C.s Bee service by Prisca Kwan

Building Services [ARC 2423] PROJECT 2 Case Study and Documentation of Building Services Systems

Subang Parade, Selangor

Student : Carmen Chee Cha Yi Chia Yi Ling Lee Yi Na Leong Jia Chi Prisca Kwan Syazleen Sies

0313893 0318606 0318211 0319102 0318530 0321260

Tutor : Mr. Rizal

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction of Subang Parade

2. Air-Conditioning System 2.1

Literature Review 2.1.1

Split Unit Air Conditioning-System

2.1.2 Window Unit Air Conditioning System 2.1.3 Centralized Air Conditioning System 2.2

Case study 2.2.1 Centralized Air Conditioning System 2.2.1.1

Air Handling Unit ( AHU )

2.2.1.2

Duct System

2.2.1.3

Diffusers

2.2.1.3.1 Supply Air Diffusers 2.2.1.3.2 Return Air Grilles 2.2.1.4

Chilled Water System

2.2.1.4.1 Evaporator 2.2.1.4.2 Compressor 2.2.1.4.3 Condenser 2.2.1.4.4 Thermostatic Expansion Valve 2.2.1.5

Cooling Tower

2.2.1.6

Pipe System

2.2.1.6.1 Chilled Water Pipe 2.2.1.6.2 Condensed Water Pipe 2.2.2 Control Room 2.3

Findings and Analysis

2.4

Conclusion

3. Mechanical Ventilation 3.1

Literature Review

3.2

Case Study & Analysis

3.3

Extract System 3.3.1 Propeller Fan

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3.3.2 Ductwork 3.4

Smoke Extracting System

3.5

Control Room

3.6

Conclusion

4. Fire Protection System 4.1

Literature Review 4.1.1 Aim 4.1.2 Education

4.2

Case Study and Analysis –Active Fire Protection (AFP) 4.2.1 Active Fire Protection System 4.2.1.1

Non-Water Based Fire Protection Fix Fire Extinguisher Portable Fire Extinguisher Classification of Risks

4.2.1.2

Water Based Fire Protection System

4.2.1.2.1 Fire Hydrant System 4.2.1.2.2 Automatic Sprinkler System 4.2.1.2.3 Fire Hose Reel & Wet Riser 4.2.1.2.4 Water Tank & Fire Pump Room 4.2.1.3

Fire Detection and Alarm System Smoke Detector Fire Emergency Alarm System Fire Control Room & Fire Intercom Station

4.3

4.4

Case Study and Analysis –Passive Fire Protection (PFP) 4.3.1 Passive Fire Protection System 4.3.1.1

Fire Exit Door

4.3.1.2

Emergency Exit Signage

4.3.1.3

Door Closer

4.3.1.4

Fire Escape Staircase

4.3.1.5

Handrails

Conclusion

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5. Mechanical Transportation 5.1

Literature Review

5.2

Case Study & Analysis

5.3

Types of Lift 5.3.1 Geared Traction Elevator 5.3.2 Plunged Hydraulic Elevator

5.4

Lift System Components 5.4.1 Exterior Component 5.4.2 Interior Component 5.4.3 Mechanical Component

5.5

Safety System

5.6

Standard Requirement

5.7

Escalator System

5.8

Arrangement 5.8.1 Crisscross Arrangement 5.8.2 Parallel Stacked Arrangement

5.9

Escalator Component

5.10

Safety Device

5.11

Conclusion

6. References

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

Subang Parade was constructed during 1987 and 1988 to be the first constructed shopping mall In Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. It is a three storey mall which consisted over 200 stores at a space of approximately 1,169,038 square feet and located just off the Malaysia Federal Highway, and is within of the Darul Ehsan Mosque, Aeon Big, Empire Shopping Gallery and the Subang Komuter station. It has been around for 27 years since it opened on 13 August 1988. For now, Subang Parade is a property under the Hektar REIT (Real Estate Investment Trust).

During 2008 ICSC Asia Awards, Subang Parade was recognized by the International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC) with a Silver Award for Development Design.

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2.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW An air conditioning system is an assembly of different part of the system used to alternate the properties of the air to produce a more favorable condition of air within a required space of a building. The air conditioning is defined as a process of cools (or heat), cleans, circulates and controls the moisture content of the air in a space.

Based on ASHRAE, the range of temperature between 23℃ to 27℃ is the best and ideal temperature for human being to feel comfortable. There are four main types of air conditioning used nowadays, which is the split air conditioner system, window air conditioner system, packaged air conditioner system and centralized air conditioner system. Split air conditioner system and window air conditioner system are commonly used in small spaces such as residential home. Large commercial spaces like auditorium and shopping malls, centralized air conditioner system are widely used, as it is most effective and more economic compared to the small units air conditioner, as it is not economically viable.

In such hot and humid climate in Malaysia, the air conditioner is essential equipment in most building as to achieve thermal comfort.

2.1.1 SPLIT UNIT AIR CONDITIONING-SYSTEM The split air conditioner is the most common type of air conditioning system nowadays. The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The outdoor unit, which located outside the room, houses components like the compressor, condenser and expansion valve. The indoor unit consists of the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan. For this unit you don’t have to make any slot in the wall of the room. A split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms, which can be, stand alone, ceiling mounted or wall mounted. (Retrieved from : http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/897-types-of-airconditioning-systems/)

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Figure2.1.1: Split Unit Air-Conditioning System [Image retrieved from : http://www.kingersons.com/solar-ductless18000btuminisplitac-inverter.htm]

2.1.2 WINDOW UNIT AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM Window air conditioner is sometimes referred to as room air conditioner as well. It is the simplest form of an air conditioning system and is mounted on windows or walls. It is a single unit that is assembled in a casing where all the components are located. This refrigeration unit has a double shaft fan motor with fans mounted on both sides of the motor.

Figure 2.1.2.1: Window Unit Air-Conditioning system

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2.1.3 CENTRALIZED AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM The centralized air conditioner has a centralized duct system. It uses the refrigerant to absorb the heat from the indoor evaporator coils and rejects that heat to outdoor condenser coils, and vice versa.

The major part and function of the air conditioner system are as followings:

Compressor: the compressor function as squeezing the refrigerant, which arrives at the compressor as a cool, low-pressure gas. This increases its energy and temperature, so the working fluid leaves the compressor as a hot, high-pressure gas.

Evaporator Coil: It is the part of the air-conditioning system that actually pulls heat out of your homeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s air. After the compressor and condenser have turned the Freon into a cool liquid under intense pressure, the evaporator allows the liquid to evaporate, which extracts heat from the surrounding air, lowering the air temperature.

Expansion Valve: It eliminates the pressure from the liquid refrigerant and allows expansion from liquid to vapor later on in the evaporator. The orifice within the valve does not serve to reduce heat, rather than pressure. The liquid refrigerant is at its coldest state while leaving the expansion valve.

Evaporator: The evaporator converts the refrigerant liquid to vapor form and brings away the heat along. The coil of pipes, which stored refrigerant, absorbs the heat from the air passing over the coils to become vapor and the cooled air is released to outdoor.

The air cycle consists of five major components that helps the distribution of the treated air , which are :

Air Filter: Cleanse the air and minimize the quantity of impurities released into rooms.

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Air handling unit (AHU) : the blower and related portion of the central air conditioning system that moves air through the air ducts.

Blower Fan: It locates at outdoor and pulls air through the condenser coil for heat dispersal. Duct work and Diffusers: Distributes the air from the AHU to their destination rooms. ( A. Bhatia, Centralized and Decentralized Systems, Retrieved from : http://www.seedengr.com/Cent%20Vs%20Decent%20AC%20Systems.pdf )

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Figure2.1.3.1: Centralized Air Conditioning System

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2.2 CASE STUDY The Subang Parade practices the centralized air conditioning system, which serve multiple spaces from one base location. The centralized air conditioning system comprises of the chilled water system, air handling unit and the cooling tower. These typically use chilled water, which located at one base location as a cooling medium. It is distribute to air handling units or fan-coils located throughout the building spaces. Next, the cool air are distribute through extensive ductworks.

2.2.1 CENTRALIZED AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM The main components of a centralized air-conditioning system are cooling tower, chilled water plant, air handling unit (AHU), ducts, pipes and diffusers. It only uses water to transfer heat between the AHU, chilled water plant and the cooling tower, but the refrigerant is used to transfer heat inside the chilled water plant The AHU functions to recycle and cool the air inside the mall. The air in the AHU is cooled by chilled water coming from the chilled water plant and is mixed with fresh air sucked from outdoor before being distributed to the mall via duct system and diffusers. The now warmed chilled water is transported back to the chilled water plant. The refrigerant in the plant functions to cool the incoming water by entering the refrigerant cycle. The again chilled water is then transported back to the AHU to repeat the air cycle again. The heat generated by the refrigerant in the chilled water plant is cooled separately by the water coming from the cooling tower

Diagram 2.2.1.1 : Components of a centralized air-conditioning system

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Diagram 2.2.1.2 : Air and refrigerant cycle

2.2.1.1 AIR HANDILING UNIT (AHU) After that, My Syam and his partner brought us to the air handling unit room inside the mall. The air handling unit room can be found in every level of the shopping mall. There is a total of 24 AHU room and each AHU supplies fresh cold air for four shop lots. The basic function of the AHU is to take in outside air, re-condition it and supply it as fresh air to a building.

Figure 2.2.1.1.1: Air Handling Unit in the AHU room

Figure 2.2.1.1.2: Air will passes through the filter before entering the AHU room.

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Figure 2.2.1.1.3: Diagram of the Air Handling Unit (AHU) Retrieved from : http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/03/hvac-systems-main-equipment.html

Mr Syam explained that the AHU maintains the fresh airflow in the mall by circulating the air using pressure differences. As the air pressure in the shopping mall is higher than the AHU, hence the air is drawn continuously into the AHU. Chilled water from the chilling plant is pumped into the AHU to cool the air. The chilled water absorbs the heat in the AHU and eventually lowers the air temperature. After that, the heated water is being transfer back tot the chilling plant to be cool down again.

Figure 2.2.1.1.4: Control panel of the cooling system

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2.2.1.2 DUCT SYSTEM Mr Syam explained that it is to function as carry fresh cooled air from the AHU and distribute it throughout the building. It also helps to carry the returned air in the building to the AHU or in the case of service rooms. Then there is a diffuser at the end of the duct. The duct system is mostly hidden above the ceiling in the shopping mall for aesthetic purpose. UBBL REQUIREMENT: a. Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate the pipes, cables or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be : i.

Adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables or conduits and for crossings of branches and mains together with supports and fixing.

ii.

Sufficient large to permit access to cleaning eyes, stop cocks and other controls there to enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each for all of the service accommodated,

2.2.1.3 DIFFUSERS Diffusers are found at the end of the ducts. There are two main types of diffusers in Subang Parade. One is the supply air diffusers, the other is the return air grilles. The sizes of same type of diffusers are the same throughout the building but the numbers is different, determined by the space they covered that needs to be air-conditioned.

2.2.1.3.1 SUPPLY AIR DIFFUSERS Supply air diffusers distributed air from the duct systems evenly throughout the intended locations. This is done by splitting the air into smaller air streams toward the desired directions and enhanced the mixing of the air by decreasing the air velocity with minimal noise created

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Figure2.2.1.3.1.1: Diffusers both hidden in the ceiling

2.2.1.3.2 RETURN AIR GRILLES The return air grilles functions to carry the air back to the specific AHU on each floor. A fan behind the air grilles draw out warm air from the air-conditioned spaces and return them to the AHU rroms. The number of grilles are lesser than supply air diffusers. This is because the grilles are bigger than the air diffusers.

Figure 2.2.1.3.2.1: Return air grilles found in AHU Room

2.2.1.4 CHILLED WATER SYSTEM Chilled water system contain a chilled water plant which is made up of evaporator, compressor, condenser and thermostatic expansion valve. Its connected to the AHU room and the cooling tower via the chilled water pump and the condensed water pump

Water is chilled in the plant before being transported to the AHU. The water is chilled by the refrigerant in the chilled water plant as the refrigerant undergoes the

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refrigerant cycle. In this cycle, the liquid refrigerant undergoes the refrigerant cycle, and the cycle is repeated. Various meters are used to monitor the flow of the refrigerant and the water. The refrigerant used in this system is R-134A or the 1, 1, 1, 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Tetrafluoroethane. Previously the system uses R12 as the refrigerant, but switched to R-134A as it is less damaging to the environment. The process of the refrigerant absorb and release heat is called the refrigerant cycle.

Figure 2.2.1.4.1: Condenser and Evaporator

According to MS1525:2007: Code 8.2.2 Where the chillers are used and when the design load is greater than 100kWr, a minimum of two chillers or a single multi-compressor chiller should be provided to meet the required load

Code 8.2.3 Multiple units of the same equipment type, such as multiple chillers with combined capabilities exceeding the design load may be specified to operate concurrently only if controls are provided which sequence or otherwise optimally control the operation of each unit based on the required cooling load.

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2.2.1.4.1 EVAPORATOR The evaporator act as a heat exchanger and is connected to the AHU via chilled water pipes. As the boiling refrigerant inside the evaporator absorbed heat from the warm water from the AHU, it is evaporated and changed into vapor state. The now chilled water is then pumped back to the AHU to repeat the air cycle. The refrigerant vapor then enter the compressor before entering the condenser to be cooled

2.2.1.4.2 COMPRESSOR The compressor functions to draw the refrigerant vapor out from the evaporator and pump it in the condenser. The compressor also converse the low pressure low and temperature gas to high pressure and high temperature gas to facilitate the condensation process

2.2.1.4.3 CONDENSER The condenser acts as another heat exchanger in the system and is connected to the cooling tower via condensed water pipes. The water from the cooling tower cools the refrigerant vapor and convert it back to liquid state. The now heat-absorbed water is returned to the cooling tower to be cooled again before entering the condenser and repeat the cycle. The liquid refrigerant then passes through the thermostatic expansion valve before entering the evaporator to repeat the refrigerant cycle.

2.2.1.4.4 THERMOSTATIC EXPANSION VALVE The thermostatic expansion valve meters and controls the flow of liquid refrigerant into the evaporator

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2.2.1.5 COOLING TOWER The cooling towers of Subang Parade are located on the rooftop. They serves to remove the heat from the heat from the hot condensed water coming from the chilled water plant to the atmosphere. The water is the cooled down to be transported back to the chilled water plant to absorb heat again. The towers are located outdoor to maximize the efficiency of heat transfer between the water and the atmosphere. Typically two cooling towers are needed for one chilled water plant, but there are three cooling towers for one chilled water plant in Subang Parade. In case of emergency breakdown, the water in a nearby water tank is used to cool down the chilled water plant.

The hot condensed water transported to the cooling tower is sprinkled inside the tower to form water droplets. Atmospheric air is drawn into the tower via induction fan found on top of the tower. The heat is exchanged between the water droplet and drawn-in air and the cooled water falls downward to be collected and pumped back to the chilled water plant.

Figure 2.2.1.5.1: The Cooling Tower

Figure 2.2.1.5.2: Emergency Water Tank

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Figure 2.2.1.5.3: The induction fan on top of the cooling tower

Diagram 2.2.1.5.4: Typical components of water tank

According to MS 1525:2007, Code 8.8 Balancing The system design should provide means for balancing the air and water system such as but not limited to dampers, temperature and pressure test connections and balancing valves.

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2.2.1.6 PIPE SYSTEM There are two types of pipes associated with the air conditioning system in Subang Parade. They are the chilled water pipe and the condensed water pipe. Both of the pipes are marked with different coloy and words to differentiate them.

According to MS 1525:207, code 8/6 piping insulation: All piping installed to serve buildings and within building should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapor barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions

2.2.1.6.1 CHILLED WATER PIPE The chilled water pipes transport the chilled water from the evaporator in the chilled water plant to the AHU room. It also return the warmed water from the AHU room back to the chilled water. The pipes are marked with light blue colour with a cylindrical pattern on it. The supply and return pipes are differentiated with “CWS” and “CHWR” respectively which is the abbreviation for “Chilled Water Supply” and “Chilled Water Return”.

Figure 2.2.1.6.1.2: “CWS’ and “CHWR” chilled water pipes in chilled water plant

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2.2.1.6.2 CONDENSED WATER PIPE The condensed water pipes supply the cooled water from the cooling tower the cooling tower to the condenser in the chilled water plant and also return the hot water from the condenser to the cooling tower. The pipes are marked in dark blue colour.

Figure 2.2.1.6.2.1: Chilled water pipe and the condensed water plant in the control room

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2.2.2 CONTRL ROOM A control room is also found in the service room. It is rather old-fashioned with control panels as the new system uses digital monitors already. The switches for the whole air-conditioning system can be operated here and some can be controlled by timers.

Figure 2.2.2.1: The control panel for the mechanical ventilation system

Figure 2.2.2.2: The Automatic Timer

Figure 2.2.2.3: The schematics on the control panel

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According to MS1525:2007 Code 8.4.4 Off-Hour Control : Code 8.4.4.1: ACMV system should be equipped with automatic controls capable of accomplishing a reduction of energy use for example through equipment shutdown during periods of non-use or alternative use of spaces served by the system.

2.3 FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS Thermal comfort is achieved in Subang Parade as the room temperature is maintained at average of 23oC throughout the air-conditioned area. According to MS1525:2007 Code 8.1.2 Indoor Design Conditions In general, an individual feels comfortable when metabolic heat is dissipated at the rate at which it is produced. The human body temperature needs to be maintained at a contant 37Âą 0.5oC regardless of the prevailing ambient condition. The higher the space relative humidity, the lower the amount of heat the human body will be able to transfer by means of perspiration. Code 13a: At normal comfort room temperature (23 to 26oC), the acceptable air velocity would be in the region of of 0.15 to 0.5 m/s. The indoor design conditions of an air conditioned space for comfort cooling is recommended to have dry bulb of 23 to 26oC. The recommended design relative humidity is 55-70%. The recommended air movement is 0.15 to 0.5 m/s. According to Department of Malaysian Standards, the maximum air movement is 0.7 m/s.

Moreover, the mall is scheduled to operate during office hour. Automatic timer and manual switch are used to shut down the mechanical ventilation system after office hour to prevent energy wastage. Individual control panels and various meters can also be found near the AHU and chilled water plant to control and monitor their operations.

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Backup system such as extra water chillers, water tank and fans are also implemented to better equip Subang Parade in case of emergency and system failure

2.4 CONCLUSION Based on the study and research conducted in this section. It is concluded that the centralized air conditioning system is best suitable for Subang Parade for its 2 story large commercial space. The numbers of AHU on each floor are sufficient to provide thermal comfort with optimal energy usage. Chilled water plant and cooling tower are also operating smoothly. Environment is harmed less as the refrigerant was changed to another less damaging type.

Last but not least, the Subang Parade complies with the UBBL and MS1525 in terms of the installation and operation of the mechanical ventilation system.

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3.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION 3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW Mechanical ventilation also known as forced ventilation, it helps to manage the air quality within the enclosed interior spaces of a building via ducts and fans by circulating the interior air with the external fresh air, besides using the nature airflow which cause by the openings. Unlike natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation need electricity to support its function. It helps to ensure the airflow under certain air pressure and can be forces through the filters. In Malaysia, mechanical ventilation is a necessity in order to ventilate the spaces. Thus, there are three types of mechanical ventilation system which commonly being applied in Malaysia:

Extract System - Natural Inlet and Mechanical Extract The exhaust system (fan) extract the hot air inside the room and cause a negative pressure on the inlet side which help the fresh air to enter the interior space. Mechanical Extract fans in windows or roofs and ducted system where the air is to be discharged away from the occupied space owing to its combination with heats, fumes, smoke, water vapour or odour. This system can be used in dwellings, offices, factories or public buildings. A slightly reduction in air static pressure is caused within the building, and external air flow inwards.

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Figure 3.1.1 Extract System Diagram (New-learn.info,. (2015). Mechanical Ventilation. Retrieved 20 November 2015, from http://newlearn.info/packages/clear/thermal/buildings/active_systems/mv/index.html )

Supply System - Mechanical Inlet and Natural Extract This system is mainly used for buildings which allocate in a cold weather, boiler rooms, or factories. Air is blown into the building through a fan converter or ducted system to pressurize the internal atmosphere slightly with a heated air supply. The air leaks out of the building through adventitious openings and permanent air bricks or louvers.

Figure 3.1.2 Supply System Diagram (Osman, N. (2013). Ventilation system. Slideshare.net. Retrieved 20 November 2015, from http://www.slideshare.net/NooruleInieOsman/ventilationsystem-25941705)

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Combination System - Mechanical Inlet and Mechanical Extract Where natural ventilation openings would become unable to cope with large air flow rates without disturbing the architecture or causing uncontrollable draughts, full mechanical control of air movement is assumed. This may augment natural ventilation at times of peak occupancy or solar heat gain. When a building is to be sealed from external environment, then a full air-conditioning system is used.

Figure 3.1.3 Combination System Diagram (Nrc-cnrc.gc.ca,. (1998). Current Approaches for Mechanical Ventilation of Houses - Construction Technology Updates. Retrieved 20 November 2015, from http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ctu-sc/ctu_sc_n15)

Advantages of mechanical ventilation: 

Well indoor air quality - Help to remove pollutants, allergens, moisture which cause mildew.



Controllable - Allow constantly airflow with better intake and exhaust system, no need to rely on the outdoor weather conditions



Enhance the user’s thermal comfort – Provide proper airflow from outside into the building and also filter the incoming air which produce cleaner and fresher air.

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3.2 INTRODUCTION In Subang Parade, they do not provide natural ventilation system. Thus, mechanical ventilation is a must, in order to circulate the air by expelling out the stale air inside the building and allow fresh air to enter the building. Extract system are applied in Subang Parade as their mechanical ventilation system. Exhaust fan, ductwork, fire dampers and diffusers are widely be used in the building of Subang Parade. They help to expel the air which contain water vapour, carbon dioxide and unpleasant smells, and allow fresh air to replace the stale air. The temperature inside the building will also decrease while the air being circulate, it help to enhance the thermal comfort of the occupants and also help to maintain the function of the services.

3.3 EXTRACT SYSTEM

Extract system allow natural inlet of the fresh air and mechanical outlet which expel stale air to the exterior of the building. This due to the exhaust system which extract hot air inside the spaces and cause a negative pressure on the inlet side which allow the fresh air to enter the interior spaces. There are basically three types of extract system which being applied in Subang Parade which are exhaust fan, ductwork system and fire extraction system.to fulfil the daily routine of Subang Parade.

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3.3.1 PROPELLER FAN In Subang Parade, their services room use propeller fan system to ventilate the air. The temperature in those services rooms are mostly higher than the other places, but the machines which allocate in the services rooms need an appropriate temperature in order to function. Thus, the propeller fan help to extract the hot air from the services rooms, which maintain the temperature of the rooms to ensure the functionality of the machines. According to MS1525 Code 8.4.1 Temperature Control Each system should be provided with at least one thermostat for the regulation of temperature. Each thermostat should be capable of being set by adjustment or selection of sensors over a minimum range of between 22째C

Figure 3.3.1.1 Exhaust fan in air-condition services room.

Figure 3.3.1.2 Exhaust Fan in lift services room.

Figure 3.3.1.3 Diffusers at the outside of the exhaust fan.

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3.3.2 DUCTWORK Ductwork system are being applied in the car park, shops and the toilets of Subang Parade. They channel the air from those enclose spaces to outside of the buildings by pipes and tunnels. The stale air will be transport throughout the tunnels and expel the stale air to outside. The ductwork system which being used in car park, shops and toilets are separated. Thus, there are three kind of ductwork network inside Subang Parade in order to provide a more effective ventilation for each spaces. According to MS1525 Code 8.6 Air Handling Duct System Insulation All ducts, plenums and enclosures installed in or on buildings should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.

Figure 3.3.2.1 Return air grille inside the mall.

Figure 3.3.2.2 Output of the ductwork for the stale air inside the mall.

Figure 3.3.2.3 Output of the ductwork for the stale air inside the shops.

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Figure 3.3.2.4 Return air grille inside the car park.

Figure 3.3.2.5 Output of the ductwork for the stale air inside the car park.

Figure 3.3.2.6 Return air diffuser inside the toilet.

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Figure 3.3.2.7 Output of the ductwork for the stale air inside the toilets.

3.4 SMOKE EXTRACTION SYSTEM Smoke extraction system is a must for most for the building. It helps to extract the smoke when there is fire happen inside the building. Most properly the smoke extraction systems are on its stand by mood, it will only function when the concentration of the smoke hit the requirement of the system, when the system operate it will quickly extract the smoke which create by the fire out the building.

Figure 3.4.1 Inlet of the smoke extract system.

Figure 3.4.2 Outlet of the smoke extract system.

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3.5 CONTROL ROOM There are two exhaust system control room in Subang Parade. One of the exhaust system control room allocate at the rooftop which control the exhaust fans of the services room, while another allocate inside the Subang Parade which control the exhaust fans inside the mall. Both of the control room control all the exhaust system in Subang Parade in order to function effectively. According to: MS1525 Code 8.4.1.2.1 Control Setback and Shut-off Each system should be equipped with a readily accessible means of shutting off or reducing the energy used during periods of non-use of alternate uses of the building spaces or zones served by the system. MS1525 Code 8.4.4.1 Off-hour Control ACMV system should be equipped with automatic controls capable of accomplishing a reduction of energy use for example through equipment shutdown during periods of non-use or alternative use of the spaces served by the system. MS1525 Code 8.4.5 Mechanical Ventilation Control Each mechanical ventilation system (supply and/or exhaust) should be equipped with a readily accessible switch or other means for shut-down or volume reduction when ventilation is not required. Examples of such devices would include timer switch control, thermostat control, duty cycle programming and CO/CO2 sensor control.

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Figure 3.5.1Control room for the exhaust fan in the

Figure 3.5.2 Control system of smoke

services room which allocate on the rooftop

extraction system in the fire control room which allocate inside the mall.

3.6 CONCLUSION Subang Parade has a complete mechanical ventilation system which include exhaust fan, ductwork and smoke extraction system. It effectively help to circulate the air and control the temperature inside the mall. Those equipment makes Subang Parade become a more sustainable mall with the necessary components. According to the Uniform Building By-Laws, Subang Parade provide sufficient yet permanent mechanical ventilation in kitchens, bathrooms as well as corridors which include the services areas. The systems are being maintained in a good condition in order to function and serve the daily needs of the malls.

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4.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 4.1 LITERATURE REVIEW Fire protection refers to the procedures and safety measures that is conducted to prevent or delay fire from becoming destructive by reducing the impact of uncontrolled fire which could ensure the safety of the people in the building. Fire protection system involves the implementation of " safety planning practices and drills, and includes education of fire, research, investigation, safety planning, building construction, safe operations, trainings and as well as testing of mitigating systems " ("What is Fire Protection", n.d.) There are three basic essentials of fire protection: 1. Study of Fire To learn the causes of fire, fire extinguishing techniques, detection and extinguishing equipment and their uses, and the rules and regulations related to building construction. 2. Active Fire Protection Includes manual or automatic detection of fire, the use of fire and smoke alarms, also fire fighting and first aid. 3. Passive Fire Protection Design of building and infrastructures, use of fire resistance material in construction, provision of isolating fire, fire walls and doors, smoke doors, training of fire fighting, signage, markings and evacuation of building in case of fire. Fire protection is an everyday procedure. The fire regulations in force must be implemented in factories, living areas, public places and transportation. Education of fire and regular fire drill practices are also major compliance to the fire protection issue.

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4.1.1 AIM The primary aim of the fire protection systems which is categorized into active and passive fire protection system are to avoid the spread of fire from one particular space to another within a building. This would allow inhabitant to escape safely from fire occurance as it would control and reduce on damaging the buildings as well as reducing the risk on collapse of emergency system.

4.1.2 EDUCATION It is essential that the operator understands the emergency precautions of the building. However, the inhabitants that occupies the building should have a clear understanding of the safety security system code on the drawing plan whenever there is fire hazard. Fire escape plans should also be provided. Function of passive and active fire protection system in fire hazard as well as the blind spot of these systems should be covered in education.

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4.2.1 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (AFP) Active fire protection systems such as water sprinkler and spray systems are widely used in the process industries for protection of storage vessels, process plant, loading installations and warehouses. The duty of the fire protection system may be to extinguish the fire, control the fire, or provide exposure protection to prevent domino effects. For some applications foam pourers or fixed water monitors may be a more appropriate method of delivery than sprays or sprinklers. Other more specialised systems using inert gases and halogen based gases are used for flooding enclosed spaces.

4.2.1.1 NON-WATER BASED FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER Portable fire extinguishers generally covers first-aid fire-fighting appliances which can be carried by hand and from which the extinguishing agent can be expelled, usually under pressure. In Subang Parade, they can be found at all the floors, to be specific besides every escape door and hose reel rooms as well as every corner of Subang Parade that can be reached easily.

Figure 4.1: Portable fire extinguishers structure diagram.

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Figure 4.2: Portable fire extinguishers used in Subang Parade

Figure 4.3: Portable fire extinguishers placed in the Hose Reel Closets due to aesthetic reasons.

Placement of Fire Extinguishers Extinguishers should be as near as possible to exits or on staircase landings. They should be in conspicuous positions and ready for immediately use. They should be positioned on escape routes. From the layout of each floor, most of the fire extinguishers are placed in the Hose Reel Closets due to the aesthetic reasons.

According to UBBL Law 1984, Section 227: Portable Fire Extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent position on exit routes to be visible from all direction and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation. In Subang Parade, the type of fire extinguisher used is dry powder extinguisher.

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Figure 4.4: Location of fire extinguishers.

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FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHER Carbon Dioxide System Carbon Dioxide gas is probably the most versatile and, for many operations, the ideal extinguisher agent. It is widely use in household and commercial buildings. The gas covers the flames with a blanket of heavy gas that suffocates the fire by reducing the oxygen content of the surrounding atmosphere to a point where combustion is impossible. The gas is dry, odourless, non-corrosive, non -conductive and is heavier than air so that it flows around obstacles.

Figure 4.5: Carbon Dioxide system in Transformer room.

Figure 4.6: Exhaust pipe in Transformer room to absorb the CO2 gas.

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Figure 4.7: Transformer Room Door

Figure 4.8: Exhaust Hole

It does not conduct electricity and will not normally damage sensitive electronic equipment. Such system is used in the transformer room in Subang Parade instead of water-based sprinkler system. Once the CO2 system is released in the room, people are not allow to enter the space, the transformer roomâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s door will light up in red sign to indicate the space is in hazard at the same time. It is able to extinguish fire inside a space within around 2 minutes with the amount of 85% of Carbon Dioxide.

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CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE RISKS In order to provide the most efficient fire-extinguishing agent, fire risks are classified in four groups as follows:

Class A risk: Carbonaceous materials such as wood, cloth and paper, where cooling by water is the most effective method of reducing the temperature of the burning material. Most fires are in this class. Extinguishing agents: Water or dry powder.

Class B risk: Fires in inflammable liquids including petrol, oils, greases, paints, varnishes and fats, where the blanketing or smothering effect of agents, which exclude oxygen, is most effective. Extinguishing agents: Dry powder, foam, or carbon dioxide.

Class C risk: Fires in inflammable gases such as acetylene, methane, propane, North Sea and natural gases, where the extinguishing by blanketing or smothering to prevent oxygen combining with the gas is the most effective. Extinguishing agents: Dry powder, foam, or carbon dioxide.

Class D risk: Fires in inflammable metals such as uranium, zinc and aluminium, where the extinguishing or smothering effect of agents which exclude oxygen is most effective. Extinguishing agents: Dry sand or dry powder.

Class K risk: It involves combustible cooking media such as oils and grease commonly found in a commercial kitchen. This class of extinguisher is now finding their way into the residential market for use in the kitchens. Extinguishing agents: Dry powder.

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4.2.1.2 WATER BASED SYSTEM 4.2.1.2.1 FIRE HYDRANT SYSTEM Fire hydrant system is a water supply with a sufficient pressure and flow delivered through pipes throughout a building to strategically located network of valves for firefighting purposes. They are high pressure water pumps designed to increase the firefighting capacity of a building by boosting the pressure in the hydrant service when mains is not enough, or when tank fed. Firemen will connect their equipment to the outlets of the hydrant, forcing water into the system. There are approximately 10 external fire hydrants found around Subang Parade. They are placed beside the road so that fire brigade could get easy access to input their hose.

Figure 4.9: Fire Hydrant located at outside of Subang Parade.

Figure 4.10: Water coming out from fire hydrant. (Example)

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According to UBBL 1976, Chaoter7, Part 7: 7.7.1.2: Fire Hydrants Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 300 feet from the nearest point of fire brigade access. Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire appliances, addition fire hydrants shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority.

According to UBBL 1984, Section 140: 1. Away from obstruction such as street furniture, phone booths, etc. 2. Not less than 2m form adjacent building and overhang. 3. Between 0.6m to 2.4m form fire appliances access away from risked vehicular. 4. Not more than 90m apart from each other.

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4.2.1.2.2 AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM

Sprinkler systems are the most important and successful of the fire-fighting systems. A sprinkler installation is a first-aid system for dealing with a fire in its early stages and cannot be relied upon to deal with a large fire which has started in, or spread from, an unprotected part of the building. Sprinkler system can be found throughout the building location but not at the electrical sensitive room.

Figure 4.11: Example of sprinkler going off.

Fire sprinkler systems are usually located at ceiling level and are connected to a reliable water source, most commonly city water. It is found in our case study and was found covered every floor of Subang Parade.

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Figure 4.12: Closer up of Pendent fire sprinkler inside the mall. Usually located in front of shops.

Pendent Sprinkle Pendant sprinkler heads hang down from the pipeline and spray water in circle pattern. Its water deflector is places at the bottom. The sprinklers will be activated by high temperature. In Subang Parade, the bulb liquid colour is red and will rupture at 68 degrees Celsius.

Figure 4.13: Upright sprinkle inside the mall. (Normally located at the higher open place.)

Upright Sprinkle Upright sprinkler heads project up into a space and have deflectors that spray the water downward. They are generally used in mechanical rooms or other inaccessible areas to provide better coverage between obstructions like beams or ducts. They also provide a circle spray pattern.

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Water Storage Tank Sprinkler Pump Pump Controller Panel Pump Switch Butterfly Switch Sprinkler Head Sprinkler Drain

4 Figure 4.14: Distribution of Sprinkler System.

Figure 4.15: Typical wet pipe system diagram.

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Sprinkler Tank and Sprinkler Pumps The water for the sprinkler piping system is supplied from a reinforced concrete tank located in basement. The sprinkler Pump draws water from the sprinkler tank, to distribute the water to the sprinklers. The sprinkler pump comprises an Alarm Cont. Valve, which serves as the jockey pump. It is sensitive to changes in water pressure in the sprinkler piping system. When any sprinkler(s) is activated and water is discharged through the sprinklers in that zone, the pressure in the valve is reduced, triggering the duty pumps to pump water from the Sprinkler Tank.

There are a total of 3 pumps to supply water to the sprinkler systems of all zones and each levels with holding pressure of 120 psi. There is only one jockey pump of or all Duty pumps will be triggered to pump water from the RC sprinkler tank. Since only the sprinkler in the affected zone have been activated, the rest of the sprinklers will not discharge water, even though the duty pumps connected to the zone have been activated to pump water.

Figure 4.16: Sprinkler Tank in Water Tank Room.

Figure 4.17: Sprinkler Pumps in Water Tank Room.

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Deluge System This is employed for fire risks requiring total or zoned water coverage. The pipework in the system is not pressurised and all the water-discharge nozzles are open. In Subang Parade, The system is put into operation by both manual and automatic detectors which open a control valve and allows the simultaneous discharge of water from all the open nozzles.

A. Standard sprinklers are used, but they are all open. The activating elements have been removed so that when the control valve is opened water will flow from all of the sprinklers simultaneously and deluge the area with water. B. The deluge valve is normally closed. The valve is opened by the activation of a separate fire detection system.

Figure 4.18: Sprinkler Tank in Water Tank Room.

Figure 4.19: Component of Deluge System.

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According to MS 1910.159(a) (2): Automatic Sprinkler System For automatic sprinkler systems used to meet OSHA requirements and installed prior to the effective date of this standard, compliance with the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) or the National Board of Fire Underwriters (NBFU) standard in effect at the time of the systemâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s installation will be acceptable as compliance with this section. According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 7-Part 7 7.7.1.5: Sprinkler Valves Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority. All sprinkler systems shall be electrically connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.

4.2.1.2.3 FIRE HOSE-REEL AND WET RISER Hose-reel Installations Hose-reel installations are for first-aid fire-fighting only, but it is often possible for a fire to be extinguished or contained by the occupants in its initial stage by use of a jet of water from a hose-reel. It is not usual for portable fire extinguishers to be dispensed with when such a system is installed.

Figure 4.20: Fire-reel beside staircase of each levels in Subang Parade.

Figure 4.21: Pipe to transport water to Fire-reel.

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Canvas Hose and hose reel are found in the two set riser section of every floor, distributed by supplying water from water tank through wet rises pipe. Unlike the canvas hoses that need a high pressure, the hose reel pipe have a pressure reducer at the end of the wet riser.

Wet Riser Wet risers are used to supply water within buildings for fire-fighting purposes. The provision of a built-in water distribution system means that fire fighters do not need to create their own distribution system in order to fight a fire and avoids the breaching of fire compartments by running hose lines between them. Wet risers are permanently charged with water.

In Subang Parade, wet riser placed nearby the lift lobby and also at the emergency staircase in each flight and each level. It supplies water from the water tank through wet riser pipes and is distributed to canvas hoses and hose reel at each floor. The pipes supplying water from the tank to the hoses are pressurized at all the time. There are three pumps, which are jockey pump, duty pump and standby pump, located at the pump room which is needed for water to travel from the water tank tot the hoses.

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 7-Part 7: 7.7.2.8: Markings on Wet Riser, etc Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be painted red. All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for locating fire installations and extinguishers shall be clearly identified by painted in red.

According to UBBL 1984, Law 23: Installation and testing of wet rising system 1. Wet rising system shall be provided in every building which topmost floor is more 30.5m above the fire appliance access level. 2. A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby. 3. Each wet riser outlet shall comprise standard 63.5mm coupling fitted with a hose of not less than 38.1mm diameter equipped with an approved types cradle and variable fog nozzle.

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4.2.1.2.4 WATER TANK & FIRE PUMP ROOM Water Tank The two major fire water storage tank which are wet riser tank and water sprinkler tank that supply water for fire protection system in Subang Parade is located at the basement in the fire pump room. The volume of water contained into the tank in sufficient to supply water to the whole building.

Figure 4.22: Wet Riser water tank.

Figure 4.23: Wet riser valve.

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Fire Pump Room

Figure 4.24: Different kind of pump.

Jockey Pump A jockey pump is a small pump connected to a fire sprinkler system to maintain pressure in the sprinkler pipes. This is to ensure that if a fire-sprinkler is activated, there will be a pressure drop, which will be sensed by the fire pumps automatic controller, which will cause the fire pump to start.

Figure 4.25: Water sprinkler supply pump (Jockey Pump)

Duty Pump When pressure in pipe goes down, duty pump takes the lead and supply enough pressure of water to maintain the system in running order. However, if this pump fails to run due to some defaults, standby pump is activated automatically by the system. Duty pump can be switch off manually from the control panel in case of necessity.

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Standby Pump Standby pump is served as a backup pump for duty pump to maintain the minimum pressure of system when duty pump is failed to operate in a building. It can be manually switch off from the control panel.

Figure 4.26: Standby Pump.

According to UBBL 1984 Section 247: 1. Water storage capacity and water flow rate for fire-fighting system and installation shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the tenth schedule to these By-laws. 2. Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances. 3. Storage tanks for automatic sprinkle installation where full capacity is provided without the need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.

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4.2.1.3 FIRE DETECTION & ALARM SYSTEM FIRE DETECTION Fire is detected either by locating the smoke, flame or heat, and an alarm is sounded to enable emergency evacuation as well as to dispatch the local fire department. An introduction to fire detection and suppression can be found here. Where a detection system is activated, it can be programmed to carry out other actions. These include de-energising magnetic hold open devices on Fire doors and opening servo-actuated vents in stairways.

An automatic fire detector system usually consists of the following: 1. Detectors 2. Alarms 3. Control panel 4. Mains-fed power unit 5. Batteries 6. Wiring circuit

SMOKE DETECTOR A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as part of a fire alarm system. It is usually powered by a central fire alarm system, which is powered with a battery backup. A signal to master plan will be sent when heat sensation reaches the fixed temperature while the surroundings temperature reaches 47째C. For the installation of smoke detector, it has a laser sensor inside, while the smokes flew in and lower down the detection of laser. It will be activated and sent signal to master panel.

Figure 4.27: Ionisation smoke detector at the ceiling of Subang Parade.

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There are two types of smoke detector commonly found in the market: -

Photoelectric smoke detector

Ionisation smoke detector

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Ionisation smoke detector is used in Subang Parade. Ionization smoke detectors contain a very small amount of americium-241 within an ionization chamber. They create an electric current between two metal plates, which sound an alarm when disrupted by smoke entering the chamber. Ionization smoke alarms can quickly detect the small amounts of smoke produced by fast flaming fires, such as cooking fires or fires fueled by paper or flammable liquids.

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 7-Part 7: -

7.7.3.1: Smoke and Heat Vent In windowless buildings, underground structures and large area factories, smoke venting facilities shall be provided for the safe use of exits.

7.7.3.2: Natural Draught Smoke Vent Natural draught smoke venting shall utilize roof vents or vents in walls at or near the ceiling level. Such vents shall normally be in open positions or if they are closed they shall be so designed to open automatically by an approved means in the event of a fire.

According to UBBL 1984 section 153: Smoke detector 1. All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors. 2. Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door. 3. Reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo detectors unless incorporated with a force close features which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a pre-set time.

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FIRE EMERGENCY ALARM SYSTEM Alarm bell Alarm bell, which is also known as alarm sounder, is functionally in manual or automatic as well as by breaking down the glass of manual call point. It will operate to alert people in the building that there may be on fire and to evacuate if a smoker detector detects smoke or heat or someone operates a manual call point. It may also incorporate remote signalling equipment, which would alert the fire brigade via Subang Parade.

Figure 4.28: Fire alarm bell at lift lobby.

Figure 4.29: Fire alarm bells in front of water tank room.

Figure 4.30: Fire alarm bells and emergency light in front of water tank room.

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Manual Call Point Manual alarm call points are designed for the purpose of raising an alarm manually once verification of a fire or emergency condition exists, by operating the push button or break glass the alarm signal can be raised. They can form part of a manual alarm system or an automatic alarm system. There will be an indicator on the monitoring unit for visual indication to locate the call point easily, and there should be a visual identifier of the unit which triggered the alarm, typically a mechanical flag which operates on a latch and must be manually reset, e.g. by a key.

Figure 4.31: Manual Call Point at Subang Parade. (Fire break glass)

Figure 4.32: Manual Call Point at Subang Parade. (Break glass)

The manual call points should be installed on the floor side of an access door to a staircase so the floor of origins indicated at the control panel. Extra call points should be installed, where necessary, so that the greatest travel distance from any point in the building to the nearest call point does not exceed 30m. A greater number of call point maybe needed in high risk areas or if the occupant are likely to be slow in movement. Project 2 - Case Study and Documentation of Building Services Systems

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Manual pull and Key Switch They are normally located nearby HT substation and gen set room. The key switch or pull box can be activated immediately when the room is on fire.

Figure 4.33: Manual pull station outside transformer room.

According to UBBL 1984, Section 155: The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal form the alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.

According to UBBL 1984, Section 255: Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these by-laws.

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Automated processes triggered by fire alarms A. All fire shutters and fire curtains will fall within 5 minutes when the fire alarm goes off in any zone. B. The fire alarm in the zone will be triggered in a specific zone where the fire shutters and fire curtains be triggered when the smoke detector has been activated. C. The fire alarms in a specific zone will be automatically triggered in any zone due to the activation of sprinklers in any zone. D. All lifts will return to the designated floors without answering any car or landing calls when there is a fire alarm.

FIRE CONTROL ROOM & FIRE INTERCOM STATION Fire Control Room The fire control room in Subang Parade is located at ground floor near the lift lobby and staircase and it is being observed by 2 guards continuously and standby to manage an appropriate action if there are any signal from the detectors come directly to the control unit.

Figure 4.34: Fire control room located at ground floor beside escalator.

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The main control unit may use advanced electronic techniques and computer equipment, which will not only give warning of a fire condition but will also monitor the entire system for faults. Any fault or fire condition will be indicated both audibly and visually at the control panel and information can be relayed to the local fire brigade or other remote point.

Figure 4.36: Fire intercom in control room.

Figure 4.35: Monitor to show the situation of every single place in fire control room.

Figure 4.37: Indicator of the fire condition.

According to UBBL 1984 section 238: Command and Control Centre Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a command and control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire bridge communication, sprinkler, water flow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by passing the switchboard.

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Fireman Intercom Station The Fireman Intercom System is used by the fireman to communicate with control room master console through the handset station in the event of fire emergency. The Intercom handset stations are located at staircases of each floor in Subang Parade. At the Master control panel, a call alert lamp will flash with audible signal when there is incoming call. Upon lifting the handset, the audible signal will be silenced. The master control panel is also equipped with a fault indicator unit to indicate the type of fault.

Figure 4.38: Remote handset of Fire Intercom System

According to UBBL 1984, Section 237: 1. Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these by-laws. 2. All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area exceeding 9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5m in height shall be provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert(intermittent signal) be given adjoining section. 3. Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.

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4.3

PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION (PFP)

Passive fire protection is part of integral elements of structural fire protection as well as fire safety in every particular building which does not depend on any operating system of mechanism or any degree of motion. However, PFP itself slows the speed on spreading of fire from a space to another space where only effective for 2 hours to allow dweller to escape from fire menace by using fire protection tools that is provided for the building. Passive Fire Protection system is provided on the load bearing capacity of the fire exposed structure in a specified fire compartment, safety escape, fire separation within the building and building stability that needs to be concerned.

4.3.1 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM In a large building, fire escape plans are the most part that should not be neglected because when dwellers are having an emerge situation, they will refer to the plan and know where to exit from this building to the assembly point by not using any elevators. However, the routes and exits is displayed right in front of all lifts' lobby areas to allow occupants safety and capable to escape from fire or smoke as a fire fighting access lobby or a fire protection area.

Figure 4.39: Fire Escape Plan (Basement)

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Figure 4.40: Fire Escape Plan (Lower Ground)

Figure 4.41: Fire Escape Plan (Ground)

Figure 4.42: Fire Escape Plan (First Floor)

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According to UBBL 1984: Enclosing Means of Escape in Certain Building 1. Every staircase provided under these By-Laws in a building where the highest floor is more than 1200mm above the ground level, or in any place of assembly, or in any school when such staircase is to use as an alternative means of escape shall be enclosed throughout its length with fire resisting materials. 2. Any necessary openings, except openings in external walls which shall not for any purpose of this By-Law include wall to air wells, in the length of such staircase shall be provided with self-closing doors constructed of resisting materials.

4.3.1 FIRE EXIT DOOR It needs to be allocated at every escape door with the dimension of 1800mm x 2100mm x 38mm for each double leaf escape door. It needs to be installed or built by using solid hardwood core with an asbestos insulating board with an hour of fire resistance. The door has to be installed with a metal push blade inside and a door closer outside.

Figure 4.43: Fire Exit Door at Subang Parade

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According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 7, Part 7: - 7.7.2.6 Markings on exit doors All the exit doors and other types of doors is provided for egress purposes shall be painted in red or identified by a red luminous band that is not less than 18 inches broad across the full width of the door and positioned not less than 26 includes from the floor level. All such doors shall be readily distinguishable from the adjacent surfaces

- 7.7.2.7 Exit doors to be openable from inside without use of key All the exit doors need to be an openable from the inside without the use of key or any special knowledge or effort. Exit doors need to close automatically when it released and all door holding device including magnetic door holders, shall release the doors upon power failure or an actuation of the fire alarm.

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 7, Part 4: -7.4.1.6 Exits to be accessible at all times Exits shall be located and exit access shall be arranged that exits are readily accessible at all times. Exits are no immediately accessible from and open floor area, safe and continuous passageway or corridors leading directly to every exit in order to arrange and provide a convenient access for each occupant for at least 2 exits separate ways of travel should.

-7.4.1.7 Exit access not to lead towards high hazard occupancies Exit access should be arranged that it will not be necessary to travel towards any area of hazard occupancy in order to reach the nearest exist.

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4.3.2 EMERGENCY EXIT SIGNAGE In Malaysia, the Exit Emergency signage of 'KELUAR' means 'EXIT', is to direct people a shortest route to a place of safety within a building which lead to the outside of building at the assembly point and it is an effective guidance tool in Subang Parade building as it will help on reducing the fear as well as misperception by instructing a clear guiding system. However, the sign of exit emergency is written in block letters that sufficiency big enough to be seen in green colour that able to get people's attention.

Figure 4.44: KELUAR signage above the main door of Subang Parade.

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 7, part 7 -7.7.2.1: Emergency Exit Signs The emergency exit signage where is required, exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs. -7.7.2.2 Visibility of Exit Signs It consisted no decoration, furnishing or other equipment which will impair visibility of an exit sign shall be permitted. - 7.7.3.2 Natural draught smoke vent A sign reading 'KELUAR' or some sort of similar designation with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the direction of travelling shall be placed in every location where the direction of travelling to reach the closest exit is not immediately apparent.

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7.7.2.4 Size of lettering for Exit signs Every exit sign shall be having the word 'KELUAR' in plainly legible letters which not less than 6 inches high with the principle strokes of the letters not less than 3/4 inches wide and yet the lettering shall be in red against a black background. - 7.7.2.5 Exit signs to be illuminated continuously during period of occupancy All the exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during the periods of occupancy.

4.3.3 DOOR CLOSER It is essential to apply door closer on top of all fire exit doors or fire doors in Subang Parade and yet function as in helping the fire door to close back immediately or automatically after it opened it in preventing the spread of flame or smoke come inside from a space.

Figure 4.45: Door Closer at Exit Door

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According to UBBL 1984, Section 162 All fire doors need to include frames that should be constructed in a specification that can be shown to fulfil the requirements for the relevant Fire Resistance Period (FRP) when it tested in accordance with the section 3 of BS 476: 1951.

4.3.4 FIRE ESCAPE STAIRCASE For firefighting facilities, Subang Parade consists fire escape staircases with a specific door boundaries at every level of the mall as well as in basement parking. Typically for fire escape staircase for Subang Parade is U-shaped by providing a landing at each flight of the staircases as in material of cement concrete. According to staircase requirement, it is necessary to provide landing on each flight of the staircases to ensure the dwellers do have enough circulation space to pass down from avoiding any injuries during emerge. According to the law, there should be no obstruction in any staircase between the topmost landing thereof and the exit discharge on the ground floor. In this situation, all the staircases should be properly lighted and ventilated according to the requirements of the Local Authority.

Figure 4.46: Fire Escape Staircase Symbol

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Figure 4.47: Fire Escape Staircase

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 6, Part 6: Dimension of Staircase -6.29.1: In any staircase, the rise of any staircase shall not be more than 7 inches and the tread shall not be less than 10 inches. -6.29.2: The width of staircases shall be the clear widths -6.29.3: The depths of landings shall not be more than the width of the staircases.

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 7, Part 7: - 6.34 Enclosure of staircase in a shop In a shop, the flight of the stairs which has access direct from the street shall be enclosed with walls in combustible material.

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 7, Part 7 -6.35.2: Use of timber staircase All other staircases should have a fire-resistance rating of not less than 2 hours

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4.3.5 HANDRAILS

In terms of railings for staircase, it is important to provide a continuous railings instead of having a suspended railings as well as without any obstruction matter in between. The handrails do have a minor parallel railing in between with the distance of 200mm each for yielding in different height of dwellers when escaping all the way out from the building or exit door. The flight for each staircases should be constructed with incombustible materials. The minimum height of the handrails should be 1000mm and diameter of 40mm. Railing has to be 2 sided.

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 6, Part 6: Handrails

- 6.30.1 All the staircases shall be provided with at least one handrail - 6.30.2 In building other than residential buildings, a handrail should be provided each side of the staircase when the width of the staircase is 4 feet or more than that. - 6.30.3 All handrails shall project not more than 3 1/2 inches from the face of the finished wall surface.

4.4 CONCLUSION Subang Parade is fully equipped with a good fire protection system that complies the building laws and requirements stated in UBBL 1976, and is especially equipped in the active fire system category, where it provides various fighting equipment, fire alarm detection and escape routes in preparation in the event of a fire. This is to assure that the buildings, its occupants and contents are well protected against any possibility of fire occurrences. Every design consideration that enhances the fire protection systems is well thought of, as to provide a place of safety and security for the occupants of the buildings. Safety is rest assured.

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5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 5.1 LITERATURE REVIEW Mechanical transport system in a building usually comprises of escalator, elevator, travolators or any moving pavements that are advance vertical and horizontal transportation tools for people to travel between floors. A lift or an elevator is a transport device considered as a requirement in all buildings over three storeys. As for high-rise buildings, there is different elevator zoning to increase efficiency by reducing waiting time. For mid-rise building, zoning is usually not required as the waiting time is lower than high-rise buildings. To function efficiently and to provide access for the elderly and disabled, modern offices and public buildings are provided with suitably designed lift installation. Planning shouls be commence early in the design programme. (Building Services Handbook, 2013)

Mechanical Transportation System

Vertical Transportation

Lift

Traction Lift

Horizontal Transportation

Escalator

Hydraulic Lift

Geared Traction

Roped Hydraulic

Gearless Traction

Holeless Hydraulic

Travelator

Parallel

Crisscross

MachineRoomless

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Escalator An escalator is a "moving staircase" that is power-driven, and continuously moving to transport passengers up and down with no waiting interval. It consists of a motordriven chain of individual, linked steps that constantly moving up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal. Escalators have the capacity to move large numbers of people without wasting much space, because they can be places in the same space as the install of a staircase. Escalators have three typical configuration options: parallel, crisscross and multiple parallel.

Figure5.1.1: Escalator component. (Source: Electrical-knowhow.com,. (2015). Escalators Basic Components - Part One ~ Electrical Knowhow. from http://www.electricalknowhow.com/2012/04/escalators-basic-components-part-one.html)

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Elevator An elevator has a higher efficiency that moves people or goods between floors in a building that is powered by electric motor. The elevator can be divided into 3 main types, which are hydraulic system elevator, traction system elevator and motor roomless elevator (MRL) system. The positioning of a lift should be at locations which provide easy means of access for all building users.

Figure 5.2: Elevator component. (Source: Electrical-knowhow.com,. 'Hydraulic Elevators Basic Components ~ Electrical Knowhow'. Web.)

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Travelator Travelator is a slow moving conveyor mechanism that transports people across a horizontal or inclined plane over a short to medium distance. Moving walkways can be used by standing or walking on them. This is usually used in airports, or subways or also in shopping complex for trolleys.

Figure 5.3 Schematic Diagram of Travelator (Source: Cadblocksfree.wearnventures.co.uk,. 'Cad Blocks Free - Download Free CAD Blocks'. N.p., 2015. Web. 20 Nov. 2015.

Figure5.4 Travelator Component. (Source: Electrical-knowhow.com,. 'Escalators Basic Components Part One ~ Electrical Knowhow'. N.p)

In Subang Parade, mechanical transport system used are escalators and elevators only.

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5.2 CASE STUDY Weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve chosen Subang Parade as our case study building to do research and analysis. The building consistes of 4 floors which Basement, Lower Ground, Ground and First Floor. There are 18 numbers of standard elevators, made by Shingle, 4 bubble lift, which are using hydraulic system but are closed due to high costing and maintainence.

LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN Gear Traction Elevator Plunged Hydraulic Elevator

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FIRST FLOOR PLAN

SECOND FLOOR PLAN Gear Traction Elevator Plunged Hydraulic Elevator

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5.3 TYPES OF LIFT There are two types of lifts used in Subang Parade: geared traction elevator and plunged hydraulic elevator.

5.3.1 GEARED TRACTION ELEVATOR Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft. Geared traction elevators have a gearbox that is attached to the motor, which drives the wheel that moves the ropes. An electrically controlled brake between the motor and the reduction unit stops the elevator holding the car at the desired floor level. A counter weight makes the elevators more efficient by offsetting the weight of the car and the occupants so that the motor doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t move have to move much.

Figure 5.5 Schematic Diagram of Geared Traction Elevator

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5.3.2 PLUNGED HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR Hydraulic elevators are powered by hydraulic ram, a fluid-driven piston mounted inside a cylinder. They are used in low rise buildings up to 50 feet high or 5 stories max. The speed may vary from 25 to 150fpm. The system consists of fluid reservoir, pump, piston and a valve, The pump forces the fluid from the tank into the cylinder. When the valve close, the fluid collects inside the cylinder pushed the piston up, lifting the elevator up to desired floor. When the valve opens, the fluid flows back into the reservoir thereby lowering down the elevator.

Figure 5.6 : Schematic Diagram of Plunged Hydraulic Elevator

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5.4 LIFT SYSTEM COMPONENTS 5.4.1 EXTERIOR LIFT COMPONENTS

Floor Indicator Key hole to shaft

Level Operating Panel Two panel center opening car door Figure 5.8 Exterior of Lift

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5.4.2 INTERIOR LIFT COMPONENTS

Ventilation Vents

Emergency Railings Car Operating Panel (COP)

Figure 5.7 Interior of Lift

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5.4.3 MECHANICAL COMPONENT Geared Traction Machine

Figure 4.7 Interior of Lift

Figure 5.8 Geared Traction Machine

Figure 5.9 Schematic Diagram of Geared Traction Machine

Geared traction machine is powered by AC-DC electrical motor. It functions to turn the sheave which then moves the lift car. Gear traction elevator is usually used in low-rise building such as Subang Parade and the speed is lower compared to a gear-less machine. (which range around 200-500 feet per minute).

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Roping System

Figure 5.11 Schematic Diagram of Roping System

Figure 5.10 Roping System

The roping system is used for uplifting mechanism. The roping system used by Subang Parade is Single wrap system, which shown is figure 4.8. The hoist rope is arranged in which one end of each hoist rope passes from a dead-end hitch overhead, under a car sheave, up to the drive sheave, down around a and up to another dead end hitch overhead.

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Car Sling Upper Transom

It is the suspension element of the car that designed to mount sliding or roller guide shoes as well as braking system catch clumps.

Side Frame The adjustable height side frame is two pieces bolted together and fastened to both upper and lower transom

Lower Transom

It carries the car floor through pressure springs mounted in the lower isolation subassembly. Safety gear catch clamps also mounted in the lower transom

Figure 5.12 Detail Drawing of Car sling

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Guide Rail

Guide rails

Figure 5.13 Guide Rail

Guide Rails are steel tracks in the form of a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Tâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; that run the length of the hoistway, to guide and direct the course of the travel of the elevator car.

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Counterweights

Figure 5.14 Diagram of Counterweights

Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a tracked weight that is suspended from cables and moves within its own set of guide rails along the hoistway walls. It is used for balancing the mass of the car and a portion of rated loads. Its weight is equal to dead weight of the car plus 40% of the rated load. It is to reduce the necessary consumed power for the moving elevator.

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5.5 SAFETY SYSTEM Governor

Figure 5.15 Governor

A cable is attached to the safeties on the underside of the car, the governor rope. This rope runs down through a pulley at the bottom of the shaft and back up to the machine room, around the governor sheave. When over-speeding is detected, a centrifugal force will be applied inside the governor and push the hooked flyweights to the outer edge catching the rackets that mounted on the stationary cylinder sheave. When governor ropes jerk the actuator arms that moves the level linkage and operate the brake to stop the lift.

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Hoistway Door Interlock

Figure 5.16 Hoistway Door Interlock

Figure 5.17 Hoistway Emergency Door Key

This is to prevent operation of the elevator if any of the elevatorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hoistway doors are open. During emergency situation, the door can be open using the Hoistway Emergency Door Key through a keyhole on the upper portion of the hoistway door. It is usually located on the top and the bottom of the floors.

Buffer A buffer is a device designed to stop a descending car or counterweight beyong its normal limit and to soften the force running into the pit during an emergency. Spring Buffer

Figure 5.18 Spring Buffer

It is commonly found on hydraulic elevators or used for elevators with speed less than 200 feet per minute. It is used as a cushion for the elevator and is located at the elevator put

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Lift Lobby

Figure 5.19 Lift Lobby

The lift lobby is the focal point from which corridor radiate for access to different spaces within each floor. The required lobby area is determined by the usage. The hallways connecting to the lobby should be ar least 0.5m2 floor spaces per person. Lift Shaft A standard lift shaft must incorporate the following requirements: 1. Water Tightness 2. Ventilation Void for Emission of Smoke 3. Permanent Inspection Light 4. Having no Other Services except Those Necessary for Operation of the lIft.

Under UBBL 2006, Part VN, Section 152.

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1. Every opening in a lift shaft entrance shall not open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may approved by the D.G.T.S.. 2. Landing doors shall have a FRP of not less than half the FRP of the hoistway structure with a minimum FRP of a half hour. 3. No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case any vision panel shall or be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not be more than 0.0161 square meter and the total area of more vision panels in any landing door shall be not more than 0.0156 square meter. 4. Each clear panel opening shall reject a sphere 1500mm in diameter. 5.Prtovision shall be made for the opening of all landing doors by means of an emergency key irrespective of the position of the lift car. Under UBBL 1984 section 123-128, lifts. 1. For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least on lift shall be provided. Under UBBL 1984 section 151, Ventilation to lift shafts, 1. Where openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shafts shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square meter per lift located at the top of the shafts. Where the vents does not discharge directly to the open air the lift shafts shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the lift shafts.

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5.7 ESCALATOR SYSTEM

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

The benefits of an escalator compared to an elevator is that they have the capacity to move large numbers of people at one time. Especially during peak hours, using an escalator is much more convenient than an escalator as it has no waiting interval.

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5.8 ARRANGEMENT Two types of arrangement are used in Subang Parade. First is the crisscross arrangement, and the other the parallel stacked arrangement. The brand used by Subang Parade is Schindler.

5.8.1 CRISSCROSS ARRANGEMENT

The benefits of using crisscross arrangement is that it minimizes structural spaces requirement by stacking escalators that go in one direction without excessive annoyance to the rider

Figure 5.20 Crisscross Arrangement Escalator

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5.8.2 PARALLEL STACKED ARRANGEMENT

The advantage of the parallel stacked arrangement is its impressive appearance. It can be installed side-by-side or separated by a distance. But on the other hand, it is inconvenience for the rider due to a long walk around trip.

Figure 5.21 Parallel Stacked Arrangement Escalator

5.9 ESCALATOR COMPONENT

Figure 5.22 Escalator Detailing showing component

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Component Truss

Description The structural steel truss designed to withstand the entire weight of the machine

Track

To guide the step chain moving continuously from the bottom platform towards the upper platform.

Steps

Usually solid, one piece, die-cast aluminium with yellow lines painted along edges. Steps are installed with a pair of front wheel.

Handrail

Provides a convenient handhold for passengers. It is pulled along its track by a chain connected to the main drive gear.

Floor Plate

Serves as the landing area for passengers. It is also houses for the mechanical components of the escalator

Balustrate

Consists of handrail and the exterior supporting structure of the escalator.

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The Drive System

Figure 5.23 Drive system

Figure 5.24 Detailing of Drive system

The drive machine and the gear reducer operates together produces torque to drive the steps forwards or backward.

There are three types of drive machine: (i) External Drive It is located in the upper put area.An external drive escalator with the drive unit located within a machine room beneath the upper landing. (ii) Internal Drive A motor to gearbox drive with a direct axle connection is located inside the truss between the steps bands or at the top pit. (iii) Modular Drive The modular drive machine is located within the incline of the truss between the step bands. The motor may be directly connected to the gearbox or it may transfer power through a belt drive. The gearbox will have a direct connection to the drive axle.

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2.The Step Drive System The step motion is achieved by a direct step assembly connection to the step chains. One for each side of the escalator are directly coupled to the main drive axle, the bull gear shaft, through the step chain sprockets. The step chain form a loop for the length of the truss, form the step chain sprockets at the upper end sown to the tension carriage gear or turnaround at the lower end or the lower reversing station. 3. The Handrail Drive System

Figure 5.25 The Handrail system

The handrail is moved along the provided track by a traction control motor, connecting with the drive chain, main drive sprocket and supporting rollers.

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5.10 SAFETY DEVICE The escalator system also is equipped with safety devices just in case of emergency incidents .

1. Emergency Stop Button It is provided at both landing of the escalator. This button allows anyone to stop the escalator immediately is any incident occurs. It can also be restored by pressing the restore button

Figure 5.26 Emergency Stop Button

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5.11 CONCLUSION In conclusion, I realized planning of location for escalator and elevator is very important in designing a space especially for a large amount of people. Convenience of easy access for the user is essential. For example the criss-cross arrangement escalator that is used in Subang Parade gives the user a easy access so that customer does not need to make a round trip. On the other hand, the failure of foreseeing that the hydraulic plunged elevator is a high costing and high maintainance of Subang Parade also cause them to shut down the elevator by force.

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6.0 References archtoolbox.com,. 'Elevator Types - Archtoolbox.Com'. Web. 20 Nov. 2015. Bell, A. (2008). HVAC equations, data, and rules of thumb. New York: McGraw-Hill. Chadderton, D. (2000). Building services engineering. London [etc.]: E. & F. N. SPON. Cadblocksfree.wearnventures.co.uk,. 'Cad Blocks Free - Download Free CAD Blocks'. N.p., 2015. Web. 20 Nov. 2015. Firewize (n.d.) Fire Alarm System, Retrieved from http://firewize.com/page/training/fire-alarm systems-principle-operation Hall, F. (1995). Building services and equipment. Harlow Essex: Addison Wesley Longman, 1995. Health and Safety Executive (n.d.) Active Fire Protection, Retrieved from http://www.hse.gov.uk/comah/sragtech/techmeasfire.html Electrical-knowhow.com,. 'Escalators Basic Components â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Part Two ~ Electrical Knowhow'. N.p., 2015. Web. 20 Nov. 2015. Electrical-knowhow.com,. 'Escalators Basic Components - Part One ~ Electrical Knowhow'. N.p., 2015. Web. 20 Nov. 2015. Electrical-knowhow.com,. 'Hydraulic Elevators Basic Components ~ Electrical Knowhow'. Web. 20 Nov. 2015. Petromas (n.d) Fire Protection System, Retrieved from http://www.petromas.com.my/catalog/fire-protection-system-c-46.html Quackenbush,John, and Staal J. 'Elevators, Escalators And Hoists'. N.p., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2015. Scribd. (2015). Building Plan Submission- What Bomba Wants. Retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/doc/106198285/Building-Plan-Submission-What-BombaWants Strakosch, George R, and Bob Caporale. The Vertical Transportation Handbook. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2010. Print.

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What is Fire Protection? - Definition from Safeopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved November, 2015, from https://www.safeopedia.com/definition/193/fire-protection

Site Visit Group Photo

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