m

Proefperseel:

15 m2

Plantestand:

44 444 plante / hektaar

Grondtipe:

Sandleem Bemestingsprogram: Voedingswaarde:

Totaal

N (kg/ha)

P (kg/ha)

K (kg/ha)

301

142

106

Dit is belangrik om daarop te let dat groeiperiodes die oesopbrengs van kultivars kan beïnvloed. Groeiperiodes word gedefinieer as die aantal dae van opkoms tot natuurlike loofafsterwe, afhangend van die seisoen. Die presiese tydsberekening van die vyf groeifases (spruitontwikkeling, vegetatiewe groei, knolinisiasie, knolvulling en volwassenheid) hang af van die omgewing en die bestuurspraktyke wat wissel tussen lokaliteite asook kultivars, onder andere as gevolg van verskillende groeiperiodes (Tabel 2). Oesopbrengs en knolgrootte word ook beïnvloed deur die aantal hoofstamme per area en dus deur die aantal moere geplant asook die aantal halms per moer. Die aantal halms per moer is andersyds afhanklik van die aantal ogies, die aantal spruite per ogie en die aantal stamme per spruit. Die aantal ogies per knol is kultivar-afhanklik, terwyl die aantal spruite per ogie en die aantal stamme per spruit beïnvloed word deur die plantgereedheid van die moere. Dit is egter belangrik om daarop te let dat die ogies tussen kultivars varieer. Die kultivars, plantgereedheid van moere, stand (%) en halmtelling van hierdie proef word aangedui in Tabel 2. Temperatuur, dagliglengte en water is die belangrikste abiotiese faktore wat die groeipatroon, opbrengs en kwaliteit van aartappels beïnvloed. Om te bepaal wat die aanpassingsvermoë van nuwe kultivars in die Tom Burke-omgewing is, is dit belangrik om hierdie faktore in aanmerking te neem wanneer die prestasie van verskillende kultivars geëvalueer word. Dit is ook belangrik dat die kultivars vir 'n aantal seisoene geëvalueer Page 46 |

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2018

word omdat klimaat van seisoen tot seisoen verskil. Daaglikse weerdata is verkry vanaf die Hanoverstasie op die proefperseel terwyl die langtermyn-weerdata verkry is vanaf die LNR se Swartwaterstasie (-22.85186, 28.19898). Die kumulatiewe reënval gedurende die 2017-groeiseisoen was deurentyd laer as die langtermyn gemiddelde reënval. Die meeste reën het voorgekom gedurende Oktober en November (tydens die einde van vullingstydperk en skilset) in vergelyking met die langtermyn-data (Figuur 2). Die minimum- en maksimumtemperature (Figuur 3) vir die 2017-groeiseisoen het dieselfde patroon as vorige jare gevolg met die uitsondering dat die maksimumtemperature vanaf Mei tot Augustus laer was, terwyl die minimumtemperature effens hoër was in vergelyking met die langtermyn-data. Aan die einde (laaste twee maande) van die groeiseisoen het beide die minimum- en maksimumtemperatuur aansienlik gewissel en was dit vir 'n aantal dae tussen 35-40°C. Wanneer die temperatuur bo 29°C styg, sal min of selfs geen knolgroei voorkom nie as gevolg van die feit dat die koolhidrate gebruik word vir respirasie. Hierdie jaar is daar nie rypskade ondervind gedurende die groeiseisoen nie. Hitte-eenhede is ook 'n

Bedryfsdienste • Industry Services

Tabel 2: Karaktereienskappe rakende groeiperiode, plantgereedheid, stand (%) en halmtellings vir elke kultivar in 2017. Kultivar

Groeiperiode (Dae)1

Plantgereedheid2

Stand (%)

Halms per plant

Halms per hektaar

Allison

Medium tot lank

(120)

100

4.8

213 331

Almera

Kort

(85)

3.6

159 998

Challenger

Medium

(110)

100

3.4

151 110

Fandango

Medium tot lank

(120)

2.6

115 554

Fianna

Medium tot lank

(120)

100

177 776

Georgina

Medium

(90-110)

1.9

84 444

Jelly

Medium tot lank

(120)

3.7

164 443

Joly

Medium

(100-110)

100

2.9

128 888

Labadia

Kort tot medium

(100)

1.7

75 555

Libertie

Medium

(90-110)

2.5

111 110

Markies

Medium

(110)

1.5

66 666

Mondeo

Medium

(90-110)

100

5.5

244 442

Mondial

Kort tot medium

(95-100)

3.4

151 110

Panamera

Kort tot medium

(95-100)

2.3

102 221

Rumba

Medium

(90-110)

3.8

168 887

Sifra

Kort tot medium

(90-100)

133 332

Valor

Medium

(100-110)

2.8

124 443

Algemene riglyne en kategorieë (dae van opkoms tot natuurlike loofafsterwe, afhangend van die seisoen): Kort = 70-90 dae; Kort tot Medium = 80-100 dae; Medium = 90-110 dae; Medium tot Lank = 90-120; Lank = 90-140 dae. 2 Plantgereedheid van moere 1 – Vars; 2 – Effens vars; 3 – Plantgereed; 4 – Effens oud; 5 – Oud. 1

CHIPS • January/February 2018

Page 47

belangrike faktor om in ag te neem aangesien die ontwikkeling van die plant hoofsaaklik gebaseer is op die versameling van hitte-eenhede. Daar word dus aanvaar dat die plant 'n sekere aantal hitteeenhede moet versamel om 'n ontwikkelingsfase te voltooi. Die hitte-eenhede van die 2017-groeiseisoen het omtrent dieselfde patroon gevolg as die langtermyngemiddelde hitte-eenhede en word aangedui in Figuur 4. Aan die einde van die seisoen was die langtermyn-data se kumulatiewe hitte-eenhede 6% hoër as die kumulatiewe hitte-eenhede van betrokke jaar se seisoen.

opbrengsprestasie word as 'n persentasie van die proefgemiddeld uitgedruk (opbrengsindeks). Die gemiddelde opbrengs (54.2 t/ha) vir die 2017-seisoen was 9.2 t/ha laer in vergelyking met die proefgemiddelde van die vorige twee jaar (59.4 t/ha). Gedurende die 2017-proewe (Figuur 5) het die kultivars Valor, Mondeo, Fandango, Panamera, Allison en Mondial die hoogste opbrengste gelewer. Sifra en Libertie het andersyds die swakste opbrengste gelewer. Libertie se swak prestasie kan moontlik toegeskryf word aan 'n stand van 45%. Hoër opbrengste as die proefgemiddeld (54.2 t/ha) was behaal deur die kultivars Valor, Mondeo, Fandango, Panamera, Allison, Mondial, Rumba, Joly, Fianna en Georgina.

Die opbrengsdata is statisties verwerk met behulp van die GenStat® program en die gemiddelde was geskei deur gebruik te maak van die Tukey KBV-toets. Die kultivareffek ten opsigte van die 2017-proewe (Figuur 5) was statisties hoogs-beduidendend (p<0.01) ten opsigte van opbrengs terwyl die koëffisiënt van variasie baie laag was (8.3%). Dit dui aan dat die proewe uitstekend uitgevoer is en die resultate betroubaar is. Die proefgemiddeld van al die kultivars word as 100% geneem. Die opbrengs van die individuele kultivars word dan deur die proefgemiddeld gedeel en elke kultivar se

Ten einde die prestasie van die kultivars in terme van opbrengs en kwaliteit te bepaal, is die opbrengs, groottegroepverspreiding en klas gebruik om teen die gemiddelde markpryse vir die betrokke dag 'n bemarkingsindeks te bereken. Die opbrengs, vermenigvuldig met die heersende prys wat bepaal word deur die grootteverspreiding en gradering, gee die bemarkingsindeks (Figuur 5). Valor, gevolg deur

Maksimum temperatuur 2017

Minimum temperatuur 2017

Langtermyn gemiddelde maksimum temperatuur

Langtermyn gemiddelde minimum temperatuur

Temperatuur (°C)

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 09-May-16 15-May-16 21-May-16 27-May-16 02-Jun-16 08-Jun-16 14-Jun-16 20-Jun-16 26-Jun-16 02-Jul-16 08-Jul-16 14-Jul-16 20-Jul-16 26-Jul-16 01-Aug-16 07-Aug-16 13-Aug-16 19-Aug-16 25-Aug-16 31-Aug-16 06-Sep-16 12-Sep-16 18-Sep-16 24-Sep-16 30-Sep-16 06-Oct-16 12-Oct-16 18-Oct-16 24-Oct-16 30-Oct-16 05-Nov-16

Plant

2017

Oes

Datum

Figuur 3: Minimum- en maksimumtemperatuur (°C) gedurende die groeiseisoen (2017) asook langtermyn.

Page 48 |

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2018

Bedryfsdienste â&#x20AC;˘ Industry Services

Totale hitte-eenhede 2017

Langtermyn gemiddelde hitte-eenhede

Kumulatiewe hitte-eenhede 2017

Langtermyn kumulatiewe hitte-eenhede

4000

Hitte-eenhede

3500

3000 7%

2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Mei

Junie

Julie

Plant

Augustus

September

Oktober

2017

November Oes

Maand *Totale hitte-eenhede spesifiek bepaal vir aartappels (drumpel temperatuur = 5Â°C) as gewas [bereken vanaf uurlikse data]. Figuur 4: Hitte-eenhede gedurende die groeiseisoen (2017) asook langtermyngemiddeld. Opbrengsindeks (%)

Bemarkingsindeks (%) 126.3 a

Valor

121.5 ab

Opbrengs verskil nie statisties nie

Mondeo Fandango Panamera Allison

118.2 a-c 113.4 a-d 112.8 a-e 111.0 a-f

Mondail

105.6 c-g

Kultivar

Rumba

104.7 c-h

Joly

101.8 c-i

Fianna

100.1 c-j

Georgina

95.3 d-k

Labadia Jelly

92.5 g-l

Challenger

91.8 j-m 87.8 k-n

Markies

Proefgemiddeld = 54.2 t/ha

85.6 k-o Opbrengs verskil nie

Libertie Sifra

statisties nie

Almera

75.0 l-p 56.7 p

p < 0.01 KBV = 18.5 KV% = 8.3

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Opbrengs- en bemarkingsindeks as persentasie van die proefgemiddeld (%) vir 2017

*Waardes gevolg deur dieselfde letter is nie beduidend verskillend van mekaar nie. Figuur 5. Totale opbrengs en bemarkingsindeks per kultivar as persentasie van die proefgemiddeld. CHIPS â&#x20AC;˘ January/February 2018

Page 49

Mondeo, het die hoogste bemarkingsindeks behaal wat toegeskryf kan word aan 'n hoë opbrengs en 'n hoë persentasie groot aartappels (Figuur 7) wat die kultivar gelewer het. Dit is opvallend dat Fianna 'n laer bemarkingsindeks het as gevolg van 'n laagste persentasie groot aartappels (Figuur 7). Sifra en Libertie het egter die laagste bemarkingsindeks getoon hoofsaaklik omdat die kultivar 'n lae opbrengs gehad het. Groottegroepverspreiding en gradering is ook van die faktore wat gebruik word om aartappels te klas, daarom is dit belangrike faktore om in ag te neem om optimale ekonomies-bemarkbare opbrengs te verseker. In Figuur 7 word die groottegroepverspreiding, in Figuur 8 die gradering van die opbrengs en in Tabel 3 die hoofredes vir afkeuring van die onderskeie kultivars aangetoon. Die LINTUL-POTATO-DSS plantgroei-model is gebruik om potensiële aartappelopbrengste te bereken, wat gedefinieer word as die teoretiese boonste opbrengsgrens in 'n situasie waar water, voedingstowwe en biologiese faktore optimaal is vir die seisoen waarin die proef gegroei het. Dit stel ons in staat om te evalueer hoe die werklike opbrengs behaal in die proef vergelyk met gesimuleerde

potensiële opbrengste. Die kontrole-kultivar, Mondial, is gebruik om die potensiële aartappelopbrengs van 74.4 t/ha te bereken, soos beïnvloed deur die spesifieke area se omgewingsfaktore (grondtipe, klimaat, plant en oesdatum, ens.). Die verskil tussen die potensiële- en werklike proefopbrengs verwys na die opbrengsgaping. Dit illustreer tot watter mate produsente hul omgewing en beskikbare hulpbronne optimaal benut om hoë opbrengs te behaal. Die verhouding tussen die werklike:potensiële opbrengskoers het 73% bereik en het dus 'n klein opbrengs-gaping wat daarop dui dat die beskikbare omgewing doeltreffend benut word. Daar is dus minimale geleenthede vir verdere toename in opbrengste. Die potensiële opbrengs van die Tom Burke 2017-proef is aansienlik laer as ander produksieareas. Dit kan deels verklaar word deur die bestudering van daglengte. Die proef (geleë op die 20 breedtegraad) is geplant en geoes in die tydperk waar die daglengte tussen 10.8 en 11.7 ure gewissel het (Figuur 6). Aan die begin van die seisoen het die kort dae knolinisiasie gestimuleer terwyl die vegetatiewe stadium negatief beïnvloed is. Die kort

Figuur 6. Daglengte gedurende elke maand vir die Tom Burke-area geleë op die 20 breedtegraad

Page 50 |

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2018

Bedryfsdienste â&#x20AC;˘ Industry Services

Baby

Klein

Medium

Groot medium

Groot

Proefgemiddeld

Grootteverspreiding (t/ha) in 2017

Proefgemiddeld van vorige 3 jaar = 59.4 t/ha

2017 = 54.2 t/ha

50 40 30 20 10 0

Kultivar

Figuur 7. Groottegroepverspreiding van elke kultivar tydens finale oes.

Uitskot

Klas 3

Klas 2

Klas 1

Proefgemiddeld

Proefgemiddeld van vorige 3 jaar = 59.4 t/ha

Gradering (t/ha) vir 2017

2017 = 54.2 t/ha 50 40 30 20 10 0

Kultivar

Figuur 8. Gradering van elke kultivar tydens finale oes. CHIPS â&#x20AC;˘ January/February 2018

Page 51

Tabel 3: Hoofredes vir afgradering tydens die 2017 Tom Burke oes.

Challenger

Fandango

Fianna x

Jelly

x x

x x x

x (Baie)

Mondeo

Mondial

Panamera

Rumba Sifra Valor

fotoperiodes veroorsaak 'n korter groeiseisoen en dus minder tyd vir vegetatiewe groei, wat minder fotosintese en laer opbrengste tot gevolg het. Dit is opvallend dat daar baie motskade op al die kultivars voorgekom het. Dit kan moontlik toegeskryf word aan die feit dat die proef lank gelĂŞ het na loofafsterwe. Hoe langer die aartappels in die grond gelaat word, hoe groter is die risiko van infestasie. Probleme was ook ondervind met die besproeiing tydens die groeiseisoen wat krake, selfs mikroskopies klein, kon veroorsaak het wat toegang vir die larwes bied. Dit is ook belangrik om te let op die kultivars se Page 52 |

CHIPS â&#x20AC;˘ Januarie/Februarie 2018

x x (Baie)

x x

Stingelent verrotting

x (Baie)

Puntjie vrot

Misvorming

Motskade

Meganiese beskadiging

Libertie Markies

x x

Joly Labadia

Los skil

Lentiselvergroting

Verrotting

Almera

Georgina

Insekskade

Vergroening

Allison

Hergroei

Kultivar

Hoofrede vir afgradering

vermoĂŤ om konsekwent te presteer, ongeag fluktuasies in die klimaat oor tyd. In Figuur 9 word die drie-jaar data aangetoon vir die kultivarproewe in Tom Burke produksie-area. Dit blyk dat die kultivars Labadia, Panamera en Mondeo die minste variasie toon vir die Tom Burke produksie-area. Verder is dit ook belangrik om op die interne kwaliteit van die produk te fokus om optimale ekonomiesbemarkbare opbrengs, en dus winsgewendheid, te verseker. Dit sluit belangrike faktore in soos die prosesseringseienskappe, soortlike gewig (SG) asook inwendige defekte (holhart, bruinvlek en vaatbundelverkleuring) wat opgesom word in Tabel 4. Gedurende die 2017-groeiseisoen het al die

Bedryfsdienste â&#x20AC;˘ Industry Services

2017

2016

2015

Opbrengs as persentasie van die proefgemiddeld (%)

160.0 140.0 120.0 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 Sifra

Almera

Markies

Labadia

Mondail

Panamera

Mondeo

Valor

Kultivar

Figuur 9. Prestasie van kultivars oor drie jaar uitgedruk as persentasie van die proefgemiddeld. kultivars behalwe vir Allison, Mondeo en Valor, aan die skyfiekleurnorm van >50 vir prosessering voldoen. Wat die soortlike gewig (SG) betref het die kultivars Challenger, Fianna, Labadia, Markies, Mondial, Panamera, Rumba en Sifra aan die norm van â&#x2030;Ľ1.075

vir prosessering voldoen. In die geval van inwendige defekte, het 20% holhart by die kultivars Challenger, Fandango, Labadia en Sifra voorgekom terwyl 80% bruinvlek by Allison en Libertie voorgekom het (Figuur 10). C

CHIPS â&#x20AC;˘ January/February 2018

Page 53

Tabel 4. Kook- en prosesseringseienskappe en interne kwaliteit van opbrengs vir 2017 (Uitgevoer deur LNR-Roodeplaat). Kultivar

Vleeskleur

Skyfiekleur1

SG2

Droë materiaal (%)3

Holhart (%)

Bruinvlek (%)

Allison

Room

1.071

18.3

Almera

Room

1.061

16.2

Challenger

Liggeel

1.079

20.0

Fandango

Room

1.069

17.9

Wit

1.090

22.3

Donker geel

1.066

17.2

Jelly

Geel

1.069

17.9

Joly

Wit

1.068

17.6

Labadia

Room

1.076

19.4

Libertie

Wit

1.068

17.7

Markies

Geel

1.081

20.4

Mondeo

Room

1.068

17.6

Mondial

Room

1.076

19.3

Panamera

Ligeel

1.076

19.3

Rumba

Geel

1.090

22.4

Sifra

Room

1.078

19.7

Valor

Room

1.071

18.2

Fianna Georgina

Skyfiekleur met waarde >50 en sonder defekte is aanvaarbaar vir die

droëskyfiebedryf. Soortlike gewig van >1.075 is aanvaarbaar vir die prosesseringsbedryf.

Die persentasie droë materiaal is 'n berekende waarde:

DM% = 24.182 + 211.04 * (SG-1.0988) Die werklike persentasiewaarde sal effens verskil tussen variëteite gebaseer op hierdie berekeningswaarde.

Page 54 |

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2018

≥ Norm (Aanvaarbaar vir prosessering) < Norm (Onaanvaarbaar vir prosessering)

Bedryfsdienste â&#x20AC;˘ Industry Services

Figuur 10: Vleeskleur en interne kwaliteit van opbrengs vir 2017 op Tom Burke

Allison

Almera

Challenger

Fandango

Fianna

Georgina

Jelly

Joly

Labadia

Libertie

Markies

Mondeo

Mondial

Panamera

Rumba

Sifra

Valor

CHIPS â&#x20AC;˘ January/February 2018

Page 55

KwaZulu-Natal potato workgroup cultivar viewing at Cedara Louis Pretorius and Dr Fienie Niederwieser, Potatoes South Africa The KwaZulu-Natal potato workgroup organised a highly successful cultivar viewing day at Cedara on 19 January 2018 which was attended by potato farmers and representatives of the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and potato seed companies that supplied the seed potatoes for the trial. Page 56 |

CHIPS â&#x20AC;˘ Januarie/Februarie 2018

A statistical trial consisting of 17 potato cultivars from four different seed companies was planted with three replicates. In addition to the three replicates in the trail, an additional replicate that was not sprayed for any pests and diseases, was also planted for interesting observations. Two plants were removed

Kontreinuus â&#x20AC;˘ Regional News

from each replicate and put on display during the viewing day. The day was very well timed as visitors could not only see the quality of the tubers of each cultivars, but also the vigour of the plants. The plants of some cultivar have completely died-off, whereas plants of others were still green and growing. The climate at Cedara is conducive to both early and late blight. This trial thus offered the ideal opportunity to evaluate cultivars for tolerance to the effect of these two foliage diseases. Apart from the commercial farmers, a number of emerging farmers also attended who were accompanied to the trial plots by workgroup members, explaining the different traits of each cultivar. Aerial footage was also taken using a drone for more information and will be available at the 2018 Potato Research Symposium. C

Visitors to the workgroup cultivar evaluation trail in Cedara. Note the plots where cultivars have died-off already, and plots where plants are still growing.

Tubers of two plants were removed so that visitors could view the quality of the tubers of each cultivar.

Small scale farmers had the opportunity to identify cultivars that may be suited to low input farming situations. CHIPS â&#x20AC;˘ January/February 2018

Page 57

Rot during storage due to post-harvest pathogens Ferdus Erasmus, Potato Certification Service Regional Manager: KwaZulu-Natal and North Eastern Cape It is the beginning of a new year and some of our production areas are already harvesting or about to start. This is what you need to know about Storage Rot to have a successful harvesting season. Huge losses occur due to Storage Rot across our production areas, up to 15 % annually have been reported and if not managed properly, the disease can influence the next crop.

Fusarium dry rot losses is not limited to storage, as infection can also occur during the planting process. If seed is infected during storage or cut tubers start to rot, this can cause poor emergence. Fusarium spores can also build up in the soil and can cause further infections, for example: Fusarium Wilt, which under hot, dry conditions can lead to 100% infection that can in turn potentially lead to huge losses.

Dry rot is caused by two pathogens: Fusarium (Dry Rot) and Phoma Gangrene. Depending on the time of year, one of these pathogens causes dry rot in storage. Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum are the main Fusarium spp. and occur wide-spread in South African soils. Phoma exigua (Gangrene) is not as common, but is still a very aggressive storage disease.

Spores are in almost all soils and it is best to limit the increase of spores by avoiding the planting of infected seed. The pathogen enters a tuber through wounds during harvesting, sorting and transportation. Rotting can happen before harvesting if potatoes are injured by nematodes or other insects. The first symptoms are noticeable after 2-4 weeks under favourable

Page 58 |

CHIPS â&#x20AC;˘ Januarie/Februarie 2018

ASD • PCS

temperatures are common. Therefore, care must be taken during harvesting processes to limit injuries as far as possible and keep storage temperatures low.

Figure 1. Fusarium Dry Rot

Gangrene is caused by Phoma exigua var. foveate and Phoma exigua var. exigua. Var. exigua is the less aggressive pathogen. Gangrene is similar to Fusarium in its methods of infection and the timing thereof. The main difference between the two pathogens is that Gangrene develops at lower temperatures and Fusarium at higher temperatures. This is important for producers to know if harvesting takes place from winter into spring. Gangrene can develop if temperatures are below 12˚C whilst harvesting, followed by storage temperatures between 2˚C 10˚C, which speeds up disease development. Higher storage temperatures suppress the development of Gangrene, but favours Fusarium (Dry Rot). Therefore, it is very important to know which storage pathogen is present when harvesting. In Figures 2 and 3, note how similar the symptoms are to Fusarium and how easily it can be treated as Fusarium during sorting.

Figure 2. Gangrene (Photo: UNECE)

How to manage these diseases: • A well-known control measure is to limit mechanical damage. • Refrain from harvesting when potatoes are not physiologically ready. • Do not harvest in soils which are either too wet or too dry. • Store potatoes after packing at the correct temperatures for curing (13-16˚C with high relative humidity) for ten days. In the case of Gangrene, store potatoes at 15-20˚C after curing. • Use recommended fungicide for treatment, especially when cutting of potatoes is planned. • In the case of Fusarium control, plant cut potatoes in cool, moist soil. It is recommended that cut potatoes should only be planted from winter to spring. C Sources:

Figure 3. Gangrene (Photo: UNECE)

conditions. However, if post-harvest temperatures are between 15˚C - 25˚C with high humidity (90-98%), the disease development will speed up and symptoms are noticeable within one week after infection. For our summer harvesting production areas, these

Denner, FDN; C Millard & JE van der Waals. 2012. Fungal diseases on potato. In: Guide to Potato Production in South Africa. Eds: FDN Denner, SL Venter & JG Niederwieser. Published by ARC-VOP and Potatoes South Africa UNECE: Guide to Seed Potato Diseases, Pests and Defects Geneva: United Nations

CHIPS • January/February 2018

Page 59

Prokon Nuus Gedurende November en Desember 2017 het 16 aartappelproduksiestreke asook nie-produserende verskaffers aartappels aan die varsproduktemarkte landwyd gelewer STREEK

SAKKIES GELEWER

DRIE HOOF KULTIVARS

11.76%

1 852 397

Mondial (63.57%) Sifra (21.35%) Valor (4.97%)

4.59%

CERES

0.21%

33 700

Sifra (88.53%) Mondial (11.43%)

12.13%

Poeierskurf (40.86%) Grootte (32.26%) Te groot (26.87%)

SUIDWESKAAP

0.07%

11 462

Lanorma (100%)

30.27%

Uintjies (100%)

NOORDKAAP

0.09%

14 345

Valor (74.38%) Mondial (25.62%)

OOS-KAAP

4.29%

SANDVELD

Page 60 |

% VAN LEWERINGS

Mondial (59.55%) 675 970 Sifra (34.91%) Labadia (2.65%)

CHIPS â&#x20AC;¢ Januarie/Februarie 2018

% AFMERKINGS

0.00%

HOOFREDES VIR AFMERKINGS Verbruining (44.40%) Meganiese beskadiging (20.62%) Bruinskurf (7.97%)

Geen

Vergroening (58.68%) 2.02% Uintjies (16.07%) Sandspleet (8.04%)

PROKON

STREEK

% VAN LEWERINGS

SAKKIES GELEWER

DRIE HOOF KULTIVARS

% AFMERKINGS

HOOFREDES VIR AFMERKINGS

SUID-KAAP

0.18%

Valor (65.93%) 28 816 Mondial (19.71%) Sifra (14.35%)

0.00% Geen

NOORDOOSKAAP

0.09%

14 520

Sifra (61.57%) Mondial (38.43%)

0.00% Geen

WES-VRYSTAAT

0.97%

Mondial (62.74%) 153 135 Sifra (33.87%) Electra (2.30%)

OOS-VRYSTAAT

0.55%

Sifra (66.31%) 86 669 Electra (24.11%) Mondial (9.57%)

SUIDWESVRYSTAAT

5.23%

Sifra (91.81%) 823 860 Mondial (6.05%) Valor (1.59%)

KWAZULUNATAL

7.17%

Mondial (37.92%) 1 129 713 Valor (35.97%) Sifra (12.89%)

MPUMALANGA

3.15%

Valor (48.07%) 495 956 Mondial (46.22%) Sifra (4.65%)

Verbruining (27.19%) 5.23% Meganiese beskadiging (26.71%) Te klein (20.34%)

51.70%

Mondial (75.31%) 8 146 150 Sifra (10.15%) Valor (5.85%)

Meganiese beskadiging (51.42%) 3.82% Vergroening (7.30%) Sandspleet (7.02%)

NOORDWES

4.19%

Sifra (71.97%) 659 834 Mondial (22.94%) Lanorma (4.08%)

Meganiese beskadiging (42.58%) 6.03% Vergroening (21.29%) Aartappelmot (10.84%)

GAUTENG

2.94%

Sifra (80.02%) 463 035 Mondial (16.94%) Lanorma (1.57%)

Meganiese beskadiging (37.37%) 6.33% Bruinskurf (34.43%) Vergroening (10.31%)

LOSKOPVALLEI

0.47%

NIEPRODUSERENDE VERSKAFFERS

Mondial (41.19%) 6.93% 1 091 750 Sifra (28.43%) Valor (8.41%)

LIMPOPO

Mondial (78.58%) 74 066 Markies (17.58%) Up-to-Date (3.83%)

Bruinskurf (43.32%) 9.36% Lentisel-beskadiging (16.87%) Bederf (11.44%) Aartappelmot (44.29%) 20.34% Verlep (14.35%) Bederf (9.36%) Aartappelmot (26.59%) 4.50% Meganiese beskadiging (22.74%) Lentisel-beskadiging (10.81%) Grondbesmetting (18.69%) 4.51% Vergroening (18.52%) Poeierskurf 16.53(%)

Meganiese beskadiging (37.54%) 21.03% Aalwurm (23.87%) Bederf (18.17%) Meganiese beskadiging (33.25%) 17.11% Bederf (21.04%) Verbruining (16.89%)

Relevante statistiek ten opsigte van lewering gedurende November / Desember 2017 is soos volg: • • • •

15 755 378 sakkies vanuit 16 streke asook die nie-produserende verskaffers is aan die varsproduktemarkte landwyd gelewer. 368 117 sakkies het nie aan die voorgeskrewe merkvereistes voldoen nie. Dit was 147 943 sakkies meer as gedurende September / Oktober waartydens 220 174 sakkies nie voldoen het nie. 118 751 sakkies het nie die nodige kultivar aangedui nie, wat aansienlik meer is as die 31 984 sakkies vir September / Oktober 2017. Die verslag toon 'n verlaging in die gemiddelde persentasie afmerkings van 5.30% teenoor die 7.33% vir September / Oktober 2017.

Totale aantal sakkies gelewer in November / Desember 2017 = 15 755 378

Gemiddelde persentasie afgemerk 5.30%

CHIPS • January/February 2018

Page 61

Prokon Nuus STREEKLEWERINGS OP VARSPRODUKTEMARKTE: 1 NOVEMBER - 31 DESEMBER 2017 SANDVELD 11,76%

3,76%

2,94%

OOS-KAAP SUIDWES-VRYSTAAT KWAZULU-NATAL

4,29%

4,12%

5,23%

MPUMALANGA LIMPOPO

7,17% 3,15%

51,70%

NOORDWES GAUTENG NIE-PRO.VERSKAFFERS

ANDER: CERES (0.21%), SUIDWES-KAAP (0.07%), NOORD-KAAP (0.09%), SUID-KAAP (0.18%), NOORDOOSKAAP (0.09%), WES-VRYSTAAT (0.97%), OOS-VRYSTAAT (0.55%), LOSKOPVALLEI (0.47%).

AFMERKINGS PER STREEK OP VARSPRODUKTEMARKTE: 1 NOVEMBER - 31 DESEMBER 2017

21,03%

17,11%

4,59%

12,13% 30,27%

6,33%

6,03% 2,02%

3,82%

5,23% 4,51%

4,50%

20,34%

9,36%

ANDER MET MINDER AS 0% AFMERKINGS: NOORD-KAAP (0.00), SUID-KAAP (0.00%), NOORDOOS-KAAP (0.00%) Page 62 |

CHIPS â&#x20AC;¢ Januarie/Februarie 2018

SANDVELD CERES SUIDWES-KAAP OOS-KAAP WES-VRYSTAAT OOS-VRYSTAAT SUIDWES-KAAP KWAZULU-NATAL MPUMALANGA LIMPOPO NOORDWES GAUTENG LOSKOPVALLEI NIE PROD. VERSKAFFERS

PROKON

HOOF KULTIVARS GELEWER OP VARSPRODUKTEMARKTE: 1 NOVEMBER - 31 DESEMBER 2017 0,36% 0,52% 1,25% 3,01%

SIFRA VALOR

0,36% 0,35%

LANORMA BP1

1,81%

1,42%

MONDIAL

UP-TO-DATE HERTHA

8,58%

ELECTRA 58,92%

MARKIES FIANNA

23,43%

ANDER

ANDER: AVALANCHE, INOVA, PANAMERA, SYNERGY, LADY ROSETTA, TAISYA, MONDEO, SAVANA, PLATINA, ALMERA, SHEPODY, PENTLAND DELL, SERENADE, BUFFELSPOORT.

REDES VIR AFMERKINGS OP VARSPRODUKTEMARKTE: 1 NOVEMBER - 31 DESEMBER 2017 MEGANIESE BESK. VERBRUINING

3,29%

VERGROENING

12,04%

2,70%

35,53%

BRUINSKURF

4,27%

NERF-AF/LOS

AARTAPPELMOT

4,34%

SANDSPLETE 10,90%

4,40%

5,64%

BEDERF

8,15%

8,74%

SILVERSKURF TE KLEIN ANDER

ANDER: LENTISEL, GROOTTE, POEIERSKURF, GRONDBESMEER, AALWURM, UINTJIES, INSEK BESKADIGING, TE

GROOT, VERLEP, ANTRAKNOSE, RHIZOCTONI, HOLHART, SKILAALWURM, WATERIGHEID, VOORKOMS, GB KNOLLE, STINGELENT, MISVORMD, UITGELOOP, BESMET/BESMEER, DROE VROT, BINNE BRUIN VLEK, HITTE SKADE.

CHIPS â&#x20AC;¢ January/February 2018

Page 63

Uitkontrakteer jou arbeidsrisiko – wat is die opsies? Ansofie van der Walt Werkgewers moet daagliks besigheidsrisiko’s bestuur ten einde die onderneming se winsgewendheid en volhoubaarheid te verseker. Om aan arbeidswetgewing te voldoen is nie onderhandelbaar nie en hou ’n groot besigheidsrisiko in vir die werkgewer. Beperkende arbeidsregulasies is deur sakelui aangewys as een van die mees problematiese faktore as dit kom by die doen van besigheid in SuidAfrika. Dit is baie belangrik om in ag te neem watter rol arbeid in die werksomgewing speel en te verstaan dat wetgewing tot die werkgewer se voordeel gebruik kan word om die besigheid te beskerm. Vandag is dit ’n moderne tendens onder besigheidseienaars om op kernaktiwiteite te fokus en nie-kernaktiwiteite uit te kontrakteer, soos byvoorbeeld sekuriteit, belasting, vervoer, bemarking, ensovoorts. Die nakoming van arbeidswetgewing verg spesialiskennis en daarom beveel ons aan dat werkgewers arbeidsrisiko uitkontrakteer aan kundiges wat leiding kan gee waar nodig en sodoende regsaanspreeklikheid kan beperk. Wat is die opsies?

opsies wat die werkgewer kan oorweeg, naamlik die plaaslike prokureur, ’n arbeidskonsultant, ’n ongeregistreerde werkgewersorganisasie, of ’n werkgewersorganisasie wat geregistreer is by die Departement van Arbeid. Wanneer die werkgewer ’n keuse uitoefen, moet die volgende oorweeg word: • Kan die instelling werkgewers verteenwoordiging by die KVBA, bedingingsrade en arbeidshof? • Beskik die instelling oor spesialiskennis in terme van arbeidsreg? • Lewer die instelling spesialisdienste op die werkgewer se perseel, met toepaslike ervaring op die gebied van arbeidsreg? • Bied die instelling ’n koste-effektiewe oplossing? • Hoe lank bestaan die instelling al en hoe word die instelling se voortbestaan verseker? • Is daar bestuurskontinuïteit in die instelling? • Kan die werkgewer insette tot die bestuur van die instelling lewer? Hoekom ’n geregistreerde werkgewersorganisasie?

Die arbeidsomgewing in Suid-Afrika bied vele uitdagings waar werkgewers aan ’n spektrum van arbeidswette moet voldoen, onder andere die Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge, Basiese Diensvoorwaardes, Billike Werksgeleenthede, Beroepsgesondheid en -veiligheid, Werkloosheidsversekeringsfonds, Vaardigheidsontwikkeling, Vergoeding vir Beroepsbeserings en -siekte, asook die Sektorale Vasstelling of Bedingingsraadooreenkoms waar van toepassing (Sektorale Vasstelling 13 is van toepassing op die Landbousektor).

Wanneer bogenoemde oorweeg word, is dit duidelik dat ’n geregistreerde werkgewersorganisasie die beste opsie is. Die Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge reguleer kollektiewe regte en bied beskerming teen arbeidswanpraktyke. Hierdie wet reguleer ook vakbonde en werkgewersorganisasies en vestig sleutel geskilbeslegtingsagentskappe soos die Kommissie vir Versoening, Bemiddeling en Arbitrasie (KVBA) en arbeidshowe. Wanneer ’n werkgewersorganisasie geregistreer is by die Departement van Arbeid rus daar sekere verpligtinge op die organisasie wat definitiewe voordele inhou vir werkgewers wat aan die organisasie behoort.

As die besigheidseienaar dus die besluit neem om die bestuur van arbeidsrisiko wel uit te kontrakteer en nie intern die kapasiteit skep nie, is daar verskeie

Hierdie verpligtinge en voordele sluit in dat ’n geregistreerde werkgewersorganisasie: • Gemagtig is om werkgewers te verteenwoordig in

Page 64 |

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2018

Algemeen • General

• • • •

die KVBA, bedingingsrade en die arbeidshof. Slegs fokus op suiwer arbeidsregtelike dienste vir die werkgewer. Die Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge lê streng riglyne neer rondom dit wat vervat word in ’n geregistreerde werkgewersorganisasie se konstitusie, waarvolgens die organisasie deurlopend moet handel. Hierdie konstitusie moet aanvaar word deur die Departement van Arbeid met registrasie. Slegs werkgewers mag bystaan met arbeidsregtelike dienste. As lede-organisasie gestruktureer is. Die organisasie bestaan dus uit lede wat almal werkgewers is en gevolglik in die posisie is om die organisasie te bestuur met eerstehandse ervaring ten opsigte van die unieke uitdagings en behoeftes van werkgewers in Suid-Afrika. Bestuur word uit eie geledere verkies wat bestuurskontinuïteit verseker. Die organisasie moet ook jaarliks die ledetal en samestelling van lede asook besonderhede van die raad aan die Departement van Arbeid bekend maak. ’n Organisasie sonder winsbejag moet wees, wat bepaal dat die finansies bestuur word in die belang van lede. Die finansiële state moet jaarliks geoudit word deur ’n ouditeur volgens die maatstawwe en standaarde van algemeen aanvaarde rekeningkundige praktyke, beginsels en prosedures en ook ingedien word by die Registrateur van Arbeidsverhoudinge van die Departement van Arbeid.

Tipiese dienste van ’n geregistreerde werkgewersorganisasie sluit in: • Doelontwerpte dienskontrakte en alle ander arbeidsregtelike dokumentasie word verskaf Die dienskontrak is die basis van die verhouding tussen die werkgewer en die werknemer en bevestig skriftelik die diensvoorwaardes waarop ooreengekom is tydens die aanstelling. Dit is uiters belangrik dat die werkgewer die regte tipe dienskontrak (permanent of vaste termyn) implementeer en seker maak dat die inhoud daarvan voldoen aan toepaslike arbeidswetgewing. • Daarstel en implementering van reëls in die werksplek Elke werksplek is uniek ten opsigte van uitdagings en operasionele vereistes en ontstaan daar dikwels ’n behoefte aan spesifieke reëls om orde en struktuur te verleen in die werksplek. • Toepas van dissipline

Dit is baie belangrik dat elke werksplek ’n relevante dissiplinêre kode het wat verseker dat daar duidelike reëls (met toepaslike sanksies) in die werksplek is wat werknemers kan volg. Wanneer werknemers die reëls oortree, het die werkgewer die reg om op te tree. • Verteenwoordiging in die KVBA, bedingingsrade en die arbeidshof Een van die grootste voordele van ’n geregistreerde werkgewersorganisasie is verskyningsreg in die KVBA, Bedingingsrade en Arbeidshof om namens lede (werkgewers) op te tree. • Bystand met vakbond onderhandelinge • Bystand met stakings • Herstrukturering en personeelvermindering • Bystand met Departement van Arbeid ondersoeke Die verpligtinge wat arbeidswetgewing aan werkgewers stel, is nie onderhandelbaar nie en kan werkgewers ernstige boetes, en selfs tronkstraf, opgelê word deur die Departement van Arbeid in gevalle van nie-nakoming. Die LWO het in 1990 in die landbousektor ontstaan en is geregistreer as werkgewersorganisasie by die Departement van Arbeid. Kontak ons by 086 110 1828 | www. lwo.co.za vir meer advies en/of bystand. Ons is 24/7 beskikbaar. C

uit

arbeidswetgewing --LWO, LWO,spesialiste specialists in in arbeidsreg labour lawvir fordie thewerkgewer employer

Word

VANDAG

lid by die LWO en ontvang gemoedsrus:

Stresstropie

Gebruik vir spanning gekoppel aan: Swak werksprestasie, Waarskuwings (personeel), Dissiplinêre verhore, KVBA (”CCMA”) sake, Diefstal en misbruik van die werkgewer se eiendom, Herstrukturering, Personeelvermindering, Stakings, Vakbondonderhandelinge, Departement van Arbeid ondersoeke, ens.

Jy as werkgewer voldoen aan arbeidswetgewing EN het 24/7 ondersteuning. Die LWO bied ‘n doelontwerpte oplossing vir werkgewers in die landbousektor. Kontak ons VANDAG vir lidmaatskap opsies!

CHIPS • January/February 2018

Page 65

Bros Aartappel-, Uiegras- en Knoffelkrokette Lewer 12 krokette

Bestanddele:

Metode:

15 ml (1 eetlepel) botter

• Verhit die botter en olie in 'n braaipan en panbraai die ui en

15 ml (1 eetlepel) olyfolie

1 klein ui

• Meng al die bestanddele asook die uie-/knoffelmengsel en

1 knoffelhuise, fyngekap

2 aartappels, gekook en fyn gemaak

• Doop elke balletjie in die geklitste eier en rol dan in die

30 ml (2 eetlepels) uiegras, fyngekap

1 ansjovis, fyngekap

• Verhit olie in 'n diep pot en diepbraai die aartappelballetjies tot

45 ml (3 eetlepels) koekmeel

goudbruin. Dreineer en bedien krokette saam met

1 groot eier, geklits

suurlemoenskyfies en 'n vars groenslaai.

Vars broodkrummels Page 66 |

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2018

knoffel vir 'n paar sekondes. vorm in klein balletjies. broodkrummels. Verkoel vir ongeveer tien minute.

Publikasies

2018 TIPE

Titel Handleiding vir Aartappelproduksie in Suid-Afrika @ R300

Handleidings

Beskrywing van 16 aartappelplae in Suid-Afrika

(BTW ingesluit en posgeld uitgesluit)

Junie 2017

Beskrywing van 16 aartappelpeste in Suid-Afrika (2017)

Beste praktyke-reeks

Bundel CHIPS-artikels

Beste praktyke vir die hantering van moere (2015) Verantwoordelike gebruik van gewasbeskermingsprodukte (2016) Na-oesverrotting van aartappels / Post harvest decay of potatoes (2015).

ALTERNARIA-SIEKTES

Opslagaartappels / Volunteer potatoes (2017). Plakkaat

Intene kwaliteit (2016)

Saamgestel en gepubliseer deur Aartappels Suid-Afrika (Departement: Navorsing en Ontwikkeling) September 2016 Kopiereg. Die inligting vervat in hierdie publikasie mag slegs vir eie gebruik, navorsing of studie gebruik word. Die kopiereg (geheel of gedeeltelik) van hierdie publikasie mag nie vir enige kommersiĂŤle of ander doelwit gekopieer, gereproduseer, oorgedra of gewysig word, sonder die uitdruklike geskrewe toestemming van Aartappels Suid-Afrika nie en dit mag slegs gedoen word onderhewig aan die voorwaardes ingevolge waarvan sodanige toestemming verleen word. Voorgestelde verwysing: Aartappels Suid-Afrika. 2016. Feiteblad: Alternaria-siektes. http://www.potatoes.co.za/research/factsheets.aspx Vrywaring ten opsigte van publikasies. http://www.potatoes.co.za/contact/disclaimer.aspx

Aartappelblaarmyner (2015) Aartappelmot (2015) Alternaria siektes (2017) Bakteriese verwelk (2015) Bruinskurf (2015) Feiteblaaie

Fisiologiese knolafwykings (2016) Na-oesverlies (2017) Interne kwaliteit (2016)

Verantwoordelike gebruik van gewasbeskermingsprodukte Junie 2016

Poeierskurf (2016) Sagtevrot-swartstam (2015) Silwerskurf en swartspikkel (2015) Virussiektes en plantluise (2016) Beskikbaar by kantore van Aartappels Suid-Afrika. Met die uitsondering van die Handleiding vir Aartappelproduksie in Suid-Afrika, is al die publikasies elektronies beskikbaar op www.potatoes.co.za/research Opslagaartappels Volunteer potatoes

2017 CHIPS

www.potatoes.co.za/research

Skyfie sê / Skyfie says The English writer, A. A. Milne wrote – “What I say is that, if a fellow really likes potatoes, he must be a pretty decent sort of fellow.”

Dagboek / Diary – 2018 Aartappels Suid-Afrika / Potatoes South Africa Mthatha Bemarkingsdag / Mthatha Marketing Day: 7 Maart / March Oos-Vrystaat Inligtingsdag / Eastern Free State Information Day: 8 Maart / March Direksievergadering / Board Meeting: 8 & 9 Mei / May Aartappelbedryfsforum / Potato Industry Forum: 10 Mei / May SAKO AJV / SAKO AGM: 24 Mei / May Transformasiesimposium / Transformation Symposium: 7 Junie / June Tom Burke Bemarkingsdag / Tom Burke Marketing Day: 7 Junie / June Aartappelnavorsingsimposium / Potato Research Symposium: 24 – 26 Julie / July Aartappelsertifiseringsdiens / Potato Certification Service Direksievergadering / Board Meeting: 6 Junie / June OSRA / ICCSP: 6 Junie / June Ander Petrus Steyn Aartappelgholfdag / Potato Golf Day: 9 Maart / 9 March Nampo: 15 – 18 Mei / May World Potato Congress: 27 – 31 Mei / May (Cusco, Peru)

Page 68 |

CHIPS • Januarie/Februarie 2018

Uit die argiewe / From the archives CHIPS November/Desember 1987 / Januarie 1988

Die toekoms van die bedryf “’n Skerp toename in die aanplanting van aartappels kan volgende jaar (1988) verwag word. Indien produsente egter luister na logiese redenasie, bemarkings- en produksiestatistiek bestudeer en ter harte neem, leer uit ondervinding, met mekaar kommunikeer en kophou, kan die herhaling van ’n grootskaalse prysinsinking vermy word en stabiliteit in die bedryf bewerkstellig word”, het mnr. Danie van Rensburg, bestuurder van die ADG-Rade tydens die inligtingsdag op Weenen gesê. CHIPS Januarie / Februarie 1998 Wat is in ’n naam? Die vraag kan met reg gevra word of die naamsverandering vanaf Aartappelprodusenteorganisasie na Aartappels Suid-Afrika ’n impak op die aartappelbedryf oor die langtermyn sal hê? Om hierdie vraag te beantwoord moet ons eerstens aartappels as produk se relatiewe posisie teenoor ander vervangende produkte evalueer. In die tweede plek moet ons kyk na die invloed wat die organisasie op die prestasie van die totale bedryf weerspieël. Produk – Aartappels as produk is lankal nie meer net ’n verbruikersproduk nie, maar het ontwikkel in 'n handelskommoditeit sowel as 'n waardetoevoeger in die voedselbedryf. Dit bring mee dat die aanslag van aartappels baie verder strek as die aartappelprodusent. Daarom is 'n omvattende naam soos Aartappels Suid-Afrika gepas om aan die wêreld te sê waarvoor ons staan.

bedryf in die internasionale arena gevestig. SuidAfrika se aartappelbedryf het in die meeste gebiede goed vergelyk met die res van die wêreld. Ons is nie die grootste nie, maar definitief leiers op vele gebiede. In die Suid-Afrikaanse landbou-arena is Aartappels Suid-Afrika 'n leier in die strewe na produsentebediening en kan daar met reg gesê word dat die handhawing met ander rolspelers positief verloop. Dit maak Aartappels Suid-Afrika 'n ware bedryfsorganisasie met 'n visie om die hele bedryf te rig en 'n missie wat alle rolspelers insluit. Die bedryf is geseënd met 'n ware “gesondheid uit die grond uit” produk. Daarom kan ons met trots sê “saam doen ons beter”. CHIPS January / February 2008 Welcome to the 2008 International year of the Potato What better way can there be to recognise potatoes’ role over the last 500 years in addressing food security, malnutrition, poverty and hunger together with sustainable resource utilisation, than for the United Nations to call on a year-long party to celebrate it all over the world. What great reward and recognition, but also a great opportunity to further promote the use of potatoes to address these burning needs all over the world!

Organisasie – Die aartappel-organisasie se invloed op die prestasie van die hele bedryf raak meer en meer relevant en sigbaar. Die afgelope jaar het ons die Aartappel Wêreldkongres aangebied en daardeur die totale

CHIPS • January/February 2018

Page 69

APAC AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE AGENTS COUNCIL

REGISTERED FRESH PRODUCE AGENTS BLOEMFONTEIN FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Bloemfontein Market Agency Modise Market Agency RSA Bloemfontein Market Agency Subtropico Bloemfontein Market Agency Vrystaat Market Agency CAPE TOWN FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Boland Market Agency Fine Bros Market Agency Rhoda’s Market Agency RSA Cape Town Market Agency Subtropico/Spes Bona Market Agency CAPE TOWN Laeveld Somerset Market Agency DURBAN FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Delta Market Agency Hanly Market Agency Port Natal Market Agency RSA Durban Market Agency Wenpro Durban Market Agency EAST LONDON FRESH PRODUCE MARKET AA Market Agency Border Farmers Market Agency Martin & Scheepers Market Agency Subtropico East London Market Agency GEORGE Garden Route Fresh Express Market Agency Maverick Market Agency JOBURG FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Botha Roodt Johannesburg Market Agency C L de Villiers Market Agency Catu-Fresh Market Agency Citi Deep Waatlemoen Market Agency Citifresh Market Agency Dapper Market Agency DW Fresh Produce Johannesburg Market Agency Egoly Johannesburg Market Agency Exec-U-Fruit Market Agency

Marco Market Agency Matla Market Agency Metro Market Agency Pula Nala Market Agency RSA Johannesburg Market Agency Subtropico Johannesburg Market Agency Swartberg Market Agency Target Market Agency Wenpro Johannesburg Market Agency KEI FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Farmers Direct Market Agency KING WILLIAM’S TOWN FRESH PRODUCE MARKET King William’s Town Market Agency KIMBERLEY FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Kimberley Market Agency Squires & Sons Market Agency Subtropico Kimberly Market Agency KLERKSDORP FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Garfield Market Agency J Frances & Son Market Agency Matlosana Market Agency Subtropico Klerksdorp Market Agency W.L. Ochse & Kie Market Agency LIMPOPO PROVINCE RSA Limpopo Market Agency RSA Mooketsi Market Agency NELSPRUIT Laeveld Nelspruit Market Agency Nelspruit Market Agency NOORDEINDE FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Noordeinde Market Agency PIETERMARITZBURG FRESH PRODUCE MARKET G.W. Poole Market Agency Natalia Market Agency

Nkosi Market Agency Peter & Co Market Agency Subtropico Pietermaritzburg Market Agency PORT ELIZABETH FRESH PRODUCE MARKET African Market Agency Algoabaai Market Agency Gouws & Co Market Agency Lansdell Market Agency W Finlayson & Co Market Agency SPRINGS FRESH PRODUCE MARKET AM Meyer Market Agency New Africa Market Agency RSA Springs Market Agency Springs Market Agency (Vegetables) Subtropico Springs Market Agency TSHWANE FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Botha Roodt Pretoria Market Agency Du Plessis & Wolmarans Market Agency DW Fresh Produce Tshwane Market Agency Egoly Tshawane Market Agency Farmers Trust Market Agency Fresh Way Market Agency Noordvaal Market Agency Prinsloo & Venter Market Agency RSA Tshwane Market Agency Subtropico/Protea Market Agency Tshwane Green Market Agency VEREENIGING FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Impala Market Agency Subtropico Vereeniging Market Agency WELKOM FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Botha & Roodt Welkom Market Agency Opkoms Market Agency Subtropico Market Agency WITBANK FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Subtropico Witbank Market Agency Witbank Market Agency

VISIT APAC’S WEBSITE REGULARLY Do you know if your fresh produce agent practise sound financial management? Did your agent received an audit qualification on his last audit report? Does your agent submit their monthly trust reconciliation timeously and has no trust account shortages? Ensure that you visit our website monthly as it is updated regularly with information on the financial status of agencies.

SUITE NUMBER 69, PRIVATE BAG X 9, EAST RAND, 1462 TEL: (011) 894-3680, 0870951335, FAX: (011) 894-3761,www.apacweb.org.za

REGISTRATEUR • REGISTRAR : L PRETORIUS

2018 CHIPS

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Editor: Gawie Geyer • Advertising: Gawie Geyer Contact Details: Mobile: 082 388 0524, E-fax: 086 218 3462, E-mail: gawie@potatoes.co.za

Saadaartappels wat wĂŠrk.

GWK Aartappels Ons kweek aartappelmoere wat bekend is vir uitstekende opbrengs en markgeleenthede. Kontak ons.

Sallie Herbst Bestuurder: Aartappelbemarking 082 805 5515 SallieH@gwk.co.za