Building Science Report by Prisca Kwan

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [ARC 3413] Project 2 Integration with Design Studio 5

Sentul Community Library Final Report & Calculation

Name: Prisca Kwan May Yan ID: 0318530 TUTOR: MR. Siva

TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 LIGHTING 1.1 Daylight 1.1.1 Discussion Room 1.1.2 Garden 1.2 Artificial Lighting 1.2.1E-Services 1.2.2Book Cafe 1.3 PSALi 1.3.1 Discussion Room 1.3.2 Private Study Room 2.0 ACOUSTICS 2.1 Reverberation Time, RT 2.1.1 Discussion Room 2.1.2 Private Study Room 2.2 Transmission Loss, TL 2.2.1 Library 2.2.2 Exhibition hall 2.3 Sound Pressure Level (Exterior Noise) 2.3.1 Reading Area 2.3.2Library REFERENCE

1.0

LIGHTING 1.1 Daylight 1.1.1 Discussion Room

According to MS 1525, Daylight Factor distribution as below:

Zone

Daylight Factor (%)

Distribution

Very Bright Bright Average Dark

>6 3 to 6 1 to 3 0 to1

Very Large with Thermal and Glare issue Good Fair Poor

The selected area (discussion room) is a close area located at the second floor. It is facing the back faรงade on the southern west direction, as seen in the floor plan below. The faรงade is in a full height curtain wall to ensure good lighting penetrates into the library and comfortable discussion environment for the people. At the same time it allows view to the outside.

Daylight Factor Calculation Floor Area (m2) Area of faรงade that is exposed to sunlight Area of skylight (m2) Exposed Faรงade to Floor Area Ratio/ Daylight Factor, DF Natural Illumination Calculation

61 36 0 (36+0) / 61 =0.5901 =59.01%*0.1 =5.9

Illuminance (lux)

Example

120,000 110,000 20,000 1,000-2,000 <200

Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday Bright sunlight Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday Typical overcast day, midday Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday Sunrise or sunset on a clear day (ambient illumination) Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/sunrise

400 40 <1 Using DF=4% to find E indoor, E External = 20,000 lux DF= (Ei/Eo) x 100% DF= 4 x 20 000/ 100 =800 lux

E External = 20,000 lux DF= (Ei/Eo) x 100% DF= 5.901 x 20 000/ 100 =1180 lux

Conclusion The discussion area has a daylight factor of 5.9% and a natural illumination of 1180 lux. This has provide a bright condition and natural lit space to the occupants to ensure a good environment for discussion

Note Wooden louvers are proposed to installed as a shading system to control the sunlight penetrating in. This can reduce solar heat gain, lower air conditioning running cost.

1.1.2 Garden According to MS 1525, Daylight Factor distribution as below:

Zone

Daylight Factor (%)

Distribution

Very Bright Bright Average Dark

>6 3 to 6 1 to 3 0 to1

Very Large with Thermal and Glare issue Good Fair Poor

The selected area (Gargen) is located at the fifth floor. There is a skylight which bring the richness of natural sunlight into this area.

120 30.1 120 (30.1+120) / 120 =1.251 =125.1%*0.1 =12.5%

Illuminance (lux)

Example

120,000 110,000 20,000 1,000-2,000 <200

400 40 <1 E External = 20,000 lux DF= (Ei/Eo) x 100% DF= 12.5 x 20 000/ 100 =2500lux

Conclusion The discussion area has a daylight factor of 14.78 and a natural illumination of 2956 lux. This will result in thermal and glare problem. Therefore, shading decides will be proposed to solve the glare problem and to reduce the heat gain into this area.

Note A garden with plants and green wall are proposed at this area to promote the occurrence of natural cooling processes to reduce heat load on facades as well as for the aesthetics.

Recommended Average llluminance Levels Task

Illuminance (Lux)

Example of Applications

Lighting for infrequently used area Lighting for working interiors Localized lighting for exacting task

20 100 100 100 100 150 100 100 100 100 200 200 300 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 400 300 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 400 150

Minimum service illuminance Interior walkway and car-park Hotel bedroom Lift interior Corridor, passageways, stairs Escalator, travelator Entrance and exit Staff changing room, locker and cleaner room, cloak room, Lavatories, stores Entrance hall, lobbies, waiting room Inquiry desk Gate house Infrequent reading and writing General offices, shops and stores, reading and writing

200 150 – 300 150 150 100 100 300 – 500 200 – 750 300 500 1000 2000

Drawing office Restroom Restaurant, canteen, cafeteria Kitchen Lounge Bathroom Toilet Bedroom Classroom, library Shop/ Supermarket/Department store Museum and gallery Proof reading Exacting drawing Detailed and precise work

1.2 Artificial Lighting 1.2.1 E-services The E-services is situated on the second floor. Minimal sunlight can be reach into this area, therefore artificial light are needed in this area. According to MS 1525, the recommended illuminance is 300-400.

Types and Specification of Lights Used FLUORESCENT TUBE WITH REFLECTOR, F39W/TS/830/ECO

LAMP LUMIOUS FLUX (lm) RATED COLOUR TEMP (K) COLOUR RENDERING INDEX BEAM ANGLE VOLTAGE (v) BULB FINISH PLACEMENT

3000 3000 85 220-240 Warm Light Ceiling

Lumen Method Calculation Dimension of room (m) Total Floor Area A / sqm Type of Lighting Fixture Luminaries height (m) Mounting Height / H (hm)

L: 12.3 W: 4.3 21.4 LED Downlight 3.5 3.5

Recommended Average Illumination level bys MS 1525 /E (lux)

350

Reflectance Value

Room Index / RI (K) Utilisation Factor / UF

Number of light required

Ceiling: 0.3 Wall: 0.2 Floor: 0.2 (12.3x4.3) (12.3+4.3)3.5 =0.9 From table, UF =0.4 N= 350 x 21.4 3000 x 0.4 x 0.8 =6.68=7 Hence, 7 lamps are required to be installed.

Spacing to Height Ratio (SHR)

SHR = 1/Hm x √A/N SHR = 1/3.5 x √21.4/7 =0.5 SHR=S/3.5=0.5 S

Approximate Fittings Layout (m)

=3.5 x 0.5= 1.75

Fittings required along 12.3m wall; 12.3/1.75=7 rows Therefore, approximately 7 x1=7 luminaries required; Spacing along 4.3m wall; 4.3/1=4.3m

Conclusion 7 LED Lights are used to illuminate the room to achieve the minimum of 350 lux stated by MS1525 requirement. With sufficient level of illumination, users can use the area under comfortable illuminance.

1.2.1 Book Cafe The book cafe is located on the third floor with a double volume. Although natural can be acquired but it is sufficient. Hence, artificial light is vital for the space.

Types and Specification of Lights Used PARATHOM advanced CLASSIC B, by OSRAM LAMP LUMIOUS FLUX (lm) RATED COLOUR TEMP (K) COLOUR RENDERING INDEX BEAM ANGLE VOLTAGE (v) BULB FINISH PLACEMENT

Lumen Method Calculation Dimension of room (m) Total Floor Area A / sqm Type of Lighting Fixture Luminaries height (m) Mounting Height / H (hm)

L: 13.7 W: 6.7 91.8 LED Downlight 4.5 3.7

1200 3000 >80 220-240 Warm Light Ceiling

Recommended Average Illumination level bys MS 1525 /E (lux) Reflectance Value

Room Index / RI (K) Utilisation Factor / UF

150 Ceiling: 0.7 Wall: 0.5 Floor: 0.2 (13.7 x 6.7) (13.7+6.7)3.7 =1.22 From table, UF =0.5 N= 150 x 91.8 1200 x 0.5 x 0.8 =28.7=29 lamps

Number of light required Hence, 29 lamps are required to be installed. Spacing to Height Ratio (SHR)

SHR = 1/Hm x â&#x2C6;&#x161;A/N SHR = 1/3.7 x â&#x2C6;&#x161;91.8/29 =0.481 SHR=S/3.5=0.481 S

Approximate Fittings Layout (m)

=3.5 x 0.481 =1.682

Fittings required along 13.7m wall; 13.7/1.682=8.145 = 8rows Therefore, approximately 8 x3=24 luminaries required; Spacing along 6.7m wall; 6.7/3=2.23m

Conclusion 29 Lights are used to illuminate the room to achieve the minimum of 150 lux stated by

MS1525 requirement.

1.3 Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interiors (PSALI) PSALI â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interiors (Office) Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting (PSALI) is essentially artificial lighting lit by window on one side. PSALI compensates for the fall in illuminance as the distance from the window increases and daylighting is not enough is lighting up the area. Hence, there are two sets of switches, whereby one set is lighted up most of the time whereas the other set is only switched on during the night as there are adequate amount daylighting. 1.3.1 Private Study Room

Daylight Factor Calculation Floor Area (m2) Area of faรงade that is exposed to sunlight Area of skylight (m2) Exposed Faรงade to Floor Area Ratio/ Daylight Factor, DF

70 0 39.4 (39.4) / 70 =0.5629 =56.29% x 0.1 =5.6

Natural Illumination Calculation E External = 20,000 lux DF= (Ei/Eo) x 100% DF= 5.6 x 20 000/ 100 =1125 lux

Conclusion The private study area has a daylight factor of 5.6% and natural illumination 1125lux. According to MS1525, illumination level for a study area is 400. To control the amount of light penetrating, translucent glass is proposed to control the heat gain by 50%

Artificial Lighting According to MS1525, the minimum lighting level required for a study area is 400.

Types and Specification of Lights Used FLUORESCENT TUBE WITH REFLECTOR, F39W/TS/830/ECO LAMP LUMIOUS FLUX (lm) RATED COLOUR TEMP (K) COLOUR RENDERING INDEX BEAM ANGLE VOLTAGE (v) BULB FINISH PLACEMENT

3000 3000 85 220-240 Warm Light Ceiling

Lumen Method Calculation (for 1.5m Height) Dimension of room (m) Total Floor Area A / sqm Type of Lighting Fixture

L: 13 W: 5.3

70 FLUORESCENT TUBE WITH REFLECTOR

Luminaries height (m) Mounting Height / H (hm)

6.0 5.2

Recommended Average Illumination level bys MS 1525 /E (lux)

400

Reflectance Value

Room Index / RI (K) Utilisation Factor / UF

Ceiling: 0.7 Wall: 0.5 Floor: 0.2 (13 x 5.3) (13+5.3)2.2 =1.71 From table, UF =0.5 N=

400 x 70 (3000x2) x 0.5 x 0.8 =11.67 lamps =12

Number of light required

Spacing to Height Ratio (SHR)

Hence, 12 lamps are required to be installed. SHR = 1/Hm x √A/N SHR = 1/ 5.2 x √70/12 =0.4645 SHR=S/3.5=0.4645 S

Approximate Fittings Layout (m)

=3.5 x 0.4645 =1.63

13/1.63=7.95 =8rows Therefore, approximately 8 x2=16 luminaries required; Spacing along 5.3m wall; 5.3/2.=2.65m

Conclusion During midday, or when sunlight is sufficient, the light can be switch off since the sunlight penetrating inside is sufficient. Hence, this could save the amount of electrical energy.

1.3.2 Discussion Room The selected area (discussion room) is a close area located at the second floor. It is facing the back façade on the southern west direction, as seen in the floor plan below. The façade is in a full height curtain wall to ensure good lighting penetrates into the

library and comfortable discussion environment for the people. At the same time it allows view to the outside.

Daylight Factor Calculation Floor Area (m2) Area of faรงade that is exposed to sunlight Area of skylight (m2) Exposed Faรงade to Floor Area Ratio/ Daylight Factor, DF E External = 20,000 lux DF= (Ei/Eo) x 100% DF= 14.78 x 20 000/ 100 =2956 lux

61 36 0 (36+0) / 61 =0.5901 =59.01%*0.1 =5.9

Conclusion The discussion room has a daylight factor of 5.9% and natural illumination 2956lux which will cause glare issue. Translucent glass is proposed to control the heat gain by 50%. Therefore the daylight factor in this area is 1478lux which is sufficient during daytime.

Artificial Lighting According to MS1525, the minimum lighting level required for a study area is 400.

3000 3000 85 220-240 Warm Light Ceiling

Lumen Method Calculation (for 1.5m Height) Dimension of room (m) Total Floor Area A / sqm Type of Lighting Fixture Luminaries height (m) Mounting Height / H (hm) Recommended Average Illumination level bys MS 1525 /E (lux) Reflectance Value

Room Index / RI (K) Utilisation Factor / UF

L: 10 W: 6.1

61 FLUORESCENT TUBE WITH REFLECTOR 3.5 2.8 400 Ceiling: 0.7 Wall: 0.5 Floor: 0.2 (10 x 6.1) (10+6.1)2.8 =1.353 From table, UF =0.56 N=

Number of light required

400 x 61 (3000x2)x 0.56 x 0.8 =9 lamps Hence, 9 lamps are required to be installed.

Spacing to Height Ratio (SHR)

SHR = 1/Hm x √A/N SHR = 1/ 2.8 x √61/9 =0.93 SHR=S/3.5=0.93 S =3.5 x 0.93=3.25

Approximate Fittings Layout (m)

Fittings required along 10m wall; 10/3.25= 3 rows Therefore, approximately 3 x3=9 luminaries required; Spacing along 6.1m wall; 6.1/3=2.03 m

Conclusion 9 lamps are used to illuminate the discussion to achieve the minimum of 400 lux stated by MS 1525. This area is supplemented by the natural lighting which hence will switch from artificial lighting use to the natural one.

2.0 ACOUSTICS 2.1 Reverberation Time, RT 2.1.1 Discussion Room

i) Non-peak hour, 500Hz Space volume, V= 61 x 4=244m3

Component

Material

Surface

Absorption

Sound

area/A (mÂ˛) Wall

Absorption/ SA

13.5

0.06

0.81

Glass

0.2

2.6

Floor

Carpet

0.4

24.4

Ceiling

Plasterboard

0.06

3.66

Furniture

Plastic Chair

0.4

Door

Steel Framed Glass -

3.15

0.06

0.189

0.25

People Peak

Plaster Wall

coefficient/ S (500Hz)

Total Absorption/ A 38.66 Reverberation Time, RT = (0.16x V) /A =(0.16 x 244 )/38.66 =1.1s

Conclusion The reverberation time for the discussion room in 500 Hz of absorption coefficient is 1.1 s. According to the standards of reverberation time, the standard comfort reverberation for discussion/meeting room is between 1.0-1.5s. So the reverberation time of discussion room on 500 Hz is within the standard comfort reverberation time.

ii) Peak hour, 2000Hz Space volume, V= 61 x 4 =244m3

Component

Material

Surface area/A (mÂ˛)

Wall

Plaster Wall

Absorption coefficient/ S (500Hz)

Sound Absorption/ SA

13.37

0.04

0.535

Glass

0.2

2.6

Floor

Carpet

0.4

24.4

Ceiling

Plasterboard

0.04

2.44

Furniture

Plastic Chair

0.38

5.7

Door

Steel Framed Glass -

3.15

0.06

0.189

0.25

4.5

People Peak

Total Absorption/ A 40.364

Reverberation Time, RT = (0.16x V) /A =(0.16 x 244)/ 40.364 =1s

Conclusion The reverberation time for the discussion room in 2000 Hz of absorption coefficient is 1s. This has proved that this space has met the adequate level of reverberation time of 1-1.5s even during peak hours.

2.1.1 Private Study Room

i) Non-peak hour, 500Hz Space volume, V= 70 x 6 =420m3

Component

Material

Wall

198

0.17

33.66

Floor

Plywood Paneling Carpet

0.14

9.8

Ceiling

Timber

0.17

11.9

Furniture

Fabric Chair

0.55

Door

Steel Framed Glass -

6.3

0.06

0.378

0.25

People Peak

Surface area/A (mÂ˛)

Absorption coefficient/ S (500Hz)

Sound Absorption/ SA

Total Absorption/ A 57.8 Reverberation Time, RT = (0.16x V) /A =(0.16 x 420) 75.26 =1.16s

Conclusion The reverberation time for the discussion room in 500 Hz of absorption coefficient is 1.16s. According to the standards of reverberation time, the standard comfort reverberation for discussion/meeting room is between 1.0-1.5s. So the reverberation time of discussion room on 500 Hz is within the standard comfort reverberation time.

ii) Peak hour, 2000Hz

Component

Material

Wall

198

0.1

19.8

Floor

Plywood Paneling Carpet

0.4

Ceiling

Timber

0.1

Furniture

Fabric Chair

0.5

Door

Steel Framed Glass -

6.3

0.06

0.378

0.25

2.5

People Peak

Surface area/A (mÂ˛)

Absorption coefficient/ S (500Hz)

Sound Absorption/ SA

Total Absorption/ A 67.7 Reverberation Time, RT = (0.16x V) /A =(0.16 x 420) 67.7

=1.s

2.0 ACOUSTICS 2.2 Transmission Loss, TL 2.2.1 The Library The wall between the playground and the library is to taken into calculation as the play area is a public area with the noise of kids whilst next to it is the public library.

The sound pressure level of public library is 40 – 45dB according to MS1525 standards Components

Material

Wall Wall Door

Glass Bricks Glass Total Surface Area Transmission coefficient of materials a) Wall (Glass) SRI= 10 LOG (1/T) 26= 10 LOG (1/T) Antilog 2.6= 1/T

Area (m²) 113.1 9.73 5.74 128.57

Sound reduction Index (SRI) 26 42 26

Transmission Coefficient, T 2.51 x 10-3

6.31 x 10-5 2.51 x 10-3

T= 2.51 x 10-3

a) Wall ( Bricks) SRI= 10 LOG (1/T) 42= 10 LOG (1/T) Antilog 4.2= 1/T T= 6.31 x 10-5 a) Door (Glass) SRI= 10 LOG (1/T) 26= 10 LOG (1/T) Antilog 2.6= 1/T T= 2.51 x 10-3 Tav= 113.1 x 2.51 x 10-3 + 9.73 x 6.31 x 10-5 + 5.74 x 2.51 x 10-3 128.57 = 3.95 x 10-5 Total Surface Reflection index, SRI SRI (Overall)= 10 log (1/Tav) = 10 log ( 1/ 3.95 x 10-5)

= 44.03dB The overall transmission loss from the playground to the public library is at 44.03Db. The sound pressure level of the playground is 45-50dB. Thus a minimum of 1-6dB of noise will be transmitted to the library. The solution would be isolating the reading area in the public area. 2.2.1 Computer Room The computer room is considered as a space with more noise compared to the outside exhibition hall. Photostating machines and computers in this room will cause unwanted noise which should be prevented to be heard from outside.

The sound pressure level of exhibition hall is 35-45dB according to MS1525 standards Components

Material

Wall Wall Door

Glass Bricks Glass Total Surface Area Transmission coefficient of materials a) Wall (Glass) SRI= 10 LOG (1/T) 26= 10 LOG (1/T) Antilog 2.6= 1/T

Area (mÂ²) 47.95 0.6 5.74 54.29

Sound reduction Index (SRI) 26 42 26

T= 2.51 x 10-3

a) Wall ( Bricks) SRI= 10 LOG (1/T) 42= 10 LOG (1/T) Antilog 4.2= 1/T T= 6.31 x 10-5 a) Door (Glass) SRI= 10 LOG (1/T) 26= 10 LOG (1/T) Antilog 2.6= 1/T T= 2.51 x 10-3

47.95 x 2.51 x 10-3 + 0.6 x 6.31 x 10-5 + 5.74 x Tav= 2.51 x 10-3 54.29 = 2.48 x 10-3 Total Surface Reflection index, SRI SRI (Overall)= 10 log (1/Tav) = 10 log ( 1/ 2.48 x 10-3) = 26.05dB

Transmission Coefficient, T 2.51 x 10-3

6.31 x 10-5 2.51 x 10-3

Noise level in discussion room= 55dB (electronic/machine room)- 26.05dB=28.95

The transmission loss from the machine/electronic room is 26.05dB. After transmission loss, the sound pressure level of the exhibition hall is 28.95dB. According to MS1525, the standard SPL for exhibition is 35-45dB, thus it meets the requirements.

2.3 Sound Pressure Level (Exterior Noise) 2.3.1 Reading Area

a) Back alley (shophouses) =60dB 60= 10log (l1 / l0) Antilog 6= [l1 / (1.0 x 10-12)] 1 x 106 = [l1 / (1.0 x 10-12)] l1= 1.0 x 10-6 a) Public playground 65dB 65= 10log (l1 / l0) Antilog 6.5= [l1 / (1.0 x 10-12)] 3.16 x 106= [l1 / (1.0 x 10-12)] l1= 3.16 x 10-6 Total intensities, I= (1.0 x 10-6 ) + (3.16 x 10-6 ) = 4.16 x 10-6 Combines SPL= 10log (l1 / l0) 10log [(4.16 x 10-6 ) / (1.0 x 10= 12)] = 66dB Conclusion The noise criteria for reading area is within the range of NC-25-NC-35 (quiet). The combined SPL of the back alley and the public playground surrounding the reading area = 66dB, exceeds the noise criteria for the reading area, making kids hard to read and unable to focus. To reduce the noise produced created by the surrounding, green wall and double skin faรงade are to be filter and deflect the noise.

2.3.2Library

a)Front faรงade 80= 10log (l1 / l0) Antilog 8= [l1 / (1.0 x 10-12)] 1 x 106 = [l1 / (1.0 x 10-12)] l1= 1.0 x 10-4 b) Public Space 65dB 65= 10log (l1 / l0) Antilog 6.5= [l1 / (1.0 x 10-12)] 3.16 x 106= [l1 / (1.0 x 10-12)] l1= 3.16 x 10-6 Total intensities, I= (1.0 x 10-4 ) + (3.16 x 10-6 ) = 1.03 x 10-4 Combines SPL= 10log (l1 / l0) 10log [(1.03 x 10-4 ) / (1.0 x 10= 12)] = 80dB Conclusion The noise criteria for exhibition is within the range of NC-35-NC-45 (quiet). The combined SPL of the front faรงade and public space surrounding exhibition = 80dB, exceeds the noise criteria for the exhibition destroying the solemn atmosphere of the exhibition hall. Thick trees and green walls are placed outside the exhibition hall to increase the noise absorption and increase the view towards to road.