4-8-2017 AERO-SPACE DICTIONARY, 2nd Ed. by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or

AERO-‐SPACE DICTIONARY

Aero-‐Space Dictionary Part A

SPACE Dynamics, Astrophysics, Astronomy, Cosmology How the Expansion of the Universe leads to Life? Wherefrom our DNA Came? Did our DNA originate from a Dead-‐Star Ashes? When? Where?

PART B

World Space History Since The Big Bang PART C

JET-‐ENGINE-‐STEERING Revolution ("JES-‐REV") replaces stall-‐spin-‐sensitive ("SSS"), Often Dangerous, AERODYNAMIC-‐ONLY, OBSOLETE FLIGHT Control ("AOOF-‐Control") How JES-‐REV STEALTH Fighter Aircraft, Drones, Bombers, Cruise Missiles and Flying Bombs are designed? APPENDICES (A) Gravity Dynamics on Earth, (B) How to Avoid Wrong "Theories", (C) The Death of Theoretical Physics?, (D) Supporting Reviews

PART A SPACE Dynamics, Astrophysics, Astronomy, Cosmology Preliminary Definitions of Space

Terminology & Locations

Cold SPACE-‐

2 wraps all galaxies

and includes intergalactic winds.

SPACE-‐3 wraps all stars and planets and includes interstellar winds. Most interstellar winds by-pass our solar system and flow to colder SPACE-2. Eventually they are irreversibly dissipated in the coldest (270 degrees C below zero), expanding, cosmological

SPACE-1, which is composed of almost empty VOIDS located between all superclusters of galaxies shown below. All images from are taken from References [1-5] or Wikipedia.

100 million Light Years Scale of Expanding Cold Voids vs. Non-Expanding Spaces

Figure 2:

Intergalactic Jet-‐Winds (yellow) enter into all Voids and cause each to expand.

Cluster I

Space-‐2

Space-3 wraps stars & galaxies

SPACE-‐1

Cluster II

Space-‐2

Coldest VOIDS-‐SPACE-‐1-‐EXPANSION vs. Non-‐Expanding Gravitational Bodies, [5]. PHYSICS-‐I: By momentum conservation: Intergalactic Jet-‐Winds (marked "3rd Cosmological ARROW OF TIME") pour into all VOIDS and forever dissipate and irreversibly there because of the Voids-‐expansion. They uniformly pour-‐in from all directions. By momentum conservation they act on ("push-‐ out") the surrounded "outer-‐walls" composted of non-‐expanding, gravity-‐bounded "filaments" of super-‐clusters-‐of galaxies. PHYSICS-‐II: Marked VOIDS/SPACE-‐1 thus functions as the ULTIMATE and LARGEST DARK-‐COLD "THERMODYNAMIC SINK" in the entire visible universe, [5]. PHYSICS-‐III: Expansion of each void away from its center is thus caused and causes side effects, that, eventually, lead to (i) stellar evolution, (ii) supernovas, (iii) Planets, and the gravitational processes that lead to life, [5]. This is also the sole physics-‐based explanation for the 1998-‐discovered accelerated expansion of the universe, namely, on top of the 100-‐years verification of the 1915-‐ Einstein's-‐prediction/1929-‐Hubble-‐Confirmation left-‐over inertia expansion of the entire universe since its beginning, known also as "Big-‐Bang", "Bereshit", but should be called EINSTEIN-‐HUBBLE BIG-‐BANG.

All Rights Reserved to Author. Quotations banned without written permission. 2017 Online ISSUU Edition NOTE: The 1998-‐detected-‐and-‐verified acceleration of the entire cosmological expansion had been physically impossible prior to the formation of "filaments-‐walls" composed of gravity-‐bounded super-‐clusters of galaxies show in the recorded images of the visible universe.

THERMODYNAMICS: The VOIDS/SPACE-‐1 observed and verified expansion is (i) the root-‐cause of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, (ii) human perceptions and scientific concepts of time, (iii) unified world order, (iv) all gravitational structures-‐matter, (v) the origin of life. HOW?

Thought Experiment-I The observed 2.7K coldest voids are zoomed-‐in for a thought experiment published by the New Astrophysical School of Thermodynamics, [1-‐5]. Imagine a room made of flexible walls, floors and ceiling into which high-‐speed, stellar-‐ winds as jets-‐of-‐radiation pour in from all directions, non-‐stop. By propulsion force ("thrust of rockets and fighter aircraft by jet-‐engine") in the opposite direction, these "jets" expand the volume of the room in analogy to the detected increased volume of Voids/SPACE-‐1, causing the flexible walls, floors and ceiling to recede away

Cosmic Mathematics Leads to Human's Physics?

Mathematics was discovered, Not created Riemannian symmetric spaces are important in both mathematics and physics. Were they created or discovered? Riemannian Geometry plays the central role in Einstein's Gravity Physics, EGP, (General Relativity). In a complete, simply connected Riemannian manifold symmetric space is valid when its curvature tensor is invariant under parallel transport.

Lorentzian symmetric spaces become important in Einstein's physics and cosmology, i.e. as (i) Minkovsky Space and (ii) De Sitter Space. Geodesic symmetries may next be defined as affine diffeomorphisms in Riemannian and pseudo-‐Riemannian situations. De Sitter universe is one of various cosmological solutions to EFE (Einstein's Field equations) a flat, spatially un-‐curved universe containing low space-‐densities of matter. The 1998 Discovery that the Expansion of our Universe is being Accelerated The Hubble Space Telescope has, since 2016, confirmed the 1998 discovery. The mechanism thus involve two simultaneous processes: PROCESS A: Regions of space populated with denser galaxies increasingly attract matter into them by the force of gravity, which, in turn, further empties the less dense

regions that includes large expanding voids between all super-‐clusters of galaxies. with ever larger voids in between. Process B: The large expanding voids between all super-‐clusters of galaxies are acting as the greatest sinks of all radiation emerging from all active galaxies and stars [1-‐5].

SPACE-‐2 "Neighborhood” is ihome to a few thousands of galaxies. See the scale 10 million light years. Our entire solar system is still less than a visible dot somewhere in the marked “Local Group”. This cluster is community is marked Virgo

ven at this zoomed-‐in scale of 1 Million Light Years shown, our Solar System is less

than a visible dot. The Andromeda galaxy is marked in yellow. It is 2,200,000 light-‐ years away and is almost similar to our galaxy. It is also characterized by a spiral structure. We see it today as it was when the earliest hominids left East Africa to arrive at the "promised land", [PART B]. Both galaxies are the largest in our Local Group, which is about 10,000,000 light-‐years in its largest spatial ‘diameter’.

“ly”

is the distance light travels in Spaces 1, 2 and 3 during one year: namely,

300,000 km/sec times 3600 sec/hr, times 24 hrs/day, times 365 days/year.

Our local group includes M49, M58, M59, M60, M61, M84, M86, M87, M89 and M31 (Andromeda).

Andromeda’s system consists of Cassiopeia Dwarf, Pegasus dSph, M32, M110, NGC 147, NGC195, AND I-‐V, etc. The Triangulum Galaxy, the 3rd largest galaxy in ‘our’ local group, also includes the Pisces Dwarf as a satellite.

‘Our’ satellite galaxies consist of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, Ursa Minor Dwarf, Darco Dwarf, Sculptor Dwarf, Canis Major Dwarf, Fornax Dwarf, Carina Dwarf, Sextans Dwarf, Tucana Dwarf, Leo I, Leo II, Leo A, Sag DEG, etc.

“Fog” visible inside this galaxy is composed of billions of stars like our sun. Our Solar System extends far beyond the farthest planets, asteroid belt, Kuiper belt, comets, rocks and dust in ‘our’ community. It is located inside non-‐expanding Space 2 that wraps our entire galaxy and is spatially interconnected with expanding VOIDS/Space 1. Gravitational structures of clusters and superclusters of galaxies vary considerably -‐-‐ from that of Virgo, Leo, Ursa, Coma and Hercules to long ‘filaments’.

Red Shifts Prove that ONLY THE VOIDS EXPAND Red Shifts in astronomy serve as a key tool to many discoveries, including wavelength change of photons propagating through the VOIDS-SPACE-1.

here is a key distinction between red shifts.

The color spectrum on the right illustrates a redshift – light waves marked as horizontal black lines are shifted “up” (white arrows) in the direction of the red region. It is caused when objects exhibit a simple local Doppler-‐Effect redshift (Image above) or a space expansion. Rather than resulting from relative velocities vis-‐à-‐ vis earth, the photons undergoing increase in wavelength because of the expansion of a medium through which they are traveling.

Hubble Cosmic Expansion Law: Uo=Hor where “r” is the distance from earth to “CLUSTER I”, which represents super-‐clusters of galaxies, Ho the Hubble Constant and Uo the recession velocity calculated, namely, the recession velocity of super-‐clusters as they move-‐away from an observer on earth, and from each other.

According to Einstein's General Relativity, which is GRAVITY PHYSICS

(1) Special relativity effects are locally valid in small regions of space-‐time that are approximately ‘flat’, i.e., are under low gravity values, like on Earth. (2) The universe is not expanding "into" anything outside itself. NOTE: Galaxies move and rotate individually in SPACE-‐2, but do not expand.

ONLY VOIDS/SPACE-‐1 Expands The overall expansion of the universe since the Big Bang start of physical time about 13.8 billion years ago is largely due to left over inertia from that initial "explosion".

Hubble’s astronomical observations prove that the clusters of galaxies are moving away from each other. Hence, the universe had a beginning at the very start of the expansion.

E. HUBBLE

VOIDS/SPACE-‐1 expansion is independently confirmed-‐ verified by the cosmic microwave blackbody

radiation.

A few simultaneous motions are involved: (i) Earth rotates and travels around the sun, (ii) the sun travels around the galactic center, (iii) our galaxy

rotates about 250 km/hr at our Orio Arm. These motions should not be confused with the recession speed of clusters and super-‐clusters of galaxies away from each other. [R(t) in the main diagram]. This motion is also termed ”the Hubble Expansion”. Our galaxy is deviating from this uniform expansion motion by about

600 km/sec.

Einstein’s Lens

instein’s General Relativity (EGR, or Gravity Physics) is formulated and reviewed

in Volume I of our book '"Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy, CPP, Springer Verlag, with key mathematics and the verifying tests involved. Generally speaking EGR is formulated in the same form for all observers – accelerating, linearly moving, rotating, standing on a minor astronomical body, like earth, or on a massive star. For that aim one needs ‘translators’ from one observer coordinate-‐system to another. These ‘translators’ are energy-‐momentum metric tensors, (Vol. 1, CPP, [5]). They include first and second mathematical derivatives in three space coordinates and in one time coordinate of local physical properties: mass, energy and momentum. Changes in the gravitational force are thus accounted for by changes in the curvature of space-‐time, on one hand, and by changes in local mass-‐energy and momentum on the other side of Einstein’s Field Equations, EFE, [5]. EGR includes Einstein’s Special Relativity [ESR] and the conservation equations of mass, energy and momentum.

ravitational lens were predicted

by Einstein in 1936. [Image]. They help reveal early (far-‐away) gravitating objects. HOW?

The brown-‐orange arrows show the magnified source, while the gray-‐ white arrows show the actual path of light from the hidden source. Einstein calculated such effect for future astronomy. And today the “lens” become very useful when the gravity of a massive cosmic object curves space-‐time between the observer and a hidden, far-‐away galaxy, that by Einstein's Lens can be discovered. The key point is that this effect magnifies early galaxies and it is important in astronomical efforts to study the "Early Age of the Universe”, which had started about 200,000 to 350,000 years after the “Big Bang”. “Expansion of the universe” or “expansion of space itself” may be defined as the expansion of the cold-‐dark voids shown above. This issue has confused many theorists. Most important is the solid evidence that has been accumulated by NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope and by two Voyager Space-‐Probes (identified in the first image, PART A), as well as by ground-‐based LIGO and VIRGO observatories, and by others. In Conclusion: The use of Einstein Lens, new infrared, radio, X-‐ray and other techniques, has increased the reliability of recorded information about phenomena and processes in the most remote regions of curved space-‐time.

Evolution of Cosmic Chemistry by Nuclear Fusion

most

important

“chemical” processes in the universe are caused by GRAVITY. Gravity causes extremely high pressures in the inner cores of active stars. Inside these hot cores all chemical elements beyond hydrogen, are

created

transforming

(fusing) hydrogen plasma, [H], into heavier elements like Helium [He], carbon [C], oxygen [O], nitrogen [N], phosphor [P] and iron [Fe] inside billions of active stars. But that is only the initiation of the verified physical processes that lead to life.

A typical sun-‐Like star is a “factory” for producing new chemical elements like the ones marked on the right, all the way heavy one, IRON, at its very hottest core.

INTERSTELLAR WINDS: Energy-‐material streams in the sun interior shown above include convection currents from the very hot, thermo-‐nuclear reacting core, "up" to the colder sun surface, including various types of radiations and particles pouring out into non-‐expanding, colder SPACE-‐3 as INTERSTELLAR WINDS (First image, Part A). These are mixed in Space-‐2 with similar winds to form Intergalactic Winds that eventually dissipate irreversibly in the coldest spaces in the universe: VOIDS/SPACE-‐ 1.

In Conclusion: (A) According to both Einsteinian and Newtonian physics, the bigger the mass of a star, the higher are its core pressures and temperatures and faster are the nuclear fusion processes in its interior, [5]. (B) All active stars (billions detected in each of the detected billion galaxies in the visible universe) generate in their interiors the basic chemical elements beyond hydrogen and helium; (C) All basic elements of life had been generated in the cores of a now dead Mother that had died in a violent explosion termed Supernova.

How do we know that? On both fusion and fission scientists know much today. Fusion is the reaction in hydrogen-‐bomb explosions, while fission is the reaction in atomic reactors and in ‘regular’ atomic weapons. When a certain amount of iron is formed in the interiors of any active star, endothermic reaction replaces the exothermic one. (The exothermic reaction generates energy, while the endothermic consumes it.) All active stars, including our sun, produce energy through such nuclear fusion.

upernova vs. “

Gravity Selection”

upernovas are gravity-‐caused phenomena that astronomers observe in galaxies

when a massive star ends its life by internal collapse-‐implosion. The collapse begins when the fusion process that produces energy, ends, [5].

Star explosion throws out into SPACE-‐3 Hot debris, Dust, Gas Floating in Space-‐3, post the explosion, the debris, dust and gas where located near the path of our sun. Captured into orbit around it, gravity next further dictated the evolution of life. Gravity compressed some debris to form the observed spherical planets in the Solar system. Life followed as detailed below.

s a dead star-‐supernova our mother

Why supernovas Explode? The sole sin of such innocent stars is being too fat and big, thereby converting their huge mass -‐-‐ initially only hydrogen and helium -‐-‐ by the well-‐known fusion to heavier chemical elements -‐-‐ oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphor, etc. -‐-‐ more quickly than do smaller stars, like our sun. Recap: All active (shining) stars generate the heavier chemical elements at the high temperatures-‐pressures that gravity induces in their interiors. But the massive stars arrive to that ‘End-‐of-‐life Stage’ earlier than smaller stars do.

That ‘End-‐of-‐life’ is ‘Beginning-‐of-‐Our-‐Life’

GRAVITY IS “NATURAL SELECTION”

It is always gravitation that plays the central role in the "selection" of the structures to be produced: First in controlling the structures and thermodynamics of galaxies formations up to super-‐clusters of galaxies around each VOID/SPACE-‐1 shown above, next in forcing chemical evolution through a succession of specific reactions in which evolution means the development of complex elements from simple ones. Publications 1 to 5 term this whole factual spectrum

when unified with a new updated PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE: GRAVITISM.

GRAVITISM: Gravity is the only ‘fittest' force -‐-‐ in human concepts -‐-‐ that builds chemical elements by successively adding, in hot interiors of all active stars, small increments of mass and electric charge in selected combinations that are completely controlled by the value of the attractive gravity force-‐pressure-‐ temperature. From here the gates are open for gravity to generate order, selective structure, selective combinations of biological processes, and selective structures of biological periods, skeleton evolution, motility, tectonics, village and city structures, language elements and the key perceptions of humanity, PART B.

Supernova RECAP in Gravitism: Unusual bright glow has been studied since 1054, starting from the Crab Nebula. [Image above]. At its center there is a neutron star spewing energy and ‘elementary particles’ into SPACE-‐3. Said radiation net flow then proceeds to SPACE-‐2 and, eventually, dissipated in EXPANDING-‐VOIDS/SPACE-‐1. Thus, supernovas are not only the originators of all chemistry beyond hydrogen and helium, but some serve in astronomy as reliable ‘distance yardsticks’ [“candles”] on which much of astronomy rests. The reasons for this selection are provided by [5]. In addition, certain types of supernovas serve in astronomy as the max-‐cosmic temperature standard for calibrating distances to far-‐away galaxies via the absolute luminosity (brightness) method discussed in [5].

End of Life on Earth: RED GIANTS

About 5.4 billion years from now, the Sun’s interior will be hot enough to start hydrogen fusion that would spread to the Sun’s outer layers, which thus would be inflated more than 250 times its current size to become RED GIANT. Gradually Earth would fall to orbits near the sun, eventually being engulfed and destroyed inside the Sun even before the Sun reaches its largest size. The Sun itself will continue to exist for many billions of years, as white dwarf. Eventually, it is to become a black dwarf. [5]. An example of a red giant is Mira A in a binary (two-‐stars) system that is about 400 light-‐years away from Earth. Mira A’s companion, known as Mira B, which is a hot, dense white dwarf producing fast stellar winds that cause the two stars to create the nebula of red dust. Said dust and debris may later become candidates for generating planetary systems. STELLAR COLLAPSE: Reaching the no-‐more-‐hydrogen-‐fuel stage of star-‐life, the core pressure falls and the star cannot support the gravity-‐induced ‘weight’ of its upper

layers. This leads to a few, general-‐relativistic, ‘deterministic options’, depending on the mass and details of the doomed star [5]: 1. If the mass of the star is about 1.4 times that of the sun, the star slowly decays into a white dwarf. 2. If its mass is larger, the formation of an extremely packed neutron star [image] or a black hole [see below]. 3. A gigantic supernova explosion MAY follow the collapse-‐implosion by bouncing back from a central dense body.

Type Ia supernovas

harbor consistent

brightness (absolute luminosity) because their progenitor is accreting mass from a nearby star, always imploding into the central neutron star at exactly the same mass -‐-‐ the Chandrasekhar Mass Limit, [5].

Black Holes & Quasars Black holes take second role as Unsaturable, Local, Thermodynamic “Sinks”. Their roles in affecting the evolution of the world is much less than that of the huge, expanding, unstaurable, thermodynamic VOIDS/SPACE-‐1 universal “Sink”, [5].

tellar and galactic black holes can only come into being by the combination of (i)

strong gravity pressures and temperatures inside massive stars and galactic centers, (ii) the expansion of unsaturable VOIDS/SPACE-‐1 as the sole evolution generator of all radiating stars to the Master Black Sink: EXPANDING, COLDEST, VOIDS/SPACE-‐1.

DEAD UNIVERSE?

Stellar evolution, and the formation of local black hole sinks, are impossible without the MASTER BLACK SINK VOIDS/SPACE-‐1. Without it, stellar and galactic winds would gradually stop flowing into and dissipated in that coldest-‐expanding VOIDS/SPACE-‐1. Thus, cosmic uniform thermal equilibrium would gradually build up, causing end of further dispossal of radiation energy away from all active stars by SPACES 1,2, 3 uniform cosmic temperature equals to the max core value in the interiors of all active stars, which is about the same in all, following the same fusion processes. And these processes would come to a dead stop. CONCLUSIONS: (i) Stellar-‐based black holes are wrapped around by non-‐expanding SPACE-‐3, (ii) The more massive Galactic-‐based black holes are wrapped around by non-‐ expanding SPACE-‐2, (iii) Both galactic and stellar-‐based black holes cannot evolve come into being without the energy-‐gradients (diagram image) leading to the coldest temperature and almost empty VOIDS/SPACE-‐1 caused by the well-‐verified voids expansion.

Astrophysicists claim the presence of black holes indirectly by resorting to Einstein's Gravity physics (General relativity) and observations. Black hole may thus range from roughly the mass of a few suns to ten billion times greater. Such super-‐massive ones are claimed to be active in the centers of bright galaxies, including "our" ‘Milky Way’ and in "quasars".

RECAP: Black holes are general relativistic cosmological sinks for all matter-‐energy arriving and falling into them from nearby stars and inter-‐stellar SPACE-‐3 or intergalactic SPACE-‐2 mediums. They are highly concentrated, local gravity-‐sinks where the gravity field is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape from them. The claimed massive black hole in the center of the Miliky Way Galaxy is about 4 million times more massive than the sun, and is located about 27,000 light-‐years away. Within a black hole all atomic and sub-‐atomic structures are crushed. This is due to the extremely strong gravitational field within a black hole. The cause of that total ‘break down’ of all structures is only Einsteinian relativistic gravity, as detailed in PART B.

Adiabatic Envelope in Mid Expanding Voids

n adiabatic “virtual wall” in cosmology and Gravitism is a virtual surface through

which No NET energy flows take place. We marked it in a diagram at the start of Part A. Since we cannot observe the entire universe (due to the limited speed of light and the VOIDS/SPACE-‐1 expansion), the study of the dynamics of a single adiabatic envelope in a single void is equivalent to the study and analysis of the entire universe. Why? The well-‐verified isotropic and homogeneous distribution of these observed cosmic dark-‐coldest voids vis-‐à-‐vis the shining emitters -‐-‐ when combined with the physico-‐ chemical dynamics of nuclear fusion and supernova thermodynamics, mean that about the same max temperature characterizes all super-‐clusters and stars known. These qualities have been preserved as the universe has expanded and cooled from its early hot radiation era to the present. Therefore, the dynamics and thermodynamics inside each a randomly chosen single virtual “cell” can represent those in the entire visible universe.

This conclusion is important because less and less of the observed universe will be seen with the progress of the 1998 detected accelerated expansion of the universe.

PART B

Years ago in bl, ml or k yrs

World Space History Since the Big Bang Vs. Gravitism

13.8 to 13.5 bl years ago

here had been no physical time prior to the Big Bang or the Biblical "Bereshit". All evidence indicates that the laws of physics have remained invariant at any place, scale and time since the Big-‐Bang Direct verification of the first ‘seconds,' 'days' or 'years’ of the world history is banned by the fact that during the earliest epoch of the world it had been totally opaque, as a whole, while any curved space-‐time point in it has been in a state of uniform thermal equilibrium (in space). Yet, since its extremely hot-‐dense beginning, the universe has been

expanding and cooling.

As a result, its contents have been undergoing radical changes BY

GRAVITY: From chaos to order, from structure-‐less state to

the current, GRAVITY-‐INDUCED, structured galaxies, stars, planets, moons, tides, biosphere, amino acids, RNA, DNA, bio-‐ organisms, thought, science, this book, [5].

Neither any structure has yet evolved during ‘the Biblical Day-‐1’, nor even protons, and neutrons. Everything was at complete spatial thermal equilibrium. The cosmos as a whole was cooling down with time -‐-‐ in terms of the spatial expansion rate of the universe as a whole, or in terms of degrees K, energy density, or in terms the yet irrelevant seconds, sun-‐earth years.

Einstein’s General Relativity, combined with what we know today about the frozen-‐until-‐now neutron-‐proton ratio, the hydrogen bomb, thermonuclear fusion processes and the 1964-‐discovered, remnant, black-‐body radiation, provide us with reasonable understanding of pre-‐atomic processes undergoing during the first biblical six ‘Days’; prior to the emergence of nuclei, atoms and proto-‐ agglomerations of gas-‐into-‐stars-‐into-‐galaxies, until, eventually, matter had separated from radiation during the ‘7th day’, or what we term

The Second Genesis.

FUNDAMENTAL Space-‐Time PHYSICS D

uring the extremely hot-‐dense beginning stage of the expanding-‐

cooling universe, all fundamental forces-‐fields of nature are unified in what we recognize today as the gravitational force-‐field-‐interaction3.3. Out of the extremely high-‐energy density of this structure-‐less field-‐ force-‐interaction, the electroweak and the strong force-‐field-‐ interactions would split in the next key stage of the world history, namely, when the universe had cooled below about 1028K, thereby breaking the original, unified, single force-‐field-‐interaction of nature.

Above a certain value, the gravitational-‐energy density at the hot-‐dense beginning is somewhat comparable to assumed density inside a black hole – namely, where all sub-‐atomic structures had been completely destroyed. When the extremely small and hot-‐dense early universe had expanded and cooled, the first ever structures started to be formed out of the original, unified field: Quarks, leptons and their antiparticles, etc. Their creation marks, the emergence of the first ever ‘structures’ to be ruled by the three [later four] fundamental forces of nature: The gravitational, electroweak and the strong. During the next stage the newly emerging Quarks had combined with positively charged strong field-‐interactions and, ‘later’ fused to form, for the first time in unified world history, the nuclei of the light chemical elements that we know today: Hydrogen, helium and lithium. As the temperature dropped below about 1015K, (but was still above 1011K), the strong and electroweak fields parted from each other, thereby resulting in the four fundamental fields-‐forces-‐interactions of nature as we know them today at relatively low energies. Spaces 1, 2 and 3 are still fused-‐unified together. At this earliest epoch the universe is radiation-‐dominated and opaque. The only "clock" -‐-‐ the sole measurable time coordinate in general relativistic cosmology, or the later detectable, varying scale/density coordinates that mark the unfolding, irreversible processes caused by Expanding SPACE-‐1/Voids, or the later measured decrease-‐rates of spatially uniform temperatures. Neither other clocks, nor any other measurable time has existed during the first six ‘days’ of the expanding, structure-‐less, opaque

universe. This "clock" releases anyone from the prison of the common anthropomorphic seconds and years.

The First Atoms and structures are formed during this Genesis, when the radiation-‐dominated era had closed. This happened when the Radiation Energy Density drops below the (rest-‐mass) density of matter (mainly hydrogen and helium) and world temperatures drop below about 3000-‐4000 degrees Kelvin.

The first stars and Galaxies were born out of a mainly hydrogen

“fog” and by fusion [footnotes]. This era had lasted from around 150 million to 800 million years post the Big Bang.

FACT: The Expanding Universe: The faster that a galaxy is moving away from an observer, the more the light is skewed towards longer, redder wavelengths by the intervening expansion of the universe. This phenomenon is known as redshift: The greater the redshift detected the more distant the source of radiation is. UDFy-‐38135539: The Farthest Galaxy Detected so far

This observed object records our history back in time to when the earliest stars were just beginning to emerge from the cosmic fog. The recorded image reveals about a billion stars. However, this remote shining entity is only one tenth of the diameter of our own galaxy and harboring only about 1% of its mass, while forming about the same number of stars per year as our galaxy. The radiation emerging from it has a redshift of 8.55. Light from this galaxy was emitted about 13 billion years ago (y/a), namely, about 600 million years after the First Genesis [the “Big Bang”], when the universe was only 4% of its current age. The radiation that we now observe from this galaxy was emitted during a time when the universe was filled with hydrogen plasma fog and not yet fully transparent. With other neighboring galaxies, which have not yet been detected, this galaxy had helped to clear out the cosmological hydrogen fog, otherwise we would not be able to see it. Computer simulations suggest the first galaxies could have formed as early as 200 million years after the “Big Bang”. Small galaxies like UDFy-‐38135539 have helped changing the atomic composition of the universe. Its discovery sheds light on the nature of sources which stripped electrons from hydrogen atoms.

Clusters and super-‐clusters of galaxies begin to form thereby generating the Voids/SPACE-‐1 -‐-‐

THE MASTER BLACK

SINK between them. Only “SPACE-‐1” keeps expanding while materials structures contract and heated until fusion starts. (Recap from PART A). Without SPACE-‐1 expansion, any star evolution, plant, life and this world history would be impossible, including everyday life here-‐now. (Recap from PART A). SPACE-‐1 expansion is thus the basis of our Second Law of Entropy-‐Free Thermodynamics -‐-‐ The Astrophysical School of Thermodynamics. (Recap from PART A). 150 to 800 m years post the first genesi s

Gravity proceeds its everlasting transformation of chaos into structures in the entire universe. The early opaque universe was chaotic and structure-‐less. It became clear for the passage of radiation only during this "Second Genesis".

How the Second Genesis Leads to Life? Gravity-‐Induced Structures begin to form about 300,000-‐500,000 sun-‐earth years after the chaotic beginning.

4.567 billion y/a

Increasing gravity-‐induced pressures and temperatures inside the cores of early stars ignite fusion. (The thermo-‐nuclear reaction inside the sun & in atom bombs. Recap from PART A).

Solar planets and their moons are gravity-‐constructed out of supernova exploding debris. Such debris are floating in non-‐expanding SPACE-‐3.

All Rights Reserved to Author. Quotations banned without written permission. 2017 Online ISSUU Edition The debris formed by an massive star-‐mother explosion, had generated Our Solar System Our Sun eventually captured to most around it, or caused the to het growing plants, like Earth.

Solar debris are composed of rocks, meteorites, clouds of dust and gas, many of which are still orbiting the sun, or had fallen into it, or on earth, moons and the other planets of the solar system. Some debris carry organic materials that may been imported to Earth before the time evidence stated below.

Gravity-‐constructed earth has thus gradually evolved larger and rounded, and. with other planets, orbits the sun. No traces of life until about a few billion year ago. See below.

The solar wind hits the planets and moons. On earth it is partially reflected back to cold Spaces 3, 2 and 1. This reflection is from the upper atmosphere. The rest of it is undergoing complex energy transformations/cycles in the air, clouds and down to the ground, being eventually reflected back, at longer wavelengths, to Space-‐3, and, eventually, further and deeper into colder Spaces 2 and 1.

A huge shock wave is formed at the solar system edge, where the solar wind clashes with other stellar winds that spread out from nearby stars. 4.55 to 4.40 billion y/a

HOW OLD IS EARTH? Isotopes exist on earth since 4.54 billion y/a. Crystals of zircon from Australia provide 4.55 billion years as the earth age. A compromise between astronomers and paleontologists, which includes the “radiometric age dating” of meteorite material and lunar samples, fix the age of earth at about 4.4 billion y/a.

4.5 to 0.543 billion y/a

Precambrian Era is fragmented into: Hadean [4.5 to 3.8 million y/a]; Achaean [3.8 to 0.543 million y/a]; further fragmented into Paleoproterozoic [2.5 to 1.6 billion Y/O]; Proterozoic [2.5 to 0.543 million y/a];

Mesoproterozoic [1.6 to 0.9 billion y/a]; Neoproterozoic [0.900 to 0.543 million y/a], Vendian [0.650 to 0.543 billion y/a. (Cf. water lake on Mars, about 3.4 Billion y/a)

Origin of life on earth begins with natural amino acids being ‘organized’ into proteins and nucleic acids (e.g., guanine & ribose depicted on the right -‐-‐ the building molecules of RiboNucleic Acid [RNA], which can reproduce on its own and had predated DeoxyRibonucleic Acid [DNA]. But how the first nucleic acids were formed has not been verified by science beyond doubt. It is at this point in world history that

Creationism

provides an answer:

HOW the laws of physics ‘were introduced’ to the just created universe and how the first nucleic acids were formed. What has been verified by science beyond doubt is, inter alia, limited by three facts: (1) about 3.8 billion y/a fossil micro-‐like bio-‐ objects existed (simple cells), (2) multicellular life emerges about 1 billion y/a; (3) life was widespread on earth about 3 billion y/a as evidenced by photosynthesis. (Photosynthesis had gradually caused the hidrogen-‐rich early atmosphere to be converted to our present, oxygen-‐rich atmosphere.) 650 to 543 m y/a

The first animal-‐like organisms were not motile. The earliest fossils that may represent animals appear towards the end of the Pre-‐Cambrian around 610 million y/a. Ancestors of insects emerge 570 million y/a. Fish emerge 500 million y/a. Reptiles emerge

300 million y/a. These are known as the ediacaran or venedian biota. They did not have any type of digestive system and lived on deep-‐sea grounds, just increasing their surface area to maximize energy intake. They were replaced during the Cambrian

All Rights Reserved to Author. Quotations banned without written permission. 2017 Online ISSUU Edition Era by motile animals that have gradually developed digestive systems in which energy intake is enhanced by millions of inner residing bacteria.

Reproduction is originated by irreversible processes1.1. First these processes had involved only single-‐cell organisms, but later two different organisms exchanging DNA heredity code for reproduction of a newly-‐born organism have emerged. Some of the newly-‐born organisms lacked the capability to reproduce and vanish from the history of life. [Vol. I].

Female and male entities have gradually evolved to reproduce by combining DNA of the two parents. Different types, locations and orientations of legs, wings, eyes, hair, digestive systems, mouth and reproductive organs evolve under the influence of and in response to gravity1.1.

Biological clocks

associated with fertility are gravitationally linked to the annual changing sun-earth gravity cycles and the moon-gravity-induced tides. The head-legs super-structure-orientation of the embryo is formed by gravityinduced orientation. [Cf. the 2008 CCCC online Book Synopsis]. Nearly all animals undergo some form of sexual reproduction. They have a few specialized reproductive cells needed to re-produce. Many animals are also capable of non-sexual reproduction in which fertile eggs are produced without mating, or via fragmentation.

Fish

become the first creatures on land, moving with side-extended "legs", backbones and eyes on the top of their heads rather than on the side. Unlike other fish, such land types could move their head independently of its shoulders, like current land animals. Overlapping ribs that could support the body against gravity evolve. Motility was increased by evolving legs directly under the body, like most current land animals (instead of on the sides).

PART C JET-‐ENGINE-‐STEERING Revolution ("JES-‐REV") replaces Stall-‐Spin-‐Sensitive, Often Dangerous, AERODYNAMIC-‐ONLY, OBSOLETE FLIGHT Control ("AOOF-‐Control") How JES-‐STEALTH Fighter Aircraft, Drones, Bombers, Cruise Missiles and Flying Bombs are designed and function?

PREFACE The jet engine has been released, since 1987 [1-‐5] from the prison to provide only a brute force forward. Since 1987, when first in the history of aviation, it has been flight-‐ tested to steer stealth air vehicles in the AOOF-‐Control "impossible-‐to-‐fly, post-‐stall, flight domains, the JES-‐REV or "Thrust Vectoring Flight Control" ("TVFC") or "Vectored Propulsion" [2] of military air vehicles, provide actual v

Supermaneuverability, especially in the post-‐stall WVR air combat,

v

At least 64:0 Kill-‐Ratio Advantage over AOOF-‐Controlled vehicles,

v

Maximized flight safety,

v

No-‐Vertical tail designs,

v

No AOOF-‐Controlled Canards,

v

Less Drag in SES vehicles

v

Less Weight in SES vehicles

v

Less Fuel Consumption, in SES vehicles

v

Maximizes Catastrophes Prevention in military and civil SES vehicles

v

Maximized potentials for RD (Reduced Detectability, "RD", or "stealth".

Currently the SES-‐REV engulfs the global jet-‐engine community, especially in the U.S., Russia, China, India, Japan and S-‐Korea. A few sub-‐JES-‐Induced revolutions dominate it, [1-‐9]: (a) JES Drones, or JES-‐Unmanned Air Combat Vehicles ("JES-‐UCAV" or "JES-‐UAV") or JES-‐Remote Piloted Vehicles ("JES-‐RPV"), which have increasingly being integrated with advanced stealth, or RD-‐Technology to provide JES-‐STEALTH Fighter aircraft, Bombers, Drones (UCAV), JES-‐Cruise Missiles and historically expected JES-‐CIVIL TRANSPORT JETS, [9]. (b) JES-‐STEALTH-‐DRONES, especially for long-‐range, deep penetration attacks, have introduced totally new and unprecedented air missions, tactics and strategies that had been unthinkable before 1987, [2]. For instance, (a) Deep penetration and destruction of highly protected targets by a fleet of JES-‐STEALTH-‐UCAV-‐DRONES flying ahead of JES-‐STEALTH-‐FIGHTER-‐AIRCRAFT, or STEALTH-‐BOMBERS like the forthcoming $80 billion B-‐21, or Low-‐cost, anti-‐terror JES-‐ Drones, Large and small suicide JES-‐Drones for one-‐way missions.

For instant, the suicide-‐missions of the B-‐21-‐Type-‐Jet-‐Drones depicted above are aimed at penetrating and destroying highly protected targets anywhere around the globe, while the "optionally piloted" B-‐21 is inter alia aimed to function as both bomber and a central command unit flying behind a fleet of low-‐cost, deep-‐strike JES-‐ STEALTH DRONES.

NTRODUCTION Jet Engines as Advanced Flight Controllers of Stealth Fighter Aircraft, Bombers, Drones, Flying Bombs, Cruise Missiles Fig. 1: USN/Northrop Grumman JES-‐ STEALTH X-‐47B Drone: Stealth "hill-‐hub" ahead of the engine air inlet and the inlet lips are designed to side disperse incoming radar radiation. Image source: Wikipedia.

All Rights Reserved to Author. Quotations banned without written permission. 2017 Online ISSUU Edition Fig. 2: "Optionally Piloted" $80 billion B-‐21 "BOMBER" [7] can operate as ONE-‐WAY, SUCIDAL, LARGE "STEALTH FLYING BOMB", Related to the RQ-‐180 and X-‐44 it is more than the conventional bomber and a battle command HQ, it requires today more FLYERS than pilots. Image source: Wikipedia.

Fig. 3: Integrating Five Stealth Methods: ADVANCED JES-‐STEALTH DRONES – for instance, the Boeing "Phantom Ray" shown and the Northrop Grumman-‐USN X-‐47B – shown in Fig, 4, increase stealth capability (Low Detectability, "LD") by (i) installing a stealth "HILL HUB" ahead of the engine air inlet, which, by its shape, blocks and disperses away incoming radar radiation, (ii) dispersing away radar radiation that hit inlet lips, (iii) hiding the front of engine fan and compressor blades, and vanes, from being detected by back-‐reflection of the entering radar-‐radiation by serpentine-‐ type engine air inlet duct that leads air to a jet engine hidden at the aft end of the vehicle, (iv) Coating the air inlet duct surfaces/inner-‐structures with electromagnetic-‐radiation absorbing materials, (v) Using other inner duct means that minimize LD and by reject canard-‐

Pilot Biophysics (G-‐Loads) During Post-‐Stall Supermaneuverability "G-‐Loads" on a pilot during JES-‐induced mid-‐air rotations close to the air vehicle Center of Gravity are much lower in comparison with AOF-‐Controlled air vehicles trying, in vain, to perform a similar post-‐stall super-‐turn to target, or in trying to avoid a crash or orient with the runway. Fig. 4: Anti-‐Terror, Stealth-‐JES-‐Drones capable of helicopter-‐type-‐maneuvering for fleets of JES-‐STEALTH acting alone in terror inflicted areas or fly ahead of risky piloted aircraft to penetrate and destroy highly-‐ congested areas. First-‐in-‐history conducted in Megiddo Airfield. Details by Reference 2 (Book on the right).

Fig. 5: Advanced JES involves two JES-‐Nozzle variants. The Russian variant shown was developed after the US designs were disclosed via published details on the F-‐22, etc. It is based on sidewise JES-‐deflections of both the converging and diverging sections of the jet-‐engine supersonic exhaust nozzle. In contrast, the US designs deflect only the aft diverging section of the jet-‐engine nozzle, Fig. 6. Image source: Wikipedia. Fig. 6: The US JES-‐design is based on sidewise deflections of only the diverging aft section of the engine supersonic nozzle. Two independent pilot-‐ engine -‐-‐ or flyer-‐engine -‐-‐ commands to the jet-‐ engine modified IFPC are needed: (a) Actuated ring that opens or closes the engine nozzle for thrust variations, (b) Actuated separate ring that sidewise deflects (vectors) the aft engine nozzle orientation, thus the thrust direction. Up to 15 or 30 degrees deflection angles are needed to gain top JES-‐ ROTATION-‐TURNING RATES for any JES air vehicle.). Pilot, engine, armament and airframe are thus subjected to much less "G-‐LOADS" than within a "similar AOF-‐ Controlled turns" to target – especially if the pilot is located as close as possible to the air vehicle C.G. In

All Rights Reserved to Author. Quotations banned without written permission. 2017 Online ISSUU Edition contrast, an AOF-‐CONTROLLED fighter aircraft pilot trying in vain to attain a similar combat capability -‐-‐ must surpass the 9-‐G-‐limit, stop trying, and be deteated. Image source: Wikipedia.

Fig. 7: THE ULTIMATE DESIGN of PURE JES was first established in 1986-‐1987, [1-‐5]. Next it was verified in the US by the combined efforts of the USAF, NASA, Lockheed Martin, etc.: The NO-‐AOF-‐CONTROL JES-‐X-‐44 Tailless/Canardless design shown. The X-‐44 involves no AOF-‐CONTROLLED rudders, stabilizers, canards, variable leading edge, etc. It therefore best reduces detectability, drag, weight, fuel consumption, increases flight safety and allows post-‐stall Supermaneuverability, supersonic performance and affordability. The current shift in the U.S., Russia, China, Japan, S. Korea and India to field tailless/canardless JES-‐STEALTH designs is a preliminary historical stage to eventually reach the FINAL PURE JES: JES-‐ONLY FIGHTER AIRCRFT, BOMBERS AND DRONES (UCAV, UCLASS, RPVs]. The B-‐21 depicted in Fig. 2 may be considered as an advanced step in that direction. Image source: Wikipedia.

Fig. 8: Rapid JES-‐Flat Spin. JES during flat-‐spin or helicopter-‐type maneuver performed by JES DRONES during anti-‐terror in city area or in an open battle fields. Figure taken from the Author book, [2].

APPENDICES

Appendix (A)

Gravity Dynamics on Earth 543 to 248 m y/a

248 to 65 m y/a

Incorporated herein is PART B

Paleozioc Era [543 to 248 million y/a], fragmented into: Cambrian [543 to 490 million y/a]; Ordovician [490 to 443 million y/a]; Silurian [443 to 417 million y/a]; Devonian [417 to 354 million y/a]; Carboniferous [354 to 290 million y/a]; Permian [290 to 248 million y/a] Most known animal appeared in the fossil record as marine species during the so-called Cambrian Explosion Era. Mesozoic Era is fragmented into: Triassic [248 to 206 million y/a]; Jurassic [206 to 144 million y/a]; Cretaceous [144 to 65 million y/a].

230 to 65 m y/a

Mounted skeletons of Tyrannosaurus (left) and Apatosaurus (right) at the American Museum of

All Rights Reserved to Author. Quotations banned without written permission. 2017 Online ISSUU Edition Natural History; Various types of dinosaurs live around the globe. They vanished around 65 million y/a.

Flowers emerged about 130 million y/a. Together with most species they became extinct by gravity-‐induced climatic phenomena [a large meteor impact and huge volcanic eruptions. The resulting dust/ash blocked sunlight causing lack of sufficient water, grass, etc.] Smaller species and some ‘Dino-‐Birds’ had survived and have further evolved into various familiar birds and other species. 55 m y/a

Mammoths, mastodons, and elephants emerge. The first mammoths emerged in Africa. They later reached Europe and Siberia. One branch reached North America about 1,700,000 y/a.

Gravitationally-‐pushed glaciers advancing South, forced mammoths to what is now the state of South Dakota. The plate that carries the Indian subcontinent is pushed up, gradually forming the

Himalayas.

This new barrier to global wind changes weather patterns, altering average temperatures and ecological systems, forming arid zones. Climates that had been tropical had turned largely temperate, jungles had thinned out,

only seasonally. The changing conditions for feeding, outside the forest in the resulting savanna, attracted forest-‐dwelling apes in search of food.

Once out of the forest these apes began to evolve rapidly.

The grasslands favored the survival of those who could stand up; for an erect position enables to see over the grass to spot and hunt their prey, and to see and escape the animals that preyed on them. Thus they were able to survive longer and produce more offspring who shared their characteristics. After many generations they had evolved into the upright-‐standing-‐walking

hominids [Refrs. 60-‐62] in Eastern Africa, Ubeidia, Turkey, etc.

Intellect henceforth is aided by fore-‐limbs freed from tasks of walking. [Cf. “Lucy”, “Ardi” & “Ubeidiia” below] 65 to 1.8 m y/a

14 to 8 m y/a

Cenozoic Era

[65 million YRS AGO until present], fragmented into:

Paleocene [65 million to 54,800,000 YRS AGO]; Eocene [54.8 to 33.7 million YRS AGO]; Oligocene [33.7 to 23.8 million YRS AGO]; Miocene [23.8 to 5.3 million YRS AGO]; Pliocene [5.3 to 1.8 million YRS AGO].

Experience with gravity-‐induced factors, grew into shaping-‐evolving of various subtypes of "Hominids", e.g., “Lucy”, “Ardi”, etc., see below]. Endless names/definitions have been proposed in this domain.

None is

needed within Gravitism. 8 to 6 m y/a

Several "Hominids" may be our ancestors (Endless names/definitions have been proposed in this domain. None is needed within Gravitism). E.g., Sahelanthropous techadensis, Orrorin tugenesis and Ardipithecus kadabba. Australopithecus afarensis illustrated on the left. It is closely related to the human

genus Homo, and may be ancestral to it. Pictures from Wikipedia. Its family is often termed Hominidae.

Gravity-‐induced changes in the environment, e.g., when a volcano erupts, cause changes in feeding behavior of hominids, and thus changes in teeth, jaws, legs, backbone, etc.

Skeleton structure is also adapted to enhance motility, to survive. Loss of estrus by the female hominid. This sexual rhythm differentiated them from all other animals. New modes of mating improve the selection of a partner lead to prolonged infant dependency, stable and more enduring family units. Both human (Ardipithecus, Australopithecus and Homo) and Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes and Pan paniscus) lineages further diverged from a common ancestor about 5 to 6 million y/a.

"Hominids" “Lucy” and “Ardi” [Refs. 60-‐ 62] lived in

Afar, Ethiopia, about 4.4 [“Ardi”] or 3.2

[“Lucy”] million y/a.

Detailed structures of both “Ardi” and “lucy” knees, pelvis and hip indicate that they could walk upright on two legs. However, chimpanzees also occasionally walk upright for short periods of time. Genetic studies show that both shared a common ancestor about 8,000,000 y/a. Other sites date from 2,000,000 to 1,400,000 y/a and include Turkana, Kanapoi, Olduvaland and Ubeidiia. Some 17 or 19 gravity-‐induced

'ice ages’, since 3,000,000 y/a, have strongly

affected ecological systems on earth. Each lasted about 50,000 to 100,000 years and each had lowered the surface of the oceans, resulting in climate-‐induced changes in life and ecological systems, e.g.,

U-‐

shaped valleys in North America and Canada.

Ice melting leads to widespread destruction of creatures which had adapted to colder climates. 3 million

The First Humans,

Early Seeds of Language Evolved from 1.8 to 1.4 million y/a ago Gravity-‐induced Human Academy in the Jordan Valley?

Hominids tool on the background of 1.5 million years old Jordan River Academy campus located near Beit-‐Zera and Afikim, Israel. Credit: National Geographic

How Tectonics Lead to Humans

Around 20 million years ago the floors of the Red-‐&-‐ Dead-‐Seas were broken, as shown. Eventually, around 2 to 3 million years ago, a deep valley was thus formed. This "tectonic" valley has become the greatest historical "highway" to get Hominids out of Africa to mainly settle in the Jordan Valley, especially south of Lake Galil-‐Kineret, thereby The Most Important World History of Mankind has started to unfold at JRA, Jordan River Academy.

Best Restaurant is Formed Gravity in the "Jordan-‐River Garden of Eden" served the best and healthiest "FREE Meat & Fish" free, open only from 1.8 to 1.4 Million years ago.

Starting around 20 million years ago the Dead-‐&-‐ Red-‐Seas floors were splitting/moving apart, as shown. Around 2 to 3 million years ago these had generated deep tectonic valleys leading from Africa to the Lake of Galil-‐Kineret, Israel . The result: Historic navigable highway for Hominids to get out of Africa 1.8 million years ago then evolve into humans graduated from the Jordan-‐River-‐Academy, JRA. Map by Patricia J. Wynne

At least 1.8 million years ago, the verified migration waves of hominids from Africa to the Jordan valley under similar warm climate, are mainly composed of Homo Erectus and Homo Habilis.

Many hominids PASSED OR LIVED in the unique, U-‐shaped-‐ Animals-‐Trap-‐ Restaurant formed by the junction of the Yavneal Stream, marked streaming from the left, into the meandering Jordan River, forming 360 degrees water trap. NOTE: As explained by Albert Einstein, meandering rivers are gravitationally-‐induced on relatively 'flat' land. The resulting U-‐Shaped-‐Water-‐Trap forms a perfect hunting site for animals approaching the waters to drink. Yet, 1.8-‐to-‐1.4 million y/a that circle was probably different, except the junction of the Yavneal stream with the Jordan river. As thirsty animals approach the u-‐shaped water streams, hominids closed on them, with shouts organized a strong leader-‐professor, killing them with tools like the one shown above. Thus, many migrating hominids liked this site and establish 'residence' there, making it the first-‐ever "Village-‐Like" in Hominids-‐Gravity-‐ History. That village-‐like was probably ruled by strong hominids who uttered alerts and sort of names to organize a hunt or defense against animals and rivals.

Who visited or lived there? Portions of the Homo Habilis wave had reached even further North into colder sites, such as Dmanisi, in the Republic of Georgia today. But that migration was 'too early" and they all vanished more than a million years ago. Homo erectus settles in the Jordan Valley at least 1.8 million years ago. Especially in a unique place we term JORDAN RIVER ACADEMY, they have evolved fast and some of its

graduates have later spread to all corner of the earth. Thus their remains from a million years later, around 460,000 years ago, were found in China and from around 400,000 years ago in Europe. But more about this later below. v About 130,000 to 80,000 years ago, the Homo Sapiens are living in the JRA area. RECAP: Their given name means "Homo Who Thinks". v Via DNA studies, which are valid only up to about 1 million years old remains, like bones, all people living today are Homo Sapiens. v Homo Sapiens had taken, or stolen from earlier hominids their hard-‐earned knowledge, technology and survival secrets, fighting and extinguishing them in ways that resemble the biblical story that we are all descendants of Cain. v Homo Sapiens rivals also included portions of the Neanderthals, who had also attended some JRA classes, but dropped out to go further North. But that move proved "too early". v As JRA-‐drop-‐outs, they lacked JRA-‐improved cloths, huts and minimal technology to adapt to colder climates. Thus they gradually vanished. In Europe their last stands was probably in Gibraltar. v Carmel-‐Caves JRA Branches evolved during about 500.000 years as adapted-‐ improved culture peaking about 140,000 years ago. v These are located about 60 km west of JRA, on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. These days tourists are allowed to visit the caves and study that culture with visual aids. v Red triangles marked on the map above locate ancient volcanic activities while the reddish area the AFAR Region in Ethiopia, where from the skeleton of the world famous hominid 'Lucy' was discovered. v The ancient Lake Galil-‐Kineret had expanded and Contracted 60 times during said period. Accordingly, all 'resident-‐students-‐faculty' had to move their "home"-‐floors in and out of the site. v The site was probably the source of oldest stories about a 'Garden of Eden' to free-‐&-‐naked students and faculty of this and Jericho JRA-‐Campuses, where they have freely enjoyed not only maximum freedom, but plenty of fruits, fish and animal meat until their freedom is arrested by New Order attributed to the almighty, which includes stay ignorant of bona fide

knowledge, as so many obey even today.

Yericho: The 1st Civilization? Graduates of JRA gradually spread to all corners of Earth

Students and Faculty: Hominids from Africa JRA-‐GRADUATE-‐STATUS: Allowed only for families living on campus. BA-‐Like-‐Status: by attending hunting & codes-‐name-‐giving classes. PhD-‐Like-‐Status: by attending pre-‐linguistic Methushelach classes. Alumni: JRA Graduates who can still read books today. Drop-‐Outs: Ancestors who continue to drop-‐out but still read & create. Directions: 60 km East of Haifa; 180 km north of Jerusalem via the Jordan Valley, then turn left at Beit Zera or Afikim. "Hominids" contributed to major sections of all our fixed DNA, which constitute at least 98% of it all. Endless names and definitions have been proposed in this domain, but are not needed at this stage, e.g., Sahelanthropous techadensis, Orrorin tugenesis and Ardipithecus kadabba. Australopithecus afarensis. The entire "family" is often termed Hominidae. Gravity-‐induced changes in the environment, e.g., when a volcano erupts, also cause changes in feeding behavior of hominids, and thus changes in Teeth, Jaws, Legs, Backbones.

Skeleton structures of various hominids is also adapted to enhance motility, to survive.

Seeds of an early Language? Village-‐like, JRA "campuses" were probably ruled by strong hominids, who uttered directions and sort of codes-‐names-‐calling to "organize" collective hunts and defense against envy rival waves of new immigrants. Codes-‐Name-‐Calling develops into humanity greatest achievement: Language.

It enabled individuals to work with one another, to exchange ideas and share practices and pass it on to their off spring, or be taken by rivals or exported to distant lands. However, at the same time, the newly born humans develop words that incite against rivals, 'the other', later to ignore facts, invent protective gods to defend whatever they do. It was left to Moses to later expand the UR-‐ABRAHAMIC-‐MONOTHEISM to include the morality of the 10 Commandments and the Hebrew Bible, We return to UR later below.

RECAP-‐I: The Jordan Valley formed a low-‐level, hot, bio-‐geographic, gravity-‐ induced tectonic corridor connecting hominid habitats in East Africa with the Gravity-‐ induced Jordan River Valley. Between 2 million and 3 million y/a said Afro hominids and animals migrated to the Jordan Valley under the same climatic conditions as in their source. [Red sea, dead Sea, etc.].

Earliest evidence for a human presence in the Jordan valley comes from an unknown site often named

‘Ubeidiya, just south of Lake of Galilee, Israel.

Stone tools and the fossils of large mammals were found there together with remnants of a muddy shoreline about 1.6 to 1.4 million y/a.

1.4 to 12k y/a

RECAP-‐II: Human-‐like ‘settlement’ of hominids in Ubeidia, Israel, 3km South of present lake of Galilee. [Refs. 61-‐62]. It is where the Jordan River, meets a small UBEIDIA, (mostly dry) river flowing down from the Porria Valley. Israel, is the site where This world unique site is still not open to tourists. hominids evolved, It consists of 'living floors' that include hand axes, picks, improved bifaces, pebble-‐core tools. Bones found at the site and then include extinct species of hippopotamus, deer, and spread to all corners mollusks. The of the Ubeidia site world. contains distinct layers composed of alternating ‘living’ floors which contain animal-‐ bones vs. lake-‐fish-‐bones, in mud, not on ‘living’ floors. The layers with floors are composed of ‘ordered’ river-‐rounded-‐stones that include the tools mentioned above. The alternating layers correspond to repeated exp ansions and contractions of the ancient Lake of Galilee. When the lake was contracting, the animals and hominids that had migrated from East Africa via the gravity-‐induced Red and Dead Seas found here a unique feeding site that has allowed them to gradually surpass the ‘technology’ of the Neanderthals.

It is probably in Ubeidia

that some hominids improved their physical

and mental capabilities, living and hunting technologies and organization of settlements; it is from Ubeidia that our early ancestors have gradually spread to all corners of the world. Ubeidia is therefore one of the Earliest Academies of Mankind. Earliest migration waves to cold lands have not survived (E.g. the Neanderthals), but later migrations -‐-‐ of more advanced hominids -‐-‐ did. Recent mtDNA studies of ‘Graduated’ hominids from locations like Ubeidia: South Asia, about 50,000 y/a; to Europe about 40,000 y/a; to East Asia about 30,000 y/a; to North America about 30,000 and about 14-‐11,000 y/a; to Australia about 30,000 or 40,000 y/a Ubeidiya is not younger than 2 Million Years. It may be older than any record of

Early Acheulian artifacts or Homo Erectus in Africa [Refs. 60, 61, 62]. 780 to 80k y/a

Up to 25k y/a

Stone hand axes, fashioned according to African techniques and found at a site just north of Lake of Galilee, indicate additional emigration waves out of Africa about 780,000 years ago. Remains discovered west of Lake of Galilee at Skhul Cave and Qafzeh Cave in Israel indicate that early modern humans-‐-‐probably either descendants or near relatives of the recently discovered, 160,000-‐year-‐old H. sapiens fossils from Herto, Ethiopia-‐-‐were present in the gravity-‐induced Jordan River tectonic Valley between 130,000 and 80,000 years ago.

Various mtDNA analyses show that ancestor with

Neanderthals

Homo Sapiens,

shared a common

probably living in North-‐East Africa,

Ubeidia or the Carmel Caves. mtDNA-‐based dating of that split ranges from 800,000, 516,000 or 500,000 y/a while fossil records indicate 400,000 y/a. AMNH Neanderthal fossil finds have been discovered in Germany, Spain, Portugal, Italy and England and as far as in Uzbekistan. Like apes, they lacked a bony chin. Yet, they had a larger and broader face than ours. Their skull has a receding forehead and low braincase, but their brain is larger than those of our ancestors. Moreover, they used fire and introduced burial sites. Mount-‐Carmel Caves were most likely occupied by migrants from Ubeidiia. 500 to

The Tabun Cave has the longest sequence of occupation, almost half a million years. The dwellers used improved hand axes of flint or limestone for killing animals (gazelle, hippopotamus, rhinoceros and wild cattle) and for digging out plant roots. Hand axes became smaller and better shaped and scrapers, made of thick flakes chipped off flint cores, were used for scraping meat off bones and for processing animal skins. Upper levels in the Tabun Cave consist mainly of clay and silt, indicating that a colder, more humid climate prevailed when glaciers formed once more; this caused the Mediterranean Sea level to drop about 100m to its present level. It also produced a wider coastal strip, covered by dense forests and swamps. Trash in such sites is gold to the archaeologist. Its gravity-‐induced layers reveal at least the diet of the dwellers. It consisted of fruit, seeds, roots and leaves with meat supplements.

Quaternary Era

1.8 m to 10k y/a to y/a] and the presnt. 120k y/a 100 to 13k y/a

is fragmented into: Pleistocene [1.8 million to 10k

Holocene [10k to present].

Burial tradition spreads. Skeleton of a female buried inside a stone niche just outside a Mount-‐Carmel Cave is one of the most ancient human skeletal remains.

M S

igration to the Indian

ubcontinent and East Asia

Migrations from Ubeidiya and similar locations to the rest of the world have been largely proved by studies of complete Mitochondrial DNA sequence. For instance, in Ubeidiya, during 1.4 million years, hominids have ‘self-‐educated’ themselves to graduate as ‘modern humans’. Thus, they have later survived with relatively advanced technology in other climates. At least 14 skeletons uncovered portray Homo sapiens, who are closely related to modern humans in physical appearance with delicate facial features, a protruding chin and a straight forehead. These appearances have been developed in the

67k to 10k

Mount-‐Carmel Caves and in the Jordan River Valley. Earliest Civilizations were developed mainly in UR, Jeriho, Egypt and China.

Migration Waves Around the ancient world

40k y/a, Migrations from Ubeidiya, etc. to Europe. 35k y/a, Earliest clothed body discovered in Russia. 30k y/a: Beginning of the last North-‐American ice age. 27k y/a, caves in Africa abound with paintings and carvings. 20k y/a, Migration to North America via the Bering land bridge. 15k y/a, domestication of dogs from wolfs in China. v 13k y/a, Migration from North to South America. v v v v v v

12 to 8k y/a

Mitochondrial-‐DNA [mtDNA] studies provide evidence for migration from the Baikal Lake area in Southern Siberia, across the Bering land bridge, to Alaska, North America and further South along the coast. Plant-‐gathering and animal-‐hunting is gradually transformed into plant-‐growing and animal-‐domestication. 12,000 to 8000 y/a THE LAST GLACIAL PERIOD ENDED causing, inter alia, the level of the Mediterranean Sea to rise again, and the coastline near Mount-‐Carmel Caves to stabilize at roughly its present contours. Carmel settlements then become permanent, consisting of a few families living together in a kind of a village that serves as a base for hunting expeditions and food gathering. Improved Natufian flint tools are used primarily as scrapers of animal skins. Decorative beads, blades for cutting meat and sawing bone and sickle blades (secured in wooden or bone scythes) emerge for harvesting grain (which left a characteristic gloss on the edge of the blades). Microliths of a lunatic shape are used as arrowheads, harpoons and fish hooks. Grinding tools, mortars and pestles made of stone are used for food processing.

Early Civilization in JERIHO included (i) gathering of seeds of cereal grasses from the rocky hills flanking the Jordan River Valley and planting them in its fertile soil, (ii) Domesticating cattle, goats, and sheep, (iii) expansion of settlements into villages. [Ref. 62].

Main Racial Groups Frozen in Dominated Territories

10 to 8.6 k y/a

7,000

v v v v

9,819 y/a Pottery produced in japan 9,500 y/a, harvesting of wild grasses in Asia Minor. 9,400 y/a, human remains in Kennewick, North America. 8,640 y/a, human remains in Palli Aike, Southern end of Chile.

Unified History: UR Emerges as The First World Civilization

to 5,500 y/a

was established on the fertile soil formed between the Tigris

and Euphrates rivers, in an area close to where they flow into what is today Iraq. It is often called Shummer. Yet, other call it the ‘the land between the two rivers’, ‘the Ur Civilization’, or ‘Ki-‐engir’, ‘Acadi’ as the Bible refers to it. (Also via other names, including Ur). Its first settlers are called Ubaidians. Their name is derived from Tel al'Ubaid, near the city of Ur. [App. VI] 6600 y/a. Ubaidians living in villages develop systems to drain marshes and irrigate crops by digging ditches to river waters. They learn to keep farm animals and develop weaving, leather work and copper and bronze metallurgy. They are involved in trade with nearby societies. [App. VI] 6100 y/a. Ubaidians develop large ovens for baking bread. In Tell Hamoukar, a protective city wall is erected. Dry clay marks and primitive hieroglyphics are emerging for record keeping of trade transactions or taxes involving livestock or crops.

5.9k

Stamp seals are used at various Ubaid-‐culture sites as precursors to writing. The first written language in the history of humanity emerges in UR v 8000 y/a the UR-‐area people are already irrigating fields to grow cereal crops, fish in rivers and marshes have already well domesticated sheep & goats. They also employ Wheels for their donkey-‐carts and to operate simple machines that make pottery easier to manufacture and paint. Pottery then emerges as UR-‐ Ubaid Style-‐of-‐Art, with its monochrome black painting. v 7,000 y/a UR "villagers" construct religious centers, each with its particular god. A temple with monumental architecture is constructed around 6500 y/a. [Appendices]. Early historical division of labor evolves in UR. Earlier flint sickles are replaced by clay sickles. v A religious temple dedicated to Nin-‐Khursag (Ninhursag) was uncovered at al'Ubaid, with a dedication inscription from A-‐anni-‐ padda, king of Ur and son of Mes-‐anni-‐padda, king of Ur. Uncovered “Shummerian King List” shows that they are from the First Dynasty of Ur. Ubaidians are next invaded by Shummerians and a new era starts to evolve. As with the Ubaidians, the origin of the Shummerians is not clear. Their language, which has survived through writing, bears some resemblance to the Ural-‐Altaic languages. Sumerians construct improved canals for irrigating crops and for transporting crops by boat to village centers. They also improve the roads over which their donkeys trod, some of their donkeys pulling improved wheeled carts.

v As the UR/Sumerian population increases, key elements in creating a civilization -‐ a word derived from an ancient word for city – evolve. At least fifteen cities emerge: Ur, Uruk, Kish, Lagash, Eridu, Sipper, Nippur, Adab, Umma, Larsa, Eshnunna, Shaduppum, Isin, and Shurupak. v Sufficient food is gradually produced to support city population that had developed professions: Priesthood, pottery making, weaving, carpentry, early metallurgy and trading, including trade by sea for which they constructed seaworthy boats and even ships. They imported commodities made from wood, stone, tin and copper. v Ur, for example, has increased to a city of about 24,000 people and Uruk to around 45,000. Around each city were fields of grain, orchards of date palms and land for herding.

5.400 y/a

SOURCE Wikipedia

5,400 y/a: The European “ICE MAN” was discovered on September 19, 1991 almost intact under an Alpine melting glacier near the border between Austria and Germany. He had a tattoo-‐like marks on his preserved skin, a deerskin quiver

that contained 14 arrows, unfinished bow, an ax of nearly pure copper and a tool to sharpen flint blades. Other findings reveal that his people grew wheat and barley and made linen cloths from flax. They have already domesticated dogs, sheep, goats, cattle and pigs.

Appendix (B)

How to Avoid Wrong "Theories" PRECISE DEFINITIONS erect walls– CAUSE MISTAKES -‐ OUTSIDE THEMSELVES. To avoid these problems Gravitism starts from study of the universe, which does not expand v

into another space, and proceeds under Gravity Physics (Einstein's General Relativity) to smaller spaces down to the space-‐arrested Standard Model of Quantum Physics, and never in reverse, as outlined in PARTS A and B above. v v v

"Fence-‐rejected" subjects are lost forever by such Precise Definitions/Axioms.

v

Wherefore, precise definitions/axioms a priori reduce their use to "MODELS".

v v v

Most such axioms also deny Einstein's Gravity Physics, EGP, which defines the universe. Avoiding EGP rejects astrophysics, astronomy, cosmology, space-‐time evolution, etc.

EGP is based on Einstein Field Equations, EFE, which describe the universe. Unlike the quantum standard model, EFE is neither scale-‐arrested, nor a model. Wherefore, science does NOT start with the Standard Quantum Model.

v

Wherefore, science does not start with 'particles', but with Fields in curved space.

v v v v v

Wherefore, science starts with First Fact:

OUR UNIVERSE EXPANDS.

WORLD EXPANSION MEANS TIME ASYMMETRY, THE ORIGIN OF THERMODYNAMICS. SINCE CONFIRMED BY HUBBLE, it means that there was a beginning, as the BIBLE says. A World beginning dictates CREATOR of all, including all laws of physics.

ATHEMATICS vs.

CREATOR?

Mathematics may exist universally, or

cosmologically, and only gradually be discovered and used by human brains-‐minds, not invented by them, v

This Approach opens two gates: (A) Mathematics is an integral part of both theoretical and observational-‐experimental physics, (B) Mathematics had been created with the laws of physics by the CREATOR. We later return to this issue. First we turn to observations.

v

XPANDING VOIDS, detected between super-‐clusters-‐of galaxies rule our universe.

v v v v

The expanding voids are largest "sinks" of all galactic/stellar radiations. Without these cold, expanding voids, thermal equilibrium rules a no-‐processes world. Science thus starts with radiation thermodynamics of verified, expanding, cold voids. Cold-‐voids-‐expansion explains the origin of time-‐asymmetries/irreversibility.

v

Wherefore, this expansion explains the origin of the 2nd LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS,

v v v

Wherefore, these voids constitute the sole origin of life building-‐elements by supernova, Fence-‐free EFE-‐EGP thus fully controls all physical world history and LIFE ORIGINS.

ll stars, galaxies, structures, supernova, planets, life, black holes, evolve this way.

v

Wherefore, Physics without verified astronomy-‐cosmology and deterministic EGP fails.

Does the Brain Control Physics ?

"How can it be that mathematics, being after all a product of human thought, which is independent of experience, is so admirably appropriate to the objects of reality?"

Albert Einstein Is it consciousness? -‐ Eugene Wigner [1]

Why Symmetric and Asymmetric Mathematics are Independently Conserved as proved by Reference No. 6?

As lifetime educator and parent I often ponder on four fundamental questions: 1. The education of the next generation, especially at ages 8-‐14 when education is expected to strongly affect their future life, when their minds are at top receptive qualities, almost free of unverifiable concepts, eager to learn, understand and investigate anything regarding • •

the whole world, the smallest vs. the largest, its past, present and future, the treasures of physics, biophysics, astrophysics, cosmology, philosophy,

• • •

Biblical genesis vs. Einstein's gravity physics vs. Hubble's discoveries, Life Origin in world history, in string theories, all ruled by mathematics. Why?

2. Why mathematics? – which is generated inside the brain – an a priori ASSUMED ISOLATED SYSTEM FROM THE REST OF THE UNIVERSE. So how it does describe it, and so accurately? How it controls Einstein's Gravity Physics as well as the STANDARD QUANTUM MODEL? There is no answer. The issue does not die -‐ speculations rise. 3. GRAVITISM? the Astrophysical School of Thermodynamics? (Worldwide published comments below). These works only in part deal with these unsolved issues by resorting to the cosmological origins of time asymmetries, to cosmology-‐gravity links that affect all systems, including axon-‐brain-‐webs, possibly down to the extremely small Planck Scale that cannot be observed. • • •

• • • • • •

Would these works affirm (i) the root cause of mathematics is inside the brain, (ii) Mathematics exists universally, or cosmologically, and only gradually is being discovered and used by the human brains-‐minds, not invented by them, (iii) Approach (ii) opens two gates: (A) Mathematics is an integral part of both theoretical and observational-‐experimental physics, (B) Mathematics had been created with the laws of physics by a CREATOR. Approach (ii) provides some support to why mathematics had accurately predicted, since 1915, the Einstein-‐Hubble's expanding universe. It also raises questions regarding the claimed physics how brains-‐minds discover mathematics that describe the fundamental interactions of nature. Currently we do not know which approach conforms reality, the physical or the unified mathematical-‐physical. It remains a great mystery of all time.

4. Intelligent design may thus harbor the future win, whereby v v v v

Bible studies may become part of the history and philosophy of modern science. Establish a scientific link to the Creator -‐-‐ to the Creator of the laws of physics. TODAY obsolete methodologies still dominate most definitions and axioms. OUTLOOOK: life becomes a beautiful road to beyond the current horizons of truth and symmetry that we always try to reach.

APPENDIX (C)

he DEATH of

HEORETICAL

HYSICS

Section I

Scientists Fooling Themselves? Nobel Laureate Feynman “The first principle is that you must not fool yourself – and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you’ve not fooled yourself, it’s easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way.”

“You should not fool the layman when you’re talking as a scientist. I am not trying to tell you what to do about cheating on your wife, or fooling your girlfriend, or something like that, when you’re not trying to be a scientist, but just trying to be an ordinary human being. … I’m talking about a specific, extra type of integrity that is not lying, but bending over backwards to show how you are maybe wrong, that you ought to have when acting as a scientist.

And this is our responsibility as scientists, certainly to other scientists, and to the laymen.

Section II

Wrong Space Dynamics in String Theories

urrent experimental techniques in science cannot provide direct verification of anything at

about 10-‐19 meter scale, which is more than 15 orders of magnitude below any verification of string theories, or of any theory. Thus any theory claimed to be based on space dynamics at 10 orders of magnitudes below scientific verification is not scientific and not even rising to the scientific level of being wrong. Moreover, all string theories have failed to converge into a single acceptable formulation, and no string theory version has made any prediction that differs from those made by other verified the standard model of quantum physics. NEVERTHELESS, whatever the future holds for string theories, they have become an active branch of popular physics, that, in part, had originated from Einstein’s search for a unified field theory of gravity and quantum physics. Yet, as demonstrated below, their proponents on may have already caused the death of theoretical physics for the next generations. The first to add a fifth spatial dimension to Einstein's general relativity were Theodor Kaluza (in 1919) and Oskar Klein (in 1926). These attempts attracted Einstein’s attention in his attempts to develop a unified field theory. But Einstein died prior to being successful in this domain. The current proponents of string theories claim, inter alia, that on very small sub-‐atomic scales, all fundamental field-‐forces consist of vibrating strings or membranes of energy. See below.

The spectrum, or zoo, of subatomic particles3.2 then emerges (mathematically) as small vibrating strings that by altering their mode of vibration transform, say, an electron into a neutrino, a quark, or other particles, while causing space-‐time to curve around these entities so as to give rise to Einsteinian relativistic gravity. Despite three decades of intensive attempts to provide experimental proof of string theories, as conducted by armies of physicists, there is not a single, direct verification test that the theory is correct. And none is expected. While the various equations of string theories have survived mathematical challenges, each solution represents an entire set of unverifiable predictions; a mysticism of scientists, which, when combined with the fundamental issue of a priori smuggling into these theories what is to be proved, makes them what they are. Einstein’s anti-‐probabilistic views remain un-‐ falsified. Similarly, the much acclaimed “Theory of Everything” is misleading. Some of the string theories proponents claim that prior to Genesis a pre-‐Genesis world contraction had turned into a black hole that, at the moment of Genesis, had created many WHITE HOLES, namely, our observable universe is just one of them – indeed a mystic science but a beautiful mathematical music to the brain-‐mind. Hidden variables are postulated in string theories as extra [beyond 3 space and one time dimensions] 6, 7 or higher spatial dimensions. Postulated by David Bohm, these ideas are now driving string theories. They, inter alia, by-‐pass the embarrassing point-‐like feathers of ‘particles’ in quantum theories Such variables also allow theorists to get closer to Einstein’s dream of a deterministic world outlook of general relativity3.3 that is unified with quantum physics. Investigating how a string theory may include fermions led to the concept of supersymmetry a mathematical collection of ideas relating bosons and fermions (every particle has superpartner that is not observable. Superpartners are called squarks, selectrons and gluinos. M-‐Theory is one group of string theories that postulates ‘Landscapes-‐Inside-‐landscapes’ in 10, 11 or 26 space dimensions so as to harbor a large number of hidden variables, different

vacua and endless other universes. The theoretical limit of the M-‐theory infers that protons, electrons, neutrons and their antimatter counterparts, may be converted to photons and then converted to other particles, i.e., to particles such as protons that may be changed to other particles, such as electrons. It is not yet a fully understood theory. D-‐Branes are membranes of different spatial dimensionality. The membranes are postulated to be gravitational sources, so that one may end-‐up with a modified gravitational theory within the framework of string and quantum theories. They may emit and absorb closed strings and are postulated to emit gravitons and also to emit charge since they emit closed strings, which are gauge bosons. Pre-‐supposed tiny entities are postulated to contract to minimize their potential energy. But conservation of energy prevents them from disappearing. Instead they are postulated to oscillate-‐vibrate. By pre-‐assuming the reality of vibrating strings, one may deduce different vibrational modes that are further postulated to represent different sub-‐atomic particles. Such postulated strings may split and combine, which may resemble particles emitting and absorbing other particles, as in quantum interactions between sub-‐atomic particles. Quantum strings are also postulated to harbor tension, like regular strings of a violin; a tension that is related to their size and shape. A closed loop string, left to move without external forces, will contract into a smaller loop. But it is further postulated that it would not shrink to a zero-‐sized point. Open strings have two distinct end-‐points, while closed strings are joined to make a complete loop. The two types may allow speculations about two different spectra of ‘elementary-‐ particle’. For example, one of the closed string modes is the graviton, and in the open string mode it is a photon3.1 ‘Landscapes-‐Inside-‐landscapes’, (worlds-‐inside-‐worlds) in 10, 11 or 26 space dimensions are postulated in string theories to harbor a large number of hidden variables, different vacua and endless other universes. Such theories are also being postulated to be the theoretical limit of the M-‐theory.

Symmetry-‐Asymmetry: All laws of physics, except those of thermodynamics, are space and time symmetric, namely, there is no distinction between any direction in space and in time. However, the 2nd law of thermodynamics, in its fundamental form, states that in using the time coordinate one can only proceed from past to future and never in reverse. Accordingly, some theorists claim, in contradiction with thermodynamics, that if the universe is eternal into the future, it must be eternal into the past. Hence, they claim, prior to creation [the “big-‐ bang”] there was a symmetrical world contraction into an all-‐containing black hole. As the density “had” increased during that pre-‐creation contraction, gigantic black holes had been formed, and, at the instant of maximum contraction, they all switched to expnasion, the interior of one of them has become “our universe”. Claims encounter endless debates. Yet, their proponents hope that upcoming observations by, say, the Planck Sattelite and the ground-‐based LIGO and VIRGO observatories, may reveal slight variations in gravitational radiation that might be detected by their effect on the polarization of the cosmic black body radiation; perhaps conferring some supportive evidence.

Dark-‐Energy Proponents Fool Anyone? Section III

No proof was ever established that these "Hail-‐Cannons" do anything but raise loud noise, fool media editors, the public, donors and government to fund otherwise needed moneys for better education, health programs, the army, and helping the poor and elders.

Section IV

Claims made Today

by about 400 theorists at Fermilab, Universities of Chicago, Pennsylvania, Ohio State, UCL & Argonne National Lab, DOE, NSF, IEEC, IFAE, OzDEZ, NOAD, NCSA, SLAC, CTIO, LMU in Germany, UK Consortium, universities in London, and supported by SCIENCE-‐AAAS, are voided by (a) applying simple momentum conservation , PART A, "dark energy" proves as nothing but Chimera,

(b) resorting to Chimerian base & immeasurable "dark energy" to claim that Einstein Gravity Physics is wrong, (c) maintaining (a) & (b) results in the greatest mistake in Science, generated by theorists and supported by SCIENCE-‐AAAS.

Section v Early dark energy proponents may have attracted attention by throwing up "Dark-‐Hail", which instead of falling back by gravity, is speeding up to the sky, whereby they: (i) fool fellow scientists, media editors, the public, donors & international governments, to raise astronomical funds for space craft & instrumentation aimed to measure the immeasurable "dark hail", (ii) exploit the 1998-‐discovery that the universe is NOT slowing down its expansion by gravity, but, by "dark hail", is accelerating, (iii) help sell computer-‐simulations as "tests" of claimed Chimera properties that dictate to "correct" Einstein Gravity Physics.

APPENDIX (D)

Supporting Reviews AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS: “Gal-‐Or's remarkable book sees and seizes the world whole. He emphasizes that all scientists operate under some set of philosophical prejudices, and that failure to acknowledge this is self-‐ delusion. Furthermore, he argues that a failure to attend to the philosophical base of physics leads to an empty scientism. His work is challenging on many levels, constituting a review 'with derivations' of general relativity 'as applied to cosmology', thermodynamics, the current state of theoretical particle physics, astrophysics, as well as a summary history of western philosophy, 'especially the philosophies of time and mind' and critiques of western society, the intelligentsia and the relationship between academic science and government. One 'and perhaps the central' theme explored, is that of the interplay between symmetry and asymmetry. His primary interest is not in the recent progress in the unification of forces in gauge theory, although he finds support in it for his Einsteinian outlook, but is rather time, time's arrow, and the asymmetry between past and future. Around time are accumulated discussions, both mathematical and philosophical, of thermodynamic reversibility, time reversibility, the nature of causality, and the use of advanced and retarded solutions to wave equations. The second major theme is that of gravity and its overwhelming domination of the actual form of the universe, at all scales. The combination of these themes is not accidental; they are point and counterpoint to his thesis that the time asymmetries are connectable to and perhaps even determined by the master asymmetry given by the gravity of general relativity: the remorseless cosmological expansion.

He argues that only the expansion can provide the unification of time asymmetries. The expansion provides, among other things, an unsaturable sink for radiation, which, in turn, permits the establishment of gradients in temperature and density, which provide the basis for the physical process that leads to life. He also criticizes the sloppy and improper use of the concepts of entropy 'and the related notions in information theory' and quantum indeterminism, especially as covers for an inadequate understanding of temporal asymmetries. Taking an Einsteinian position on the interpretation of quantum mechanics, he looks forward to revitalization of Einstein's quest for a deterministic interpretation of quantum events. The value of this book lies in the challenging combination of ideas which Gal-‐Or presents, which goes far beyond what can be sensibly described in a review. [This] work may be too large to digest as a text in these days of the decline of academic institutions "as Gal-‐Or describes them", but that will be the loss of both the faculty and the students.” AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS

"Einstein's time-‐symmetric tensor was elevated by Gal-‐Or’s “New Astronomical School of Unified Thermodynamics” to the status of the source of “Master Asymmetry” controlling not only irreversible thermodynamics, but all physical and biological phenomena! Gal-‐Or calls “GRAVITISM” (his philosophy) that gravitation is the prime cause of structures, irreversibility, time, geo-‐chemical and biological evolution -‐-‐ that the expansion of the universe is the cause of the second law of thermodynamics -‐-‐ that microscopic physics, and thermodynamics in particular, cannot be understood without reference to cosmology. He ties “irreversibility” to the “expansion of space itself”, i.e. as far as space is expanding, the contribution of all kinds of radiation in space is weakened “irreversibly” due to the expansion phenomenon itself. Such loss, or “degradation” of energy in the depth of inter-‐cluster expanding space, may then be considered as a universal sink for all the radiation flowing out of the material bodies in the expanding universe.” Advancement of Physics

"The works of scientists like Gal-‐Or, Bohm, and (Noble Prize-‐Winner) Prigogine provide important resources. Prigogine's formalisms do not really tell us how irreversible change emerges from reversible [mathematics]. (in this Gal-‐Or is superior)." The Crisis of the Sciences "Gal-‐Or launches a new spirit of inquiry by his excellent and thought provoking writings. I would recommend awarding a prize and would hope that this would serve to focus attention on a most important subject.” Prof. Tommy Gold, Gold Award by N.Y. Academy of Sciences

"Has generated a large number of responses from around the world, some declaring that it has turned them into “Gal-‐Orians”. Since the thought presented by this book is so rich, translators of our country should recommend this book with all their intellectual power." Chinese Academy of Sciences "A Master Piece. The well-‐known author bases his philosophy on a very sound knowledge of present-‐day scientific theories. " Indian Journal of Physics "Appeals to scientists of all disciplines who are prepared to open their minds. Shines a welcome light in some dark corners of science. Sir Karl Popper, in a Foreword, correctly describes it “a great book”. New Scientist Magazine "We are all Gal-‐Orians ! " Editor, Foundations of Physics “One of the best books on the totality of the sciences & the universe. It was one of the favorite books of Sir Karl Popper. It looks at physics and the universe as a totality of the mathematical philosophical understanding. It also combines the physical concept of time with human psychological perception and brain understanding of languages.” Robin forumhub.com/expr/@202.54.92.222

Recommended by Encyclopedia Britannica, "Nature, Philosophy of"

"Tour de force. A magnificent and sustained piece of work! A. Cottrell, V. Chancellor, Cambridge University "I do not know a better modern expression of science, philosophy and classical humanism than that of Gal-‐Or’s book." HaAretz Newspaper "Gal-‐Or’s “beauty” has always been the object of science, which, he lyrically observes as “a most fundamental aesthetic frame of mind, a longing for the run-‐away horizons of truth and symmetry that we always try to reach.” Order Amidst Chaos, Enlightenment Aesthetics "This is a great book, and an exciting book; readable, worth reading and enlightening." Sir Karl Popper, The greatest philosopher of science in the previous century “I have in the meantime studied your book, with great interest, and made pages of notes on it. I feel as if I had been on numerous walks and talks with you on the great questions, and know that would be great to go on with them! Who cannot be impressed by your love for the great men of all times and all countries, by your phrase “working back and forth between theory and fact”, by your belief that philosophy is too important to be left to the philosophers, by your concern for where thought and language lie in the scheme of things – and by so much more! I continue to reflect, again and again, on your central thesis that expansion is the origin of all asymmetry in time.

What an ingenious phrase is your, “smuggle irreversibility in without declaring the

contraband”! I regard your book as seeking to accomplish two tasks – and being two books – at the very least One is the exposition of your central thesis, with clarity, and careful mustering of every argument pro and con that can lead to testable consequences. I don’t see how it is possible to do proper justice to a thesis of such importance by mixing it in with the other great task. That is to give students an appreciation of the unity of philosophy and modern physics. You do both tasks far better than I could hope to. I give you my personal thanks for putting the two books into a package that I personally have found most thought-‐provoking.” Prof. John A. Wheeler, Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton University

References and Notes References for Part A. 1. B. Gal-‐Or, The Crisis on the Origin of Irreversibility, Science, 176, 11 (1972); 178, 119 (1972); 2. B. Gal-‐Or, Cosmological Origin of Thermodynamics, Nature 230, 1971); 234, 217 (1971); 3. B. Gal-‐Or, Entropy, Fallacy, and the Origin of Irreversibility: An Essay on the New Astrophysical Revolutionary School of Thermodynamics. Annal. N.Y. Acad. Acad. Sci., 196 (A6) 305 (1972) (Gold Medal); 4. B. Gal-‐Or, Cosmological Origin of Irreversibility, Time and Time-‐Anisotropies, Found. Phys. 6, 407 (1976); 6, 623 (1976); 7, 50 (1977); 5. B. Gal-‐Or, Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy, CPP, Vol. I & II, Springer Verlag, New York, 1981, 1983, 1987. 2007-‐2017 Online books published by (SCRIBD)and by ISSUU update it. 6. B. Gal-‐Or, “A Critical Review of the Foundations of Relativistic and Classical Thermodynamics”, International Symposium, Pittsburgh, April 7-‐8, 1969, Mono Book, (1970).

REFERENCES and NOTES FOR PART C 1. U.S. AIR FORCE & NATO, RTO-‐EN-‐12, 2000-‐2001 REVIEW published in Germany, U.S., UK and JAPAN: "Benjamin Gal-‐Or & Wolfgang Herbst have influenced the direction of fighter aircraft design." 2. Gal-‐Or, B. “Vectored Propulsion, Supermaneuverability and Robot Aircraft”, Springer Verlag, N.Y. and Heidelberg, 1989-‐1990. ISBN 0387-‐97161-‐0, 3-‐540-‐87161-‐0, TL685.3.G23 1989, 629.I34'353-‐de20, 89-‐ 21797. Copyrights Holder: Benjamin Gal-‐Or from 1990 to the present. 237 references. 182 drawings most on prior art. Defined "LANDMARK BOOK by the United States Air Force Chief Scientist Dr. Richey, in its book FOREWORD; It is to be updated soon via a new ONLINE EDITION.

3. On June 24, 1986 BOEING's President extended formally written invitation to import-‐contract the state-‐protected JES-‐STEALTH PROTOTYPES defined by [4]. The contract was signed on August 25, 1986 in Kansas, at Boeing's Military Facilities. A Classified. 7-‐Page Import-‐Contract was immediately shared with The United States Government and Boeing's Third parties, Lockheed, Pratt and Whitney, ETC. FOR immediate adaptation of the so imported JES-‐STEALTH design trade secrets [4, 5] and flight testing these trade secrets and computer programs, thus allowing Boeing and its Third Parties to win the $67 billion ATF program, later known as the F-‐22 Raptor program. 4. Gal-‐Or, B., 1986-‐present Classified. Private IP owner. State Protected. Nominal Collective Title: "Un-‐ piloted aircraft or a stealth cruise missile", IPA 78402, Filed on April 2, 1986 in Jerusalem. State-‐ ordered to be split into additional derivatives: Derivative-‐I Title: "Control system for jet-‐propelled air vehicles and spacecraft" IPA 80532; November 7, 1986, December 20, 1993, Derivative-‐II Title: "unmanned aircraft or cruise missile with minimal thermal signature" IPA106,145, June 25, 1993; December 20, 1993; Derivative-‐III Title: "Vectored air inlet for stealth drone or cruise missile" IPA106,165; June 29, 1993, December 20, 1993. 5. First-‐Time Flight Testing and proof-‐of-‐concept of JES-‐STEALTH air vehicles in the History of Aviation of was conducted at Megiddo Airfield, Israel. Flight tests performed with JES-‐STEALTH tail-‐less, first-‐ever in the deep post-‐stall domain (up to 170 Angle-‐of-‐Attack) via first YAW-‐JES/PITCH-‐JES WVR-‐type Combat Maneuvers without AOF-‐Control. “Israelis Flight Test Jet-‐Powered RPV Fitted With Thrust Vectoring Nozzles”, AVIATION WEEK, May 18, p. 21, 1987; May 30, 1987. “ISRAEL FLIES VECTORING RPV”, FLIGHT INT’L, May 30, 1987; “Israel”, “RPVs”, JANE'S ALL THE WORLD'S AIRCRAFT. 1987. 6. Gal-‐Or, B., "Canards reduce stealth and JES effectiveness." Canarded and Canard-‐less F-‐15 1/7-‐scaled prototypes were laboratory and flight tested in 1986-‐1992 partly as specific USAF funded Projects. The results prove these conclusions. The EU is still canard-‐arrested. “Tailless (and Canardless) Vectored Fighters: Theory, Laboratory and Flight Tests”, USAF, 196 pages, July 15, 1991; “Vectorable Inlets/Nozzles and Tailless Flying Models vs. Pilot’s Tolerances Affecting Maximum Post-‐Stall Vectoring Agility”; USAF, 238 pages; “Dynamic Scaling, Pilot v. G-‐Loads under post-‐stall Maneuvers with vectored fighters”, Funded series of projects in Israel by US AIR FORCE; E.g., (i) San Antonio, BAFB, 1990, submitted to USAF Colonel J. Tedor team; (ii) “Dynamic Scaling of Prototypes Using Radius of Gyration Method: Theory, Laboratory and Flight Tests”, REPORT #I to USAF Capt. J. Wigle (Sep. 30, 1991); (iii) REPORT #II to USAF Dr. D. W. Repperger, AL/WPAFB (Sep. 30, 1991); (iv) Report to USAF Col. J. Tedor, Deputy Director, Human Systems Division, BAFB, TX; USAF Special Project, SPC-‐ 91-‐4003, AF/AFOSR/EOARD, 141 pages; Classified Reports to Lockheed-‐Martin/General Dynamics, Ft Worth, TX, via Spence E. Peters, Tel. 817-‐935-‐1588, Main: 817-‐777-‐2000, E-‐Mail: Spence.e.pters@LMCO.com and Dorsett, both and pleader have maintained mutual visits during the longest cooperation programs in which all imported to the U.S. SACOM/JES/STVS technologies were inter alia provided to Lockheed Martin/GD up to about 1997; Classified Reports to PWA, Manager, Component Technology, R. E. (Bob) Davis, 1987-‐1994; Classified Reports to General Electric, Aircraft Engines to Don Dunbar, Ed Rogala and GE VP Krebs. 1987-‐1988; Classified Reports: Canards are

stealth killers that reduce JES; "Agility Benefits of Integrated Aerodynamic & Thrust Vectoring Control", General Dynamics/Lockheed-‐Martin RFP Ref. TECH-‐RRJ-‐JK-‐0001, TIIT-‐TRDF 160-‐779, 1993-‐ 1995, Progress Report No. 2, Feb. 10, 1995. 7. US Secretary of Defense at that time, Robert Gates, stated the need for pilotless next-‐generation bomber option; U.S. Air Force Awards for the B-‐21-‐(LRS-‐B) "OPTIONALLY PILOTED" forthcoming Bomber/DRONE to Northrop Grumman, PWA, Spirit AeroSystems and 5 additional subcontractors; "Defense Authorization Act for 2017", U.S. Senate Arm. Serv. Com.; GAO, October 25, 2016, etc.: Commonality exists between B-‐21's PWA Engine and F-‐35/F-‐135 engine; 100 to 145 B-‐21 units are projected for $80 billion total program cost. GAO: RQ-‐180 program influences B-‐21 (LRS-‐B) and advanced air-‐launched cruise missile, Strike missiles. [RQ-‐180 is replacing LM RQ-‐170 captured by Iran. Multi Axis No Tail JES-‐STEALTH-‐X-‐44 MANTA influences the new designs. (GAO and GlobalSecuity). "Air Force reveals B-‐21 Long Range Strike Bomber". Af.mil. 2016-‐02-‐26; GAO-‐15-‐374: Air-‐defense DOD debate on UCLASS high-‐profile, original mission vs. new, low-‐profile which has delayed UCLASS development by 3 years, from 2014 to 2017; GAO-‐16-‐389R, March 24, 2016: DOD changed UCLASS program in its 2017 budget from high-‐profile strike-‐attack to low profile Carrier Based Aerial Refueling System (CBARS); Navy to invest $2.68 billion in this program. "US Navy funds additional X-‐47B development". Flightglobal.com. 27 June 2014; GAO, in August 2005: DOD awarded GE & Rolls-‐Royce $2.4 billion contract to develop the F136 engine as alternative for the F-‐35/PWA Engine F136. LM Conceptual designs of a new JES STVS FB-‐22 Bomber includes adaptation of GE F136 or PWA F135 jet engines. GAO, in July 2005, Boeing was paid $767 million for its tail-‐less/canard-‐less, stealth X-‐45C Program on top of $175 million in October 2004. It lost two competitions vs. the NG X-‐ 47B Program and the new NG B-‐21 program. 8. Gal-‐Or, B., "Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control", AEROSPACE AMERICA, April, 1996; The Fundamental Concepts of Vectored Propulsion, AIAA J. Propulsion and Power, 6, 747-‐757, 1990; Maximizing Post-‐Stall, Thrust-‐Vectoring Agility and Control Power, AIAA J. Aircraft, 29, 647-‐651, 1992; Thrust Vectoring: Theory, Laboratory, and Flight Tests, AIAA J. Propulsion & Power, 9, 51 -‐ 58, 1993; Optimizing Sub-‐Critical-‐Flow Thrust-‐Vectoring of Converging-‐Diverging Nozzles, AIAA J. of Propulsion and Power, 16, 202-‐206, 2000; Upgraded, Completely Vectored F-‐22, USAF-‐AFOSR-‐EOARD, CONTRACT F61708-‐92-‐W, Report Date: Feb. 28, 1993; Mathematical Phenomenology for Thrust-‐ Vectoring-‐Induced Agility Comparisons, AIAA J. Aircraft, 30, 248-‐254, 1993; Fundamentals and similarity transformations of vectored aircraft, AIAA J. of Aircraft, 31, 1, pp. 181-‐187, 1994; Catastrophic Failure Prevention by Thrust Vectoring, AIAA J. Aircraft, 32, No. 3, June, 1995; Minimum-‐ Time Standard Agility Comparison Maneuvers of Thrust-‐Vectored Aircraft, AIAA J of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, March-‐April 1998. THRUST VECTOR CONTROL EYED FOR TRANSPORT, Aviation Week & Space Technology, Aug. 28, 1995; 9. Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Air Safety, Keynote Lecture; 3rd Int’l Conf. ISIAF, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Sept. 2, 1996; Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Air Safety, Opening Keynote Lecture; 2nd Int’l Seminar on

Aeronautics & Education, Warsaw, Poland, Nov. 25, 1996; Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Civil Transport safety, Plenary keynote lecture, Proceedings of the 4th Conf., Int’l ISIAF conf., Dresden, Germany, 1999; "An Old-‐New European Debate on Thrust Vectoring", Polskiej Nauki, PRACE Instytutu Lotnictwa, Poland, 152, pp. 3-‐8, 1998; Review of the Debate and the Development of Thrust Vectoring Technology, Int'l. J. of Thermal and Fluid Sciences (China), Vol. 7, pp.1-‐6, 1998; Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Civil Transport Safety, 5th Int´l Symp. Aero Sci., Moscow Russia, Plenary Lecture, Proceeding, TsAGI, Russia; Catastrophic Failure Prevention by Thrust Vectoring, invited Lecture and Proposal to NASA, NASA Dryden, June 1995; Recent Editorials on "Future Jet Technologies; Sensitive Thrust-‐Vectoring & Stealth Technology Transfers to South Korea and Japan Expose Lack of JES-‐Stealth-‐Drones R&D", International J. of Turbo & Jet-‐Engines. Volume 31, Issue 4, 277-‐285, Pages 285–290, ISSN (Online) 2191-‐0332, ISSN 0334-‐ 0082, e-‐ISSSN 2191-‐0332; DOI: 10.1515/tjj-‐2014-‐1001, 2014; "Global Needs for Jet-‐Engine-‐Steered (JES) Strike Drones vs. Lack of Updated Textbooks to Design 6th Generation UCLASS Due to UCAV Failure"; and Volume 33(2), 143-‐149, 2016.