THE MUGHAL PAIGE CARPENTER
LATE 17
MUGHAL THLORD
TH
– EARLY 18
CENTURY INDIA
A childhood love that has grown with me, a love of India and Hinduism and Desi culture that I can finally express with all the care it deserves. I was particularly excited to costume the Mughal Dynasty because during this period, India was conquered by Muslims essentially combining all of my top favourite cultures; Persian, Turkish, Mongols, Islamic, and Indian. Sadly, from my readings about the history of this period, not much in terms of art and clothing survives and the art that does survive is even more scattered in terms of showing clothing and fashion of the time especially of the men. For this costume, I had two starting point paintings that I relied heavily on for historical accuracy. They were blah blah blah dated blah and blah blah blah dated blah which can be found on the next pages. They are the closest I could find to being fashion figures of the time and even then, because of the typical Indian stylization that is almost ancient Egyptian in terms of pose and detail leaving me to try to decipher the language the clothing and the art spoke. Thankfully, many texts survive and I read as much about the history of this period as I could to get a full understanding of the politics that influenced the culture that these people had to live through. The specific costume I created is designed to be an upper-‐class man, possibly a politician, an ambassador, or an aristocrat of a wealthy home. Not a prince but a man with influence in his realm as indicated by his gorgeous talwar, his fashionable jama and the hand made khussa, but his comparably “small” amount of jewels (which is still an abundance). Even the way his jama is tied also lends to his religion, that of Hinduism and a native Indian (the jama is tied to the right) rather than an Islamic foreigner (the jama is tied to the left). He is dignified, stately and would fit in smoothly amongst Hindu temples and Mosques, the women in delicately embroidered sari, amazing bazaars and famous Mughal gardens in a richly saturated world that this man would live in.
MUGHAL CULTURE AND ART
Four Portraits: Leaf from the Shah Jahan Album, Mughal, period of Jahangir (1605– 27), ca. 1610–15 By Balchand, Daulat, Murad India Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper
"Jahangir Wearing a Tie-‐dyed Patka" (circa 1620) Muraqqa: Imperial Mughal Albums From the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin
"Mourad Bakche, imperial prince, son of Shah Djehan and brother of Aureng Zeb," an engraving by Albert Racinet, Paris, 1878
The Glorification of Akbar: Leaf from the Shah Jahan Album, Mughal, period of Jahangir (1605–27) Attributed to Govardhan Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper
Detail of Shah Jahan on a Terrace Holding a Pendant Set with His Portrait, 1627/28. Mughal.
MUGHAL CLOTHING
*26+$(185 0XJKDO 0DOH *DUE $Q $WWHPSW WR %ULQJ 7RJHWKHU ,VODPLF +LQGX &XOWXUHV 6KDUH
0RUH
1H[W %ORJª
&UHDWH %ORJ
*26+$(185 ,VODPLF $UW &XOWXUH
+RPH
*RVKDHQXU
)ULGD\ 6HSWHPEHU
6HDUFK 7KLV %ORJ /RDGLQJ
0XJKDO 0DOH *DUE $Q $WWHPSW WR %ULQJ 7RJHWKHU ,VODPLF +LQGX &XOWXUHV 5HFRPPHQG WKLV RQ *RRJOH
,VODPLF /LIH &XOWXUH
JRVKDHQXU
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŞ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻ Ǽǰȱ ȱ ȱǻ Ǽǰȱ ȱ ȱǻ Ǽǰȱ ȱ £ ȱǻ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻ Ǽǯ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¡ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃ Ȃ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱŗśşŜǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃ ȱ ȱǻŗśśŜȱȮȱŗŜŖśǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
JRVKDHQXU ,QFRPSOHWH ZLWKRXW WKH 3DDQ JRVKDHQXU EORJVSRW FRP DVLD Q « RYHU D \HDU DJR ă UHSO\ ă UHWZHHW ă IDYRULWH
JRVKDHQXU 7KH 9HLO DV *KXQJKDW 3XUGDK D +LQGX 0XVOLP GUHVV KWWS JRVKDHQXU EORJVSRW FRP YHLO DV JKXQJKDW SXUGDK KLQGX PXVOLP KWPO RYHU D \HDU DJR ă UHSO\ ă UHWZHHW ă IDYRULWH
JRVKDHQXU $ *DUPHQW RI 0RGHVW\ 6KDOZDU .DPHH] KWWS JRVKDHQXU EORJVSRW FRP JDUPHQW RI PRGHVW\ IURP PXJKDOV WR LQGR KWPO RYHU D \HDU DJR ă UHSO\ ă UHWZHHW ă IDYRULWH
JRVKDHQXU $ 1L]DP RI +\GHUDEDG $ 3ULQFHVV RI WKH 2WWRPDQ &DOLSKDWH KWWS JRVKDHQXU EORJVSRW FRP
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ ȱǻ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
-RLQ WKH FRQYHUVDWLR
ȱ Ǽǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰ ȱ ȱ ¢ ȱ ǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻ ȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻ Ǽȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰ
/DEHOV
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȈ Ȉȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
$OL LEQ $EL 7DOLE $QHFGRWH $UWLVLWF
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱŚȱ ȱŜ
$WWDU %DKDZDOSXU
ȱ ȱ ǯ
%LRJUDSK\ %RRN 5HYLHZ
%HDXW\
&DOOLJUDSK\ &HUDPLF $UW &KLQHV
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¡ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯ
&ORWKLQJ &UDIWV 'DQFH 'D 'HFRUDWLYH $UW 'HFRUDWLYH $UWV
)RUP *DL (DWRQ +D]UDW 0LDQ 4XWXEXGGLQ %DNKWLDU .DNL +HQQD
+\GHUDEDG 'HFFDQ LEQ DO $UDEL
ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¡ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯ
,VODPLF $UW ,VODPLF &XOWXUH
,VODPLF $UFKLWHFWXUH
0DGUHVVDK 0RVTXH 0RWLIV 0XVLF 0XVOLP +LVWRU\ .KLODID &DOLSKDWH
0LQLDWXUH 0RGHUQ :RUOG
ȱ ȱ
JRVKDHQXU EORJVSRW FRP PXJKDO PDOH JDUE DWWHPSW WR EULQJ KWPO
*26+$(185 0XJKDO 0DOH *DUE $Q $WWHPSW WR %ULQJ 7RJHWKHU ,VODPLF +LQGX &XOWXUHV
ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱŗśŘşǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱȃ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
1DWLRQDO &ROOHJH RI $UWV /DKRUH 3DDQ
ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢
3HUIXPH 3RVWPRGHUQ 7KRXJKW 4XUD
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȄȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
5DP %DKDGXU 5HGXFWLRQ RI +XP
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻ ¢ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱŗ ȱ ȱ ȱŜ ȱ ȱ ǯ ǯ
5HOLJLRXV 'LPHQVLRQ RI $UW 5HPHPEUDQ 6DLQW 6DUL 6KDOZDU .DPHH] 6K
6XQQL 'LDORJXH 6XIL %DUNDW $OL +XVVDLQ 6\PEROLVP 7DM 0DKDO 7HQ
ǰȱ ¢ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ Ȃ
9HLOLQJ :HGGLQJ 7UDGLWLRQ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ Ȭ ǰȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȃdz ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ dzȄȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
9LVLWRU &OLFN RQ &RPPHQW 7DJV 6KDUH <RXU 7KRXJKWV
ǰȱ ȱ ȱȃ Ȅȱ ȱȃ Ȅǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȃ Ȅǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱǻ ȱ ȱ ¡ ǰȱ Ǽǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃ ȱ ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ DZ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ ǰȱȃ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ £ ǰȱ ¢ ȱ ¢ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȄ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯ ȱ ȱ ȯ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȃdz ¢Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȭ ¢ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ¢ ȱ ¢ ȱǻ ¢Ǽǰȱ ȱǻ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱǻ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȄ ȱ ¡ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ £ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻ Ǽǰȱ ȱ £ ȱǻ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱǻ Ǽǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ǰ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
JRVKDHQXU EORJVSRW FRP PXJKDO PDOH JDUE DWWHPSW WR EULQJ KWPO
*26+$(185 0XJKDO 0DOH *DUE $Q $WWHPSW WR %ULQJ 7RJHWKHU ,VODPLF +LQGX &XOWXUHV
ȱ ȱ¢ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻ ȱ ¢Ǽȱ ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ ǯȱ ȱ Ȃ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȃdz ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȈȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ ȱ ǯ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯ ȱ £ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ £ ǰȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ £ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ ǯȱ ¡ ȱ ȱŗŜ ȱ ¢ȱ £ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻ Ǽȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ £ ȱ Dzȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ ¡ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ ǯȱ Ȭ ¢ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻ ȱ ȱ ¡Ǽǯ ¢ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ £ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱŘȱƙȱ¢ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱȃ ȱ ȱ £ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȭ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȄ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ £ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ ǯȱ ȱ ¡ ȱ ¡ ȱ ȱ ȱŗŞ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ Ȭ ȱ £ ȱ ȱ ¢ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȃ Ȅǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃ Ȅȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ƿȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱśǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯ DZȦȦ ǯ ǯ Ȧ Ȧ ǯ /DEHOV ,VODPLF &XOWXUH
1R FRPPHQWV 3RVW D &RPPHQW
1HZHU 3RVW
+RPH
2OGHU 3RVW
6XEVFULEH WR 3RVW &RPPHQWV $WRP
JRVKDHQXU EORJVSRW FRP PXJKDO PDOH JDUE DWWHPSW WR EULQJ KWPO
6LJQLILFDQFH RI WKH *URRP·V 7XUEDQ
6LJQLILFDQFH RI WKH *URRPÐV 7XUEDQ
I[WhY^ ^$ERXW 0DUU\0H` :H DUH EHVSRNH HYHQW VW\OLVWV DQG ZHGGLQJ SODQQHUV EDVHG LQ ,QGLD 2K ZH DUH DOVR EORJJHUV DERXW DOO WKLQJV ZHGGLQJ UHODWHG ± WKH EHDXWLIXO TXLUN\ HOHJDQW IDVKLRQDEOH RK VR IXQ
^/LNH 2XU 3DJH"` 0DUU\ PH 7KH :HGGLQJ 3ODQQHUV RQ )DFHERRN /LNH
^$UFKLYHV` 6HOHFW 0RQWK
SHRSOH OLNH 0DUU\ PH 7KH :HGGLQJ 3ODQQHUV
7XUEDQV DUH NQRZQ IRU WKHLU EHDXW\ DQG HOHJDQFH DQG DUH DQ HVVHQWLDO SDUW RI WKH JURRP¶V DWWLUH DW ,QGLDQ ZHGGLQJV 7KH\ DUH PDGH IURP D VLQJOH VWULS RI FORWK DQG DUH DYDLODEOH LQ
6DILQD
1LGKL
YDULRXV VW\OHV 7KH QDPH YDULHV GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH VW\OH 7KH\ DUH NQRZQ E\ YDULRXV QDPHV OLNH SDJDUL SHQFKD VHOD RU VDID )DFHERRN VRFLDO SOXJLQ
$ SDJDUL LV XVXDOO\ IHHW ORQJ DQG LQFKHV ZLGH DV FRPSDUHG WR D VDID ZKLFK LV VKRUWHU DQG EURDGHU :HGGLQJ WXUEDQV DUH XVXDOO\ SLQN RU UHG LQ FRORXU 7KH IDEULF XVHG YDULHV IURP UHJLRQ WR UHJLRQ OLNH VLON WXUEDQV DUH IDPRXV DPRQJ 3XQMDEL JURRPV ZKHUH DV 5DMDVWKDQL JURRPV RSW IRU EDQGKLQL WXUEDQV 7XUEDQV DGG D WRXFK RI UR\DOW\ DQG JUDFH WR WKH RXWILW $FFRUGLQJ WR ROGHQ EHOLHI WXUEDQV DUH D V\PERO RI VHOI UHVSHFW SURVSHULW\ DQG UHIOHFW WKH G\QDPLF SHUVRQDOLW\ RI D PDQ 7KH\
PDUU\PHZHGGLQJV LQ ZSEORJ VLJQLILFDQFH RI WKH JURRP WXUEDQ KWPO
^&DWHJRULHV` %DE\ 6KRZHU %HDFK :HGGLQJ %HDXW\ 6W\OH %ROO\ZRRG
6LJQLILFDQFH RI WKH *URRP·V 7XUEDQ
DOVR HQKDQFH WKH ORRN RI WKH JURRP RQ WKH ELJ GD\ ,Q ROGHQ WLPHV WKHUH ZHUH QRW PDQ\ SDWWHUQV DQG VW\OHV DQG DOVR WKH FKRLFH RI IDEULF ZDV YHU\ OLPLWHG 7KDW¶V QRW WKH FDVH WRGD\ QRZDGD\V \RX JHW WXUEDQV PDWFKLQJ WR WKH RXWILW DQG WKH YDULRXV IROGV LQ WKH WXUEDQ DUH GHFRUDWHG ZLWK JHPV EHDGV ]DUGRVL ZRUN UDZ VLON SDWWL ERUGHUV PRWL ZRUN EURFDGH SDWWL FRORUHG FU\VWDOV ZRUN ZLWK SHDUO VWULQJV DWWDFKHG 7KH JURRP¶V WXUEDQ LV XVXDOO\ RUQDPHQWHG ZLWK HPEURLGHU\ RI EHDGV RU .DOJL .DOJL LV D EURRFK ZKLFK LV VWXGGHG ZLWK VWRQHV DQG KDV D IHDWKHU DWWDFKHG ,W FDQ EH HLWKHU WLHG RU SLQQHG WR WKH WXUEDQ 7KLV XVXDOO\ UHIOHFWV WKH VRFLDO VWDWXV RI WKH IDPLO\
0RGHUQ WXUEDQV DUH PRVWO\ VWLWFKHG DQG FDQ EH HDVLO\ ZRUQ DQG WDNHQ RII DV RSSRVHG WR WKH WUDGLWLRQDO RQHV 7XUEDQV GHILQLWHO\ DGG D UR\DO WRXFK LQ WKH JURRP¶V RXWILW
/LNH
$XWKRU _ 3RVWHG RQ 2FWREHU DW SP _ 3RVWHG XQGHU ,QGLDQ :HGGLQJV :HGGLQJ $FFHVVRULHV :HGGLQJ 7UDGLWLRQV _ %RRNPDUN WKH SHUPDOLQN _ 3RVW D FRPPHQW RU OHDYH D WUDFNEDFN 7UDFNEDFN 85/
PDUU\PHZHGGLQJV LQ ZSEORJ VLJQLILFDQFH RI WKH JURRP WXUEDQ KWPO
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
EXISTING EXAMPLES OF MUGHAL CLOTHING
Clothing from India. Patterns by Uncle Rashid via “The Canton of Gleann nam Feòrag Dhuibhe”
Moghul Coat, Moghul Coat variations -‐ This pattern and the two variations found on the second link are derived from my original Persian "mongol" coat pattern which was called that because it seems to have been derived from Central Asian and Mongol influence rather than being purely Persian. Where the moghul part comes in is that is what the Indians called the branch of the Timurid Mongols (descended from Timur, known to westerners as Tamerlane) that conquered large portions of northwestern India in the 16th and 17th centuries. This coat is the standard male garment seen in the illuminations of Moghul art. The coat is sometimes called a Jama. Salwar -‐ pants; use linen or cotton
MUGHAL JEWELRY
0XJKDO -HZHOU\ a 5R\DO DQG DQWLTXH MHZHOU\ RI 1RUWK ,QGLD
0XJKDO -HZHOU\ a 5R\DO DQG DQWLTXH MHZHOU\ RI 1RUWK ,QGLD
E\ LVKZDU\DD )ROORZHUV
7KLV 0XJKDO EUDFHOHW FRQVLVWV RI PLQLDWXUH SRUWUDLW SDLQWLQJV RI 0XJKDO HPSHURUV DQG HPSUHVVHV 6RXUFH $WWULEXWLRQ :DOWHUV $UW 0XVHXP && %< 6$ YLD :LNLPHGLD &RPPRQV 3XEOLF 'RPDLQ 86
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
LVKZDU\DD KXESDJHV FRP KXE 0XJKDO -HZHOU\ 5R\DO DQG DQWLTXH MHZHOU\ RI 1RUWK ,QGLD
0XJKDO -HZHOU\ a 5R\DO DQG DQWLTXH MHZHOU\ RI 1RUWK ,QGLD
FHQWXU\ (XURSHDQ 5HQDLVVDQFH IDVKLRQ
7KLV LV DQ LYRU\ EDVHG PLQLDWXUH SRUWUDLW SDLQWLQJ RI 0XPWD] 0DKDO WR ZKRP 7DM 0DKDO WKH ZRUOG IDPRXV PRQXPHQW LV GHGLFDWHG 6RXUFH +LDUW 2ZQ ZRUN &UHDWLYH &RPPRQV && 8QLYHUVDO 3XEOLF 'RPDLQ 'HGLFDWLRQ
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
YLD :LNLPHGLD &RPPRQV 3XEOLF 'RPDLQ 86
7KH DUWZRUN RI 0XJKDO MHZHOU\ 0XJKDO MHZHOU\ LV D PDUULDJH RI ,QGLDQ LQWULFDF\ DQG 0LGGOH (DVWHUQ HOHJDQFH
,PSRUWDQW SUHFLRXV JHPVWRQHV XVHG LQ 0XJKDO MHZHOU\
LVKZDU\DD KXESDJHV FRP KXE 0XJKDO -HZHOU\ 5R\DO DQG DQWLTXH MHZHOU\ RI 1RUWK ,QGLD
0XJKDO -HZHOU\ a 5R\DO DQG DQWLTXH MHZHOU\ RI 1RUWK ,QGLD
:LWK WKH XQLRQ RI ,QGLDQ JROG ZRUN DQG *HPVWRQHV 0LGGOH (DVWHUQ IORUDO GHVLJQV 0XJKDO 'LDPRQG FXW RU XQFXW
MHZHOU\ DFTXLUHG HPLQHQFH LQ WKH (PHUDOG FXW RU XQFXW
HQWLUH ILHOG RI MHZHOU\ PDNLQJ +HDY\ 5XE\ FXW RU XQFXW
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
0XJKDO WXUEDQ RUQDPHQW PDGH RI JROG DQG SUHFLRXV JHPVWRQHV 6RXUFH YDBYDBYDO && %< 6$ :LNLPHGLD &RPPRQV YLD )OLFNU FRP
0XJKDO KDLU RUQDPHQW PDGH RI JROG DQG HPEHOOLVKHG ZLWK JHPVWRQHV DQG EHDGV 6RXUFH +LDUW 2ZQ ZRUN &UHDWLYH &RPPRQV && 8QLYHUVDO 3XEOLF 'RPDLQ 'HGLFDWLRQ
LVKZDU\DD KXESDJHV FRP KXE 0XJKDO -HZHOU\ 5R\DO DQG DQWLTXH MHZHOU\ RI 1RUWK ,QGLD
0XJKDO -HZHOU\ a 5R\DO DQG DQWLTXH MHZHOU\ RI 1RUWK ,QGLD
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
0XJKDO JROG HDUULQJV VWUHZQ ZLWK JHPVWRQHV SUHPLXP EHDGV DQG ORQJ VWULQJV RI WLQ\ SHDUOV 6RXUFH +LDUW 2ZQ ZRUN &UHDWLYH &RPPRQV && 8QLYHUVDO 3XEOLF 'RPDLQ 'HGLFDWLRQ
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
1HFNODFHV DQG FKDLQV
LVKZDU\DD KXESDJHV FRP KXE 0XJKDO -HZHOU\ 5R\DO DQG DQWLTXH MHZHOU\ RI 1RUWK ,QGLD
0XJKDO -HZHOU\ a 5R\DO DQG DQWLTXH MHZHOU\ RI 1RUWK ,QGLD
7KH 0XJKDO HPSHURUV DQG HPSUHVVHV ZRUH D QXPEHU RI QHFNODFHV DQG FKDLQV PRVWO\ VWUHZQ ZLWK SHDUOV JHPVWRQHV DQG TXDOLW\ EHDGV 1HFNODFHV DQG FKDLQV UDQJHG IURP WKLQ RUQDPHQWV ZLWK HQDPHOOHG SHQGDQWV WR KHDY\ RUQDPHQWV ZLWK JOLWWHULQJ JHPVWRQHV *HPVWRQHV DQG SUHPLXP EHDGV DUH IHDWXUHG SURPLQHQWO\ RQ WKHVH RUQDPHQWV WR EHVWRZ LWV ZHDUHUV ZLWK D EHMHZHOOHG ORRN
0XJKDO QHFNODFH PDGH RI JROG DQG HPEHOOLVKHG ZLWK SHDUOV DQG SUHFLRXV JHPVWRQHV 6RXUFH 6RGDERWWOH && %< 6$ YLD :LNLPHGLD &RPPRQV
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
0XJKDO ULQJ PDGH RI MDGH DQG GHFRUDWHG ZLWK SUHFLRXV JHPVWRQHV DQG JROG ILOLJUHH 6RXUFH +LDUW 2ZQ ZRUN &UHDWLYH &RPPRQV && 8QLYHUVDO 3XEOLF 'RPDLQ 'HGLFDWLRQ
+DQG RUQDPHQWV DUH VWULQJ OLNH MHZHOU\ SLHFHV WKDW FRYHUHG WKH HQWLUH KDQGV RI HPSUHVVHV DQG VWUHWFKHG HLWKHU IURP ULQJV RU EDQJOHV RU ERWK
0XJKDO WKXPE ULQJ PDGH RI JDUQHW VWXGGHG ZLWK GLDPRQGV DQG JROG ILOLJUHH 6RXUFH YDOBYDOBYDO && %< 6$ :LNLPHGLD
LVKZDU\DD KXESDJHV FRP KXE 0XJKDO -HZHOU\ 5R\DO DQG DQWLTXH MHZHOU\ RI 1RUWK ,QGLD
0XJKDO -HZHOU\ a 5R\DO DQG DQWLTXH MHZHOU\ RI 1RUWK ,QGLD
&RPPRQV YLD )OLFNU FRP
$UPOHWV 7KH DUPOHWV ZRUQ E\ UR\DO ODGLHV DUH DV HTXDOO\ DOOXULQJ DV RWKHU MHZHOU\ SLHFHV 7KH\ DUH DGMXVWDEOH HLWKHU ZLWK FODVSV RU VWULQJV 7KH\ DSSHDUHG LQ SXUH JROG RU HQDPHOOHG JROG DQG DUH VWXGGHG ZLWK PDQ\ JHPVWRQHV DQG SHDUOV
0XJKDO DUPOHW PDGH RI JROG DQG VWXGGHG ZLWK SUHFLRXV JHPVWRQHV 6RXUFH +LDUW 2ZQ ZRUN &UHDWLYH &RPPRQV && 8QLYHUVDO 3XEOLF 'RPDLQ 'HGLFDWLRQ
:DLVW EHOWV DQG KLS FKDLQV 7KH ZDLVW EHOWV DUH FKLVHOHG RXW RI JROG WR GRQ WKH ZDLVWV RI HPSHURUV DQG HPSUHVVHV $VVRUWHG JHPVWRQHV DQG SHDUOV DUH LPSODQWHG RQ WKHVH MHZHOU\ SLHFHV +LS FKDLQV DUH FUHDWHG RXW RI JROG DQG DGRUQHG ZLWK JHPVWRQHV RU SHDUOV WR GHFRUDWH WKH KLSV RI HPSUHVVHV 7ULQNHWV DUH DGGHG WR WKHVH RUQDPHQWV IRU DQ LPSUHVVLYH ORRN
$ ZDLVW EHOW WKLV MHZHOU\ SLHFH LV D IXVLRQ RI DXWKHQWLFLW\ RI WHPSOH MHZHOU\ RI 6RXWK ,QGLD DQG DQWLTXHQHVV RI 0XJKDO MHZHOU\ 6RXUFH ZLNLBZLNLBZKDDW && %< 6$ :LNLPHGLD &RPPRQV YLD )OLFNU FRP
$QNOHWV DQG IHHW RUQDPHQWV 0XJKDO DQNOHWV ZRUQ E\ UR\DO ODGLHV DUH PDGH RI VLOYHU RU JROG SODWHG VLOYHU 6RPH DQNOHWV DSSHDUHG VDQV JHPVWRQHV \HW LQWULFDWHO\ FDUYHG ZLWK SUHWW\ GHVLJQV DOO RYHU WKHP DQG VRPH DQNOHWV DUH FRYHUHG ZLWK PDQ\ JHPVWRQHV RU WULQNHWV )HHW RUQDPHQWV FRQVLVWHG RI SUHWW\ VWULQJV VWUHZQ ZLWK WLQ\ WULQNHWV VPDOO JHPVWRQHV RU SHDUOV DWWDFKHG WR DQNOHWV 7RH ULQJV PDGH RI PLQXVFXOH JHPVWRQHV DUH DOVR IDVWHQHG WR WKH DQNOHWV WKURXJK WKH MHZHOOHG VWULQJV
0XJKDO JROG SODWHG VLOYHU DQNOHW 6RXUFH +LDUW 2ZQ ZRUN &UHDWLYH &RPPRQV && 8QLYHUVDO 3XEOLF 'RPDLQ 'HGLFDWLRQ
2WKHU 0XJKDO MHZHOOHG SRVVHVVLRQV *UHDW LV WKH 0XJKDO UR\DOW\ V IRQGQHVV IRU HQDPHOOLQJ DQG VWRQHZRUN WKDW WKH\ RUGHUHG IRU WKH LQWULFDWH FUDIWVPDQVKLS RI WKHLU VZRUGV WKURQHV XWHQVLOV FDVHV ZHDSRQV DQG VHYHUDO RWKHU WKLQJV 7KH 0XJKDO SRVVHVVLRQV DUH PDGH RI HQDPHOOHG JROG MDGH DQG LYRU\ DV ZHOO DV DUH HPEHOOLVKHG ZLWK SUHFLRXV DQG VHPL SUHFLRXV JHPVWRQHV
LVKZDU\DD KXESDJHV FRP KXE 0XJKDO -HZHOU\ 5R\DO DQG DQWLTXH MHZHOU\ RI 1RUWK ,QGLD
0XJKDO -HZHOU\ a 5R\DO DQG DQWLTXH MHZHOU\ RI 1RUWK ,QGLD
-DGH VFDEEDUG ZLWK JROG ILOLJUHH LQ WKH VKDSH RI D UR\DO KRUVH 6RXUFH YDBYDBYDO && %< 6$ :LNLPHGLD &RPPRQV YLD )OLFNU FRP
5HVXUJHQFH RI 0XJKDO MHZHOU\ DIWHU WKH UHOHDVH RI WKH PRYLH -RGKDD $NEDU
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
$ FRQFOXGLQJ QRWH
&DVW \RXU YRWH LQ WKLV SROO
)LYH \HDUV ODWHU DIWHU WKH UHOHDVH RI +RZ GR \RX ILQG 0XJKDO MHZHOU\" -RGKDD $NEDU 0XJKDO MHZHOU\ LV QRZ 6HH UHVXOWV ZLWKRXW YRWLQJ HYHU\ EULGH V GUHDP IRUPV D SDUW RI HYHU\ DVSLULQJ MHZHOOHU V SRUWIROLR D FHQWHU RI DWWUDFWLRQ LQ WKH MHZHOU\ VWRUHV DQG H[KLELWLRQV D ELJ KLW DPRQJ WKH JOLWWHUDWL DQG LV D MHZHOU\ FROOHFWRU V GHOLJKW $OO WKHVH FOHDUO\ LQGLFDWH WKDW 0XJKDO MHZHOU\ LV KHUH WR VWD\ QRZ DQG IRUHYHU &RS\ULJKWV Â&#x2039; E\ ,VKZDU\DD 'KDQGDSDQL
0XJKDO MHZHOU\ RQ H%D\ /DNK 1HFNODFH -HZHOU\ LQ
LVKZDU\DD KXESDJHV FRP KXE 0XJKDO -HZHOU\ 5R\DO DQG DQWLTXH MHZHOU\ RI 1RUWK ,QGLD
MUGHAL WEAPONRY
0LOLWDU\ +LVWRU\ RI ,QGLD *XHUULOOD :DUIDUH ,,, KRUVHV DQG VZRUGV
6KDUH
0RUH
1H[W %ORJª
&UHDWH %ORJ 6LJQ ,Q
0LOLWDU\ +LVWRU\ RI ,QGLD 6723 )81',1* 3$.,67$1, 7(5525,60 7+( /,)( <28 6$9( 0$< %( <285 2:1 25 7+$7 2) 620(21( <28 /29(
7KXUVGD\ 'HFHPEHU
*XHUULOOD :DUIDUH ,,, KRUVHV DQG VZRUGV
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
KRUVHVDQGVZRUGV EORJVSRW FRP JXHUULOOD ZDUIDUH LLL KRUVHV DQG KWPO
0LOLWDU\ +LVWRU\ RI ,QGLD *XHUULOOD :DUIDUH ,,, KRUVHV DQG VZRUGV
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
KRUVHVDQGVZRUGV EORJVSRW FRP JXHUULOOD ZDUIDUH LLL KRUVHV DQG KWPO
0LOLWDU\ +LVWRU\ RI ,QGLD *XHUULOOD :DUIDUH ,,, KRUVHV DQG VZRUGV
RYHU WKH 7XUNV LQ ZHVWHUQ 5DMDVWKDQ KDV D OHQJWK\ GHVFULSWLRQ RI KRUVHV DQG WKHLU YDOXH WR WKH 5DMSXWV ,Q VZLIWQHVV WKH\ YLH ZLWK WKH ZLQG DQG HQDEOH WKH ULGHU WR FDWFK WKH QHFN RI WKH IOHHLQJ GHHU EHWZHHQ WKH ERZ DQG LWV VWULQJ $QG DV IRU WKHLU WUDLQLQJ ZHOO WKH\ DUH VR XVHG WR WKH EXVWOH RI EDWWOH WKDW DW WKH ILUVW EHDW RI WKH ZDUOLNH GUXPV WKH\ DUH RII ZLWK VXFK LPSHWXV WKDW QR RQH ZRXOG WKLQN RI GHWDLQLQJ WKHP JRLQJ VWUDLJKW IRU WKH HQHP\ WKH\ GDVK DJDLQVW WKH SRLQWV RI WKH VSHDUV DQG FDUU\ WKHLU ULGHU VR FORVH WR WKH DGYHUVDU\ WKDW KH FDQ ILJKW KLP ZLWK D NQLIH
7\SLFDO KRUVH RI WKH 0DUZDU EUHHG LQ WKH JUDVVODQGV RI ZHVWHUQ 5DMDVWKDQ IURP KWWS QUFH QLF LQ HTLQGLD KWP
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
KRUVHVDQGVZRUGV EORJVSRW FRP JXHUULOOD ZDUIDUH LLL KRUVHV DQG KWPO
0LOLWDU\ +LVWRU\ RI ,QGLD *XHUULOOD :DUIDUH ,,, KRUVHV DQG VZRUGV
7KH 7DOZDU
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
5DMSXW SULQFHVV ZLWK D WDOZDU ILJKWV D IRRW VROGLHU DUPHG ZLWK D NKDQGD 6FHQH LQ D PLQLDWXUH SDLQWLQJ IURP %XQGL
$W WKH VWDUW RI WKH &RPPRQ (UD WKH 6DNDV 6F\WKLDQV DQG .XVKDQV <HXK FKL IURP &HQWUDO $VLD KDG HVWDEOLVKHG WKHLU NLQJGRPV LQ QRUWKZHVWHUQ ,QGLD 7KHVH 6DND .XVKDQV ZHUH WKH DQFHVWRUV RI WKH 7XUNV DQG WKH\ XVHG WKH FRPSRVLWH ERZ WKH VSHDU DQG WKH EURDG VZRUG 7KH
KRUVHVDQGVZRUGV EORJVSRW FRP JXHUULOOD ZDUIDUH LLL KRUVHV DQG KWPO
0LOLWDU\ +LVWRU\ RI ,QGLD *XHUULOOD :DUIDUH ,,, KRUVHV DQG VZRUGV
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
KRUVHVDQGVZRUGV EORJVSRW FRP JXHUULOOD ZDUIDUH LLL KRUVHV DQG KWPO
0LOLWDU\ +LVWRU\ RI ,QGLD *XHUULOOD :DUIDUH ,,, KRUVHV DQG VZRUGV
$ 5DMSXW VKLHOG IURP WKH 1DWLRQDO 0XVHXP 1HZ 'HOKL
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
IXQQ\
LQWHUHVWLQJ
FRRO
/DEHOV 0DUZDUL KRUVH
1HZHU 3RVW
+RPH
2OGHU 3RVW
0\ %ORJ /LVW :LOG %RDU +XQW 7LJHUV LQ -DPPX $ 5DMSXW PLQLDWXUH IURP WKH -DPPX KLOOV GDWHG FLUFD VKRZV WKH H[LVWHQFH RI WLJHUV LQ WKDW SDUW RI ,QGLD IURP ZKLFK WKH\ DUH WRGD\ H[WLQFW 7KH PLQLDWX
5R\DO 6SOHQGRXU 0HZDU 5R\DOW\ FHOHEUDWHV 5DMSXW PLOLWDU\ KHULWDJH $ SURFHVVLRQ WRGD\ LQ WKH FLW\ RI 8GDLSXU RQFH WKH FDSLWDO RI WKH .LQJGRP RI 0HZDU FHOHEUDWHV WKH QG ELUWK DQQLYHUVDU\ RI 0DKDUDQD 3UDWDS DOVR NQRZQ
+HDOWK DQG 0HGLFLQHV $EERWW EX\V 3LUDPDO V JHQHULFV EXVLQHVV IRU ELOOLRQV $IWHU JHQHULFV PDNHU 5DQED[\ ZDV VROG E\ LWV SURPRWHUV IRU ELOOLRQ ZKLFK ZDV ILYH WLPHV LWV UHYHQXHV LQ DQRWKHU GHDO DW D UHFRUG EUHDNLQJ YDOXD
(FRQRPLF 6WUDWHJ\ )DUPLQJ WHFKQRORJ\ LQQRYDWLRQV
KRUVHVDQGVZRUGV EORJVSRW FRP JXHUULOOD ZDUIDUH LLL KRUVHV DQG KWPO
A RARE HORSE-‐HILTED DAGGER AND RELATED TALWAR AND SCABBARD, INDIA, 18TH-‐19TH CENTURY. The curved tapering steel blade with central ridge, the hilt with scroll quillons and pommel rendered in the form of a horse’s head with mane to one side and bridle, chiselled and decorated with an all over design of gold scrolling vine issuing flowerheads and split-‐palmettes against a silver ground; the slightly curved steel blade with flat back edge, short cross quillons and hilt in characteristic talwar form wholly inlaid in gold and silver with chevronpattern and vegetal motifs, the fabric covered wood scabbard. (Islamic Arts & Architexture)
A MUGHAL JADE-‐HILTED SWORD WITH GILT-‐MOUNTED SCABBARD, INDIA, 17TH CENTURY AND LATER The slender and slightly curved blade of watered-‐steel with gold inlaid inscriptions in lobed cartouches and a talismanic square at the forte, the lightgreenjade hilt with rounded pommel carved with stylised floral motifs and copper quillons engraved with fine floral pattern, the cloth-‐covered wood scabbard with engraved copper ensuite chape and lock, with one suspension loop. (Islamic Arts & Architexture)
A JEWELLED SWORD TALWAR, RAJASTHAN, INDIA, EARLY 19TH CENTURY The slightly curved steel blade with raised edge and fullers struck at forte with three talismanic dots on either side, the gilded-‐silver hilt with characteristic broad pommel and hemispherical quillon terminals, wholly embellished in green and blue enamel and set with thirty-‐three gems including rubies and white sapphires, devanagari inscription to flat edge of blade at forte, velvet-‐covered wood scabbard with later addition of gilt braid (Islamic Arts & Architexture).
A FINE AND EXCEPTIONALLY RARE JADE-‐HILTED TALWAR, INDIA, 17TH CENTURY The slightly curved finely-‐watered steel blade with jade hilt of light-‐green colour carved exquisitely in the form of budding lotus flower with a narrow grip, disc pommel and broad basket guard, the cloth-‐covered wood scabbard with ensuite gold repoussé chape and lock decorated with elephant, camel and deers in procession, scale-‐ patterning and palmette arcades. (Islamic Arts & Architexture)
A fine and rare Mughal Shamshir with a gold Tulwar hilt. At 95cms overall, this sabre is of fine proportions. The blade is 83cms in a straight line from tip to centre of the forte. The Tulwar hilts is profusely decorated with gold floral designs to most surfaces. The inside of the knuckle bow shows a band of chevrons. The deeply curved blade is of a fine wootz construction with natural occurring ladders seen in the forte. The blade is signed in gold to one side and shows the remains of script along the top of one side, now worn with age, likely a prayer or dedication. (Swords and Antique Weapons)
A nice complete Indian Tulwar / Talwar with Wootz blade. This early Wootz blades Tulwar is 80cms long in the scabbard, just under 79cms out with a blade length just over 67cms. The hilt is an unsual all steel variety with a fully chiseled surface. The surfaces display floral patterns in high relief with a blackened back ground. The Wootz blade is of a nice form with a raised back edge approx 22cms long shows what appears to be a cold forged scarf weld approx half way along the blade. The original scabbard remains in very healthy conditon free of splits or timber losses and shows leather wear from age and use. A very nice, unusual and complete Wootz bladed Tulwar at a very good price. (Swords and Antique Weapons)
CITATIONS
Airavat. "Military History of India." : Guerrilla Warfare-‐III (horses and Swords). Blogspot, Dec. 2006. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. Harwood, Anne. "GOSHAENUR." GOSHAENUR. The Scholars of St. Thomas Aquinas, 2008. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. Hill, Daniel D., and JoAnne Eicher. History of World Costume and Fashion. N.p.: Prentice Hall PTR, 2010. 231-‐43. Print. Ishwaryaa22. "Mughal Jewelry ~ Royal and Antique Jewelry of North India."HubPages. N.p., 2012. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. Islamic-‐arts.org Team. "Arms and Armour Collection." Islamic Arts and Architecture. Islamic Arts and Architecture, 14 Apr. 2012. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. Pathak, Anamika. Indian Costumes. New Delhi: Roli, 2006. Print. Regan, Paula. Weapon: A Visual History of Arms and Armor. New York: DK Pub., 2010. N. pag. Print. "Swords and Antique Weapons for Sale -‐ International." Swords and Antique Weapons for Sale -‐ International. N.p., 2012. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. Uncle Rashid. "Gleann Nam Feòrag Dhuibhe -‐ Garb Workshops." Gleann Nam Feòrag Dhuibhe. Canton of Gleann Nam Feòrag Dhuibhe, 24 Mar. 2006. Web. 13 Jan. 2013.