HISTORY and Encyclopedia of the Gallers, 4th Edition by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

Unified History and Encyclopedia of the Gallers Benjamin Gal-Or, Editor, with Amatzia Galler and Gad Galler Fourth Online Published Edition, November 22, 2013, in Memory of Dan Galler

hat? YES. I am the Editor.

Some subjects presented here are so serious that sometimes we resort to a light touch of words.

Hello Geeks !!

Its me. YES, I am the Assistant Editor. I represent the young Galler Generations. We love photos, short captions, and short stories. Below you find our combined portraits. Got it?

And we intend to update them, and comb our hair too. Hi, Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m to spy on your life and report to your kids

Readers are invited to add photos, data, quotations or a short story, to be edited in Albums

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

The Earliest Documented History of the Gallers, since 1794 By Benjamin Gal-Or, Photo above

Avraham Galler, the grandfather of my grandfather, was born one of the Haller Jews in 1794, in a Russian area, close to the border with Southern Poland/Ukraine.

According to my father, David Avraham Galler, to escape being drafted in 1812 to fight against the invading Napoleon Armies, he knocked at night on the residence door of a Rabbi in a small town called Krifts. What is your name? The Rabbi asked. Galler he said, for the Russians pronounce Ha as Ga. Next Avraham excelled in his studies, partly because the Rabbi said that since he has no son, the best student would marry his daughter and next will be “crowned” rabbi by him. And so it happened and Rabbi Avraham Galler lived to the good age of 104. He was thus married into top past 6 generations of Ravs, DUBLING TOP DNA qualities of all next generations Gallers. So me, Gad and Amatzia are 11th generation of Krifts’s ravs. BUT reaching the old age 104, he was informed that his ailing son, Rabbi David Galler, is to die in a few days. So, he rushed to the synagogue, and in front of his followers, removed the Tallit, and loudly declared from the podium:

Oh’ Adon Olam, since Jacob, a tzadik, would not see the death of his son, and since I am considered a tzadik by my followers, please take my life right now! And he died right there on the podium, a proven, 104 y/o tsadik. But this historical fact is no tsadik proof for any Galler Geek today.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

Our Non-Israeli Family Members passed in this Lvov Ghetto in 1942 before being murdered.

It is also the city where our Grandmother Mindli was buried in 1910. See below. “Lvov was home to over 110,000 Jews before the outbreak of World War II in 1939, and by the time the Nazis occupied the city in 1941 that number had increased to over 220,000 Jews, since Jews fled for their lives from Nazi-occupied western Poland into the then relative safety of Soviet-occupied eastern Poland, which included Lwów. The ghetto, set up in the second half of 1941, after the Germans arrived, was liquidated in June 1943 with all its inhabitants who survived prior killings, sent to their deaths in cattle trucks at Bełżec extermination camp and the Janowska concentration camp.” Wikipedia

This Edition contains contributions by the editor and by Gad Galler, in the words of his father, Mordechai Galler, as well as history chapters told by David, Aharon, Mordechai, Avraham, Yaakov and Ozer Galler, Mina, Bracha Lifshitz, etc. Glossary of terms is added, especially for the young. The TABLE of CONTENTS now stands as follows: Two introductory humor stories …………………………………………………………………………….. 4 Terminology ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11 Preface …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 12 PART A: The Gallers Left Behind in Poland and Ukraine …………………………………………. 13 PART B: The First Gallers in the Promised Land ………………………………………………………. 34 Open Albums of family members, locations, diagrams, etc. ……………………………………. 38 Appendices …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 55 Thought Provoking and Thought Depressing Quotations ……………………………………….. 68

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

Why the Israeli Soldiers Laughed? By Benjamin Gal-Or

Hi Geek Gallers, I am the Senior Special Israeli Assistant to the editor. Here is my Report in his name, in my best English:

t was noon time at the farm house in the Sharon-Valley-Village Kfar Hess.

Suddenly, a huge noise emerged from the chicken house. I knew it was the large wild cat catching a meal, again, then sneaking out under the fence and eating it in the open field. An old Government rifle is in the cabin. The sadness of my parents, Atara and David Galler, when the chicken house has already been half-emptied, is also on my mind. It is forbidden to use Government rifle and ammunition for private needs. And, at age 15, in late 1948, I am a minor. Yet my father, David Avraham Galler, does not count the bullets before he goes twice a month for the village night patrol. So I loaded the rifle, aimed carefully and fired at the cat. Approaching it I was terrified to see the cat is suffering from a fatal wound in his belly. A final mercy act to stop his pains is thus needed, I thought. But another bullet is not affordable. So I lifted up the wooden back-arm of the old rifle and with my strongest forces hit the cat, clearly released him from further suffering, and me from sharing his. But horrified again, I now see “two rifles” -- the wooden arm was broken into two. Rushing to fix the wooden arm with glue, I next put it back in place, trembling. 10 days passed with worried anticipation of things to come. Then it was my father’s turn for the night patrol.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

At 4 AM he waked me up, pointing to “two rifles” in his hands: DID YOU DO THAT ?? Trembling, I told him the terrifying story. OK, I understand. Am on my way to replace what you broke with a new rifle. Listen Micha, he told the man in charge of the village rifles; On my way back from the night patrol a huge dog attacked me, and to save a bullet, I hit him with the wooden back arm, which thus broke. OK, David, Fill up the Government Report Form and I give you a replacement rifle.

Now listen, new soldiers of Israel, to what happened next. On his happy way back home with the new rifle, my father was attacked by a huge dog, and to save a bullet, he hit him with the wooden rifle arm and, again, got “two rifles”. The soldiers are now almost on the ground with fits of laughs. FACING MICHA AGAIN WITH “TWO RIFLES” MY FATHER SAID: Listen Micha, on my way back home with the new rifle, a huge dog attacked me … I SEE, I SEE, Micha screamed with top anger, AND TO SAVE A BULLET, YOU HAD TO HIT HIM WITH THE WOODEN ARM OF THE REPLCEMENT RIFLE …. Tell me, David, what happened the first time and fill up the 2nd Government Form. During the next year we had to pay the Government penalty and the cost of a new rifle.

So, soldiers of Israel, remember this story if you ever try to use government property for a private aim.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

Helping, in vain, to correct what Two American Idiots Did Benjamin Gal-Or

Hello Geeks, I am Senior American Assistant to the editor. Here is my Report in his name.

t was odd to see the U.S. Army Under-

Secretary, emerging, unannounced, from a helicopter landing at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology and the surprised president and vice presidents inviting him to review the campus facilities. And it was awkward when the American told them that he can spare only 30 minutes to review military helicopters dust filtration systems at the Jet Laboratory, and talk – four eyes – with its head, the author, who was also surprised by that visit.

nd I could not tell him that I had been to

Teheran, that I was fighting against the U.S. President Carter and his Polish Advisor’s decision to dump the Boss of Iran and reject Israeli cooperation with that administration, and that as the new head of the Institute of Advanced Studies of the Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, I offered the Iranian Universities and the Iranian Minister of Education close cooperation, free, with the best Israeli ACADEMIC laboratories, an offer which they have all enthusiastically accepted. I also could not tell him that I understand from the very nature of his urgent visit how these 2 idiots are now trying to save face in the deserts of Iran.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

So I only told him never remove there the helicopters dust filtration systems. Reason: Beyond 15 minutes operation without filters the engine turbine blades melt and the helicopters crush, and I showed him why and how. To ease the awkward situation, I told him what happened when I imported a ton of American Dust Standard for comparing it with my new “Dust Standard for helicopters operating in the Middle East”, when the Israeli custom officer asked me:

“What is that? Don’t we have enough dust here that you add more? Explanations about the tragic death of 30 Israeli soldiers, when their CH-53 helicopter crushed in a desert area, did not help. In despair I said:

It is birds’ food ! OK, no customs the custom man said and signed,

‘Animal Food’, go back to your Jet Lab. And I also told him about some laughs I had encountered when the Israeli helicopter unit commander said: “Seriously professor. Do you really want us to fly back to the desert with that vacuum cleaner? ” Yes, I replied, and hover around some dusty areas while taking dust samples with this vacuum cleaner at various altitudes. Next, to avoid more possible U.S. mistakes, I added: 7

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

ased on our recent chemical analysis of various Middle East dusts, we discovered

that these are NOT like the American Dust Standards that the U.S. is using in its tests. And I know these; am consulting General Electric and Donaldson. The dusts here are characterized by low-melting point clay particles, which clog turbine blades fine cooling holes. Thus helicopters may crush even after a shorter operation time in Middle East atmospheres. CONCLUSION: Avoid take-off and landing on clay-powder deposited areas and avoid flying in a dust storm. Fly above it, if you need. What happened next is well-known.

Excerpts from “Iranian Hostage Crisis”, “Operation Eagle Claw”, “Rescue attempts”, published by Wikipedia read:

“Three weeks [prior to D-Day] an ankle-deep layer of powdery sand was deposited [in the selected landing site] by sandstorms.” And to take more gear the commander removed the filters. “The strict radio silence also prevented the [helicopters] from requesting permission to fly above the sandstorm as the C-130s had done, and they flew the entire route at hazardous low levels, even while inside the sandstorm and with limited field of vision and erratic instrumentation.”. “As the [remaining] helicopters repositioned themselves for refueling, one helicopter ran into a C-130 tanker aircraft and crashed, killing eight U.S. servicemen and injuring several more.” [One of the remaining helicopters on the landing site was ordered] “to be moved from directly behind the EC-130. An Air Force CCT marshaller attempted to direct the maneuver from in front of the helicopter, but was sandblasted by the rotor's churning up the desert sand. The RH-53 struck the vertical stabilizer of the EC-130 with its main rotor and crashed into the wing root of the EC-130.”

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

“In the U.S., some political analysts believe the crisis was a major reason for U.S. President Jimmy Carter's defeat in the November 1980 presidential election. “ “In Iran, the crisis strengthened the prestige of the Ayatollah Khomeini and the political power of those who supported theocracy and opposed any normalization of relations with the West. The crisis also marked the beginning of U.S. legal action, or economic sanctions against Iran. “ “… the failure of the helicopters during the first attempt resulted in development of a subsequent concept involving only fixed-wing Short Takeoff and Landing (STOL) aircraft.” --variants with

which the author had been heavily involved, first by insisting, via a 1987 invited contract with the U.S. AIR FORCE, that the F-15 STOL DEMONSTRATOR be cancelled and replaced with his yaw-pitch-roll thrust vectoring engine-flight control in the “impossible-to-fly” post-stall flight domain [image]. For more see NATO and U.S. REVIEW by clicking on http://ftp.rta.nato.int/public//PubFullText/RTO/TR/RTO-TR-015///TR-015-01.pdf

Indeed, my new stealth/super-maneuverability trade secrets designs were taken on August 25, 1986 via a taking contract with U.S. Contractor Boeing for its stealth/thrust-vectored [ATF] F-22 U.S. superiority fighter aircraft [below], X-36, X-45 and cruise missiles as well as for new

tailless, stealth, wind-body-integrated unmanned air vehicles X-47 B/C [below, left]

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

and the operational RQ-170 [Right] captured by Iran. For more click on the International Journal of Jet Engines link that this editor also edits: http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/tjj.2013.30.issue-2/tjj-2013-0999/tjj-2013-0999.xml

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

TERMINOLOGY Rav, Rabbi,

Hebrew Scholar, leader and Judge of the local Jewish Community.

Cheder,

A study Room, any room used to teach young Hebrews in Europe.

Kibutz Beit Alpha, Established in 1920 by DavidAvraham Galler and a Group of Russian speaking Hebrews, located near Mount Gilboa and includes the ancient mosaics depicted. David then moved to the town Hadera and then to Kfar Hess in the Sharon valley. Kibutz

Gan

Smuel, The Kibutz Mordechai Galler joined prior to relocating to Migdal, [Right] Established in 1910 [1627 residents in 2008], Located near Yam Kineret, and finally moved to Kfar Hess.

Kibutz Dalia,

The Kibutz where Aharon Gallerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s son, Amatzia is residing [Right].

Kfar Hess,

Established in 1931, a village in the Sharon Valley, named after Moses Hess, a Jewish philosopher and one of the founders of socialism.

Haifa,

Major City on Mount Carmel where Aharon and Yaakov Galler resided, later also by Benjamin Gal-Or [Galler] as student and later faculty at the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology. 11

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

Raanana,

City near Tel-Aviv where granddaughter of Rabbi David Uri resides.

Kriftz, 200 Jews,

A small Polish-Ukraine town where many Gallers resided up to WW-II.

Bobreka 1500 Jews, Grodek, Niznkovitz, Bloziv, Zshov, Small towns where many Gallers

resided until WW-II, now in Ukraine. Lvov, Przemysl

Major City where Lipa Galler was a Banker and Industrialist, now in Ukraine.

Brno,

Capital of Moravia, Czech Republic, where Gallers found refuge during WW-I.

Preface Benjamin Gal-Or [Galler], Editor

Our grandfather, Rabbi Benjamin Zeeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;v Galler [died in 1929], had escaped to Brno [Czech Republic today, Album-I] during WW-I, moving west with his large family, away from his dangerous town Kriftz. [Ukraine today]. But his many family members, except David-Avraham, Mordechai, Aharon, Yanek and Avraham Galler, and Mina and Bracha who had made it to British Palestine, Lea to the U.S. and Ozer to New Zealand, have all been murdered by the Nazi in WW-II. WW-I: It was in Brno where my father, David Avraham Galler [1898-1989] had learned German and general history. It was where he decided to move, alone, to British Palestine, with no visa or certificate -- the first ever Galler to return to the Promised Land.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

avid Avraham, was named after both the 104-years-old famous Rabbi Avraham

Galler [1794-1898] and his son, Rabbi David Galler, who had passed away within one week of the same year when my father was born. [See story below]

Our grandfather was an orthodox, anti-Zionist Rabbi. To prevent David Avraham from leaving the entire family in Europe and go to the desert called PALESTINE, he “Crowned” him a rabbi, to replace him in due time. But that was in vain. My father had arrived in Palestine as a simple agricultural worker and joined a young group of Russian speaking Hebrews. Together the group established the first Kibbutz of Hashomer in Israel – Beit Alpha. [Stories, including an incredible, tragic love story there, are presented below].

But first we present the story of Mordechai Galler about everyday life in Krifts, now Ukraine, 3 years before WW-I, when he was 9, my father 11 and Aharon 7.

PART A Roots Gallers Left Behind in Poland and Ukraine WRITTEN BY MORDECAI GALLER, 1972-1975

Provided by Gad Galler, Condensed and Edited by Benjamin Gal-Or, full text in smaller print

Our Family in 1910, 4 years before WW-I, when the family escaped to Brno “After our mother's death we remained orphans, 12 children: Shaindli--our oldest sister, married and mother to five--two daughters, the first Bracha and the second Rhcha, a son David and also a pair of twins, and was then 31 years old and lived in Yaslo.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

Sarah--a divorced woman who returned to her father's house, who turned after our mother's death to a second mother to us, the young children, and was 29 years old. Yaakov--our oldest brother, divorced also he returned to his father's house, and was then 27 years old. Leah--she lived in New York with her husband Harry, son Saul and daughter Shaindli. How a rabbi's daughter in those days reached America will be told below. She was then 25 years old. Lipa--married to a family of merchants. His wife was Sarah and their children Ozer, Avraham, Shainka, Aharon and Yanek. Yisrael--a bachelor, a groom before marriage to a bride from Dubromil. He was then 19 years old. Bracha--a maid in her father's house and was then 17 years old. Moshe--a young man of Gemara, then 15 years old. Malka--a young student in school, 13 years old. David Avraham --a student in cheder, 11 years old, the first Galler in the Promised Land. Motik--this is me [Mordechai], a student in cheder, then nine years old. , the second Galler in the Promised Land. Aharon--the youngest child (mezinik), a student in cheder, seven years old. The third Galler in the Promised Land. Three from the middle of the twelve children were already outside the house and nine were in the family house as our sister Sarah, she first and foremost, managed the affairs of the house. I was born on February 21, 1901 in the town of Krifts which was in Poland near the river San. A large and broad river that if we will multiply the Jordan ten meters we will still not touch one hundredth of the size of this one.â&#x20AC;? Note added by Gad Galler, The son of the author Rabbi Avraham Galler had two sons, David and Moshe Eliezer who died before David. Moshe-Eliezer had a son Rabbi David Uri and part of that branch of the family has survived the holocaust and is now living in the U.S.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;I was born to my mother Mindli and my father Rabbi Benjamin Zev G(alef)ll(ayin)r, may he rest in peace. Every day of the week [My Father] was eating in solitariness. Shabbat meals were arranged around the long table as he sits in the head and all the children are arranged from the two sides of the table according to age. 14

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

From the right side are the sons and from the left the daughters. We were sitting and eating without taking out an unnecessary sound. Between course and course we were singing Shabbat songs and this according to the teaching of the father. He was saying "Kol Mkadesh"- [every temple] -- Israel. He was beginning and choosing for it a niggun as his heart and a song in which was "Kol Mkadesh" and all of us--the young males alone--join the niggun without words. The daughters never cracked their mouth to sing next to the table because of "A voice in a woman is lewdness". After the meal Father spread out to the sleeping room, spread out without attention to us and to our doings, he was not the father and we were not his children without an order and the instruction we knew that from now, quiet, father will sleep. We were able then to depart from the house or to sit in silence and to study in a book from the holy books of course.â&#x20AC;? â&#x20AC;&#x153;An external book was in the aspect of it will not be seen and not be found. The daughters who attended the Christian state school learned there foreign languages, were able to admit in the house foreign books without an examination of their contents: the trace thus, we the sons also were able to peek in them. In weekdays we did not hold a meeting with Father. We sat all day in "cheder". Between one shiur and the second there we were free to play like youths. In the summer outside and in the winter inside. And the rabbi does not prevent and there is not a protester through us. In the long winter nights we were going to cheder because the small hours of the day were short enough according to our parents' understanding. I was going to cheder in favor because I preferred to be there from to be in the house in the hour that my father stayed in it. My father was being absent from the house days and even weeks. His occupations outside were that he was serving as arbitrator between big practical men who did not need a government beis din [court]. Jews who were disputing to themselves turned to the rabbi's beis din and not in "their judgments" which were defective; a Jew who needed in "their judgments" found it difficult after so to find a match for his daughter. My father was considered in the eyes of rabbis as a wise man, capable to find ways of compromise among disputers. Because of so, he was absent from the house often. From big and prolonged cases from which, as was seen, also came an essential of his livelihood. These days were days of holiday, we were able to play in the house as all the children in other families.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

“Did we love our father? We feared from him and did not love him”

“We regarded him in honor from another and all the community regarded him in great honor. As we entered to prayer therein they prayed as two hundred, a man, my father, in the head and after him his children--the whole congregation rose on his feet. Also here was thrown quiet with the entrance to the house of prayer. And how did we, his children, not regard him in honor? On his chair in the house a child from his children never sat. Was my father a wise man according to what the creatures calculated? He was a pleasant man of conversation and interesting with strange men and not with his children. Almost and I did not hear from him a familiar word, not a caress and that is not to speak about a kiss for a child or to carry a child in his arms. It was interesting to know what were the relationships between Father and Mother. The relationships and the external manners were different from the customary spouses in this period. They never called each other by their names. He called her rebbetzin and she him "Please forgive". Since they brought near, one to the other, a thing from the routine things they did not do this one in direct touch but they placed on the table and he or she took the object from the table.”

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

â&#x20AC;&#x153;My father was bad-tempered and was burned quickly and stayed being angry.â&#x20AC;?

Here, since Mother saw from the kitchen from far away that affairs are warming up and going, she was entering as if by chance, standing to hear in what things they are saying and was saying to him: Maybe you will hear the knowledge of a foolish woman? And he became silent and listened to her words. And she was certain: you never regretted that you heard my advice. And the volcano went out. In the Shabbat meals in our house we were, as is said, numerous in singing. But this was managed as if according to order. This custom was customary in all three meals. In the third meal participated neighboring Hasidim and young men who heard a shiur in Talmud from my father's mouth. They were assembling on Shabbat with the setting of the sun and praying Mincha and sitting for the third meal. This was not a meal of substance but in order to perform the duty alone. They washed their hands, blessed "Hamotzi", and ate a "kzayis" [size of an olive; enough to make the blessing over]. They tasted a little herring and said Grace After Meals in order to complete "a hundred blessings" [a day] and until they reached the Grace After Meals they were numerous in Shabbat songs. The last song in the third meal was "Shabbat , the day for Hashem". This hymn I sang after my father was saying "Shabbat, the day"--Moti and I was singing the tune in the niggun in which today the television opens its broadcasts on Saturday night.

And there is no need to say that whenever I hear this opening on Saturday night I cause to sing inside myself "Shabbat, the day for Hashem" from what was the past. Aspects of Shabbat in the afternoon. Every day of the year we were spending many hours in cheder during the day and in the winter also during the nights. On Friday afternoon we were free from studies.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

But to walk about so, just like that, without Torah, my father's heart did not give to him to grant to us. He commanded to pass on the parsha of the week twice text and once translation, with the niggun in the accents of the text. After it reached Shabbat afternoon I was sitting, a tense instrument, and listening if Father finished his sleep. He restores and entered his room at rest and there were brought near to him the "Shabbat fruits" in order to merit an additional two blessings in order to complete the hundred blessings in which there was a lack on Shabbat.

And in the hour that he peeled the apple or pear he was calling the name of one of the children in whose fate it fell to be the sacrifice on that Shabbat. After he called my name all my members trembled. Also as I knew the shiur on which I returned all week. Take out Tractate Pesachim, he commanded. I brought the big Gemara from the Shas in Father's closet which was bigger than and twice as heavy as the one we learned in in cheder. This itself already brought me in embarrassment. But also, as I transferred the page without mishaps he was suddenly throwing difficulty that was not asked in cheder in order to examine until where my mind is reaching outside the version whose repetition is from the mouth of the rabbi in cheder. If I knew how to answer he was saying to me to take from the bowl of fruits and he did not forget to rebuke--Bless! But if I did not know, behold, one from the two of us was rebuked, either I or the rabbi, who on most Shabbats was coming to be present in this hour of test. I had a big pleasure as for the wise guy question that I was asked and did not know the answer my father was directing to the rabbi: Nu! What do you say? And the rabbi sometimes was writhing and his face was turning yellow and he was trying to find the answer and scarcely replying an answer that was not an answer.

A double conversation began between them and between the two of them. I was forgotten and I went out in peace from this the affair. My father was a glorious prayer leader, he had a sweet voice and it was increased to sing numerous chapters from the chapters of prayer. And after Father sang, his sons sang with him and the congregation of prayers enjoyed. 18

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

My memory is as my father passed before the reader's desk on a day that they say "Hallel" the prayers of the shul which stood near the place were assembling and also from the kloiz [like a shteibel] that was also in that building in order to hear the song and the Hallel prayer of my father. And indeed his Hallel prayer was very nice and until today the desire arises in me to burst into my father's Hallel song.

The sons who joined in his hymn and song with him as escorts were Yisrael my brother in the head, who had a strong tenor, and after him was Moshe and last me, also my young brother Aharon--the 12th son began to utter a voice in my father's hour of prayer.”

“The only one who did not open his mouth was my big brother David-Avraham, who was lacking a voice and also hearing. We were jesting about him that he sang like a fish, he moves his lips without uttering a voice.” Education of the children, dressing and shoeing and on her mouth something will kiss. “The aim of writing these memories, first and foremost, is to erect a memory for the generations to come.” “Everything previous for the brothers and sisters who were killed in the awesome Holocaust by impure and fiendish hands and they did not survive from them except these saved firebrands alone, from the middle of the ten brothers and sisters from the children of the big family. I will point out in the following pages each one of them according to that my memory will be at rest in me, the memories from them of a small youth who remembers with difficulty his big brothers and sisters who went out from their father's house while I was a small youth, in them the two sisters Shaindli and Leah who I did not see entirely and did not remember because they went out from the house before I was born or before I came to a state of recognition. The little that I knew about them is from stories that I heard at home. Shaindli, the oldest, was married to a man of businesses, of the Tzimt family, in the city of Yaslo in Galicia. Two daughters were born to them: Veronica and Rhcha, and a son named David and again a pair of twins. From all the family survived only the twins, as one lives in Antwerp, Belgium, and the second in Canada. Benny Tzimt, the son of the twin in Antwerp, lives in the Land and has two sons and a daughter. His father visits the Land sometimes near his son and, in this opportunity, also in my house to meet his uncle--me. About Shaindli my sister's family, who I never saw, how many events are remembered for me, a few foggily and a few clearly.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

I was a boy and a telegram reached us. A telegram in Krifts seventy years ago, all the people of the town knew immediately about such. Everyone was interested to know what was written in the telegram. The telegram reached from Yaslo and in it is written "Shaindli gave birth to twins". Immediately the big brothers ran to the synagogue to announce to Father. The news awakened worry. In those days every birth accompanies danger that was wrapped in it. The percentage of pregnant women who died in childbirth was high. Doctors were not present at birth and sterile conditions were not existing. All the more the birth of twins. I remember blurredly that we small ones ran after the big ones and in our coming to the synagogue my father was sitting on the "chair of Elijah" as a sendek and holding on the knees of the infant who entered into the covenant of Abraham our father [Circumcision]. My big brother [David Avraham] was bent to him to announce the contents of the telegram. My father made an incautious movement in his hand and the mohel's knife struck in his finger. The perplexity of the mohel remained in my memory, the blood of whom to bandage of a beginning. Pain and fear descended on our house. After a few days a second telegram reached, in it an announcement that my sister Shaindli died after the birth of twins. About her life I did not know much. From the conversations of the adults I understood that Tzimt her husband, a man tall of height, black of hair and having a face severe of appearance, was a difficult man. And I understood from these conversations that Shaindli's life was not easy.

Mother traveled to her [Shaindli] often and since she returned she was decreasing to tell. And since she told--only to the big ones she told and she shed tears. After years I knew that the two orphaned daughters learn from an expert: Veronica, the older, in university in Lvov, image, and Rhche in high school in Przemysl. The two of them learned on the credit of my brother Lipa who was already the owner of big businesses and took the two sisters under his protection. As the passing of years it was known to me that Veronica and a student became joined in love. The student's parents did not give their agreement to this connection and their love was deep, they swore one to the other belief forever.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

“One day the two of them were found in a forest, embracing, and the spirit of life was not in them.”

“This way they put an end to their lives” “Rhche and David, their brother, were killed in the Holocaust. The twin brothers remained in life after troubles and a concentration camp. And as was said, the one lives in Belgium and the other in Canada.” Editor Note: Tzimt lives in the city Spa, Belgium. I met him there in 1968. There is one, named Avigdor, who is a Rabbi in Conn. U.S., who claims that he is the Leader of the Remaining Gallers, and I do not know his DNA links to the Gallers. But he is making arrogant big waves for himself as genuine Galler to anyone he talks to.

“Sarah, our sister, may she rest in peace --- from when I remember myself, Sarah was with us in the house. Sarah was a beautiful woman, big, a wise woman and a clever person of character and an owner of posture, she knew how to stand on hers and above all faithful to her family. She was the big sister in the house. A difficult life passed on her until the time that I remember her according to that I recognized her and I knew to appreciate her. She was married to a man who they married off to her and this man was from a well-born family and his name was Yossele. I did not know him because I was a baby then. This Yossele was a thin man and was feeble. The distance between them was great and they did not match each other. Sarah who saw until where the parents from both sides erred felt that the matching will not rise well, demanded a bill of dismissal [a divorce] and returned to our house.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

In this a source of the sufferings and disappointments did not end. Since Shaindli our sister died five orphans remained, among them the twins, Sarah went there to be mother to the orphans. After a time the father of the orphans asked for Sarah's hand, that she will not only be mother to the orphans but also wife of his bosom and she granted his request. Also this experiment did not rise well. And if previous to such she was able to be in his house as the sister of the wife who died without a time in order to raise his children, now that the matching did not rise well and she became divorced from him---she was not able to still remain in his house and she returned a second time to her father's house. In this situation I began to know her, the big sister Sarah, her hands full of work. Coordination was full between her and Mother and she was taller than Mother in a head.

After Mother's death this was only natural that Sarah was like a mother to the orphans. She was also a housewife. That father, severe of appearance to the children of his house, did not expand to stand against Sarah's leadership of the house. My memory of exchanges of words between them on affairs that were in our education is that she said to Father: If my behavior does not find favor in your eyes, behold, I am ready to rise and go from the house. I went out long ago from your authority at the time that you married me off to Yossele.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Words like these deterred Father from the danger that perhaps she will execute her threat. Because of such, and also because he saw until where Sarah his daughter does her deeds in something of sense and in trustworthiness, he put in her hands the leadership of the house and the family and us, the little ones did not feel in a great change that we became orphaned. In this period indeed began a great change in our family.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

Despite the tradition of transferring the chair of the rabbinate from father to son during generations, yet suggestions to serve as rabbi in other cities in bigger congregations and superior conditions set Father's heart in motion to go out from Krifts and to choose service as rabbi in the city of Bobreka near Lvov, the capital of Galicia. If in Krifts the congregation counted about 200 Jews, behold, that Bobreka counted 1500 Jews. The sentiment that was in the cemetery in Krifts, the buried ones, parents of how many generations, did not prevail on what is called career in our days. So we became told good news after he visited Bobreka and, as the custom of those days, preached a drasha in Talmud and interpreters in the synagogue in the presence of all the sages who were in the city. They argued with him in his bringing them from the words of the Marasha and Radak and after he replied to them all in words of pleasantness and in good sense he became told glad tidings by the head of the congregation, Rabbi David Hollander, that the "kulturgemeine" decided that Rav Benjamin Zev Galler will serve as local rabbi in the city of Bobreka and his monthly salary will be such and such, this was a big innovation for his sake. In Krifts he was not paid all of his monthly or yearly salary for a rabbi. There was not existing there a lawful chosen council. There was there a gabbai and a chevra kadisha. You will say, from what will they exist, the rabbi and the children of his house? They gave him concessions and what was the character of these? The trade in Shabbat candles was forbidden on the stores in the town and they were sold only near the rabbi. The affair of slaughter was handed down to the rabbi and the shochet and the income from this was divided between the rabbi and the shochet, in preference the rabbi's portion. Marriage and circumcision were also a source of income for the rabbi and a foundation of his income came from the rabbi's beis din [Court]. Jews mediated their disputes in this beis din alone and did not use the government court whose laws were not based on the laws of the interpreters which were substantiated on the Torah.â&#x20AC;? â&#x20AC;&#x153;A spirit of vigor blows in great strength, lifts clouds of dust and sand, expert in removing layers and uncovering roots. Not layers until the waters of the world that tell about the creation of the world, no hidden treasures to discover, the direction of the intention of this spirit hides its going, in the spirit of the young generations it is pushed. This new spirit is with us. Our generation, which disconnected from all the institutions of the generation before it, was made to wander a strong wandering. This generation came, our children, and asks where we came from and demands a return. We, the first generation in the Land, every source of whose origin was lost and disappeared 23

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

in the years of the Holocaust, still have the memory of our past, the children of our families and the question where I came from did not stand opposite us. What that is not found in our domain in the writings of an inscribing in our memories. And these our children to the parents, the pioneers of redemption--the wall is sealed before their eyes. The life of the Diaspora of Israel, the life of their parents' parents is not known to them and they come and ask where did I come from? And it is good that they ask as long as we the parents are still alive, because who will answer their questions after our death....â&#x20AC;? â&#x20AC;&#x153;I will try to raise mud flats from the well of memory, it is deep, in our attempts to raise we will find that the rope is short and we will not touch its depth. One, I knew, how all that I will wish to drain the strength of my memory in all my effort, I will succeed in raising only a little to the eyes of my children, and also the little is good as there is no good from it. The section on the Galler family quoted from "Documents on Polish Jewry" published before World War II. The book is in Polish and the passage was photographed by Ozer Galler, son of my brother Lipa Galler, may Hashem avenge his blood, who lived in New Zealand, and translated by Bracha Lifshitz, daughter of my uncle Mordecai Blazer, my mother's brother. "Rabbi Avraham Galler (1794-1898) was son-in-law of Rabbi David Schiff from Krifts who was a student of the famous tzaddik Rav Horovitz and a friend of the famous tzaddik Rabbi Mauftov." "Rabbi Avraham Galler was a student of the famous rabbi Rav Hirsh Melech Shapiro from Dinov. He was excellent in Torah and left behind in writings meditation and comment on Torah but forbade printing them. He served as rabbi in Krifts during 76 years. He reached a ripe old age and lived a hundred and four years and was buried in the special family building in the cemetery named "Ohel" which was built by the hands of the Jewish community in Krifts to its honor. In this Ohel are buried also his fatherin-law Rabbi Schiff and so the two brothers-in-law of Rabbi Schiff who were also rabbis. Rabbi David Galler (1827-1898), Rabbi Avraham Galler's son, died a week after his father, Rabbi Avraham's, death, seventy-one years old at his death. He served as rabbi during forty years until the year 1895. In that year he was summoned by his father Avraham to come and to receive the rabbinate in Krifts from his hand and if his son-in-law Rabbi Yaakov Shalom Herzog received the rabbinate in Niznkovitz. Rabbi David Galler excelled in pedagogical talent and educated the children of Rabbi Shapiro from Dinov, who was the family's rabbi, in Torah. He also gathered poor young men from the surroundings and educated them to Torah which was not in order to receive a reward. He composed a book named "Tzemach David" (the sprout of David). He served three years as rabbi in Krifts and died, as is said, a week after Rabbi Avraham's death. Rabbi Benjamin Zev Galler (my father) was born in Niznkovitz in 1859 and died in 1929 in the city of Bobreka. My father was the son of the above Rabbi David Galler. He acquired his education of the rabbinate near the famous genius rabbi from Lvov, Rabbi Yitzhak Shmlkis. 24

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

The students' friend was Rabbi Nathan Levi from Zshov and the friendship of the world prevailed between them until the day of their death. At the age of 18 he got married to the daughter of the famous Hasid and philanthropist R' Ozer Blazer, who was a big rich man, the owner of flour mills and an industrialist. Rav Benjamin resided with his father-in-law in Grodek during about twenty years, entered to partnership with him and succeeded in his doings. In parallel with the businesses he continued in the path of his father and in partnership with the rabbi of the town from Grodek he founded a yeshiva in the place and gave shiurs to his students there. He was from the steady participators in the monthly "Ohel Moed" (The Tent of Meeting) which was dedicated to Talmudic problems and matters of Halacha. He was also an outstanding community public worker and a friend of the town councils and so a friend of the Jewish community in Grodek. In 1898, two days before the death of his father, Rabbi David Galler, he was crowned to rabbi in Krifts. He also was a Hasid for the dynasty of rabbis from Dinov and was called the rabbi from Bloziv. He was a great Talmudist and wrote many Torah commentaries and questions and answers in matters of Halacha and which to our sorrow were all lost in World War I. He served as rabbi in Krifts until 1911 and then was chosen for rabbi in the district city, Bobreka. Rav Dvidl Ori inherited his place in Krifts, he also the grandson of Rabbi Avraham Galler from his wife's side. In Bobreka, which the needs of the rabbinate were many, my father found time for himself to be busy in community institutions. His service in Bobreka was drawn out until the day of his death in 1929."

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Until here is a quotation from the middle of the book on the Jewry of Poland. And here is the place for two remarks and illuminations: 1. A booklet is existing a photograph of whose title-page is in my brother David's hand named "David mourned" that is written by that Rabbi David Uri who was the last rabbi of our family in Krifts and the last of the rabbis of the town together with the Jewish community that is no more. In this booklet are the words of the eulogy on the death of his grandfather, the glorious Rabbi Avraham Galler. The booklet is available in the religious library in Ramat Gan [image].

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

2. In the book of documents on the Jewry of Poland from which is the quotation on the three generations of rabbis of Krifts, the fathers of our family, there is the continuation of the fourth generation, on my brother Lipa Galler from the city of Przemysl. This report on him seizes a great place in the book-greater than the report on the three generations of our father rabbis. The aforesaid book was printed in his life and in it is from a writer on his numerous deeds in community necessities and his philanthropy as the rich man of the city of Przemysl. He was an industrialist and commercial advisor to the government of Poland. We will reach again the discussion for this portion which is in the book in the continuation. Since Rabbi Avraham Galler reached the age of a hundred, his knowledge became weak and he said: Rabbi Yehuda ben Teima said in Pirkei Avot "A man of a hundred is as if dead and passed from the world." He disqualified himself from being teacher of instruction, called to his son David who served as rabbi in Niznkovitz to come and sit on his throne as rabbi in Krifts. Rabbi David served as rabbi in the days of his father's life about three years and got sick with a severe illness that the doctors did not give him hope.â&#x20AC;?

"A tzaddik will not see the death of his son."

This writing guided his rest. 26

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Here they tell the story about the Kabbalat Shabbat as the very old Rabbi Avraham came to prayer in the face of the community, wrapped in his tallis above his head, stood a long hour in prolonged prayer alone, and the congregation is waiting in great tension for the beginning of the Kabbalas Shabbos prayer. And then he lifted his height in one, removed his tallis from on his face, beat on the stand and proclaimed aloud to the eyes of the congregation and his soul went out. This version is my brother David's, which in truth he heard from the mouth of children of the family. I wrote down my version according to what I heard and there is no contradiction between them. I was the eleventh child in the family and they called my name Mordecai. They called me in the house and outside it, among friends, Moti or Motik. Since I reached the Land they began to call me Galler and so until this day. So also my wife Zahava calls me, until today, 50 years after our marriage, by the name Galler. In the Diaspora they wrote our family name "G(alef)ll(ayin)r" and since we came to Israel we lost all the vocalized letters and wrote the words also not Hebrew in the Hebrew form even though it's very questionable on the reading without vocalizing. My mother came from a family of merchants named Blazer. She was the only daughter of her parents, an individual and Ozer Blazer from the town of Grodek Ygilovski. My mother also had four brothers in her parents' house: Simcha, Mordecai, Yosef and Menachem. My father was born in a family of rabbis until ten generations before him. From the whole dynasty of rabbis are known to me only the names of my father, his father the previous Rabbi David all because every Shabbat I heard them call in the synagogue "Rabbi Benjamin Zev son of Rabbi David will stand [for an aliyah] sixth." And about the father of my grandfather Rabbi David I heard many times the following story: Rabbi Avraham inherited the chair of the rabbinate from his father and sat on his chair many years until the age of 100 years. About four years his son Rabbi David lived together with him in one basket and they knew the men of the town, how they will be blessed with two crowns. Since a Jew in the town was in need of a rabbi, they asked him of who --Rabbi Avraham or his son Rabbi David? And they were not jealous, the father of his son or the son of his father, as is written to the world "the father is not jealous of the son" and these the son fulfilled, the mitzvot of honor 27

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

of the father properly for him and for this excellent person, the very old rabbi Rabbi Avraham--his room was supported on the wall of the synagogue. The door was in the wall whose way led straight to the synagogue. His custom was, every Shabbat night on its Shabbat he entered from the door of his room wrapped in his tallit. He went straight to the desk intended for the emissary of the community [the prayer leader] as the congregation of prayers rises to their feet in his honor and he begins Kabbalas Shabbos. He behaved on this Erev Shabbos as in every Shabbos night, he visited the house of sweating and dipped in the pure mikvah. In the evening of the day he wrapped himself in his tallit and entered from his room to the attached synagogue, approached the prayer stand and called: "Give thanks to G-d for he is good (hodu l'Adonai ki tov)" and his soul went out next to the stand as he was wrapped in the tallit and the prayer "hodu l'Adonai" was in his mouth. His son, Rabbi David, seventy-one years old, survived orphaned from his father. And he will mourn for his father all the days of shiva as the rule is. In the end of the shiva he too returned his soul to give his life to all life. The death of two rabbi grandfathers in a week brought to a turn in my parents' way, as my mother's parents said in their souls that it was not to take out their only daughter, beloved to them, from the middle of their house and received my father, son of rabbis, to active partner in their businesses. My father himself also delayed the idea to serve in the rabbis' chair although he was trained and ordained for the rabbinate. Until quickly he found himself fit and his hand successful in his fatherin-law's businesses but now since the rabbis' chair from two generations became hastily vacant the claim rose again by order of the city to the son continuing in the tradition during ten generations, that he will return to the city of his birthplace and sit on the rabbis' throne in place of his father Rabbi David. And since he refused-- it came there from the great rabbi Hirsh Melech from Bluzov and ordered him to continue the dynasty drawn out these ten generations. My father was not strong to reply with the anger of the rabbi from Bluzov and came and sat himself on the chair of the rabbinate where his ancestors had sat from this generations. And since my father surrendered--they brought the covering beside the bed of dying and crowned him rabbi in Krifts before his eyes. The next day his father died and passed on the rabbinate to his son and went to his world in calmness of soul. This one death of the two grandfathers, one after the other, influenced indirectly the fixing of names when I was born. My brother David who was born at the time a little after their deaths was also the tenth in the family. Because of what they calculated, that he was the last, so they gave him the two names of the two grandfathers: Avraham David. Except that the angel commissioner of the called did not so calculate.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

Two years after this I was born and a name was not found of the fathers who went to their worlds in whose names I will be called because my brother David received the two and my name in Israel was called Mordecai after Mordecai ben Yair because I was born on Erev Purim.

Two years after this my young brother [Aharon] was born, the twelfth son and the last brother. His name was given to him after my mother's grandfather who died at that time. My dear mother Mindli, may she rest in peace---she died in 1910 and I was nine years old then.â&#x20AC;? â&#x20AC;&#x153;Alas, my mother, how I loved you. You were a woman small in height and modest. In your parents' house they spoiled you and loved you and you were like a princess. They taught you languages and good manners. Whenever there are memories of you my heart will shrink and groan. How she conceived and gave birth thirteen times in intermissions of two years between one and the next. Grower and educator of everyone, she washes and combs our heads, cooks and feeds all this tribe, she opens her eyes and sees everyone one by one and feels the sorrow of every one of us. Torah we learned in cheder, but mother taught us the art of reading and writing. If one from among us did not like the food she worried about disguises for a substitute afterwards. As I reached the age of five and my season came to learn chumash they celebrated the event with many guests called and I rose upon the table to give a drasha. Who taught me the drasha if not my mother? And the drasha, which dwells in my mouth still to this day, how suitable it still was. There are not many memories that remained to me from my mother, see, I was a small youth at her death. Her image stands in front of my face on Erev Shabbat at the hour of candle lighting. The candlesticks, big, middle and small, stood on the edge of the set table. All were made of pure silver. The number of candlesticks is like the number of souls in the house. Mother, dressed in Shabbos clothes from dark silk, a long garment until the floor, collar vertical, sleeves long. On her neck a necklace of pearls, her fingers with diamond rings and on her head a silk kerchief. Besides the candlesticks that went to their world and also were lit with the lighting of candles. Every Erev Shabbat I was observing in my mother's blessing of the candles the hour that she circled all the candlesticks three times with her hands, covered her face in the palms of her hands and stood in prolonged prayer. After she lowered the palms of her hands her face was always wet from tears. Then she said to those present in that moment "A gut shabbes". On Shabbos morning there was a lot of preparation before going to the synagogue. For going to the synagogue every woman took out her best clothes. In the summer clothes were silk and in the winter furskins. Poor women, cheap furs and these rich ones: the rebbetzin and her daughters, expensive furs that they received as dowry at the time of their marriages.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

The going of the women of Israel to shul on Shabbos was like the going of foreign women to the opera. Every one tried to raise to fashion in dress, in hat and in ornaments. My mother was the rebbetzin, the hairs of whose head were cut the day before her wedding as was the custom of the women of Israel in those days. The other women were putting wigs on their heads, only the rebbetzin put on her head "sterntichel"--a kind of image of a tight hairdo for the head made of silk with folds one atop the other. On this garment was the form of a small crown all of it interwoven with pearls and every multiplier adds honor. Also the earrings inlaid with pearls added favor inside. I loved to see my mother before going to the women's section with the siddur "Korban Mincha" (meal-offering), great of measures. I was a weak youth. Therefore my mother brought me to the Gentile neighbor, owner of milking cows, and paid him in order that every day I will go to his barn at the hour of milking and drink warm milk coming straight from the cow's udder. This was a secret concealed between her and me so that it would not awaken jealousy among the children. This was a special attachment. They were who said because she herself nursed me from her breasts and these brought to the other children Gentile nurses as was customary in those days in our places.

My mother [our Grandmother Mindli,] suffered hard in her last years.

She suffered hard agony and inner pains. The expert men and women determined how my mother suffers from gallstones. There was no doctor in town. So she was travelling to the supported town where a Christian doctor lived. She was returning with bottles of medicines whose influence was small. On operations in those days mum's the word. It is engraved in one memory of mine of the Ten Days of Repentance that my mother is accustomed to shut herself up in her room and prepared herself for the deed that she returned to every year before Yom Kippur. The deed was called "putting of threads". The candle of souls that was brought to the synagogue on Erev Yom Kippur was made from beeswax and made of the deed of her hands. They lit this candle before the Kol Nidre prayer and it was said to burn until the evening of Yom Kippur. The beginning of the deed was that my mother placed threads for the children. Thread by thread for all her dear souls and she was mentioning the names of every one and placing the thread to remember it. This making is done as her eyes drip tears. After this all the threads are twisted to a thick wick which they covered in a thick layer of soft wax. After it cooled off this was a brown soul candle which burned every hour of the night and day in the synagogue on Yom Kippur.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

I was a boy and was amazed as she placed the thread for the soul of the boy Yhushelah, his rest of Eden, and shed tears, a trustee to remember him. This was an infant who was born between the brothers Lipa and Yisrael and did not prolong days. The thirteenth child who is not forgotten from my mother's heart, and she was mourning his death in the hour of placing the thread to remember his soul. My town, Krifts, was supported to the big city of Przemysl [Lvov], in whose center the river San passes and big bridges connect its two banks. They brought my mother to the city of Przemysl as the situation of her health was very harmed in order that she was near to the doctors who were found there. About the hospital mum's the word.

Which Jew fearing heaven will enter the hospital?

They rented, however, a scene in a suburb of the city and in it, one bed without any other furniture. Many days did not go out, they hired a horse and a wagon and seated all the children in it and brought us to Przemysl [Lvov] in the first time in our lives and this according to my mother's request. We were children but we knew that this is the end. As we reached there after a trip of two hours in the wagon we entered to Mother and stood around her bed. My mother's face was pale and thin. She did not speak, only looked with her large brown eyes. She directed her look around from child to child and did not take out a sound. So she lay to our eyes, the mother who gave all her strength to establish this big family, to educate it, to feed it and to raise it. She gave birth to her four last children in the time of her being a grandmother and still did not reach fifty years. In the mixture of the day they sent us back towards the house in Krifts in the wagon in which we reached it. On Friday, Erev Shabbat, two days after our visit, her soul went out. According to the customs of Israel, a person who died on Erev Shabbat, they bring him to the grave before candle lighting and they do not leave him until the going out of Shabbat. And my mother died far away from her house and there was no delay to bring her home and to be buried in the cemetery in which are buried many of the children of our family.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

There was no delay to announce to her parents and brothers who lived in Grodek and also to her grown children who were also far away. So, however, they brought her to the grave in Przemysl [Lviv, Lvov, Lwâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;owâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;], a big city that the burial society regarded the affair as a nuisance coming to them on Erev Shabbat in the afternoon and moreover--the dead woman was not from the people of their city. The big brothers told how the escort of the dead person was and there was a minyan of escorts with difficulty from us. "So, however, also to die is fate, its example." If my mother was brought to the grave in our town, the infant in the cradle would not have remained at home. All the entire town would have been escorting their rebbetzin who they so admired and honored in all the years of her life among them. We also, the young children--we were unable to escort her in her last way. On Erev Shabbat, at the time of the setting of the sun, the big sons and daughters reached home from Przemysl and all the children of the family broke out in weeping bitterly. The neighboring women of the town joined us and the wailing was heard until from afar. Suddenly, a voice was heard of a command and an arbiter: Shabbat! There is to light the Shabbos candles and to go to synagogue for Kabbalat Shabbat. With the end of the "Aleinu Lshabeach" prayer we all stood compact together next to the Holy Ark and we said "Kaddish" for the first time after my mother. Not only our eyes flowed tears, the tears of the many prayers joined us. My father remained seven days in the room in which my mother's soul went out, to sit "shiva". My mother did not leave behind, after her, even one photograph. She never was photographed. There is in the hand of David my brother a postcard written in her handwriting to my late brother Yaakov and it was written in pure and fluent Hebrew which does not disgrace the writer even in our days.

My father, the late Rabbi Benjamin Zev Galler, was master of a broad structure of body, the opposite of my mother's body. He had eyes more green than blue and for exchange, sometimes green, sometimes blue. He had a beard descending according to measures. As rabbi he always wore a long garment of silk, belted with a belt with mouths.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

A velvet hat, white stockings high to his knees and skirted shoes in the form of house shoes. In his going out on outside the house he wore a high, long and black coat which was called "Rzhvolki". In the winter he wore in going out fox furs in the inside and silk from in the outside, a broad collar of choice fox skin. On Shabbat he put on his head a "shtreimel" having 14 tails of very expensive fur. All the married men put on a shtreimel like this on Shabbat. But a difference in price between one and the second was like a difference between a gilded ornament and an ornament of real gold. The custom was that the parents of the bride buy the shtreimel and tallit for the groom. The men wore the two of them after their marriages. So they were like a sign that he was still a "bochur"-- so a bachelor man was called.

As my father entered home from the house of prayer quiet was thrown. All the children's games, all the running wild ceased in the twinkling of an eye. They always tried that it was not to be present in his partition. If it was decreed to be present in the house, we could do this next to an open book and of course a book from the holy books. As he returned from the house of prayer in the noon hour, he blessed "shehakol" and tasted food that was prepared for his sake, for his coming. Food that they bless on it "Boray mnay mzonos". After about an hour they spread a table cloth on his table and they served him the noon meal.â&#x20AC;?

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

PART B The First Gallers in the Promised Land By Benjamin Gal-Or (Galler)

hen WW-I ended in 1918, and England has reclaiming the Promised Land from the

Muslims [Appendices below], my father, David Avrahan Galler made a plan: He would settle for good and help building anew the Jewish Home in the Land of Israel. His immediate plan was to get there via Vienna and Egypt.

Capture in Vienna

owever as he was waiting in line for a tram in Vienna to take him to the Central

Train Station, the Austrian police arrested him as a Jewish recruit that must go fighting their remaining wars. With dozens such recruits he waited in a nearby room to be taken away. But then he noticed that the wall outside the room borders with a cemetery. Jumping over it he run across the cemetery and entered the same tram on the other side. However, he had failed to get out in time for the Central Station and have ended up again where the police was nabbing recruits. Yet, being inside the tram, this time the police did not take him away and he ended up a month later in Yaffo, Palestine/Eretz Izrael.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

He next joined a group of young Jewish Russians in preparing [in Jeda, near present

village Nahalal] the first kibbutz settlement of the Israeli Young Guard, Beit Alpha [Heftsibbah], the sole rabbi, the sole Hebrew speaking pioneer there at that time. But something was at store for him; a young Jewish Russian lady called Sara, who wanted private lessons to speak Hebrew.

The Incredible Love Story

t took place at a newly-established community Kibbutz Beit Alpha. A young,

unorthodox Rabbi, member of the new Kibbutz, DAVID AVRAHAM GALLER, was out plowing the nearby land, with a horse. Inside the community camp a burning envy story evolved. It was about the love of the young attractive Sara to my father. And it exploded by member SHMUEL. He asked her to reject my father and to stop ignoring him. When she refused he killed himself with a gun in front of her. She fainted. A short and non-attractive man, CUBA, then awaked her, and on the dying spot of Shmuel, extracted a promise from the still semi fainting Sara to marry him, simply to avoid his own suicide next, in 20 minutes, when the nearby train would kill him, so he said. Shocked twice, Sara agreed in public and next stood by her promise and married him, while my father was so shaken, he left his teaching Hebrew sole role there [they mainly spoke Russian], his ideological guiding activities of LIMITED SHARING, Except in Defense [the vacuum was filled by communists, like YAARY, who later made endless headlines with many followers] and his field work with the horses.

any years later, after Sarah died, I visited Beit Alpha and video recorded the Sarah

story from her husband CUBA and their son. Indeed, they have entertained there a happy life.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

What Happened in Europe at the Same Time

Revolution Lands on a Remote VILLAGE in EUROPE Translated by Myra Rothenberg and Melvin Schmier

“Soon after the [UK Minister] Balflour Declaration [Making British-Palestine “The Homeland of the Jewish Nation”], our muddy streets came alive with clatter of Hebrew subjects and strolling young boys and girls. The youth threw themselves into studies of Dr. Herzl's Jewish state. From the thick woods behind the cemetery, voices rang with songs of freedom on the fallen monuments, our voices almost awakening the dead. We sat there and studied (from the Book of Lamentations) and sang from the Song of Songs and interpreted Appendices from “The Jewish State”. Everything, everything we devoured. Our young people in the shtetl [village, small town] suddenly heard sounds of progressive modernism from faraway places. And had the hunger still to educate themselves. Even though we didn't own a school of higher education or a high school, many of the people reached high and noble goals. Daughters and sons of the very old, all at once, awoke to progress, endured the obstacles of poverty and with rags on their hands, and with strength, and vigor on their lips, they made it to Israel, and [so became] its first pioneers and guardians.”

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

Benjamin Gal-Or

Lipa Galler

[right], my uncle, a famous international

banker, industrialist and Active Zionist, has been helping my father in establishing Kibutz Beit Alpha, and, later, Ramat Yohanan, then living in Hadera and in the Sharon village Kfar Hess since 1937. He also helped other Gallers that followed David:

Yaacov, Avraham, Mordechai and Aharon Galler, The last two had arrived to Palestine in a group of 180 pioneers on a coal-transport ship from Trieste, Italy, within the organized 3rd Aliah.

Lipa was murdered in 1939 in Lvovâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Center immediately as the Germans entered the City. 18 Galler families, including my other 10 uncles, as children of my Grandfather, were murdered at work, in the villages, towns, and death camps at Belzec, Sobibore, Majdanek and Auschwitz, as partly described by survivors and witnesses at http://www.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/bobrka/bob179.html http://www.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/bobrka/bob164.html#Page179

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

Open ALBUMS of the Gallers in ZIONISM IV Zionism I: Abraham; II Moses; III Ezra-Nehemiah

hat? YES.

I speak for the young Geek Gallers. Why? We love photos, short captions, and short stories. Below you find our combined portraits. Got it? And we intend to update them, and comb our hair too.

ALBUM I Benjamin Gal-Orâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Family by Benjamin Gal-Or, Part I

My Mother, Kreine-ATARA KAN DROR, Galler-Gal-Or

After my father left Kibbutz Beit Alpha and Kibbutz Ramat Yohanan, he met my mother in the Common Workers Hall at the new town Hadera.

She was working there after she had arrived to Israel from Mogilev Podolsk, Ukraine, through Bessarabia-Romania, to join my father in a wedding in Hadera, where I was born on August 8, 1933. [Actually I was born in the Central Hospital of the town Afula]. We left to Kfar Hess in 1937, where they had purchased a nice house and two Lots.

In Kfar Hess she run the house with her three children: Benjamin [me], Sarah and Tzvi, 38

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

while my father, David Avraham Galler, was growing bees in about 100 wooden hives located in the middle of our 5 Dunam [1 Dunam is 1,000 Sq. Meters] Oranges Orchard [Shamuti and Valencia brands]. My mother raised chicken and grew vegetables in a 3 Dunam Lot attached to our house. Both, out of ideology, have refrained from orthodox religious practice, except during the Holidays.

After he heard it from me, my father strongly protested that the older people in Kfar Hess took me, without his consent, to the Synagogue, when I was 13 [Bar Mitzvah].

Therefore, the sole source of my Bible knowledge was local school education and, later, at age 17, at the first class of “Guides of Israel” organized by the new State of Israel and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, conducted at Tallpiot, Jerusalem, in 1950.

Never had I graduated from any high school, for there was none there, and my father totally refused to pay any high school in the city. What would you do with a high school Diploma in this village? He countered me. He only agreed to pay a vocational agricultural school, Mikveh Israel, which I left in disgusting its low level of education after less than one year. Yet, when I became full professor in 1972, he seriously “crowned” me a “Rabbi”, while admitting it was his mistake to deny me high-school education.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

Benjamin Gal-Or

Gradually my Grandfather has resumed contact with his sons in Palestine, and perhaps has also changed his mind about Zionism. He passed away in 1929, and I was born in 1933 and named after him, as well as the other Benjamin Galler, the first son of Mordechai Galler. However, about 18 Galler families, some of which had considered but hesitated to move to Palestine, have stayed in Europe to meet their tragic fate. 20 years later, all Jewish life was destroyed by mass deportation and mass murder in Europe. Only a few of our family, who had followed my father to Palestine: Mordechai, Aharon, Avraham, Yaakov, Mina and Bracha have survived.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

We, their children, were born there. Together we have raised about two dozen kids, who, in turn, have raised about 80 Israeli children.

Five Minutes Before Grand Muslim Victory By Benjamin Gal-Or

JAN was a Europe’s Death Camps Survivor. Alone he saved our

village in the Sharon Valley from massacre of children, women and defenseless men, stopped a rapid advance of Iraqi army to the sea, 10 km away, and thus cutting all united Hebrews territories into two, and finally establishing a grand Muslim Victory.

Two days before the State of Israel was declared, a total

confusion ruled our village, which is located one km from the large Muslim village Tira.

During about one hour our village was left totally defenseless against invading Iraqi soldiers and Palestinian residences, who knew that fact due to total defeat of ALL our forces near Tira, when most our men lost their lives or were wounded when they fell, at around noon time, right into a well-organized, Iraqi-army ambush.

The empty defense line was fully exposed to advancing victorious Muslims, who were walking-dancing against us from Tira, firing their rifles with utmost confidence and joy.

Standing alone in "Station 7"-trench, at age 14.5, I was almost killed by a bullet that

passed through my hat, just touching my right ear. 15 minutes later I carried ammunition, under fire, to "Station 8", where Jan, a survivor from Europe’s death camps, with the sole village machine gun, stopped all advancing Muslims, alone!! But years later he was murdered by a Muslim while irrigating, alone, at night, his tomatoes field near same “Station 8”.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

Where to go?"

Jan asked me in a broken Hebrew, when I first met him, just

escaping from deserted “Station 7”. He was new to our village of about 450, and he too run to the village weapon center when the Muslim fire has engulfed the village.

None was there except the two of us. And there was only a single machine gun, a new one, that apparently no one new how to operate. And apparently Jan knew. In Hebrew mixed with English words I answered:

Best commanding view against the advancing Iraqi Army is the highest-ground-level "Station 8", near "Station 7", from where I just arrived. The Muslims are already half way to the village!! We have only 10 minutes left; 5 to run to Station 8.

K KID !! , JAN said, Take these 2 ammunition boxes and

run

in front of me to

that Station.

Alone, in "Station 8", Jan next stopped all advancing Iraqi-Palestinian happy soldiers,

gunning them down as they advanced in the open field against zero resistance from our Village. Killed and wounded, they partially retreated back to the green-dark cactuses area.

Jan's machine gun was firing non-stop, but was soon almost without ammunition. Under fire, at age 14.5, I run back and forth to bring more ammunition to Jan, from the weapon center, about 500 meters away. 3 years later I secured Israel’s unofficial 100m record in contest in the Mikve Israel School, just by remembering May 13, 1948.

Key defense stations were gradually manned next by the fathers of the sons killed in front of their eyes, down, between thousands of green-dark cactuses in the low hills around Tira, during a fatal day-ambush around noon time. 42

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

But what the fathers had to fire with were only obsolete Spanish rifles with old rusty

ammunition -- ineffective weapons to stop the advancing soldiers and protect the bloody retreat of the ambush survivors. So Jan alone had to finish the job before dark.

During that worse day in my life, I also carried on a stretch the wounded commander of this failed operation. I saw him inside a land fold to where he run away and took him to Notkovich-House, a sort of a field hospital.

On the way he talked, explaining what happened, who was killed on the spot, who was

wounded. Some were my teachers in sports, in music, in camping. I almost fainted when I understood that they were killed defenseless in a few minutes. I resented this man that has caused all this stupidity and loss. He did not dare to show his face again in the village.

During the next days the International Red Cross brought the dead bodies to the parents. Nobody paid any attention to Jan, except one girl that married him later.

Jan, a tall, and strong man, was refused earlier, as a non-Hebrew speaking new immigrant, to join the bragging young group of the village defense forces.

ue to the shameful stupidity and failure of their hailed commander, and that

refusal, Jan was spared to later save the ambush survivors, the entire village, and my life too. Let his soul rest in peace.

Jan's heroism is neither recorded in Museums and books, nor mentioned anywhere in public that I know of The 5 Attacking Muslim Armies lost in 1948. Further defeats of Muslims by Israel followed in 1956, 1967, 1973, 1982 and during limited wars with terrorist factions of Muslims Hamas and Hezbollah. The 1973 Yum Kippur War brought peace with Egypt, and later with Jordan.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

The Vatican, a Galler and Israel Benjamin Gal-Or

he phone was ringing. The Vice president of the Technion – Israel Institute of

Technology is on the line. Listen carefully Binyamin; The “Vatican Foreign Minister” is quietly visiting Israel for the first time. He insisted to avoid any publicity and just to see and report back to the Holy See: What Jews do on the land of the Holy Land?

ut the visitor does not want anyone from the Israeli Government to be involved in

his important, fact-finding mission. He only needs an unofficial, unpaid student, to show him around just for half a day, someone who is familiar with the land, the bible and general history, and can speak English. “Now, from your written bio we know that since the age 17 you are a certified guide of Israel, and as a doctoral student at the Technion you also speak English. Would you do this job, no pay, your car?” OK, I replied, I usually ask non-Jewish foreign visitors to select one of the following oneday tours: 1. We first go to the highest point on Mount Carmel, to the Muchrakah, where the status of Elijah killing the false prophets stands, and from the porch of the church there, entertain one of the grandest views in Israel, with the Valley of Izrael below. We then visit the Monastery on top of Mount Tabor and end with St-Peter-AmnonMusht fish meal at a nice restaurant on the very shores of Lake of Galilee, just in front of a modern, high-class hotel of Tiberia. 2. Same as Tour (1) but, instead of Mount Tabor, we visit Kibutz Beit Alpha and the Wonderful Roman City Remains in Beit Sheann. 3. But since the visitor wants only half a day, I would show him the village Nahalal, following the visit to the highest spot on Mount Carmel. He can speak there with anyone he selects. After all had agreed to Plan 3, I met a highly impressive tall man, dressed in black with some red strips and took him to my old car. 44

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

he visitor was tense and very cool. He hardly spoke a word with me. On the way, to

ease the atmosphere, I told him about the incredible love story of my father in Kibutz beit Alpha, above which, on Mount Gilboa, King Saul Was killed after the horrible night visit to the foreteller woman on Mount Tabor. At story end I promised he would see the biblical places from the biblical location called “Muchrakah”. A faint smile appeared. Next I told him about the key roles Kibutz Beit Alpha and the other kibbutzim and Zionist settlements have played in the evolution, revival and defense of Israel, the history of the Gallers in Europe and in Israel, and that I am to be a visiting professor at the Johns Hopkins University in the U.S. after I graduate from the Technion-IIT. It was the early 60s, years before the Six-Day War of 1967. Yet, the visitor has remained cool, stiff and detached, wrongly assuming that I am paid by the Government, despite the promise, and what I say may be part of a Zionist Political Propaganda of the Israeli Government.

OWEVER, after he saw the Grand View of the Valley of Izrael from the Carmel

church porch, he pointed to Beit Yehooshooa’ [Joshua] village below, and said:

We would know it is not Government propaganda after we visit one of these houses below, selected by me at random, and I can speak freely with the Zionist Settlers there. And so we did.

e stopped at random at one house and were next invited inside to have some cold

drinks. There were two women there. Mother and daughter. The mother was shy so the gracious beautiful daughter served us.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

She spoke a little English and answered, with a shy captivating smile, the endless questions of the visitor. Gradually he TOTALLY melted. On the way back to Haifa he told me:

My report to the Holy See would be all positive based on what I have seen AND HEARD during the LAST FEW HOURS. There would be a gradual positive change in the policy between the Vatican and Israel.

Away Perfume Can Take It Not By Benjamin Gal-Or

In Stockholm, London and Paris, In MUSLIM GHETTOS, at homes barring local culture, where unequal future rules, where own books, channels, videos and text, European culture reject, Muslims, unintentionally, murdered-Jews Revenge Manifest. Forever, Europeans harbor Holocaust Guilt Blame, and of hundred million killed by their barbaric world wars. Suffocated with Hebrew Blood, their land-air, in world history, afar smells, Away perfume can take it not. From Hebrew Dreyfus betrayal libel to burning Einstein’s books, They facts reverse, with empty words, and nothing else. Hoax after hoax they air: “Inequality Inflicted by Jews on Peaceful Muslim Victims, WE repair.” 46

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

To London, Stockholm, Toulouse and Amsterdam, Muslims to stay invited, to hide, in vain, past inequality. But Long Awaiting Murdered-Jews Revenge, Unintentionally Flares out by Muslims rage. By riots and terror, stuck for good are Muslims there; No Holocaust Solution Again. Only Hebrew Revenge they manifest. A mere Historical fact? A religious forecast? ACCOUNTABILITY I write.

Album I, Part II From Gallers’ Refuge Place in WW-I to Gilboa-Mountain Pioneering Benjamin Gal-Or

When WW-I ended the population of Brno included about 55,000 Jewish refugees, like the Gallers, our family. Most Jews were murdered in WW-II All Czech universities, including that of Brno, were closed by the Nazis in 1939, and the university dormitory in Brno was subsequently used as the headquarters of Gestapo.” [Wikipedia].

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

Brno 300 years ago “The Brno basin has been inhabited since prehistoric era,[24] however, the direct ancestor of Brno was a fortified settlement of the Great Moravia Empire known as Staré Zámky which was inhabited since the Neolithic Age to the early 11th century.[25] Wikipedia

Below Israeli Settlements near Biblical Mount Gilboa, area to where David Galler arrived

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

Just arrived from Russia: I see the affluent Israel, but where are the pioneers that you speak about?

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

Album I, Part III Benjamin Gal-Or’s Sons, Grand Children, Places, Notes Benjamin Gal-Or

No, I do not have any DNA of the Gallers, but I keep wondering what is theirs.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

With the Grands, Hong Kong, 2009. From Right: NOGA GALOR, ARIEL GALOR, GONEN GALOR, HILA GAL-OR, ME, RAZ GAL-OR, AMIT GAL-OR, ROYI GALOR, TALIA GAL-OR

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

FAMILY of my FIRST SON AMIR GAL-OR. From RIGHT: RAZ, TALIA, AMIR, AMIT, HILA, EINATI.

FAMILY of my SECOND SON GILLAD GALOR. FROM RIGHT: HILA, GILLAD, ARIEL, GONEN, SISSI. ROYI IS SEEN IN THE GRAND IMAGE.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

Benjamin Gal-Or’s House, The Shores of Jupiter, Jupiter, Palm Beach County, Florida, USA, 2000 to 2008

MY THIRD SON, DAVID GALOR, WOULD BE 6 YEARS OLD ON MAY 13, 2014. HE IS NAMED AFTER MY FATHER DAVID AVRAHAM GALLER. He is extremely talented at home and school and very special beyond the fact that I am 80 and his mother Monica is 26. And we do not touch his long hair. Here he is 4 years old.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

Open Albums II, III, â&#x20AC;Ś for later editions

Word texts and images are acceptable. Text may be in English or Hebrew. Photos and diagrams must be emailed

APPENDICES

Appendix I: Holocaust and Accountability

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

Accountability of EUROPE’S Barbarism is Not Dead

rowing existential threats by political Shia Islam to use atomic bombs against the

only state of the Hebrews have been coupled with potential expectation that MuslimEducated U.S. President Obama via political Shia Islam, would advance that threat.

uddenly EU ASHTON, as EU Rep, joined this EU-expected, anti-Hebrews end-game:

First the borders of the only Hebrews’ state must, by the force of other, be reduced to indefensible borders. And EU has since been working hard with hostile Muslims, hoping that, somehow, with Muslim-Educated Obama, pushing the Hebrews back in favor of political Islam, as if these borders are EU’s business, as if the Hebrews are still under the control of barbaric Europe.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

or that stealthy aim, EU ASHTON has almost imitated what anti-Semitic Swedish

Bernadotte had done and fatally failed when Israel was indeed weak and almost exhausted in existential war against five invading Muslim armies while also absorbing many European-caused Holocaust Hebrew refugees.

ot only EU ASHTON decided, on behalf of the EU, to symbolically work personally

on Muslim farms in the Judean Hills, which she declared had been â&#x20AC;&#x153;occupiedâ&#x20AC;? by their very owners since Zionism I, II, III and IV, but she insisted that the Islamic terror group Hezbollah, is not a terrorist group, in confrontation with evidence and at least against U.S. terror definition. Ashton accumulated acts have unequivocally proved that EU is not only actively working again against the Hebrews, now openly favoring and even helping Islamic terror against the Hebrews, but is in violation of additional proven evidence that said terrorists act in proxy of the terrorist state Iran, acting with Iran in performing atrocities on civilians in Syria, and in unequivocally proven killing of Hebrews in Argentina and EU Bulgaria.

ENGLAND Jewish refugees from

Czechoslovakia being marched away by British police at Croydon airport in 1939. They were put on a flight to Warsaw, Poland. From dozen cooperating European Countries, via Death Trains of the well-connected Pan European System, EUROPEANS collect and deliver millions of Jews to Death Camps, thereby helping other Europeans to select whom to be murdered right away and whom to exploit prior to extermination, while still other Europeans trade with and help the evil system and extract astronomical benefits from said cooperation, deportation, looting and murder of millions, and, to cap it all, declare, insist and act as if theirs is Western Culture and Civilization.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

eath camps and death train lines Europeans do not want me to publish for they

show how they had used them to deport, loot and mass murder millions European Jews. They now reverse the blame: “Inequality Inflicted by Jews on Peaceful Muslim Victims, WE repair.”

nder debt and riots, less relevant than ever before, full of Muslim Ghettos, empty

of Jewish creating minds, Europeans still claim Western Culture is European, not JudeoChristian/American. Reversed Guilt Complex rules a land suffocated with anti-Semitism and blood of hundred million killed in European-caused world wars, to start accountability.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

Searching for the Origin of Such European Actions I

n the year 70 the Hebrews were looted and deported by pagan Romans from Jerusalem

and from their lands, homes and vineyards in Judea, The Land of Israel, the Holy Land, the Promised Land. Pagan Romans, to insult them, labeled that land Palestine, after the now extinguished PHILISTINES. Non-Hebrews next also looted their abandoned villages, cities, homes and vineyards, and have since occupied the resulting desolated-neglected lands as their own.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

Appendix II JEWISH BLOOD SUFFOCATED EU v. its Hostile Politics towards Israel

wedish Bernadotte

[right], did not respect

Zionism IV as legal rights of the Hebrews to return to their homeland after the barbaric Europeans had murdered them. Moreover, he boldly and actively intervened in favor of five invading Muslim armies during the 1948 war of survival of the Hebrews. Bernadotte represented Swedish anti-Semites [see below] and Muslim Rulers in deciding, against Israel acceptance of the UN Partition plan of former British Mandate of Palestine, to give Muslims half of Israel, thereby enraging U.S. President Trumann, Israeli people, its Government and the outlawed Lechi Movement, which killed him in Jerusalem when he boldly and actively intervened in favor of five invading Muslim armies during the 1948 war of survival of the Hebrews. He did not count accountability.

Islamization of EU

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

efeats of Muslims in 1948, 1956,

1967, 1973, 1982, 2009, etc., have lifted Israel to build and grow and to become the strongest force in the region, and to some extent in the world, this in terms of its army and air force [84 to 0 against Muslims in 1982], and its air force eliminating Muslim threat to lunch atomic bombs on it from Muslim Iraq and Syria, Israel has become top worldwide start-up nation, including more than ten Nobel Prize Winners, top medical services, unmatched computer innovation [E.g., Intel], and being the 2nd in the world in education, and the 9th in life expectancy.

The Face of Islamized EUROPE Today ?

nder debt and riots, less relevant in the world than ever before, full of angry Muslim

Ghettos, thousands of Minarets and anti-European culture mosques-schools, empty of Hebrew creating minds, Europeans still claim Western Culture is European, not JudeoChristian/American. Hoaxes and libels once again rule a land suffocated with antiSemitism and blood of hundred million killed in European-caused world wars. Indeed, Muslims, unintentionally, Murdered-Jews Revenge Manifest.

eath camps and death train lines shown below, the peace impostors Europeans do

not like me to publish for they show how they had used them to deport, loot and mass 61

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

murder millions European Hebrews. YES. Same companies then and today. With their government and manipulating armies of media-diplomats peace impostors, they now work hard to reverse the blame: “Inequality Inflicted by Jews on Peaceful Muslim Victims, WE repair.”

And they also pay the terrorists Muslims in Gaza, the MUSLIM

BROTHERHOOD branch, HAMAS. And they believe accountability is dead.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

Appendix III: Why Zionism IV?

Pagan European armies take, destroy, loot and occupy

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

Fall of the Hebrewsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; capital Jerusalem in the year 70

This dramatic, history-changing event depicted above illustrates how pagan European Romans, under Titus, caused Hebrews to be deported from their capital city Jerusalem and from their Temple of Abrahamic Monotheism, while non-Hebrew pagans step in, join the looting of the city and since then occupy all Hebrew lands, homes and vineyards, and claim it is all theirs.

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

European wars outside their homeland included the Crusaders, who had been murdering European Jews and looting their property on their way to occupy Jerusalem.

Expanding their wars further, the Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch-Belgians, French, German and British have repeatedly looted many other nations. Indeed, over two thousand years they have so accumulated astronomical properties. Is not it time for accumulated accountability?

The Biggest Defeat of Muslims was inflicted in the Middle East about 100 years ago by Brits and Australians

“

he Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (9 January 1792 – 24 July 1923) is the period

that followed the Decline of the Ottoman Empire during which the various ethnic groups began revolting, marked by the Treaty of Jassy and Treaty of Lausanne. These revolts together with four wars against Russia and severe economic problems caused a general disintegration. The reforms to modernize the empire were not enough to catch up to the western world. The Empire fought against the Allies in the First World War and at the end of the War it was partitioned by the Allies, which gave rise to Turkish War of Independence.” Wikipedia

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

Appendix V: Zionism IV was Enabled since 1917

Battle of Jerusalem This

battle (17 November to 30

December 1917) was ”fought as a consequence of the decisive [Egyptian] victories at the Battle of Beersheba and Third Battle of Gaza during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I. Before the capture of Jerusalem was secured, two battles were recognized by the British as being fought in the Judean Hills to the north and east of the Hebron–

Junction Station line.” British Occupation of Jerusalem, 1917 << Muslims surrender Jerusalem to 2 Britons

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

“British Empire forces captured Jerusalem and established a new strategically strong fortified line. This line ran from well to the north of Jaffa on the maritime plain, across the Judean Hills to Bireh north of Jerusalem, and continued eastwards of the Mount of Olives. With the capture of the road from Beersheba to Jerusalem via Hebron and Bethlehem, together with substantial [Turkish] Ottoman territory south of Jerusalem, the city was secured.

December,

General Edmund Allenby respectfully entered the Old City on foot through the Jaffa Gate instead of horse or vehicles to show respect for holy place. He was the first Christian in many centuries to control Jerusalem, which is a very important site for many faiths. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, David Lloyd George described the capture as "a Christmas present for the British people." Allenby remarked, "The wars of the crusaders are now complete". The battle was a great moral victory for the British Empire.[3] [Wikipedia]. “At the end of October, the Sinai and Palestine Campaign resumed, when Allenby won the Battle of Beersheba. Two [Turkish] Ottoman armies were defeated a few weeks later at the Battle of Mughar Ridge and, early in December, Jerusalem was captured following another Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Jerusalem (1917).” [Wikipedia].

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

Thought Provoking and Thought Depressing Quotations

It is better to remain silent and be thought a fool than to open one's mouth and remove all doubt. ----- Abraham Lincoln posted by editor on Turkeyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Prime Minister. Every child is an artist. The problem is how to remain an artist once we grow up. -----Pablo Picasso Do not go where the path may lead, go instead where there is no path and leave your own trail. ----- Emerson. ... Any fool can criticize, condemn and complain, and most fools do. --- Dale Carnegie ... Do what you feel to be right, for you'll be criticized anyway. ---- Eleanor Roosevelt ... Every worthwhile accomplishment, big or little, has its stages of drudgery and triumph; a beginning, a struggle and a victory. ----- Gandhi ... Great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds. -----Albert Einstein ... Those who think learnt by themselves and not from Sages. -- Huan Yin Tze ... Confusion of goals and perfection of means seems, in my opinion, to characterize our age. --- Albert Einstein ... Strategy without tactics is the slowest route to victory, tactics without strategy is the noise before defeat. ---- Sun Tzu ... Pride goes before a fall. ---- a famous proverb

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

... No style of thinking will survive which cannot produce a usable product when survival is at stake. ----- Thomas Favill Gladwin ... The right to search for truth implies also a duty. One must not conceal any part of what one has recognized to be true. .. ... The world is a dangerous place, not because of those who do evil, but because of those who look on and do nothing." ---- Albert Einstein --- People are born ignorant, not stupid; it is (local) education that makes them stupid. --- Old adage advanced by B. Russell. Errors? Who can pretend to comprehend their source? And for the unknown ones, please forgive me. ------ Psalm 19:12 Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new.----- Albert Einstein Our whole problem is to make the mistakes as fast as possible. ---- John Archibald Wheeler All our knowledge grows only through the correcting of our mistakes. ----- Sir Karl R. Popper All science is cosmology ----- Sir Karl R. Popper All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to discover them. --- Galileo Galilei Most people do not really want freedom, because freedom involves responsibility, and most people are frightened of responsibility. --- Sigmund Freud But as for certain truth, No man has known it. Nor will he know it; Neither of the gods. Nor yet of all the things of which I speak. 69

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

And even if by chance he were to utter the final truth, He would himself not know it; For all is but a woven web of guesses. --- Xenophanes All reality is one entity, one in cause, one in origin. --- Giordano Bruno All the rivers run into the sea. Yet the sea is not full. --- King Solomon Music is a moral law. It gives soul to the universe, wings to the mind, flight to the imagination, and charm and gaiety to life and to everything. ------ Plato The telescope at one end of his beat, And at the other end the microscope, Two instruments of equal hope ---- Robert Frost If you can look into the seeds of time, And say which grain will grow and which will not, Speak then to me -------------------------------- Shakespeare If you have knowledge, let others light their candles with it. --- Winston Churchill Imagination is more important than knowledge.--- Albert Einstein Everything is connected with everything else --- PLATO Some subjects are so serious that one can only joke about them. ------ Niels Bohr The parking entree police guard to Schrodinger: "Do you know that you got a live cat in your car trunk?". Schrodinger: "Now I know." We havenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t the money, so weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve got to think. -- Lord Ernest Rutherford You sadist. You make people think. --- Ezra Pound God may have created Man in his own image, but Man has more than returned the favor. ---- Voltaire 70

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Scripture harbors no need of human fabrications. --- BARUCH SPINOZA No science is immune to the corruption of politics. --- Jacob Brunowski Everybody can be great... because anybody can serve. You don't have to have a college degree to serve. You don't have to make your subject and verb agree to serve. You only need a heart full of grace. A soul generated by love. --- Martin Luther King Only the dead have seen the end of war. --- SANTAYANA If people are good only because they fear punishment, and hope for reward, then we are a sorry lot indeed. --- Albert Einstein It is important when scientists are called upon to play their part in the world of affairs, as is happening to an increasing extent.----- Sir William Lawrence Bragg It is manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s social being that determines his thinking. ---- Mao Tse-tung The man who trims himself to suit everybody will soon whittle himself away. ----Charles Schwab Everything is foreseeable but permission is given. --- Rabbi Akiva Ben Yossef (Killed by Romans) The most incomprehensible about the world is that it is comprehensible.-- Albert Einstein. Gravitation is not responsible for people falling in love. Are not the mountains, waves and skies a great part of me and I of them? --- Lord Byron as quoted by Schopenhauer It is essential for the men of science to take an interest in the administration of their own affairs or else the professional civil servant will step in â&#x20AC;&#x201C; and then the Lord helps you. ---- Lord Ernest Rutherford We must become the change we want to see. --- Mahatma Gandhi

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Do not let your fire go out, Do not let the hero in your soul perish. The world you desire can be won. It exists.. it is real.. it is possible , it's yours. --- Ayn Rand A man said to the universe: ‘Sir, I exist,’ ‘However,’ replied the universe ‘The fact has not created in me a sense of obligation.’ -- Stephen Crane We ought to regard the present state of the universe as the effect of its anterior state and the cause of the one to follow. -- Pierre Simon Laplace It is only in the quantum theory that Newton’s differential method becomes inadequate, and indeed strict causality fails us. But the last word has not yet been said. May the spirit of Newton’s method give the power to restore unison between physical reality and the profoundest characteristics of Newton’s teaching-strict causality. ------- Albert Einstein The best engineers are those who, in addition to technical expertise, have had good training in the liberal arts and understand the world around them. --- Admiral Rikover Quantum physics formulates laws governing crowds of particles, not individuals. --Albert Einstein Space and bodies are not really different. --- Baruch Spinoza Even the categories in which facts are collected and ordered vary according to the social position of the observer. --- Karl Mannheim It is better to light a single candle than to curse the darkness. --- Chinese Proverb Not even wrong ! --- Wolfgang Pauli about a low quality physics manuscript submitted for publication.

Compassion without knowledge is ineffective; knowledge without compassion is inhuman. --- Victor Weisskopf Every great and deep difficulty bears in itself its own solution. --- Victor Weisskopf 72

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Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has. --- Margaret Mead As the soil, however rich it may be, cannot be productive without cultivation, so the mind without culture can never produce good fruit. --- Seneca Be more concerned with your character than your reputation, because your character is what you really are, while your reputation is merely what others think you are. -----John Wooden 1910-2010 Don't walk in front of me, I may not follow. Don't walk behind me, I may not lead. Just walk beside me and be my friend. --- Albert Camus Obstacles are those frightful things you see when you take your eyes off your goal. --Henry Ford The pursuit of knowledge for its own sake, an almost fanatical love of justice, and the desire for personal independence--these are the features of Jewish tradition which make me thank my stars that I belong to it. ---- Albert Einstein Be on your guard against all kinds of greed: A man's life does not consist in the abundance of his possessions. ---- Luke 12:15 He gave man speech, and speech created thought, which is the measure of the universe; and science struck the thrones of earth and heaven. --- Percy B. Shelley, Prometheus Unbound And I gave my heart to seek and search out by wisdom concerning all things that are done under Heavenâ&#x20AC;Ś For in much wisdom is much grief; and he who increaseth knowledge increases sorrow. --- King Solomon Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. --- Rousseau If you see the poor oppressed in a district, and justice and rights denied, do not be surprised at such things; for one official is eyed by a higher one, and over them both are 73

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

others, higher still. --- King Solomon; Ecclesiastes 5; 8,9. The right to search for truth implies also a duty. One must not conceal any part of what one has recognized to be true. --- Albert Einstein It is impossible to demonstrate the non-contradictoriness of a logical mathematics system using only the means offered by the system itself. --- Kurt Gรถdel He who can properly define and divide is to be considered a god. ----- Plato FAUST: 'Tis writ: 'in the beginning was the Word!' I pause, to wonder what is here inferred? The Word I cannot set supremely high, A new translation I will try. I read, if by the spirit I am taught, This sense: 'In the beginning was the Thought'. This opening I need to weigh again, Or sense may suffer from a hasty pen. Does Thought create, and work, and rule the hour? 'Twere best: 'In the beginning was the Power!' Yet, while the pen is urged with willing fingers, A sense of doubt and hesitancy lingers. The spirit come to guide me in my need, I write, 'In the beginning was the Deed!' ------------------------------------------------ Goethe Man is stranger to his own research; He knows not whence he comes, nor whither goes; Tormented atoms in a bed of mud; Devoured by death, a mockery of fate; But thinking atoms, whose far-seeing eyes, Guided by thoughts, have measured the faint stars; Our being mingles with infinite; Ourselves we never see, or come to know. ---- Voltaire Timid men prefer the calm of despotism to the tempestuous sea of liberty. ----- Thomas Jefferson

UNIFIED HISTORY & ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALLERS, BENJAMIN GAL-OR, AMATZIA AND GADI GALLER

The reward for conformity was that everyone liked you except yourself. ---- Rita Mae Brown Great minds discuss ideas, average minds discuss events, inferior minds discuss people. --- source unknown Be yourself; everyone else is already taken.----- Oscar Wilde Only those who risk going too far can possibly find out how far they can go. ------- T.S. Elliot The price of hating other human beings is loving oneself less. ----- Eldridge Cleaver Wherever you go , go with your whole heart. ----- Confucious Happiness comes when your work and words are of benefit to yourself and others. ----Buddha The harder I work, the luckier I get. ---- Goldwyn If you light a path for someone it will also brighten your path. ---- Chinese proverb I have never killed a man, but I have read many obituaries with great pleasure. -----American author Samuel Clemens No man can put a chain about the ankle of his fellow man without at last finding the other end fastened about his own neck.---- Tim Cavanaugh If you have integrity, nothing else matters. If you don't have integrity, nothing else matters. ----- Alan Simpson If you don't want to have critics: don't do anything and don't be anybody --- source unknown You never reach a mature technology, there's no end to the future of improvement.----Dr. Sam Williams, Williams International Jet Engines (1921-2009)

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You....cannot strengthen the weak by weakening the strong. You....cannot help small men by tearing down big men. You...cannot help the poor by destroying the rich. You....cannot help the wage earner by pulling down the wage payer. You....cannot keep out of trouble by spending more than your income. You ... cannot further the brotherhood of man by inciting class hatred. You.....cannot establish security on borrowed money. You.....cannot build character and courage by taking away a man's initiative and independence. You.....cannot help men permanently by doing for them what they could and should do for themselves. ------- J. Paul Getty after Abraham Lincoln Friendship marks a life even more deeply than love. Love risks degenerating into obsession, friendship is never anything but sharing. ------ Elie Wiesel Who is rich? The one who is happy with what he has. --- biblical adage

We are only just embarking on a universal quest for knowledge and are still like children playing with pebbles on the seashore, while the great ocean of truth rolls, unexplored, beyond our reach. ------ Isaac Newton Only humans conceive beyond reality, desire beyond adequacy, create beyond need. ---Unknown source WE, the last generation of hard work-tradition, under the impact of internet 76

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decentralizing forces, observe the rapid change in personal/family/working life, which promotes meaningless games, instant gratification, laziness, and ONE-LINER-THINKING, while we harbor no choice but to struggle for freedom of thought under these kulthures and cultures. Editor, 1.1.2011 all flowers whisper their words captured in fragrances swirling on the wind. .... G. Benevides - Haiku You understand something until you try to explain it to your grandmother. ----- Albert Einstein Work, Finish, Publish. ------------------------- Michael Faraday I hate quotations. Tell me what you know. ----- Ralph Waldo Emerson