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aebmfØnse GI tkmjyenÃv amknI FUnt‰mdnb¬ t_m¿Uv AUz. Fkv. cmPtiJc≥
temlym hnNmcthZn {]kn≤oIcWw
hn-S...
(sNb¿am≥)
tUm. sI. {ioIpam¿ C.sI. {io\nhmk≥ AUz. ]n. cPn\m¿°v sI. cm-Po-hv-Ip-am¿ C.sI. Znt\i≥ ]n.sI. cmP≥ Sn.]n. {io[c≥ hnPbcmLh≥ tNenb FUn‰¿ hnPbcmLh≥ tNenb vr.cheliya@gmail.com Ih¿ Unssk≥ & te Hu´v Fw at\mlc≥ B∏nƒ tSm°v Un Sn ]n : eo\ \mcmbW≥
_‘߃°v C sI {io\nhmk≥ (P\d¬ kn{I´dn temlym hnNmcthZn kwÿm\ kanXn)
tIihw tNenb t]mÃv sImbnem≠n˛673306 Ph: 9446068843 sreenikesavam@gmail.com
{]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂ te-J-\-߃ ]q¿-Æ-am-bpw A-¥¿-[m-cb - p-sS A-`n-{]m-bß - f - m-IW - s - a-∂n-√.˛-FU - n-‰¿
2
"`q-cn-]-£-Øn≥ h-cw t\-Sn-Spw P-b-tØ-°mƒ t\-cn-s\m-∏w \n-∂p tXm¬-°p-hm≥ F-\n-°n-„w' - ˛ hn-jv-Wp-\m-cm-b-W≥ \-ºq-Xn-cn Km-‘n-Pn-tb-bpw sP ]n-tb-bpw lr-Z-b-tØm-Sv tN¿-Øp sh-® I-hn. B-Zy-Im-e-Øv tkm-jy-en-Ãp {]-ÿm-\-tØm-Sv B-`n-ap-Jyw ]p-e¿-Ønbn-cp-∂p. sP ]n sb-Ip-dn-®v F-gp-Xn-b te-J-\-ß-fpw I-hn-X-I-fpw tN¿-Øv P-b-{]-Im-iw F-s∂m-cp ]p-kv-X-I-hpw A-t±-lw {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.
]-d-bq, \n-߃ h-kn-jvT ]-£-tØm hm-flo-In ]-£-tØm ? ]{Xm[n]°pdn∏v I¿-j-I k-a-cw C-¥y-bp-sS cm-jv-{So-b Zn-i -\n¿-Æ-bn-°pw {]-^p-√ km-a-¥v-d Sn-_-‰≥ P-\-X-bp-sS kzm-X-{¥y kz-]v-\-߃ ]m-Sn-s°m-≠n-Xm, H-cp I-hn \-ap-°n-S-bn-eq-sS \-S-∂p \-S-∂v A-ºn-fn Hm-a\ - ° - p-´≥ tkm-jy-en-Ãm-b Z-en-Xv _-‘p-hn-s\ A-dn-bp-tam ? kn-hn-Iv N-{μ≥ \-h tI-c-f-Øn-se Pm-Xn k-Xy-߃ C.sI.Znt\i≥ P-\I - o-b k-ac- ß - f- m-Wv P-\m-[n-]X - y-sØ N-e\ - m-flI - a- m-°p-∂X - v hn-t\m-Zv ]-ø-S P-\-Io-b k-a-c-߃-s°-Xn-sc F-Sp-Ø F-√m tI-kp-I-fpw d-±m-°-Ww: F≥ F ]n Fw F-\n-°v C-Xp-a-Xn, C-Xp-am-{Xw a-Xn... tUm.-sI.-{io-Ip-am¿I¿-jI - s- ‚ I-S sI ]n hn-t\m-Zv, ]-ø-∂q¿
temlym kwÿm\ kanXn°v th≠n {]knU‚ v AUz. Fkv.cmPtiJc≥ A¥¿[m-hnNmcthZn c ({io \ntIX≥, NnddmewtImSv, IpS∏\°p∂v.]n.H., Xncph\¥]pcw, 695043) A®Sn®p {]kn≤oIcn°p∂Xv. t^m¨: 9447034808
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9 10 11
12
14 15 18
]{Xm[n]°pdn∏v
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]-d-bq, \n-߃ h-kn-jvT ]-£-tØm hm-flo-In ]-£-tØm C-
¥y-sb-∂ ]-c-am-[n-Im-c P-\m-[n-]-Xy dn-∏ªn-°n-s‚ {]-Y-a {]-kn-U‚m-bn sX-c-s™-Sp°-s∏-´ tUm _m-_p-cm-tP-{μ {]-km-Zn-s‚ BZy {]-hr-Øn hm-c-Wm-kn-bn¬ C-cp-∂q-tdm-fw {_m-“-W-cp-sS Im-ep I-gp-In A-\p-{K-lw t\S-em-bn-cp-∂p. cm-{„o-b a-X k-ap-Zm-b t\-Xm°ƒ-°m¿-°pw A-Xn¬ A-kzm-`m-hn-I-X tXm∂n-bn-√. F-∂m¬ tem-ly am-{Xw A-Xncq-£am-bn {]-Xn-I-cn-®p. ""Cu a-\p-jy≥ cm-{„-sØ A-]-am-\n-®n-cn-°-bm-Wv. k-l-{km-–-ß-fm-bn ]m¿-iz-h-Xv-I-cn-°-s∏-´ a-\p-jy-cp-sS kz-]v-\߃ t]m-epw N-hn-´n-b-c-bv-°-s∏-´p. F-s‚ Xe ]m-Xm-f-tØm-fw Xm-gv-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p. Cu cmPy-Øn-se bp-hm-°ƒ sX-cp-hn-en-d-ßn {]-Xntj-[n-°p-∂n-s√-∂-Xn¬ Rm≥ \n-cm-i-\mWv.'' Pm-Xn-°pw, kv-{Xo-tbm-Sp-≈ hn-th-N-\-Øn\p-sa-Xn-sc k-a-cw sN-bv-X tem-ly P-bn-en-e-S-
bv-°-s∏-´p. X-S-hn¬ \n-∂v F-gp-Xn-b I-Øm-Wv ]n¬-°m-e-Øv h-kn-jvT-\pw hm-flo-In-bpw F∂ t]-cn¬ {]-kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-b-Xv. C-¥y-bn-se cm-{„o-b t\-Xm-°-tf-bpw _p-≤n-Po-hn-I-tf-bpw ITn-\-am-bn hn-a¿-in-°p-∂-Xm-W-Xv. P-\-ß-tfmSm-bn A-t±-lw ]-d-™p, \-ap-°p ap-∂n¬ c-≠p h-gn-I-fm-Wv C-t∏mƒ sX-fn-™p Im-Wp-∂-Xv. h-kn-jvT-s‚-bpw hm-flo-In-bp-tS-bpw h-gn-Iƒ. H∂v A-Sn-a-Xz-sØ D-d-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv, a-t‰-Xv hntam-N-\-Øn‚ {]-Xo-£-bp-W¿-Øp-∂p. h-kn-jvT˛hm-flo-In Zz-μz-߃ tI-he - w kmaq-ln-I kmw-kv-Im-cn-I hn-j-b-ß-sf am-{X-a-√, P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚ k¿-ΔX-e-ß-tf-bpw kv-]¿in-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. `-c-W-Iq-S-߃ A-h-Im-i-s∏Sp-∂-Xv sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ e-`n-® `q-cn-]-£w Ah¿-°v F-¥pw sN-øm-\p-≈ A-\p-a-Xn sIm-Sp°p-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv. hn-tbm-Pn-∏p-I-tf-bpw hn-a¿-i\-ßt- f-bpw sX-cs - ™-Sp-∏v hnP-bw sIm-≠v d-±m-°m-sa-∂h¿ I-cp-Xp-∂p. P-\-Io-b ka-c-ß-sf A-Sn-®-a¿-Øp-∂Xn¬ sX-√pw B-fl-\n-μ tXm∂m-Ø hn-[w sa-tPm-dn-t‰-dn-b\n-kw A-h-sc A-l-¶m-cn-Ifm-°p-∂p. ]u-c-Xz \n-b-a t`-Z-K-Xns°-Xn-sc-bp-≈ k-a-c-sØ-sb∂ t]m-se I¿-j-I k-a-ctØ-bpw A-]-Io¿-Øn-s∏-SpØn X-I¿-°m-\m-Wv tI-{μ k¿-°m-dn-s‚ {i-aw. F-∂m¬ I¿-j-I-cp-sS £-a-bpw Zo¿-LZr-„n-bpw X-øm-sd-Sp-∏pw tamZn k¿-°m-dn-s‚ I-W-°p-Iq´-ep-Iƒ sX-‰n-°p-∂p. G-‰-hpsam-Sp-hn-en-Xm cm-Py-Øn-s‚
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3
s]m-Xp ta-J-e-I-fn¬ _m-°n-bm-b-Xp Iq-sS hn¬-°pw F-∂v G-Xm-≠v H-cp [m¿-„y-tØmsS {]-[m-\-a-{¥n ]-d-bp-∂p. X-߃-°v C-„-ap≈-Xv F-¥pw sN-øpw, B-cp-≠v tNm-Zn-°m≥ F-∂ `m-h-am-Wv. tIm¨-{K- n‚ A-gn-a-Xn-bmWv C-‘-\ hn-e h¿-≤n-∏n-®-sX-∂pw hn-e ]Ip-Xn-bm-°m≥ th-≠n X-߃-°v A-h-k-cw Xcq F-∂pw A-`y¿-∞n-®m-W-h¿ A-[n-Im-c-Ønse-Øn-b-Xv. s]-t{Smƒ hn-e \q-dv I-S-°p-tºmƒ tIm¨-{K- n-t\-°mƒ h-en-b A-gn-a-Xn-°m-cmWv _n sP ]n °m-sc-∂p hy-‡-am-Ip-∂p. tI-c-f-Øn-epw Im-cy-߃ t\-sc sNm-tΔb-√ \-S-°p-∂-Xv. P-\-ß-fp-sS {]-Xn-tj-[-ß-sf a-dn-I-S-∂pw ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ \-S-∏m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ip-
h-kn-jvT hm-flo-In Zz-μz-߃ tI-h-ew km-aq-ln-I kmw-kI -v m-cn-I hn-jb - ß - s- f am-{X-a-√ P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚ k¿-h Xe-ßt- f-bpw kv] - ¿-in-°p-∂X - m-W.v `-cW - Iq-S-߃ A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv sX-cs™-Sp-∏n¬ e-`n-® `q-cn-]-£w A-h¿°v F-¥pw sN-øm-\p-≈ A-\p-aX - n sImSp-°p-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv. hn-tbm-Pn-∏p-I-tfbpw hn-a¿-i\ - ß - t- f-bpw sX-cs- ™-Sp-∏v hn-P-bw sIm-≠v d-±m-°m-sa-∂-h¿ I-cpXp-∂p. P-\-Io-b k-a-c-ß-sf A-Sn-®-a¿Øp-∂X - n¬ sX-√pw B-fl\ - n-μ tXm-∂mØ hn-[w sa-tPm-dn-t‰-dn-b\ - n-kw A-hs- c A-l¶ - m-cn-If- m-°p-∂p. ∂p-If - n-Sn-®pw, Izm-dn-Iƒ-°p-≈ \n-b{- ¥-Wß - ƒ \o-°n-bpw, \o¿-Ø-S-߃ \n-I-Øn-bpw \-S-Ønb \n¿-Ωn-Xn-I-sf Nq-≠n-bm-Ipw Cu k¿-°m¿ `m-hn-bn¬ Ip-‰-hn-Nm-c-W sN-ø-s∏-Sp-I. A-‘am-b hn-I-k-\ {`m-¥n-\v h-cpw X-e-ap-d-Iƒ sIm-Sp-t°-≠n h-cp-∂ hn-e-sb-{X-bm-Ip-sa-∂v C-∂v \n¿-Æ-bn-°m-\m-hn-√. H-cp Im-cy-ap-d-∏v, H-cp \mƒ Cu \n¿-Ωn-Xn-Iƒ A-h¿ X-√n-ØI¿-°pw. C Fw F-kn‚ hn-I-k-\am-Xr-I-bmb am-hq¿ {Km-knw I-º-\ntb-bpw, \m-b-\m-cpsS sIm-°-t°m-f-tb-bpw t]m-se. ]-≤-Xn \n¿-Ωm-tWm-Zv-Lm-S-\-ß-fp-sS s]cp-a-g-bm-Wv am-≤y-a-ß-fn¬. G-sd-bpw P-\-ßfm¬ F-Xn¿-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h. tIm-Sn°-W-°n-\v cq]-bp-sS ]-c-ky-∏-Ww ssI-∏-‰n-b am-≤y-a-߃ C-\n t^m¿-Øv F-kv-t‰-‰m-hn-√. P-\-Io-b k-
4
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a-c-ß-sf A-h¿ A-h-K-Wn-®p Xp-S-ßn. k-a-cw A-Sn-®-a¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn \n-b-a-°p-cp-°p-Iƒ apdp-°p-∂-Xv A-h¿ I-≠n-s√-∂v \-Sn-°p-∂p. hmbn¬ F√n≥ IjWap≈ ]-´n Ip-c-°n-s√∂ ]-g-sam-gn F-{X-am-{Xw i-cn! `-b-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw ]-c-kyw \n-tj-[n-®p-am-Wv tI-{μw Im-cyw km-[n-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ C-hn-sS ]-c-kyw \¬-In ]m-´n-em-°m-\m-Wv {i-aw. hn-I-k-\-Øn¬ cm-{„obw ]m-Sn-s√-∂ ]-√-hn G-‰p ]m-Sp-∂ {]-Xn-]£-sØ ]-‰n H-∂pw ]-d-bp-∂n-√. A-gn-a-Xn-bpw kz-P-\-]-£-]m-X-hpw X߃-°pw tN-cp-sa-∂v ]-t≠ sX-fn-bn-®n-´p-≠v C-S-Xp-]-£w. F-∂m¬ C-{X-tØm-fw D-tZym-Kÿ / D-]-tZ-i-I hr-μ-߃-°v C-Xn-\p ap-ºv A-h¿ Io-g-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂n-√. I¨-kƒ-´≥-kn-Ifn-eq-sS tIm¿-∏-td-‰p-I-fpw am-^n-b-I-fpw `-c-WsØ kzm-[o-\n-®v Im-cy-߃ t\-Sn-b-Xn-s‚ hnh-c-߃ H-s∂m-∂m-bn ]p-d-Øp h-cp-∂p. kv{]nw-Kv-f¿, s{s]-kv hm-´¿ Iq-∏¿, ]-º-bn-se aW¬ hn¬-∏-\, _n-b¿ D-Zv-]m-Z-\-Øn-\p-≈ A\p-a-Xn, am¿-°v Zm-\w, t]m-eo-kv \n-b-a t`-Z-KXn (Hm¿-Un-\≥-kn-eq-sS sIm-≠p-h-∂ H-cp \nb-aw do Hm¿-Un-\≥-kn-eq-sS ]n≥-h-en-®-Xv kwÿm-\-Øn¬ C-Xm-Zy-am-Wv) Xp-S-ßn A-ta-cn°≥ I-º-\n-bp-am-bp-f-f a-’y-_-‘-\ I-cm¿ h-sc-bp-≈ Xn-∑-I-fn¬ \n∂p k¿-°m-dn-s\/ tI-c-f-sØ c-£n-®-Xn-\v, k-aq-lw kp-μ-c-hnUv-Vn-bm-bn I-cp-Xn-t∏m-∂ {]-Xn-]-£ t\-Xmhn-t\m-Sv ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bpw C-S-Xp-]-£-hpw \-μn ]-d-b-Ww. ta¬-]-d-™ hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ \-ΩpsS _p-≤n-Po-hn-I-fp-sS au-\w A-h-cp-sS hm-bnepw F-√n≥ I-jv-W-ß-fp-t≠m F-∂v kw-i-bn∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ ]m¿-e-sa‚dn {]-Xn-]-£-tØm-sSm-∏-a-√ P-\-Io-b {]-Xn-]£-tØm-sSm-∏w \n¬-t°-≠h - c - m-Wt- √m _p-≤nPo-hn-Iƒ. {]-fb - Ø - n-epw am-lm-am-cn-bn-epw an-I® - t\Xr-Xzw \¬-In-sb-∂-Xv Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂, B k-Ω-Xn F-¥pw sN-øm-\p-≈ ssek≥-kv A-s√-∂pw, ^yq-U¬ \-∑-I-f-√ P-\m[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ th-≠-sX-∂pw C-S-Xp-]-£-sØ Hm¿-Ωn-∏n-°-s´. P-\m-[n-]-Xy {]-{In-b-bn¬ Pbn¬/a¨-sh-´n / thm-´v F-∂o aq-∂p {]-Xo-I߃ {]-[m-\-am-Wv. A-\o-Xn-s°-Xn-cm-bp-≈ \nc-¥-c t]m-cm-´-sØ kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂ P-bn¬ BWv ap-Jy-sa-∂v a-d-°-cp-Xv. P-\m-[n-]-Xyw kw-c£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv t]m-fn-ßv _q-Øn-eq-sS am-{Xam-sW-∂ [m-c-W ]-c-Øp-∂-Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚ `m-hn- C-cp-´n-em-°p-I-tb-bp-≈q.
I¿-j-I k-a-cw C-¥y-bp-sS cm-jv-{So-b Zn-i \n¿-Æ-bn-°pw
{]-^p-√ km-a-¥v-d
P-h-l¿-em¬ s\-lv-dp Dƒs∏-sS-bp-≈ tZ-io-b t\-Xm-°fm-Wv kzm-X-{¥ym-\-¥-cw C¥y-bp-sS `-c-Ww I-øm-fn-b-sX¶n-epw C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bpsS B¿-´n-°nƒ 38 {]-Im-c-ap≈ k-a-Xzw ssI-h-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v A-h¿-°v I-gn-™n-√. {ioa-Xn Km-‘n-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Is´ P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hpw a-tX-X-cXz-hpw kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw I-gn-™n-√. 1975˛77 Im-e-L-´Øn¬ P-\m-[n-]-Xyw A-]-I-SØn-em-bt- ∏mƒ tkm-jy-en-ÃpI-fp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-em-Wv P\m-[n-]-Xy ]p-\-ÿm-]-\-Øn\p-≈ {]-t£m-`w A-c-tß-dn-
b-Xv. C-¥y-bn-se ]n-∂m-° kap-Zm-bß - s - f cm-jv{- So-bØ - n-s‚ ap-Jy-[m-c-bn¬ {]-Xn-jvTn-°p∂-Xn-\v k-lm-bn-® a-Wv-U¬ I- Ω o- j - s ‚ D- ] - ⁄ m- X m- ° fpw tkm-jy-en-Ãp-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. C-Xn-s\-Xn-cm-bn k-h¿-Æ, k-º-∂ C-¥y≥ `-c-W-Iq-SØn- s ‚ a- d p- ] - S n- b m- b n- c p- ∂ p _m-_-dn a-kv-Pn-Zn-s‚ X-I¿-°epw C-¥y≥ k-º-ZvL-S-\-bpsS s]m-fn-s®-gp-Øpw. _m-_dn a-kv-Pn-Zv X-I¿-Ø-Xn-eq-sS C-¥y-bp-sS a-tX-X-c-Xz aq-eyß-fm-Wv X-I¿-°-s∏-´-Xv. BtKm-fh - ¬-°c - W - , D-Zm-ch - ¬-°c-W \-S-]-Sn-I-fn-eq-sS C-¥y≥ k-º-Zv-L-S-\ s]m-fn-s®-gp-Xn-bt∏mƒ k- a - X z- k - ¶ ¬- ∏ w Xs∂-bn-√m-Xm-bn. tIm¨-{K- ns‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tIm¿-∏td-‰v ˛ I-tºm-f ap-X-em-fn-ØsØ C-¥y≥ s]m-Xp-Po-hn-XØn-s‚ a-≤y-Øn¬ {]-Xn-jvTn®-Xn-s‚ A-\-¥-c-^-e-am-bn \tc-{μ-tam-Zn-sb-∂ B¿.-F-kv.F-kv.-{]-Nm-c-I-s\ tIm¿-∏-td‰v, I-tºm-f ap-X-em-fn-Øw C¥y≥ cm-jv-{So-b-Øn-s‚ tI{μ-ÿm-\-Øv {]-Xn-jvTn-®p. kh¿-Æ, k-º-∂, B-tKm-f -IpØ-I-ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s‚ Z-
√mƒ-]-Wn sN-øp-∂-Xn-t\ \tc-{μ-tam-Zn-°v I-gn-bp-Ib - p-≈q. C-Xn-s‚ A-\-¥-c-^-e-am-Wv I-gn-™ B-dp h¿-j-ß-fm-bn \-S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ \n-b-a\n¿-Ωm-W-߃. Ip-Ø-I-ap-Xem- f n- Ø - Ø n- s ‚ Xm- X v - ] - c y kw-c-£-W-am-Wv F≥.-Un.F `-c-W-Øn-s‚ ap-Jy-Im-cy-]-cn]m-Sn. C-¥y-bp-sS ]-c-tam-∂-X tIm-S-Xn-bpw C-Xn-\v A-\p-KpW-am-b co-Xn-bn-em-Wv {]-h¿-
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5
Øn-°p-∂-Xv. A-\o-Xn-°pw `c-W-Iq-S A-Sn-®-a¿-Ø-en-\pw F-Xn-cm-bn {]-Xn-tj-[n-°p-∂Xn- \ v P- \ - ß ƒ k- ÷ - c m- I ptºmƒ am-{X-ta kz-cm-Pv \-S∏n-em-hp-I-bp-≈q F-∂ Km-‘na-{¥w A-\z¿-∞-am-Ip-∂ -hn[-Øn¬, F-√m-hn-[ A-Sn-®-a¿Ø-ep-I-tf-bpw A-Xn-Po-hn-®psIm-≠v, U¬-ln-bn-se a-cw tIm-®p-∂ X-Wp-∏n-s\ A-h-KWn-®p- ap-t∂-dp-∂ I¿-j-I {]t£m-`-Øn-\p apºn¬ A-Sn-bd-hv ]-d-bm-sX tam-Zn k¿-°mdn-\v K-Xy-¥-c-an-√. I¿-j-I ka-cw A-Xp-sIm-≠p X-s∂ Ncn-{X-hn-P-b-am-bn-Øocpw. C-t∏m-g-sØ _n.-sP.]n bp-sS ]q¿-Δ-cq-]-am-b P-\-kwLw A-Sn-b-¥n-cm-h-ÿ-bv-s°Xn-cm-b t]m-cm-´-Øn¬ a-‰p {]Xn-]-£ I-£n-I-tfm-sSm-∏w k-Po-h-am-bn D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A-h¿ Iq-Sn tN¿-∂p-sIm-≠mWv 77 ¬ P-\-Xm-]m¿-´n cq-]oI-cn-®-Xpw sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ a’-cn-®-Xpw. A-[n-Im-c-Øn-tedn-b P-\-Xm-]m¿-´n-bn¬ {]m-apJyw t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\p th-≠n-bp≈ P-\-kw-Lw t\-Xm-°-fpsS, {]-tXy-In-®v B¿.-F-kv.-Fkv. {]-Nm-c-I-cm-b t\-Xm-°-fpsS Ip- X - { ¥- ß ƒ Xn- c n- ® - d nbm≥ I-gn-™ a-[p-en-am-sbsb-t∏m-ep-≈ tkm-jy-en-Ãv t\-Xm-°ƒ-°v ssl-μ-h ^mkn-k-Øn-s‚ Xn-c-t\m-´w ap≥Iq-´n {]-h-Nn-°p-∂-Xn-\v I-gn™p. ssl-μ-h ^m-kn-k-Øns‚ Xn-c-t\m-´-sØ ^-e-{]-Z-ambn sN-dp-°p-∂-Xn-\v P-\-Xm]m¿-´n t\-Xr-Xz-hpw sam-dm¿-Pn tZ-im-bn-bp-sS k¿-°m-cpw ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv a-\- n-em-°nb tkm-jy-en-Ãp-Iƒ-°v ]m¿´n-tbm-Spw k¿-°m-cn-t\m-Spw hnS ]-d-tb-≠n-h-∂p. ]-g-b P-\kw-Lw ]p-Xn-b t]-cn¬, `m-cXo-b P-\-Xm-]m¿-´n-sb-∂ t]-
6
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cn¬, 1980˛¬ cq-]w sIm-≠t∏mƒ Km-‘n-b≥ tkm-jy-enk-am-Wv A-h-cp-sS cm-jv-{So-b{]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-am-bn kzo-I-cn®-Xv. 1980˛¬ A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ Xn-cn-sI F-Øn-b {io-a-Xn Km‘n ar-Zp ln-μp-Xz k-ao-]-\w kzo- I - c n- ® - t Xm- S p- I q- S n _n.sP.]n A- ] - I - S w Xn- c n- ® - d n™p. Km-‘n-b≥ tkm-jy-enkw A-h¿-°v sX-c-s™-Sp-∏v hn-Pb - w t\-Sn-s°m-Sp-°p-Ib - n-√ F-∂ k-Xyw A-h¿-°v t_m≤y- a m- b n. B- I - k v - a n- I - a m- b n 1984 H-Iv-tSm-_-dn¬ kn-Jv `oI-cc - p-sS sh-Sn-tb-‰v {io-aX - n Km‘n h-[n-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ, B¿.F- k v . - F - k v Dƒ- s ∏- s S- b p- ≈ ssl-μ-h kw-L-S-\-Iƒ tIm¨-{K- n-\v ]n-∂n¬ A-Wn-\nc-∂p. A-ß-s\ 1984- Un-kw-_dn¬ \-S-∂ sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ cm-Po-hv-Km-‘n-bp-sS t\-Xr-XzØn¬ tIm¨-{K- v D-÷z-e-amb hn-P-bw t\-Sn. _n.-sP.]n °v tem-I-k-`-bn¬ e-`n-®-Xv tI-h-ew 2 ko-‰p-Iƒ am-{Xw. C-Xv A-h¿-s°m-cp Xn-cn-®d - n-hmbn-cp-∂p. Km-‘n-b≥ tkm-jyen-kw A-h¿ D-t]-£n-®p. cma-t£-{X-\n¿-Ωm-W-hpw tKm-h[-\n-tcm-[-\-hpw, a-X-]-cn-h¿Ø-\ \n-tcm-[-\-hpw ap-Jy- -]cn-]m-Sn-I-fm-bn A-h-X-cn-∏n-®psIm-≠v Xo-{h-tZ-io-b-X-bpw Xo-{h-ln-μp-Xz-hpw \-bß - f - m-bn A-h¿ kzoIcn®p. cm-Po-hv Km‘n- b p- s S t\- X r- X z- Ø n¬ tIm¨-{K- pw ln-μp-Xz- \n-e]m-Sp-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-®p sIm-≠v cm- a - t £- { X - \ n¿- Ω m- W - s Ø t{]m-’m-ln-∏n-®p. in-em-\ymk-Øn-\v A-\p-hm-Zw sIm-SpØp. B-cm-Wv Iq-Sp-X¬ lnμp-Xz-hm-Zn F-∂X - n¬ A-h¿ XΩn¬ a-’-c-am-bn. A-ß-s\bm-Wv A-Zzm-\n-bp-sS t\-Xr-XzØn¬ tkm- a - \ m- Y - t £- { XØn¬ \n-∂v A-tbm-≤y-bn-te-
°v c-Y-bm-{X \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\v Xo-cp-am-\n-®-Xv. C-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ ln-μp-Xzi-‡n-I-fp-sS {]-Xo-£-I-sf X-In-Sw a-dn-®p-sIm-≠v 1989˛-se sX-cs - ™-Sp-∏n¬ hn.-]n.-knw-Kns‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ P-\-Xm-Zƒ k¿-°m¿ A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂p. B k¿-°m-cn¬ tkm-jyen-Ãp-Iƒ-°v Im-cy-am-b kzm[o-\w D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v a-Wv-U¬ I-Ωo-j≥ dn-t∏m¿´v \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ Xocp-am-\w ssI-s°m-≈m≥ I-gn™p. ]n-∂m-° k-ap-Zm-b-ßfp-sS D-W¿-Øp-]m-´v F-∂ \ne-bn¬ a-Wv-U¬ I-Ωo-j≥ dn-t∏m¿-´v Aw-Ko-Ic - n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂Xv ln-μp-Xz-i‡ - n-Iƒ-°v k-ln°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ Im-cyw Bbn-cp-∂n-√. hn.-]n.-knw-Kv k¿°m-dn-s\ A-´n-a-dn-°p-∂-Xn¬ A-h¿ hn-P-bn-®p. Xp-S¿-∂p \S-∂ sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n-\n-S-bn¬ cm-Po-hv Km-‘n h-[n-°-s∏-´-XpsIm-≠v tI-h-e `q-cn-]-£w e`n-°m-sX X-s∂ \-c-knw-l-dmhp-hn-s‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ A-[nIm-c-Øn-se-Øm≥ tIm¨-{K n-\p I-gn-™p. a-Wv-U¬-IΩo-j≥ dn-t∏m¿-´v \-S-∏n-em-°p∂-Xn-eq-sS ]n-∂m-° k-ap-Zm-b߃-°v e-`n-°m-\n-Sb - p-≈ ˛- hnZym-`ym-k-cw-K-Øpw, k¿-°m¿ sXm-gn¬ ta-J-e-bn-epw cm-jv{So-b A-[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚ ta-Je-bn-epw ˛ ap-t∂-‰-sØ X-S-bp∂-Xn-\v e-£yw sh-®p-sIm-≠v, C-¥y≥ k-º-Zv-L-S-\-sb BtKm-f-Ip-Ø-I ap-X-em-fn-ØØn-\v Xp-d-∂p sIm-Sp-°p-∂ \-b-am-Wv \-c-knw-l-dm-hp k¿°m¿ kzo-Ic - n-®X - v. I-tºm-f aqe-[-\-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-b kº-Zv L-S-\-bn¬ sXm-gn¬ ZmXm-sh-∂ \n-e-bn¬ k¿-°m-cn\v Im-cy-am-b ]-¶n-√m-Xm-Iptºmƒ ]n- ∂ m- ° k- a p- Z m- b ߃ Iq-Sp-X¬ h¿-÷n-X-cm-
hpw F-∂v k-h¿-Æ k-º-∂ ap-X-em-fn-Ø hn-`m-Kw a-\- nem-°n. A-ßs - \ B-tKm-fh - ¬°-c-W-hpw kz-Im-cy h¬-°c-W-hpw C-¥y≥ k-º-Zv-L-S\-bp-sS ap-J-ap-{Z-bm-bn. kz-tZio-b-hpw hn-tZ-io-b-hp-am-b IpØ- I - a p- X - e m- f n- Ø w i- ‡ ambn. C-tX A-h-k-c-Øn-em-Wv A-Zzm-\n-bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ B¿.-F-kv.-F-kv. Kp-≠mkw-Lw A-tbm-≤y-bn-se _m_-dn a-kv-Pn-Zv s]m-fn-®v A-hnsS cm-a-t£-{Xw ]-Wn {]-Jym]n-®-Xv. _m-_-dn a-kv-Pn-Zv s]mfn-°p-∂-Xn-\v \-c-knw-l-dm-hp k¿-°m¿ am-{X-a-√, C-¥y-bnse ]-c-tam-∂-X \o-Xn-\ym-b tIm-SX - n-bpw H-Øm-i sN-bvX - p. _m-_d - n a-kvP - n-Zv I-√n-t∑¬ I√n-√m-sX s]m-fn-®-Sp-°n A-hnsS cm-a-t£-{X-Øn-s‚ sN-dpcq-]w \n¿-Ωn-®-Xn-\p ti-j-amWv X¬-ÿn-Xn \n-e\ - n¬-°s - ´ F-∂ kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS hn-[n D-≠m-b-Xv. ssl-μ-h-kzXz-t_m-[-sØ hm-t\m-fw D-±o]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v _m-_-dn a-kvPn-Zn-s‚ X-I¿-°¬ Im-c-W-ambn. tIm¨-{K- pw _n.-sP.]n bpw ln-μp-h¿-§o-b-X-sb ]-cam-h-[n D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xn¬ ]-c-kv-]-cw a-’-cn-®p. AtXm-sSm-∏w I-tºm-f ap-X-emfn-Ø-sØ Xm-tem-en-°p-∂-Xnepw C-cp-h-cpw a-’-cn-®p. C-μncm-Km-‘n-bp-tS-bpw cm-Po-hv-Km‘n-bp-sS-bpw H-Øm-i-tbm-sSbm-Wv [o-cp-_m-bv Aw-_m-\nbp-sS dn-e-b≥-kv C-¥y-bn-se hy-h-km-b-cw-K-Øv Np-h-Sp-d-∏n®-sX-¶n¬ \-c-knw-l-dm-hp-hns‚ Im-e-Øm-Wv Ku-Xw AZm-\n hy-h-km-b-cw-K-tØ-°v I-S-∂p-h-∂-Xv. B-tKm-f I-®h-S-Øn-se, {]-tXy-In-®v C-d°p-a-Xn-bn-te-bpw I-b-‰p-a-Xnbn-te-bpw Xo-cp-h-I-fp-sS Rm-
Wn-t∑¬ I-fn-bp-sS-bpw, tUmf¿ H-cp I-®-h-S N-c-°m-bn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn-s‚-bpw ]n≥-_-e-Øn-em-Wv A-Zm-\n hy-h-km-b cw-K-Øv h-f¿-∂-Xv. B h-f¿-®-bp-sS kw-`m-h-\-bmWv \-tc-{μ-tam-Zn-bpw A-an-Xvjm-bpw. \-tc-{μ-tam-Zn ap-Jy-a{¥n-bpw A-an-Xv-jm B-`y-¥c-a-{¥n-bpw B-bn-cp-∂p-sIm≠m-Wv Kp-P-dm-Øn¬ hw-io-b-
∂ sh-Sn-s°-´n-s‚ kq-N-I-ßfm-bn-cp-∂p. 2014 ¬ A-[n-Im-cØn¬ F- Ø n- b - t Xm- S p- I q- S n kw-L-]-cn-hm¿ Im-cy-]-cn-]m-SnIƒ B-kq-{Xn-X-am-bn \-S-∏nem-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ {i-a-ß-fmWv D-≠m-b-Xv. X-ß-fp-sS kvt]m¨-k¿-am-cm-b tIm¿-∏-td‰v ap-X-em-fn-am¿-°p-th-≠n cmjv-{S-Øn-s‚ k-º-Øv Xo-sdgp-Xn-s°m-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ {i-
l-Xy A-c-tß-dn-b-Xv. ssl-μh-^m-kn-k-Øn-s‚ tIm¿-∏-td‰v D¬-∏-∂-am-bn \-tc-{μ-tam-Znbpw A-an-Xv-jm-bpw h-f¿-∂-Xv A-hn-sS \n-∂m-Wv. 2002 ap-X¬ Kp-P-dm-Øv, a-lm-cm-{„, cm-P-ÿm≥, a-≤y{]-tZ-iv, D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv, F-∂o kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ ssl-μ-h ^m-kn-k-Øn-s‚ ]-co-£-Wim-e-Iƒ F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ h¿§o-b I-em-]-߃ Xp-S¿-°-YI-fm-bn Xo¿-∂p. 2014 s^-{_ph- c n- b n¬ D- Ø ¿- { ]- t Z- i n- s e sam-dm-Zm-_m-Zn-epw ap- m-^¿ \-K-dn-epw A-c-tß-dn-b h¿-§ob I-em-]-߃ h-cm-\n-cn-°p-
aw Du¿-÷n-X-am-°n. 2004 apX¬ 2014 h-sc A-[n-Im-c-Ønen-cp-∂ a≥-tam-l≥-knw-Kn-s‚ t\- X r- X z- Ø n- e p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ k¿-°m¿ F-Æ ˛ {]-Ir-Xn-hmX-I cw-K-Øpw, Du¿-÷ D¬∏m-Z-\-cw-K-Øpw Im¿-jn-I cwK-Øpw F-∂p-th-≠, k-º-ZvL-S-\-bp-sS Po-h-\m-Un-I-fm-b F-√m-cw-K-ß-fpw I-tºm-f apX-em-fn-Ø i-‡n-Iƒ-°v ASn-b-d-h-bv-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. \tc- { μ- t am- Z n- b p- s S t\- X r- X zØn¬ Cu {]-{In-b-°v th-Kw ssI-h-cn-®p. Xp-d-ap-J-ß-fpw, hn-am-\-Øm-h-f-ß-fpw, I¬-°cn-˛ F-Æ ˛ {]-Ir-Xn-hm-X-I
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]m-Sß - f - pw, L-\h - y-hk - m-bß - fpw, F-Æ ip-≤o-I-c-W im-eI-fpw sS-en-t°mw ta-J-e-bpw A-ß-s\ F-√m hy-h-km-b-ßfpw A-Zm-\n˛Aw-_m-\n-am¿-°mbn ho-Xw sh-®p. Im¿-jn-IcwK-Øpw sXm-gn¬-cw-K-Øpw Ah¿-°p k-lm-b-I-am-Ip-∂ \nb-a-߃ ]m- m-°n-sb-Sp-Øp. A-Xn-s‚ H-Sp-hn-e-sØ D-Zm-lc-W-am-Wv ]pXnb Im¿-jn-I \n-b-a-߃. `-£y-D¬-∏-∂-ßfp-sS Ip-Ø-I kw-`-c-W-hpw,
Nn-X-dn-°n-S-°p-∂, cm-jv-{Sob e-£y-t_m-[w \-jv-S-s∏-´ {]-Xn-]-£w _n.-sP.]n k¿°m-cn-\v A-h-cp-sS ]-cn-]m-SnIƒ \-S-∏n-em-°n-sb-Sp-°p∂-Xn-\v h-fs- c k-lm-bI - c- a- mWv. C-Xn-epw ]-cn-Xm-]-I-c-ambn-´p-≈-Xv ]-c-tam-∂-X \o-Xn]o-T-Øn-s‚ A-h-ÿ-bm-Wv. tI-{μ-k¿-°m-dn-\v _p-≤n-ap´p-≠m-°p-∂ H-cp hn-[n-bpw {]-kX -v m-hn-°p-Ib - n-s√-∂ hmin-bn-em-Wv tIm-SX - n-Iƒ. hn-X-c-W-hpw, hn-e -{I-ao-I-c-Whpw F-√mw Aw-_m-\n-°pw AZm-\n-°pw \n-b-{¥n-°m-hp-∂ hn-[-Øn-em-Wv C-t∏m-g-sØ aq-∂p I¿-j-I \n-b-a-ß-fpw D≠m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ `q-cn-]-£ap-f-f-Xp-sIm-≠v G-Xp \n-b-ahpw A-h¿-°v tXm-∂p-∂ hn[-Øn¬ \n¿-Ωn-s®-Sp-°m≥ \tc-{μ-tam-Zn-°v _p-≤n-ap-´n-√. NnX-dn-°n-S-°p-∂, cm-jv-{So-b e£y-t_m-[w \-jv-S-s∏-´ {]-Xn]-£w _n.-sP.]n k¿-°m-cn-\v A-h-cp-sS ]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \-S-∏nem-°n-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\v h-f-sc k-lm-b-I-c-am-Wv. C-Xn-epw ]cn-Xm-]I - c - a - m-bn-´p-≈X - v ]-ct- am∂-X \o-Xn-]o-T-Øn-s‚ A-h-
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A¥¿[m-c
ÿ-bm-Wv. tI-{μ-k¿-°m-dn-\v _p-≤n-ap-´p-≠m-°p-∂ H-cp hn[n-bpw {]-kv-Xm-hn-°p-I-bn-s√∂ hm-in-bn-em-Wv tIm-S-XnIƒ. dm-t^¬ bp-≤-hn-am-\ CS-]m-Sn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn-em-bm-epw, _m-_-dn a-kv-Pn-Zv \n-e-\n-∂ncp-∂ `q-an-bp-sS D-Sa - ÿ X - kw_-‘n-® hn-jb - Ø - n-em-bm-epw tI-{μ-k¿-°m-cpw ln-μp-Xz-i‡n-I-fpw F-¥m-tWm B-{Kln-°p-∂-Xv, A-Xv Aw-Ko-I-cn®p-sIm-Sp-°-em-Wv X-ß-fp-sS tPm-en F-∂ a-´n-em-Wv ]-etIm-S-Xn hn-[n-I-fpw. ]-e hn[n-I-fpw bp-‡n-°pw km-am-\y_p-≤n-°pw \n-c-°p-∂-Xp-a-√. _m-_-dn a-kv-Pn-Zv s]m-fn-®-Xv {In-an-\¬ Ip-‰-am-sW-∂v {]-kvXm-hn-® tIm-S-Xn, X¿-° `q-anbp-sS D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-iw ]-≈n s]m-fn-®-h¿-°v \¬-In-b-Xns\ G-Xv \n-b-a-{]-Im-c-am-Wv km- [ q- I - c n- ° m≥ I- g n- b p- I ? tI-{μ-k¿-°m-cn-s\ Ip-g-∏-ßfn¬ \n-∂v c-£-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ Zu-Xyw G-s‰-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂ tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS `m-K-Øp-\n-∂p≠m-bn-´p-≈ G-‰-hpw H-Sp-hn-esØ {]-l-k-\-am-Wv Im¿-jnI \n-b-a-ß-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏´v D-≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv. C-¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS A-¥- -Ø°v \n-c-°m-Ø-Xm-Wv Im¿-jnI \n-b-a-߃ F-∂v A-dn-bmam-bn-cn-s°, B `m-Kw ]-cm-a¿in- ° m- s X, th- ≠ - { X N¿- ® sN-øm-sX-bm-Wv \n-b-a-߃ ]m- m-°n-sb-Sp-Ø-Xv F-∂ Im-c-W-Øm¬, \n-b-a-߃ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xv Xm-Xv-°m-en-Iam-bn X-S-™-Xv, b-Ym¿-∞Øn¬, tI-{μ-k¿-°m-cn-\v izmkw hn-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ k-a-bw A-\p-h-Zn-®p sIm-Sp-°-em-Wv. \n-b-a-ß-sf A-\p-Iq-en-°p-∂h-sc am-{Xw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn hnZ-Kv-≤-k-an-Xn-sb \n-b-an-®-Xpw I¿-j-I-cp-sS k-a-c-sØ X-
I¿-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ {i-a-Øn-s‚ `m-Ka - m-bn am-{X-ta Im-Wm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q. F-∂m¬ C-Ø-cw X-{¥ß-fn-epw sI-Wn-I-fn-epw hoWp-t]m-Im-sX, X-ß-fp-sS e£y-sØ-°p-dn-®v hy-‡-am-b [m-c-W-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn ap-t∂-dp-∂ I¿-j-I-k-a-cw hn-P-bn-°p-I X-s∂ sN-øpw. aq-∂p \n-b-aß-fpw ]n≥-h-en-°m-sX ho-SpI-fn-te-°v a-S-ßp-I-bn-s√-∂ I¿-j-I-cp-sS \n-›-b-Zm¿-VyØn-\p ap≥-]n¬ ap-´p-a-S-°msX tI-{μ-k¿-°m-cn-\v K-Xy-¥c-an-√. 1950 I-fn¬ tem-ly-bpsS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ D-Ø¿-{]tZ-in-epw _o-lm-dn-epw A-Xn\p ap≥-]v I¿-Æm-S-I-Øn-epw \- S - ∂ sF- X n- l m- k n- I - a m- b I¿-j-I k-a-c-ß-sf A-\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv C-t∏mƒ \S-°p-∂ I¿-j-I k-a-c-hpw. Ct∏m-g-sØ k-a-cw {]-Xn-]-£ cm-jv-{So-b-sØ hy-Xy-kv-X-amb H-cp X-e-Øn-te-°v D-b¿Øn-bn-´p-≠v F-∂p-≈-Xv `m-hn C-¥y≥ cm-jv-{So-b-Øn-\v KpW-I-c-am-b H-cp Zn-i Im-Wn°pw F-∂p-≈-Xn¬ kw-i-b-an√. tIm¿-∏-td-‰v P-\m-[n-]-XyØn- \ pw ssl- μ - h - ^ m- k n- k Øn-\pw F-Xn-cm-bn km-[m-cW P-\-ß-fp-sS ˛-I¿-j-I-cp-tS-bpw sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-tS-bpw ˛ sFIy-\n-c D-b¿-∂p h-cp-sa-∂-Xns‚ kq-N-\-bm-Wv, knw-Kq-hn¬ \n-∂pw jm-P-lm≥ ]q-cn¬ \n∂pw D-bc - p-∂ i-_vZ- ß - ƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xv. (tI-c-f-Øn-se {]-ap-J tkm-jy-enÃv Nn-¥-I-\pw, {K-Ÿ-Im-c-\pw, temlym-hn-Nm-c-th-Zn ÿm-]-I t\-Xmhp-am-bn-cp-∂ k-Jm-hv ]n.-hn.-Ip-cy-s‚ P-∑-i-Xm-_v-Zn ]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ D-Zv-LmS-\w sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠v \-S-Øn-b {]`m-j-W-Øn-s‚ {]-k-‡-`m-K-am-Wv C-hn-sS tN¿-Øn-´p-≈-Xv. {]-^p-√ km-a-¥v-d tem-lym-[m-c-bn-se {]-apJ tkm-jy-en-Ãp-t\-Xm-hpw \n-bma-Kn-cn k-a-c-Øn-\p t\-Xr-Xzw \¬In-b ]-cn-ÿn-Xn {]-h¿-Ø-I-\pw NAPM s‚ tZ-io-b kw-Lm-S-I-\pamWv.)
Sn-_-‰≥ P-\-X-bp-sS kzm-X-{¥y kz-]v-\-߃ ]m-Sn-s°m-≠n-Xm, H-cp I-hn \-ap-°n-S-bn-eq-sS \-S-∂p \-S-∂v A-ºn-fn Hm-a-\-°p-´≥
C-¥y-bn¬ A-`-bm¿-Ynbm-Wv Sn-_-‰≥ I-hn sS≥kn≥ kyp-¥yp. A-bmƒ tIh-ew H-sc-gp-Øp-Im-c≥ am-{Xa-√. a-\p-jym-h-Im-i {]-h¿-ØI-\pw, kw-kv-Im-c-hpw `m-j-bpsa-√mw \-„-am-Ip-∂ H-cp P-\X-bp-sS A-Xn-Po-h-\ t]m-cm-´Øn-s‚ {]-Xo-Ihpw Iq-sS-bmWv. tem-I-Øn-se H-‰ cm-Pyhpw ]n-¥p-W-bv-°m-\n-√m-Ø, P-\m-[n-]-Xy a-\p-jym-h-Im-i {]-ÿm-\-߃ au-\w ]m-en°p-∂ H-cp hn-j-b-sØ Ip-dn®v P-\ß - t- fm-Sv kw-km-cn-°m≥ C-¥y-bm-sI ]-Z-bm-{X \-S-ØpI-bm-W-bmƒ. Sn-_-‰≥ ]p-Xph¿-ja - m-b ^n-{_-hc - n 12 \v Bcw-`n-® B \-S-Øw am¿-®v 10\v Z¬-ln-bn-se-Øp-tºm-tg-°pw 500 In-tem-ao-‰-dp-Iƒ ]n-∂n-´ncn-°pw. `o-am-Im-c-am-b cm-{„L-S\-sb tNm-Zyw sN-øp-I-bm-Wbmƒ. ssN-\˛C-¥y A-Xn¿Øn-bn-se kw-L¿-j-߃-°v im-iz-X ]-cn-lm-cw Xn-_-‰n-s‚ kzm-X-{¥y-am-sW-∂v A-t±-lw Hm¿-Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p. C-¥ybpsS G-I]£obamb ssN-\m\bw d-±m-°-W-sa-∂v C-¥ym Kh¿-sa-≠n-t\m-Sv B-h-iy-s∏-SpI-bpw sN-øp-∂p. A-Xn-\v At±-lw A-©p Im-c-W-߃ \n-
tem-I-Øn-se H-‰ cm-Pyhpw ]n-¥p-W-bv-°m-\n-√mØ, P-\m-[n-]X - y a-\p-jymh-Im-i {]-ÿm-\ß - ƒ au\w ]m-en-°p-∂ H-cp hn-jb-sØ Ip-dn-®v P-\ß - t- fmSv kw-km-cn-°m≥ C-¥ybm-sI ]-Z-bm-{X \-S-ØpI- b m- W v Sn- _ - ‰ ≥ I- h n sS≥-kn≥ kyp-¥yp. Sn-_‰≥ ]p-Xp-h¿-j-am-b ^n{_-hc- n 12 \v B-cw-`n-® B \-SØ - w am¿-®v 10\v Z¬-lnbn- s e- Ø p- t ºm- t g- ° pw 500 In-tem-ao-‰d- p-Iƒ ]n-∂n´n-cn-°pw. c-Øp-∂p-≠v-. 1) H-cp cm-Py-hpw a-s‰m-cp cm- P y- Ø n- s ‚ ]- c - a m- [ n- I m- c Øn¬ C-Ss - ]-Sc - p-Xv. C-¥y-bpw C-¥ym-°m-cpw tem-I-sØ Hcp cm-Py-Øn-\p ta¬ a-s‰m-cp cm-Pyw \-S-Øp-∂ A-[n-\n-thi-sØ Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-tbm \n-b-a-km-[p-X-bp-≈-Xm-bn IW-°m-°p-I-tbm sN-ø-cp-Xv.. 2) A-cp-Wm-N-en-se C¥y≥ {]-tZ-i-߃, e-Um-°nse kaXe-߃, ln-am-N¬ {]-tZ-iv, D-Ø-cm-J-fiv, kn°nw F∂nhnSßfnepw ssN-
\ A-h-Im-i-hm-Zw Xp-S-cp-∂p. A-h¿ ]m-In-ÿm-s‚ sN-bvXn-I-sf F-t∏m-gpw ]n-¥p-Wbv-°p-∂p. H-cp G-I `m-c-X \bw ssN-\ kzo-Ic - n-®n-´n-s√-∂ncn-s° F-¥n-\m-Wv C-¥y GI ssN-\m \-bw Aw-Ko-I-cn°p-∂-Xv. 3) C-¥y kz-X-{¥-am-Iptºmƒ Sn-_-‰v H-cp kz-X-{¥ cm-Py-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1950 em-Wv Sn-_-‰n¬ ssN-\o-kv A-[n-\nth-iw B-cw-`n-®-Xv. 1954 ¬ C¥y Sn-_-‰n-s\ ssN-\-bp-sS `m-K-am-bn Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p. B
A¥¿[m-c
9
sX-‰n-s‚ A-\-¥-c-^-e-am-bncp-∂p C-¥y-bv-s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ ssN-\o-kv A-{I-a-Ww. C-¥y-bv-°pw ssN-\-bv-°p-anS-bn¬ k-am-[m-\ Imw-£nbm-b Sn-_-s‰-∂ H-cp kz-X{¥- c m- { „- a p- ≠ m- b n- c p- s ∂¶n¬ A-Xv kw-`-hn-°p-am-bncp- ∂ n- √ . tUm- ¢ mw, Km¬hm≥ kw-`-h-߃ C-∂v ]Xn-hm-bn am-dn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p Im-c-W-hpw a-s‰m-∂-√. 4) C-¥y-tbm-Sv A-{I-atWm-’p-I-am-b \n-e-]m-sS-Sp°p-I-bpw ]m-In-ÿm-s\ ]n¥p-W-bv-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ sFIy ssN\ \-b-am-Wv C¥y-bp-sS hm¿-jn-I _-P-‰ns‚ h-en-b ]-¶v ssk-\n-Ih-Xv-I-c-W-Øn-\m-bn sN-e-hgn-t°-≠n h-cp-∂-Xn-\p Im-cWw. 2021 ¬ A-Xv G-I-tZiw 35 _n-ey≥ tUm-f-dm-bncn-°pw. A-Xn¿-Øn-bn¬ kam-[m-\w ssI-h-∂m¬ Cu ]-Ww ap-gp-h≥ C-¥y-bn-se P-\-ß-fp-sS t£-a-Øn-\m-bn sN-e-hn-Sm≥ I-gn-bpw. 5) C-¥y-bv-°v ssN-\sb X-S-bm≥ I-gn-b-W-sa¶n¬ G-I ssN-\m \-bw \nc-kn-®v Sn-_‰ - n-s‚ ]-ca - m-[n-Imc-hpw kzm-X-{¥y-hpw Aw-KoI-cn-°-Ww. ssN-\-tb-°mƒ kmwkv-Im-cn-I-hpw cm-{„o-b-hp-amb ]m-c-º-cy-ap-≈ H-cp k-aql-am-Wv Sn-_‰ - v. N-cn-{X-Øn¬ ssN-\-bv-°p ap-tº cq-]-s∏´ cm-Py-hpw. B-bp-[ i-‡n sIm- ≠ m- W v ssN- \ Xn- _ ‰n¬ A-[n-\n-th-iw \-S-Ønb-Xv. H-cp P-\m-[n-]-Xy k-aql-Øn-\v C-Xv Aw-Ko-I-cn-°m\m-Ip-tam F-∂m-Wv C-¥y°m-tcm-Sv ]-Z-bm-{X-bn-ep-S-\ofw sS≥-knw-Kv kyp-¥yp tNmZn-°p-∂-Xv.
10
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Z-en-Xv _-‘p F≥ sI tPm-kn-s\ tX-Sn k-a-{K kw-`m-h-\-°p-≈ tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-°m-Z-an ]p-ck - I -v m-cw F-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. B-cm-Wb - mƒ:
tkm-jy-en-Ãm-b Z-en-Xv _-‘p-hn-s\ A-dn-bp-tam ? kn-hn-Iv N-{μ≥
B
a-\p-jy≥ C-t∏m-gpw F-gp-Xn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. \ap-°p Np-‰p-ap-≈ a-\p-jy-cp-sS Po-hn-X-ß-sf Ip-dn-®v. `m-cy-bp-sS sI-´p-Xm-en-h-sc hn-‰v \q-‰-º-tXm-fw ]p-kv-X-I߃ F-gp-Xn {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-® H-cmƒ, A-Xn¬ an-°-Xpw hn-hm-Z߃ kr-„n-®-Xv. 90 h-b- v I-gn-™ A-t±-lw ho-´p-ap-‰-Øv Xs‚ i-h-°-√-d-bpw ]-Wn-Xv A-¥y-bm-{X-bv-°v X-øm-dm-bn ImØn-cn-°p-∂-Xv \m-sa-{X t]¿ {i-≤n-®n-´p-≠v? Z-en-Xv _-‘p tkm-jy-en-Ãv ]m¿-´n-bp-sS tIm-´-bw Pn-√m kn-{I-´dn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ln-Ã-dn tIm¨-{K- n-s‚ kw-ÿm-\ P\-d¬ kn-{I-´-dn-bpw. h-b-em-dn-s‚ k-l-]mTn, _-jo-dn-s‚ ]-cnN-b-°m-c≥.... Fw ]n t]m-fn-s\ t]m-se-bm-Im≥ sIm-Xn-®-bmƒ. hm¿-≤-bn¬ t]m-bn ]Tn-®v, tem-ly-tbm-Spw a-[p en-am-sbtbm-Spw A-tim-Iv ta-Ø-tbm-Spw B¿ Fw a-\-°-em-Øn-t\m-Spsam-∏w ap-gp-Po-hn-X B-Œn-hn-Ãm-hm-\p-≈ k-Xy-{]-Xn-⁄ sNbv-X-bmƒ... ]-Ivtj, A-tX Km-‘n-b≥ tkm-jy-en-Ãv Km-‘ntb-bpw tKm-Zv-tk-tb-bpw H-∏w H-cp-an-®v t]-cv hn-fn-®v {]-`m-j-W
Pm-Xn tI-c-fw ]-c-º-c \-S-Øp-∂p.... C-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ]p-kv-X-I-߃-°v A-h-Xcn-I F-gp-Xn-b-Xv tem-ly-bpw \n-XyssN-X-\yb-Xn-bpw I¿-±n-\mƒ ]m-td-°m-´n-epw a-‰pw.... Ct±-l-Øn-\v Z-en-Xv _-‘p ]-´w \¬-In B-Z-cn®-Xv C-¥y≥ Z-en-Xv s^-U-td-j-\p th-≠n I√-d kp-Ip-am-c≥.... F-∂n-´pw B-ÿm-\ N-cn-{XIm-c-∑m¿-°n-S-bn¬, F-¥n-\v N-cn-{X hn-Zym¿-YnIƒ-°n-S-bn¬-t∏m-epw ]-cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-t´-bn-√. F-s¥-√m-am-Wv A-t±-lw X-s‚ ]p-kv-XI-ß-fn-eq-sS ]-d-bm≥ {i-an-®-Xv? th-ep-Ø-ºn Z-f-h-bm-Wv Xn-cp-h-Xmw-Iq-dn-s\ Cu-Ãn-¥ym Iº-\n-°v Xo-sd-gp-Xn sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv / kzm-Xn Xncp-\mƒ F-∂ A-\-¥-]p-cn \o-N≥ / ]-g-»n-cmP tI-c-f an¿-Pm-^¿ / Km-‘n-bpw tKm-Zv tkbpw Z-fn-X¿-°v H-cp-t]m-se / A-h¿-W k-ap-Zmb-Øn-s‚ km-aq-ly \-thm-∞m-\-sa-∂ ]m-emgn-a-Y-\w \-S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ In-´n-b Im-f-Iq-S-am-Wv t£-{X-{]-th-i-\ hn-fw-_-cw/ t£-{X-\-S-bn¬ Iq-Sn _-e-am-bn \-S-°m-s\m-cp-ßn-b A-ø-¶m-fnbp-sS A-\p-bm-bn-I-sf h-©n-®-Xn-s‚ N-cn-{Xam-Wv ssh-°w k-Xym-{K-lw / H-cp an-√n-{Kmw kz¿-Æw t]m-epw tI-c-f-Øn¬ \n-∂v Ip-gn-s®Sp-Øn-´n-√. C-hn-Sp-sØ H-cp cm-Pm-hpw A-\y-cmPy-ß-fn¬ t]m-bn ]-S-sh-´n H-cp I-g-©v t]mepw kz¿-Ww sIm-≠p-h-∂n-´n-√. ]n-s∂ {io-]fl-\m-` kzm-an t£-{X-Øn-se kz¿-Æw F-hnsS \n-∂v?/ h-b-em-dn¬ sIm-√-s∏-´-Xv Pm-en-b≥ hm-em-_m-Kn¬ sIm-√-s∏-´-h-cp-sS ]-Øn-c-´n. Pmen-b≥ hm-em-_m-Kn¬ sIm-√-s∏-´-h-cm-sc-√m-sa∂v \-ap-°-dn-bmw. F-∂m¬ h-b-em-dn-se 3500 t]¿ B-sc-√mw? A-h-sc \-bn-®-h¿-°pw A-hsc sIm-∂-h¿-°pw, sIm-√m≥ B-lzm-\w sNbv-X-h¿-°pw A-dn-bn-√-t{X! A-Xv sIm-√-s∏-´h¿ Z-en-X-cm-b-Xp-sIm-≠-t√? C-ß-s\-sb-√mw hn-hm-Z-߃ kr-„n-®p sIm-≠v Cu a-\p-jy≥ C-t∏m-gpw ssh-°-Øp≠v. tbm-Pn-®m-epw C-s√-¶n-epw C-t±-l-sØsbm-∂v ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sm≥ \mw {i-an-°m-Xn-cp-∂sX-¥p-sIm-≠v? Cu-bn-sS C-t±-l-Øn-s‚ c-≠p ]p-kv-X-I߃ Iq-sS-bn-d-ßn. Ip-¥-°m-c≥ ]-t{Xm-kns\ Ip-dn-®pw ]u-c-Xz _n-√n-s\ Ip-dn-®pw. F∂n-´pw \n-߃-°v A-bmƒ A-]-cn-Nn-X-\m-sW¶n¬ A-Xp \n-ß-fp-sS am-{Xw Ip-‰w sIm-≠mWv. A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS ]p-c-kv-Im-c {]-Jym-]-\w Ip-d-s®-¶n-epw {i-≤ A-t±-l-Øn-\v, G-sd hnhm-Z-am-b A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ \n-co-£-W-߃-°v In-´p-sa-∂m-in-°p-∂p.
\-h tI-c-f-Øn-se Pm-Xn k-Xy-߃ C.sI.Znt\i≥
\
-thm-∞m-\ tI-c-fw \-h-tI-c-f-Øn-te-°v Hm-Sp-tºmƒ Pm-Xn Nn-”-߃ A-Xn-th-Kw {]I-S-am-bn h-cn-I-bm-Wv. PmXn h-f-sc Ir-Xy-am-bn C-S-s]-S¬ \-S-Øp-∂ ta-J-e-bm-bn A-°m-Z-anI tI-{μ-߃ am-dn-bn-´p-≠v. A-Xv A-{X-s]-s´∂v ]p-dØ - v {]-IS- a - m-Ip-∂n-√ F-∂X - m-Wv k-Xyw. k-wh-cW - Ø - n-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ \n-ba - n-Xc - mIp-∂ ]n-t∂m-° hn-`m-K-Øn¬-s∏-´ D-tZym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ-°v C-Ø-cw A-\p-`-h-߃ G-sd-bm-Wv. tI-c-f kw-Ko-X \m-S-I I-em A-°m-Z-an-bn¬\n-∂v hn-th-N-\w t\-cn-´ tUm. B¿ F¬ hn cm-a-Ir-jv-W-s‚ A-\p-`-hw C-Xn¬ H-∂p am-{Xw. C-Ø-c-sam-cp A-\p-`-h-Øn-s‚ th-Z-\ Xp-d-∂p ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v Xr-∏q-Wn-Øp-d B¿.F¬.hn. tImtf-Pn¬ \n-∂v ]p-d-Øm-°-s∏-´ `-c-X-\m-Syw KÃv A-[ym-]n-I-bm-b kn-_n tl-a-e-X-bpw. 2001-˛2002- ¬ Xp-S-ßn-b Xm¬-°m-en-I A[ym-]n-I tk-h-\-Øn¬ tIm-tf-Pn¬-\n-∂v X\n-°v A-\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-h-∂ hn-th-N-\-Øn-s‚ Im-c-Ww Pm-Xn-bm-Wv. h-Ip-∏v ta-[m-hn am-[-h≥ \-ºq-Xn-cn-°v H-∏w F-kvF-^vsF Iq-Sn A-Xns‚ `m-K-am-bn. tl-a-e-X So-®¿-°v am-\-kn-I ]oU-\-ta¬-t°-≠n h-∂-Xv t\-c-sØ A-h¿ IqSn Aw-K-am-b F-kvF-^vsF bn¬ \n-∂m-Wv. ta¬ Pm-Xn-bm¬ \n-b-{¥n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ \-Ωp-sS A-°m-Z-an-°v kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fn¬ C-Ø-cw A-\p`-hw s{]m-^-k¿ Ip-™m-a≥ X-s‚ F-Xn-cv F∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v. Im-e-ß-fm-bn C-Ø-cw A-\p-`-h-߃ aq-Sn-sh°-s∏-´ k-Xy-ß-fm-Wv. F-∂m¬ C-t∏mƒ A\p-`-h-ÿ¿ A-h Xp-d-∂p ]-d-bp-tºmƒ s]mXp-k-aq-lw A-h¿-°v H-∏w \n¬-°-Ww. A-XmWv tI-c-f-Øn-se cm-{„o-b {]-ÿm-\-ß-fpw A°m-Z-an-Iv _p-≤n-Po-hn-I-fpw sN-tø-≠Xv.
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P-\-Io-b k-a-c-ß-fm-Wv P-\m-[n-]-Xy-sØ N-e-\m-fl-I-am-°p-∂-Xv hn-t\m-Zv ]-ø-S-
ka- q-lØ - n-s‚ A-Sn-Ø´- n¬ \n-∂p-b-cp-∂ ap-t∂-‰-߃ C¥y-sb N-e-\m-fl-I-am-°p-∂p≠v . C- t ∏mƒ I¿- j - I {]t£m-`Ø - n-se-Øn \n¬-°p-∂ ap-t∂-‰-߃ k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ P-\m-[n-]-Xy-h-Xv-°-c-W-Øn-\v \n-dw ]-I-cp-∂-h-bp-am-Wv. Cu ap-t∂-‰-ß-fp-sS {]-tXy-I-X Ch-sb-√mw hy-h-ÿm-]n-X cmjv-{So-b ]m¿-´n-I-fp-sS cm-jv-{Sob a-Wv-U-e-Øn-\p ]p-d-Øpw A- X n- ∂ p- ] - c n- b p- a m- b n cq- ] w sIm-≈p-∂p-sh-∂-Xm-Wv. AtX-k-a-bw Cu ap-t∂-‰-߃ G-sd-bpw G-sX-¶n-epw H-t∂m c- t ≠m {]- i v - \ - ß - s f A- [ njvTn-X-am-°n cq-]w sIm-≈p-∂Xm-sW-∂ \n-e-bn¬ {]-iv-\ß-fp-sS ]-cn-k-c-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v th-dn-´ H-cp k-a-{K-X-ew B¿Pn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp∂p-ap-≠v. P- b - { ]- I m- i v \m- c m- b W≥ t\- X r- X zw sIm- S p- Ø
12
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1970 I-fn-se k-ºq¿-Æ hn-πh ap-t∂-‰-Øn-\p ti-j-am-Wv C-¥y-bn¬ hn-hn-[ X-eß - f - n¬ C-∂p Im-Wp-∂ X-c-Øn-ep-≈ P-\-Io-b ap-t∂-‰-߃ cq-]w sIm-≠-Xv. sP.-]n.-{]-ÿm-\Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-bn-cp-∂ bp-hm°ƒ, Xp-S¿-∂p h-∂ P-\-Xm]m¿-´n-bp-am-bn B-ib - ] - c - a - m-bn H-Øp-t]m-Im≥ I-gn-bm-sX h∂-t∏mƒ, P-\-ß-fp-sS {]-iv-\ß-sf ap≥-\n¿-Øn cm-Py-hym]-I-am-bn P-\-Io-b {]-ÿm-\߃ kw-LS- n-∏n-°p-∂X - n-\v ap∂n-´n-d-ßp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. `q-an°pw {]-Ir-Xn-°pw Z-en-X, I¿j- I A- h - I m- i - ß ƒ- ° p- t h≠n-bpw \n-e-hn-se hn-I-k\am-Xr-I-bv-°v F-Xn-cm-bp-ap-≈ \n-c-h-[n {]-ÿm-\-߃ cq-]w sIm-≠p. C-h-bn¬ ]-e-Xpw tkm-jy-en-Ãv B-i-b-ß-fmepw Aw-t_-Zv-I-dn-Ãv B-i-bß-fm-epw {]-tNm-Zn-X-cm-b-h-cpsS ap≥ ssI-øn¬ cq-]-s∏-´-hbm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v Im-Wmw. `c-W-Iq-S-\n-e-]m-Sp-I-sf H-cp ]cn-[n-h-sc kzm-[o-\n-°m-\pw P-
\-Io-b {]-iv-\-ß-sf ap-Jy-[mc-bn-se-Øn-°m-\pw I-gn-s™¶n-epw ap-Jy-[m-cm cm-jv-{So-bØn-s‚ `-c-W-Iq-S A-[n-Im-chy-hÿ s - b sh-√p-hn-fn-°m-\p≈ sIev]v B¿-÷n-°p-hm≥ A-h-bv-°p I-gn-™n-√. k-am¥-c cm-jv-{So-b {]-h¿-Ø-\-sa∂ \n-e-bn¬ H-cp-X-cw km-aqln-I cm-k-Xz-c-I-am-bn {]-h¿Øn-°p-∂p-sh-∂v kz-bw Np-cp°n Im-Wp-hm-\m-Wv Cu {]ÿm-\ß - s - fm-s°-bpw {i-an-®ncp-∂-Xv. A-Xm-Xv {]-iv-\-߃ ]-cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Nn-e apt∂-‰-߃ hn-P-bw Im-Wp-∂ps≠-¶n-epw P-\-ß-sf k-a-{Kam-b am-‰w sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn\-\p-tbm-Py-am-b cm-jv-{So-b-hpam-bn I-Æn tN¿-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \n-e-]m-Sp-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-°phm≥ ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv sN-øp-∂-Xv. D-Ø-cm-[p-\n-I ap-X-em-fnØ Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ P-\-ß-fpsS {]-iv-\-ß-sf ap≥-\n¿-Øn cq- ] w sIm- ≈ p- ∂ kn- h n¬ skm-ssk-‰n aq-hv-sa‚p-Iƒ-°v
h-en-b {]-Nm-c-Ww In-´p-∂p-≠v. A-tX-k-a-bw A-Sn-ÿm-\ cmjv-{So-b-am-‰-Øn-\p th-≠n-bp≈ \n-e-]m-Sp-Iƒ ap-t∂m-´p sh-bv-°p-∂ {]-ÿm-\-߃ {]tam-´v sN-ø-s∏-Sm-dp-an-√. C-Øcw \n-e] - m-Sp-≈ {]-ÿm-\ß - ƒ°p A-h-cp-sS t\-Xm-°-fp-sS tKm-{X-]-c-am-b Nn-¥-I-sf a-dnI-S-°m-\pw I-gn-bm-dn-s√-∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xm-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ i-cn. A-]-c-Xzw kr-jv-Sn-®v A-]-c-sc A-\y-h¬-°-cn-°p-∂ Pm-Xo-bam-b k-ao-]\ - w C-hc - n¬ \n-∂p≠m-Ip-∂-Xm-bpw Im-W-s∏-Sp∂p-≠v. B-Z¿-iØ - n-s‚-bpw Bi-b hy-‡-X-bp-tS-bpw X-eØn¬ kw-ip-≤-am-b cm-jv-{Sob-Øn-\p th-≠ \n-e-]m-Sv icn-bm-bn kzo-Ic - n-°p-tºm-gpw X߃ am-{X-am-Wv i-cn-sb-∂ CSp-ßn-b X-e-Øn-te-°v X-cw Xm-gp-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ C-h-cp-sS ip-≤-Xm-hm-Zw Iq-∏p-Ip-Øp-∂Xm-bpw Im-Wmw. A-Xm-b-Xv `c-W-Iq-S A-[n-Im-c-hy-h-ÿ-bv°v F-s¥-¶n-epw X-c-Øn-ep-≈ t]m-d-ep-Iƒ G¬-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v C-h¿-°v I-gn-bp-∂n-√. P-\Io-b {]-ÿm-\-߃ A-[n-Imc hy-h-ÿ-sb sh-√p-hn-fn-°p∂ X-e-Øn-te-°v hn-I-kn-°p∂-Xn-s\ X-Sb - p-∂X - c - Ø - n¬ \h sIm-tfm-Wn-b-en-Ãv kw-kvIm-cw k-aq-l-Øn-em-sI {]-kcn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-ap-≠v. C-Xn-s\ a- d n- I - S - ° m≥ P- \ - I o- b {]ÿm-\-߃-°v I-gn-bm-dp-an-√ F-∂-Xm-Wv A-\p-`-h-hpw. P\m-[n-]-Xy hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ A[n-Im-c-am-‰w km-[y-am-°p-∂-Xv sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-I-fm-Wv. C-¥ybn-se sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ taf-Iƒ-°p k-am-\-am-Wv. G-‰hpw \-∂m-bn hn-]-Wn-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ D-Xv-]-∂߃-°v kzo-Im-cy-X e-`n-°p∂-Xp t]m-se-bm-W-Xv. I-Æ©n-∏n-°p-∂ ]-c-ky-ß-fp-sS-
sX-cs- ™-Sp-∏ns\ kzm-[o-\n°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂n-s√-¶n-tem k-ac- Ø - n-s‚ e-£y-߃ t\Sm≥ I-gn-bp-∂n-s√-¶n-tem P\-Io-b k-a-c {]-ÿm-\-߃ ]-cm-Pb - s- ∏-Sp-∂p F-∂ \n-Ka-\-Øn-se-Øp-∂-Xv A-]-Izam-bn-cn-°pw. k-aq-l-Øn-se P-\m-[n-]-Xy-h-Xv-°-c-W-Øn\pw k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ N-e-\mfl-IX - ° - pw C-Sb - m-°p-∂ P\-Io-b k-a-c-{]-ÿm-\-߃ ]-cmP-b - s- ∏-Sp-∂n-√. bpw Xm-c-s∏m-en-a-bp-sS-bpw AI-º-Sn-tbm-sS F-gp-s∂-≈n-°s∏-Sp-∂-h¿-°v hn-P-bn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂p. P-\-hn-[n- i-cn-bmb co-Xn-bn-e-√m-sX I-h¿-s∂Sp-°s - ∏-Sp-Ib - m-Wv sN-øp-∂X - v. Cu-sbm-cp km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ P- \ - I o- b {]- ÿ m- \ - ß ƒ- ° v sX-c-s™-Sp-∏v {]-{In-b-bn-en-Ss]-´p-sIm-≠v P-\-hn-[n-sb kaq¿-Ø-am-b P-\-Io-b {]-iv-\߃-°-\p-Iq-e-am-°p-I F-∂Xv Zp-jv-I-c-am-bn h-cp-∂p. GsX-¶n-epw H-‰-s∏-´ sX-c-s™Sp-∏p-I-fn-en-S-s∏-´p-sIm-≠v P-\hn-[n-sb kzm-[o-\n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bn-s√-∂ ]mTw P-\-Io-b {]ÿm-\ß - ƒ Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂n-√ F-∂-Xpw H-cp Im-c-W-am-Wv. P\-Io-b {]-iv-\-ß-sf N¿-®-bm°p-I F-∂ ]-cn-an-X D-t±-iytØm-sS-bm-Wv P-\-Io-b {Kq∏p-Iƒ sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ C-Ss]-Sp-∂-Xv. sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ P- \ - h n- [ n F- X n- c m- I p- t ºmƒ A-h-sbm-s° demoralise sN-øs∏-Sp-I-bp-am-Wv. ÿm-bn-bm-bXpw Zo¿-L-Im-e e-£y-ß-tfmsS-bp-ap-≈ cm-jv-{So-b-hpw AXn-\-\p-k-cn-®p-≈ {]-h¿-Ø-\hpw Xp- S ¿- ® -bm-bp-≈ sX-cs™-Sp-∏v C-S-s]-S-ep-I-fpw C-
√m-sX G-sX-¶n-epw X-c-Ønep-≈ sh-√p-hn-fn-Iƒ A-[n-Imc-hy-h-ÿ-bv-°v kr-jv-Sn-°phm≥ I-gn-bn-√. cm-£-ko-b-amb `-c-W-Iq-S cq-]-ß-fm-Wv Gsd-°p-sd Ip-‰-a-‰-sX-∂-h-Im-is∏-´ ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn hy-h-ÿbn¬ kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏-´-Xv. A-XpsIm-≠v X-s∂ Cu A-[n-Imc hy-hÿ s - b t\-cn-Sp-∂X - n-\pIqSpX¬ i-‡ n-bpw tijnbpw B-h-iy-am-bn h-cp-∂p. k¿-°m-cp-I-fp-sS h-ep-∏w Ipd-bp-I-bpw A-[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚ i-‡-am-b tI-{μ-ß-fm-b {]mtZ-in-I k¿-°m-dp-Iƒ \n-ehn¬ h-cp-s∂-∂ H-cp A-[n-Imc-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ sX-c-s™-Sp∏p-I-fn¬ C-S-s]-´v sIm-≠v P\-hn-[n-sb A-\p-Iq-e-am-°m≥ P- \ - I o- b {]- ÿ m- \ - ß ƒ- ° v Xm-c-X-tay-\ F-fp-∏-hp-am-bn-cn°pw. F-¶n-epw sX-c-s™-Sp∏n¬ P-\-hn-[n-sb kzm-[o-\n°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂n-s√-¶n-tem ka- c - Ø n- s ‚ e- £ y- ß ƒ t\Sm≥ I-gn-bp-∂n-s√-¶n-tem P-\Io-b k-a-c {]-ÿm-\-߃ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂p F-∂ \n-K-a-\Øn-se-Øp-∂-Xv A-]-Iz-am-bncn-°pw. Xp-S-°-Øn¬ kq-Nn-∏n®Xp t]m-se k-aq-l-Øn-se P- \ m- [ n- ] - X y- h - X v - ° - c - W - Ø n\pw k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ N-e-\m-flI-X-°pw C-S-bm-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xn- \ m¬ P- \ - I o- b k- a - c - { ]ÿm-\-߃ ]-cm-Pb-s∏-Sp-∂n√. A-h k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ bp-hXzw \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂ i-‡n-Ifm-Wv. B-Z¿-im-[n-jvTn-X a-\ p-≈ H-cp k-aq-l-sØ A-Xv kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂p-ap-≠v. ]-cn-an-Xam-b tXm-Xn-em-sW-¶n-epw. πm®n-a-S k-a-cw sIm-°-tIm-f D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv tæ-—X]-c-amWv F-∂ H-cp s]m-Xp-t_m-[w tI-c-f-Øn¬ kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂Xn¬ hn-P-bn-°p-I Iq-Sn sNbv-Xn-´p-≠-t√m.
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Im-º-bn≥
P-\-Io-b k-a-c-߃-s°-Xn-sc F-Sp-Ø F-√m tI-kp-I-fpw d-±m-°-Ww: F≥ F ]n Fw ]u-cX - z \n-ba - t`-ZK - X - n-s°-Xn-sc-bp-≈ ka-c-ß-fn-se tI-kp-Iƒ F-√mw d-±m-°m≥ tI-cf k¿-°m¿ F-Sp-Ø Xo-cp-am-\-sØ A-`n-\-μn°p-∂p. i-_-cn-a-e-bn-se kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn-hn[n-s°-Xn-sc \-S-∂ k-a-c-ß-tfm-Sv CAA, NRC hncp-≤ k-a-c-ß-sf k-ao-I-cn-®-Xv cm-{„o-b Iui-e-am-sW-∂-Xv km-am-\y-_p-≤n-bp-≈ G-h¿°pw a-\- n-em-Ipw. ssl-μ-h bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-Itc-bpw, km-ap-Zm-bn-I kw-L-S-\-I-sf-bpw ]n-W°p-∂-Xv sX-c-s™-Sp-∏v hn-P-b-sØ _m-[n-°psa-∂-Xn-\m-em-Wv ta¬-]-d-™ \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®-sX-∂-Xpw ]-I¬ t]m-se hy-‡w. AsX-¥p-am-I-s´, X-߃-°p kzo-Im-cy-a-√m-Ø k¿-°m¿ \-b-ß-tfm-Sv hn-tbm-Pn-°m-\pw A-Xns\-Xn-sc k-a-cw sN-øm-\p-ap-≈ ]u-c-∑m-cp-sS A-h-Im-iw Aw-Ko-I-cn-°m-\pw tI- p-I-fn¬ Ipcp-°n-bn-´v B-Œn-hn-k-sØ C-√m-Xm-°m-\p-ap-≈ {i-a-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v ]n-t∂m-´p t]m-Im-≥ X-øm-dmIp-∂-Xv H-cp \-b-am-bn kzo-I-cn-°p-s∂-¶n¬ \√-Xv. P-\m-[n-]-Xy t_m-[-ap-≈ H-cp k¿-°m¿ kzo-I-cn-t°-≠ k-ao-]-\w X-s∂-bm-W-Xv. D-Xv]-Xn-jvW - p-°s - f-t∂m bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-Is - c-t∂m D≈ t`-Z-߃ ]u-cm-h-Im-i-ß-sf _m-[n-°m≥ ]m-Sn-√. F-∂m¬ D-∂-X-am-b P-\m-[n-]-Xy t_m[-am-Wv Cu tI- p-Iƒ ]n≥-h-en-°p-∂-Xn-\v ]n∂n¬ F-∂v A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂ k¿-°m¿ F¥p-sIm-≠m-Wv Po-hn-°m-\p-≈ A-h-Im-i-Øn\p th-≠n sX-cp-hn-en-d-tß-≠n h-cp-∂ \n- lm-b-cpw Z-cn-{Z-cpw ]m¿-iz-h-Xv-Ir-X-cp-am-b a-\pjy-cp-sS A-lnw-km-fl-I k-a-c-ß-sf t]m-eokn-s\ D-]-tbm-Kn-®v t\-cn-Sp-∂-Xv? F-¥n-\m-Wv Cu a-lm-am-cn-bp-sS Im-e-Øv I-b-dn-°n-S-°m≥ a-s‰m-cn-S-an-√m-Ø a-\p-jy-sc Ip-Sn-bn-d-°p-∂-Xv? `m-hn X-e-ap-d-bp-tS-bpw k-l-Po-hn-I-fp-tS-bpw Ah-Im-i-߃-°p th-≠n i-–n-°p-∂-h¿-s°-Xnsc tI- p-Iƒ c-Pn-ÿ sN-øp-∂-Xv? F-¥n-\v tZ-io-b I¿-j-I k-a-c t\-Xr-Xzw B-lzm-\w sN-bv-X ssl-th ]n-°-‰n-ßv \-S-Øn-b I¿-jI¿-°pw - sF-Iy-Zm¿-Vy k-an-Xn {]-h¿-Ø-I¿°p-sa-Xn-sc t]m-epw tI- v c-Pn-ÿ sN-bv-X H-cp k¿-°m-dm-Wv C-sX-∂-Xm-Wv hn-tcm-[m-`mkw. tI-c-f-Øn-\v ]p-d-Øv k-a-c-Øn-s‚ t\-XrX-e-Øn¬ t]m-epw ]-s¶-Sp-°p-∂-h¿ `-cn-°p-
14
A¥¿[m-c
∂n-S-Øv Im-Wn-°p-∂ C-c-´-Øm-∏v Xo¿-®-bm-bpw P-\m-[n-]-Xy-tØm-Sv A-h¿-°p-≈ {]-Xn-_-≤-Xsb kw- i - b - Ø n- s ‚ \n- g - e n¬ X- s ∂ \n¿Øp∂p. k¿-^m-kn \n-b-aw \-S-∏m-°n-bpw, J-\-\Øn-\p-≈ \n-b-{¥-W-߃ \o-°n-bpw, h-b-epI-fpw \o¿-Ø-S-ß-fpw \n-I-Øn Np-¶-∏m-X-I-fpw, sd-bn-ep-I-fpw, sK-bn¬ ]-≤-Xn-bpw, sF H kn πm‚pw \n¿-Ωn-®v P-\-Po-hn-Xw Zp- -l-am-°n-bh-cm-Wv C-∂-sØ C-S-Xp-]-£ k¿-°m¿. C-Øcw P-\-t{Zm-l-ß-sf F-Xn¿-°p-∂-h¿-s°-Xn-sc B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\v tI- p-I-fm-Wv \n-e-hn-ep-≈Xv. A-sXm-∂pw X-s∂ ]n≥-h-en-°m≥ X-øm-dmIm-Ø-h-cm-Wv kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn D-Ø-c-hn-s\-Xnsc k-a-cw sN-bv-X-h¿-°p-ta¬ Np-a-Øn-b tI p-Iƒ t]m-epw ]n≥-h-en-®p P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-ZnI-fm-hm≥ {i-an-°p-∂-Xv. ]n-W-ßn-b h¿-§o-b hm-Zn-I-sf-bpw bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-I-tc-bpw {]o-Wn-∏n°m-\p-≈ H-cp h-gn F-∂ \n-e-°v am-{X-ta C-Xv hn-e-bn-cp-Øm-\m-hq. Cu km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ kz-¥w \n-e-\n¬-∏v X-s∂ tNm-Zyw sN-ø-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ L-´-ß-fn¬ P-\-߃ \-S-Øp-∂ k-a-c-ß-fn¬ F-Sp-Øn-´p-≈ tI-kp-I-fpw C-tX co-Xn-bn¬ d-±m-°-Ww F-∂v R-߃ B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. A-Xp-t]m-se X-s∂ `q-an, sh-≈w, hm-bp, h-\w, ]p-g-Iƒ, Im-b-ep-Iƒ, Ip-∂p-Iƒ, Xo-cw ap-X-em-b {]-Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ß-fp-sS \m-i-Øn-s\-Xnsc k-a-cw sN-øp-∂-h¿-s°-Xn-sc F-Sp-Øn-´p-≈ F-√m tI-kp-I-fpw d-±m-°-Ww. A-ß-s\-sb¶n¬ am-{X-ta P-\-Io-b-k-a-c-ß-tfm-Sp-≈ k-ao]-\-ß-fn¬ am-‰w h-cp-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv ta¬-]-d-™ \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ F-∂v I-cp-Xm-\m-hq. P-\-Io-b k-ac-߃-s°-Xn-sc-bp-≈ ap-gp-h≥ tI- p-I-fpw ]n≥-h-en-®v \n-e-]m-Sv km-[q-I-cn-°m≥ kw-ÿm\ k¿-°m¿ X-øm-dm-I-W-sa-∂v F≥ F ]n Fw ( National alliance of peoples movements ) tI-c-f L-SIw B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ip-kp-aw tPm-k-^v / k-Æn ss]-I-S / Pntbm tPm-kv / i-c-Xv tN-eq¿ / F-kv ]n c-hn / Fw tam-l≥ Zm-kv/ kn B¿ \o-e I-WvT≥ / hn-Pb - c - m-Lh - ≥ tN-en-b / sse-e d-jo-Zv / tPm¿Pv tP-°-∫v / A-\o-jv eq-t°m-kv / tPm¿-÷v Ip-´n I-S-πm-°¬/hn-f-tbm-Sn th-Wp-tKm-]m¬
Hm¿-Ω: ]n.-hn.-Ip-cy≥ tUm.-sI.-{io-Ip-am¿-
tem-lym hn-Nm-c-th-Zn Hcp cm-jv-{So-b kw-L-S-\-bm-bn´m-Wv hn-`m-h-\w sN-ø-s∏-´-Xv. B-\p-Im-en-I kw-`-h-ß-tfm-Sp≈ {]-Xn-I-c-W-th-Zn-sb-∂-Xnep-]-cn H-cp k-a-c -kw-L-S-\bm-bn-´m-Wv A-Xv \n-e-sIm-≠Xv. 1986 sa-bv am-k-Øn¬ IqØp-]-d-ºn¬ sh-®v \-S-∂ \S-∂ {]-Y-a kw-ÿm-\ k-tΩf-\Ø - n¬ tem-lym hn-Nm-ct- hZn-bp-sS \-b-{]-Jym-]-\-tc-Jbpw `-c-W-L-S-\-bpw Xp-S¿-∂v c-≠p h¿-j-tØ-°p-≈ -{]-h¿Ø-\ ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpw Aw-Ko-Icn-®p. ]n.-hn.-Ip-cy≥ {]-kn-U≠pw ]n.-]n.-c-ho-{μ≥ P-\-d¬ sk-{I-´-dn-bp-am-bn kw-ÿm-\k-an-Xn \n-e-hn¬ h-∂p. tUm.tem-ly-bp-sS tkm-jy-en-Ãv XXz-Nn-¥-sb B-[p-\n-I Im-e bm-Ym¿-Yy-߃-°-\p-kr-X-ambn ]p-\c - m-Jym-\w sN-øm-\p-≈ Zu-Xy-am-Wv tem-lym hn-Nm-cth-Zn G-s‰-Sp-Ø-Xv. F-√m Pn√-I-fn-epw Pn-√m k-an-Xn-Iƒ cq-]o-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠v Nn-´-bm-b {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sS H-cp ka-c-kw-L-S-\-bm-bn tem-lym hn-Nm-ct- h-Zn-sb h-f¿-Øn-sb-Sp°p-∂-Xn¬ ]n.-hn.-Ip-cy≥ \nkv-Xp-e-am-b ]-¶m-Wv h-ln-®Xv. Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv tPm-kv k-J-dn-bm-kpw tUm.-]n.-ap-c-fo[- c - \ pw {]- h ¿- Ø - \ - ß ƒ- ° v t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In. a-≤y-Xn-cphn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ A-Sp-°w tPmWn- t b- ´ ≥, sI.- k n.- F - { _lmw, tUm.-]n.-]n.-\m-cm-b-W≥ \-ºq-Xn-cn, F≥.-hn.-a-Øm-bn, Xr-iq¿ ]m-e-°m-Sv `m-K-ß-fn¬ tXm-a-kv am-Xyp, P-\m¿-±-\≥ \-ºq-Xn-cn, Pn.jm\hmkv, a-e_m¿ `m-K-Øv sI.-kn.-`m-kv-Ic≥, Fw.-]n.-_m-e-Ir-jv-W≥, sI.-hn.-F≥.-]-Wn-°¿, sI.-]n.-
F-\n-°v C-Xp-a-Xn, C-Xp-am-{Xw a-Xn... ap-l-Ω-Zv, F≥.-Un.-]-t{Xm-kv, h-f∏ - n¬ _o-cm≥, Fw.-sI.-_me-cm-a≥ \-ºym¿ Xp-S-ßn-b ap-Xn¿-∂ {]-h¿-Ø-I-cpw temlym -hn-Nm-c-th-Zn kw-L-Sn-∏n°p-∂-Xn¬ ap-Jy-]-¶p-h-ln-®p. A-Sn-b-¥n-cm-h-ÿ Im-e-Øv cm-jv{- So-b{- ]-h¿-Ø\ - w B-cw-`n® H-cp-]m-Sv Du¿-÷-kz-e-cm-b bp-hm-°ƒ tem-lym hn-Nm-cth-Zn-bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-te-°v I-S-∂p-h-∂p. sIm-bn-em-≠n, Xr-{]-bm¿, h-S-I-c, Im-W-°mcn Iym-ºp-Iƒ tem-ln-b≥ XXz-Nn-¥-sb ]p-Xn-b X-e-ap-d-bnte-°v F-Øn-°p-∂-Xn¬ kp{]-[m-\-]-¶p-h-ln-®p."-H-cp ]pØ≥ \m-K-cn-I-X-bp-sS X-XzNn-¥' F-∂ cq-]-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p tem-ln-b≥ cm-jv-{So-b XXz-Nn-¥-sb ]n.-hn.-Ip-cy≥ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv. tkmƒ-sk-\n-‰vk-s‚ "Szn-sse-‰v' F-∂ I-hnX-bn-se c-≠p h-cn-Iƒ ]n.-hn.Ip-cy≥ km-[m-c-W-bm-bn D-≤cn-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ""F-{X-a-
t\m-l-c-am-b \n-em-hv, F-\n-°v C-Xp-a-Xn, C-Xp am-{Xw a-Xn.'' k-a-\pw kz-X-{¥-\p-am-b a-\pjy≥ ]-c-a-am-b B-\-μw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ Nn-{X-am-bn´m-Wv C-Xn-s\ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®-Xv. a-\p-jy-\v A-∏-hpw kzm-X-{¥yhpw \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\v, I-Ωyq-Wnk-Øn-\pw ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øn\pw _-Z-em-bn D-b¿-∂p h-tc≠ H-cp X-Xz-Nn-¥-sb-°p-dn-®mWv ]n.-hn.-Ip-cy≥ kw-km-cn-®Xv. B-bp-[-߃-°pw A-{I-aØn-\pw am-‰w sIm-≠p h-cp-∂Xn-\v I-gn-bp-I-bn-s√-∂pw a-\pjy-s‚ C-—-bv-°p am-{X-ta AXn-\v I-gn-bp-I-bp-≈q F-∂pw ]n.-hn.-Ip-cy≥ ]p-Xn-b X-e-apd-sb ]Tn-∏n-®p. Km-‘n-Pn-sb B-bp-[-a-Wn-bm-Ø k-Xy-Øns‚ {]-hm-N-I-\m-bn-´m-Wv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv. k-º-Øn-s‚-bpw \n-d-Øn-s‚-bpw enw-K-Øn-t‚bpw Pm-Xn-bp-tS-bpw A-Sn-ÿm\-Øn¬ D-®-\o-N-Xz-߃ \n-ehn-en-√m-Ø H-cp tem-I-sØ
A¥¿[m-c
15
kz-]v-\w I-≠ {]-hm-N-I-\m-bn´m-Wv tem-ly hn-e-bn-cp-Øs∏-´-Xv. N-cn-{X-tØ-bpw kw-kvIm-c-tØ-bpw \n¿-Æ-bn-°p-∂ L-S-I-ß-fn¬ bp-‡n-°pw `uXn-I-X-bv-°pw D-≈-Xp-t]m-se X-s∂ sI-´p-I-Y-Iƒ-°pw sFXn-ly-߃-°pw {]-[m-\-s∏-´ ÿm-\-ap-s≠-∂v tem-ly I-cpXn-bn-cp-∂p. in-h-\pw cm-a-\pw Ir-jv-W-\pw hm-flo-In-bpw h-
]n.-hn.-Ip-cy≥
kn-jvT-\pw hn-izm-an-{X-\p-sa√mw A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-K-W\-bv-°v ]m-{Xo-`-hn-®n-´p-≠v. IrjvW - s - ‚ am-bn-IX - b - pw, cm-as - ‚ {]m-tbm-Kn-IX - b - pw, in-hs - ‚ A]- c n- t a- b - X z- h pw H- c p- t ]m- s e tem-ly-bn¬ k-tΩ-fn-®n-cp-∂Xm-bn ]n.-hn.-Ip-cy≥ hn-e-bn-cpØn. tem-ln-b≥ X-Xz-Nn-¥-bnse am-bn-I-hpw Im-ev-]-\o-I-hpam-b Aw-i-߃ h-f-sc X-∑b-Xz-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn ]n.-hn.-Ip-cy≥ ]p-Xn-b X-e-ap-d-bv-°v hn-i-Zo-Icn-®p sIm-Sp-Øp. Ip-am-cn-sb th-fn I-gn-°m≥ ssI-em-kØn¬ \n-∂v ]p-d-s∏-´ Ip-am-c-
16
A¥¿[m-c
\v cm-h-W≥ kr-jv-Sn-® {]-Xn_-‘-ß-sf A-Xn-Po-hn-®v ka-b-Øv F-Øn-t®-cm≥ I-gn-bmØ-Xp-aq-ew I-\y-I-bm-bn I-gntb-≠n h-∂ Ip-am-cn-bp-sS IY-bn-eq-sS `m-c-X-sa-∂ `q-{]-tZi-Øn-s‚ kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-am-b sF-Iyw hy-‡-am-°p-tºmƒ ]n.-hn.-Ip-cy≥ X-s‚ Im-ev-]-\nI-`m-h-Øn-s‚ ]-c-tam-∂-Xn-bnem-bn-cp-∂p. k-a-bw H-tc k-abw ss\-an-jn-I-hpw B-Xy-¥nI-hpw B-Wv. tem-Ik - r-jvS- n-bnse F-√m L-S-I-߃-°pw Xpey-am-bm-Wv kzw A-\p-`-h-thZy-am-Ip-∂-Xv. A-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ a-‰p L-S-I-߃-t]m-se kzw ÿn-c-am-bn-´p-≈-X-√. AXp-sIm-≠v Hm-tcm tkm-jy-enÃv cm-jv-{So-b {]-h¿-Ø-I-\pw Iq-Sp-X¬ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Ø t_m[- a p- ≈ - h - \ m- b n am- t d- ≠ - X ps≠-∂v ]n.-hn.-Ip-cy≥ I-cp-Xn. H-cp {]-h¿-Ø-I≥ a-‰p {]-h¿Ø-I-tc-°mƒ an-Sp-°-\-s√-∂ t_m-[w P-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw G-Xp k-a-b-Øpw A-[n-Im-csØ Xn-c-kv-°-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw Cu B-fl-`m-hw k-lm-bn-°psa-∂pw A-t±-lw I-cp-Xn. tem-ln-b≥ X-Xz-Nn-¥bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-in-e A-Xns‚ km¿-Δ-eu-In-I-hpw k¿Δ-kv-]¿-in-bp-am-b am-\-hn-I-Xbm- W v . I- Ω yq- W n- k - Ø n- \ p ta¬ Nm¿-Øn-sIm-Sp-Ø km¿Δ eu-In-I-X a-co-Nn-I-bm-sW∂v Im-cy-Im-c-W-k-ln-Xw ]n.hn.-Ip-cy≥ hy-‡a - m-°n. I-ΩyqWn-k-Øn-\v A-k-a-Xzw kr-jvSn-°p-∂-Xn-\p am-{X-ta I-gn-bpI-bp-≈q. A-Xv ap-X-em-fn-ØØn-s‚ hn-I-kn-X-cq-]w am-{Xam-Wv. ssN-\-bn-se Sn-bm-\≥ sa≥-kv-Iz-b-dn¬ {]-Xn-tj-[k-a-cw \-S-Øn-b hn-Zym¿-∞nI-sf \n-jv-°-cp-Ww sh-Sn-sh®v sIm-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-b I-ΩyqWn-Ãv `-c-W-Iq-Sw, A-Xn-\v A-
e-¶m-c-Nn-”-am-bn e-`n-® am-\hn-I-X-bp-sS aq-Sp-]-Sw h-en-s®dn-™p. I-Ωyq-Wn-Ãv {]-Xy-bim-kv-{X-Øn¬ A-¥¿-eo-\-ambn-cp-∂ ssh-cp-≤y-ß-sf Xn-cn®-dn-™v A-Xn-s‚ im-kv-{Xob A-Sn-Ø-d-sb-∂ I-]-S-hm-ZsØ s]m-fn-®S- p-°p-∂X - n-\v ]n.hn.-Ip-cy≥ tkm-hn-b-‰v d-jy-bptS-bpw F-tXym-]y-bp-tS-bpw Xmc-X-ay-ß-fm-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. 1940˛¬ A-ta-cn-°-sb hn-e-bv°p-hm-ßm≥ X-߃-°v I-gnhp-s≠-∂v ho-ºn-f-°n-b tkmhn-b-‰v bq-Wn-b≥ 50 h¿-j߃ I-gn-™-t∏m-tg-°pw ]e dn-∏-_v-fn-°p-I-fm-bn hn-LSn-®p t]m-b A-]q¿-Δ {]-Xn-`mk-sØ h-f-sc h-kv-Xp-\n-jvTam-bn hn-e-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v ]n.hn.-Ip-cy-\v I-gn-™n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ C.-Fw.-F-kv A-S-°-ap≈ I-Ωyq-Wn-Ãv Nn-¥-I¿-°v A-Xn-\v I-gn-™n-cp-∂n-√. H-cp cm-jv-{So-b {]-h¿-Ø-I≥ IΩyq-Wn-sÃm I-Ωyq-Wn-Ãv hncp-≤-t\m B-Ip-∂-Xv A-kw-_‘-am-sW-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xn-eq-sS H-cp hy-‡n-bp-sS a-t\m-hn-Nmc-߃ cm-jv-{So-b {]-h¿-Ø-\Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°p-∂Xn-s‚ A-{]-k-‡n-bm-Wv shfn-hm-°n-bX - v. {In-kvX - p-hpw _p≤-\pw Km-‘n-bpw X-ß-fp-sS in-jy-∑m-cm¬ H-‰p sIm-Sp-°s∏-´-Xp-t]m-se tem-ly-bpw H‰p sIm-Sp-°-s∏-t´-°mw F-∂v ]n.-hn.-Ip-cy≥ B-i-¶-s∏-´n-cp∂p. F¨-]-Xp-I-fn-se {]-[m\-s∏-´ cm-jv-{So-b k-a-ky -aWv-U¬-I-Ωo-j≥ dn-t∏m¿-´v \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn _-‘s∏-´m-Wv D-≠m-b-Xv. tem-lym hn-Nm-c-th-Zn-bp-sS {]-[m-\-s∏´ H-cp I¿-Ω-]-cn-]m-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p A-Xv. a-Wv-U¬-{]-N-c-W th-Zn F-∂ t]-cn¬ H-cp P-\Io-b Iq-´m-bv-a cq-]o-I-cn-®p
sIm-≠v A-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp-≈ t]m-cm-´{- i-aß - s - f G-tIm-]n-∏n°p-∂-Xn-\v I-gn-™p. B-W-h \n-e-b-ÿm-]-\-Øn-s\-Xn-scbp-≈ k-a-cw, N-h-d, B-dm-´p]p-g, ]-√-\ F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-se Icna-W¬ J-\-\-Øn-s\-Xn-scbp-≈ k-a-cw, am-hq¿ Kzm-fntbm¿ d-tbm¨-kv D-b¿-Øn-b a-eo-\o-I-c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ k-a-cw, ]q-bw-Ip-´n ]-≤-Xns°-Xn-sc-bp-≈ k-a-cw, ao-\®n¬ \-Zo-XS- ]-≤X - n-s°-Xn-scbp-≈ k-a-cw, F-∂n-ß-s\ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpw hn-Ik - \ - h - p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ hn-hn-[ ]-cn-]m-SnIƒ kw-LS- n-∏n-°p-∂X - n-\v ]n.hn.-Ip-cy-s‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tem-lym hn-Nm-c-th-Zn-°v I-gn™p. A-ß-s\ tem-lym hnNm-c-th-Zn H-cp _-Z¬ cm-jv-{Sob {]-Xo-I-am-bn D-b¿-Øn-°m´-s∏-´p. X-g-h, sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿ taJ-e-I-fn¬ X-g-∏m-b s\-øp-∂ sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf kw-L-Sn-∏n®p-sIm-≠v Sn.-sI.-hn-P-b≥ amÿ cw-K-Øp-h-∂-t∏mƒ A-Xns\ ]n-¥p-W° - p-∂X - n-\v ]n.-hn.Ip-cy≥ ap≥-]-¥n-bn-ep-≠m-bncp-∂p. A-Xp-t]m-se X-s∂, kvIq-fp-I-fn-se D-®-°-™n sXmgn- e m- f n- I - s f kw- L - S n- ∏ n- ® psIm-≠v kv-Iqƒ ]m-N-I-sØmgn-em-fn kw-L-S-\ cq-]o-I-cn-®t∏m-gpw A-Xn-\v ap≥-]¥ - n-bn¬ ]n.-hn.-Ip-cy≥ D-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cu kw-cw-`-߃-°v tZ-io-b t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-s‚ ]n-¥p-W t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\pw I-gn-™p. Cu- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-am-bn _‘-s∏-´v tPm¿-Pv s^¿-Wm-≠kv ]-e-X-h-W tI-c-f-Øn¬ hcn-I-bp-≠m-bn. C-t∏m-gpw kvIqƒ ]m-N-I sXm-gn-em-fn kwL-S-\ tkm-jy-en-Ãp-I-fp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn≥ Io-gn¬ X-s∂ H-cp k-a-c-kw-L-S-\-bm-bn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. A-©mw X-e-ap-
d-bn¬-s∏-´ tkm-jy-en-Ãv {]h¿-Ø-I¿ k-a-X hn-Zym¿-∞n kw-L-S-\ cq-]o-I-cn-®-t∏m-gpw A-Xn-\v am¿-§Z- ¿-in-Xzw \¬-Ip∂-Xn-\v ]n.-hn.-Ip-cy≥ _-≤-{i≤-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ]n.-hn.-Ip-cy-s‚ cm-jv{- So-b {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ A-hn-`m-PyL-S-I-am-bn-cp-∂p A-¥¿-[m-c. 1974˛¬ Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv \n∂v {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww B-cw-`n®-Xm-Wv A-¥¿-[m-c am-kn-I. A- S n- b - ¥ n- c m- h - ÿ m Im- e Øpw ap-S-°w C-√m-sX A-¥¿[m-c {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v I-gn-™p. 1997˛98 h-sc A-Xns‚ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww {I-a-ambn \-S-∂p. tI-c-f-Øn-se kam-¥-c {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ \n¿-Wm-b-I-am-b ÿm-\w A¥¿-[m-c-bv-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp sN-dn-b Im-e-tØ-°m-sW¶n-epw Fw.-]n.-ho-tc-{μ-Ip-am¿ A-¥¿-[m-c-bp-sS ]-{Xm-[n-]-cmbn-cp-∂p. Fw.-]n.-ho-tc-{μ-Ip-amdp-am-bn ]n.-hn.-Ip-cy-\v k-tlmZ-c -k-Zr-iy-am-b _-‘-am-Wp≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. F-∂m¬ cm-jv{So-b \n-e-]m-Sp-I-fp-sS Im-cyØn¬ ho-tc-{μ-Ip-am-dp-am-bn ISp-Ø hn-tbm-Pn-∏v \n-e-\n¬°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p. P-\-Xm-]m¿-´n ]n-f¿-∂v tem-Iv-Zƒ D-≠m-b-t∏mƒ ]n.hn.-Ip-cy≥ in-h-cm-a-`m-c-Xn-tbmSpw A-_p-km-ln-_n-t\m-Sp-sam∏w tem-Iv-Z-fn-s‚ `m-K-am-bn-cp∂p. N-c¨-knw-Kpw a-[p-en-amsb-bpw X-Ωn¬ D-≠m-b `n-∂X-sb Xp-S¿-∂v tem-Iv-Zƒ {]h¿-Ø-\ c-ln-X-am-b-t∏mƒ tPm¿-Pv s^¿-Wm-≠-kv tkmjy-en-Ãv ]m¿-´n ]p-\-cp-÷o-hn∏n-°p-sa-∂m-Wv ]n.-hn.-Ip-cy≥ Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈-h¿ I-cp-Xn-bXv. F-∂m¬ A-Xp-≠m-bn-√. tI-c-f-Øn¬ in-h-cm-a-`m-c-Xn tkm-jy-en-Ãv ]m¿-´n cq-]o-Icn-®v {]-h¿-Ø-\w B-cw-`n-s®-
¶n-epw A-t±-l-Øn-\v Im-cy-amb ]n-¥p-W e-`n-®n-√. B cmjv-{So-b km-l-N-cyw ap-X-seSp-Øv 1977˛¬ A-kvX - a - n-®p-t]mb tkm-jy-en-Ãv ]m¿-´n-sb ]p\-kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ H-cp {i-aw \-S-Øp-∂-Xn¬ ]n.-hn.-Ipcy-\pw ]-cm-Pb - s - ∏-´p. tem-lym hn-Nm-c-th-Zn-bn-se ]p-Xn-b Xe-ap-d-sb D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øns°m- ≠ v H- c p cm- j v - { So- b - { ]ÿm-\w kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]-cn-{i-aw A-t±-lw B-cw`n-®p. In-j≥ ]-Sv-\m-bn-°n-t‚bpw tI-i-hv dm-hp Pm-X-hn-t‚bpw k-lm-b-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmbn-cp-∂p B ]-cn-{i-aw. In-j≥Pn-bpw tI-i-hv-Pn-bpw ]-e-X-hW tem-lym hn-Nm-c-th-Zn-bpsS Iym-ºp-I-fn-epw k-tΩ-f-\ß-fn-epw ]-s¶-Sp-Øp. In-j≥Pn H-cn-°¬ tNm-Zn-®p. bm-sXmcp-hn-[ cm-jv-{So-b {]-h¿-Ø-\ ]-cn-N-b-hp-an-√m-Ø Cu Ip-´nI-sf I-≠p-sIm-≠m-tWm ]pXn-b cm-jv-{So-b ]m¿-´n D-≠m°m≥ C-d-ßn-∏p-d-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv? A-sXm-cp km-l-k-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]n.-hn.-Ip-cy-s‚ a-c-W-ti-j-amWv B ]-cn-{i-aw bm-Ym¿-∞yam-b-Xv. 1995˛¬ k-am-Pv-hm-Zn P\-]-cn-j-Øv cq-]w sIm-≠p. tZ-io-b X-e-Øn¬ tkm-jy-enÃp-Iƒ-°n-S-bn¬ A-Xv h-en-b {]-Xo-£-bm-Wv \¬-In-b-Xv. k-a-Xz-Nn-¥-bp-sS hn-i-Zmw-iß-fn-te-°p-≈ A-t\z-j-Ww Xp-S¿-∂p sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn\v {]m-]v-Xn-bp-≈ H-cp t\-XrXzw k-am-Pv hm-Zn-P-\-]-cn-jØn-\p-s≠-∂v I-cp-X-s∏-´n-cp∂p. F-∂m¬ G-sd ssh-ImsX B {]-Xo-£-bpw A-ÿm\-Øm-bn. G- X m- ≠ v ]- Ø p- h ¿- j °m-e-sØ A-≤zm-\-Øn-s‚ ^-e-am-bn tem-ly-bp-sS Po-hN-cn-{Xw ]q¿-Øn-bm-°p-∂X - n-\v ]n.-hn.-Ip-cy-\v I-gn-™p. tI-h-
A¥¿[m-c
17
ew A-sXm-cp Po-h-N-cn-{Xw am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. tem-lnb≥ X-Xz-Nn-¥-sb A-Xn-s‚ k-a{- K-Xb - n¬ A-hX - c - n-∏n-°p∂-Xn-\v ]n.-hn.-Ip-cy-\v B {KŸ-Øn-eq-sS I-gn-™p. kzmX- { ¥y- k - a - c - I m- e w ap- X ¬ tem-ly-bp-sS a-c-Ww h-scbp-≈ C-¥y-bp-sS cm-jv-{So-b N-cn-{Xw Iq-Sn-bm-W-Xv. A-Xn\p-ti-jw an-tem-h≥ Pn-emkn-s‚ "]p-Ø≥-h¿-§w' F∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-t‚-bpw A]q¿-Æ-am-b k-aq-l-Øn-t‚bpw ]-cn-`m-j H-‰ ]p-kv-X-Iam-bn {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn. AtX Xp-S¿-∂v "ss{I-kn-kv Hm^v tam-tU¨ kn-hn-sse-tkj≥ (B-[p-\n-I \m-K-cn-I-Xbp-sS {]-Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ) Cw•o-jn¬ {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn. _m-_v-dn- a-kv-Pn-Zv s]m-fn-®v ln-μp-cm-jv-{S \n¿-Ωn-Xn-°p th-≠n-bp-≈ kw-L-]-cn-hm¿ i-‡n-I-fp-sS {i-a-ß-fp-sS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ C-¥y-bn-se h¿- § o- b - c m- j v - { So- b - Ø n- s ‚ B-hn¿-`m-h-sØ kw-_-‘n® H-cp {K-Ÿ-Øn-s‚ c-N-\ G-I-tZ-iw ]q¿-Øo-I-cn-®n-cps∂-¶n-epw A-Xv {]-kn-≤-s∏Sp-Øm≥ I-gn-™n√. ]n.-hn.-Ip-cy≥ X-s‚ cmjv-{So-b {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ `m-Ka - m-bn lr-Zb - t- Øm-Sv tN¿Øp ]n-Sn-® c-≠p Im-cy-߃ A-¥¿-[m-c-bpw tem-lym hnNm-c-th-Zn-bp-am-Wv. C-h-bp-sS ]p-\-kw-Lm-S-\-am-Wv ]n.-hn.Ip-cy-\v A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-fm¬ ]-Sp-Øp-b¿Øm≥ I-gn-bp-∂ kv-am-c-Iw. A-¥¿-[m-c-bp-sS ap-S-°w IqSm-sX-bp-≈ {]-Im-i-\-hpw tem-lym hn-Nm-c-th-Zn-bp-sS ]p-\-kw-Lm-S-\-hpw A-t±-lØn-s‚ A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-Øv \-S-∏n-em-°p-sa-∂v {]-Xo-£n-°p-∂p.
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A¥¿[m-c
I¿-j-I-s‚ I-S sI ]n hn-t\m-Zv, ]-ø-∂q¿
kz-cm-Pn-s‚ sIm-Sn-b-S-bm-fw N¿-°-bm-Wv. A-Xv kzm-X{¥y-Øn-t‚-bpw, kzm-{i-b-Xz-Øn-s‚-bpw {]-Jym-]-\-hp-amWv. hn-tZ-i h-kv-{X _-ln-jv-I-c-W-tØm-sSm-∏w Jm-Zn-sb D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-® cm-{„o-bw X-s∂-bm-Wv I¿-j-Is‚ I-S-bp-sS ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-hpw. I¿-j-I¿ \n-e-\n¬-∏n-\pw kzm-{i-b-Xz-Øn-\pw A-¥- n-\pw th-≠n t]m-cm-Sp-tºmƒ _-Z-ep-Iƒ A-t\z-jn-t°-≠ _m-[y-X \-ap-°p-≠v. ssP-h`q-an {]-h¿-Ø-\ h-gn-bn-se A-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ H-cp C-S-s]-S-em-Wv ssP-h I¿-j-I-s‚ I-S. ssP-h-I¿-jI-cpw {]-Ir-Xn kv-t\-ln-I-fp-am-b A-º-tXm-fw t]-cp-sS ap≥-I-øn¬ I-gn-™ Un-k-º¿ G-gn-\m-Wv ]-ø-∂q-cn¬ I¿-j-I-s‚ I-S {]-h¿-Ø-\w B-cw-`n-®-Xv. Im¿-jn-tIm-Xv-]-∂-߃ \ym-b-hn-e-bv-°v I¿-j-I¿ t\-cn-´v hn¬-°p-I, {]-Ir-Xn ku-lr-Z Ir-jn - Po-hn-Xw {]-N-cn-∏n-°p-I, Cu {]-{In-b-bn¬ D-]-t`m-‡m-hn-s\-bpw ]-¶m-fn-bm-°p-I A-Xn-\p-a-∏p-dw Ir-jn-bpw hn-]-Wn-bpw H-cp km-aq-ln-I kmw-kv-Im-cn-I {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-bn am-‰p-Ibm-Wv I¿-j-I-s‚ I-S. ]p-Xn-b Im-e-sØ \-√ k-aq-lw F-¥m-bn-cn-°-Ww? F-ß-s\ A-Xv cq-]-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww? {]m-tZ-in-I D-Xv-]-∂-ß-fp-tS-bpw {]m-tZ-in-I kz-X-{¥ hn-]-Wn-bp-tS-bpw tN-cp-h-bn-eq-sS {]-Ir-Xn ku-lr-Z-hpw hn-tI-{μo-Ir-X-am-b hn-I-k-\ k-ao-]-\-Øn-eq-sS tIm¿-∏td-‰vh-Xv-I-c-W-sØ {]-Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ I-gn-bp-tam F-∂ A-t\z-j-Ww Iq-sS-bm-Wv I¿-j-I-s‚ I-S. cm-{„o-b-°m¿ A-cm-{„o-bw ap-J-ap-{Z-bm-°p-∂ Cu Im-e-Øv hn-I-k-\ am-{X-hm-Z-hpw Im-em-h-ÿm hy-Xn-bm\-hpw P-\m-[n-]-Xy [zw-k-\-hpw sN-dp-°m≥ sN-dn-b sN-dn-b sN-dp-Øp-\n¬-∏p-Iƒ-°v h-en-b {]m-[m-\y-ap-≠v.