kz-¥w Xn-e-tI-´

\n-›-b-Zm¿-Vy-hpw km-aq-ln-I \oXn-t_m-[-hpw sIm-≠p am-{X-amWv. ]m¿-iz-h-Xv-Ir-X-tcm-Spw \n-kztcm-Sp-ap-≈ I-Sp-Ø ]-£-]m-Xn-Xzw ]m¿-´n \n-e-]m-Sp-Iƒ-°-∏p-dw s]mXp-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ Xp-S-°w apX¬ Ku-cn-b-Ω-bn¬ Im-Wmw. 1957 se C Fw F-kv a-{¥n-k-`bn¬ ]-Øn-sem-cm-fm-bn, H-scm-‰ h\n-X-bm-bn A-h¿ am-dn. B k¿°m¿ N-cn-{X-Øn-en-Sw ]n-Sn-°m≥ Im-c-W-am-b `q]-cn-jv-I-c-W _n-√pw Ip-Sn-bn-d-°v \n-tcm-[-\ Hm¿-Un-\≥kpw A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv Ku-cn-b-Ω-sb-∂ cm-{„o-b-°m-cn {]ikvXbm-b-Xv. `q-]-cn-jv-I-c-W \n-b-a \n¿-Ωm-W-Øn¬ a-‰m-tc-°mfpw ]-cn-N-bw Ku-cn-b-Ω-bv-°p-≠mbn-cp-∂p. 1954¬ Xn-cp-h-Xmw-Iq¿ sIm-®n \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ ]n F-kv \-S-cm-P ]n-≈ `q-]-cn-jv-I-c-W _n√p-Iƒ A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-t∏mƒ hn-iZ-am-b N¿-® Xp-S-ßn sh-®-Xp Xs∂ Ku-cn-b-Ω-bm-bn-cp-∂p: "k¿, Cu _n-√p-I-sf-√mw \n-b-a-k-`bn¬ A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xn-\v ]n F-kv ]n k¿-°m-dn-s\ A-`n-\-μn-°p-∂p. F-∂m¬ _n-√n-ep-≈-Xn-s\ ap-gph≥ A-\p-Iq-en-°p-∂p-sh-∂v AXv A¿-∞-am-°p-∂n-√. ]n-s∂ A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ A¿-∞w, `q]-cn-jv-I-c-Ww th-Ww F-∂v \n߃ Aw-Ko-I-cn-®-Xn-\m-Wv.' kmam-\yw Zo¿-Ln-® A-h-cp-sS {]-kwK-Øn¬ \n-b-aw ]m- m-°p-∂-Xv ssh-In-bm¬ _n-√n¬ ]-d-bp-∂ IpSn-bn-d-°v \n-tcm-[-\w, ssI-h-i-`qan-°v ]-cn-[n \n¿-W-bn-°¬, an-®`q-an `q-c-ln-X¿-°p hn-X-c-Ww sNø¬ F-∂n-h-bv-s°-Xn-sc P-∑n-Iƒ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°-bn-s√-∂v Hm¿-Ωn-∏n°p-∂p-≠v. "Cu _n¬ k¿-°p-te‰v sN-bv-Xv P-\-ß-fp-sS A-`n-{]mb-ß-f-dn-™v H-cp {]-tXy-I A-kwªn hn-fn-®p Iq-´n \yq-\-X-Iƒ Xo¿Øv F-{X-bpw s]-s´-∂v ]m- m-°W-sa-∂v Rm≥ A-t]-£n-°p∂p...' _n¬ sk-e-Œv I-Ωn-‰n-°p hn-´-t∏mƒ A-Xn-se 10 Aw-K-ßfn¬ sI B¿ Ku-cn-bp-ap-≠m-bncp-∂p. ]m¿-iz-h-Xv-Ir-X-cp-sS ap-t∂‰-߃ kzm-`n-am-\-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fmbn-Øp-S-ßn-b H-cp Im-e-Øn-s‚ {]Xn-^-e-\w Iq-Sn-bm-bm-I-Ww H-cp Ku-cn-b-Ω tI-c-f-Øn¬ km-[y-amb-Xv. Cu sa-bv ]-Xn-s\m-∂n-\m-Wv Ku-cn-b-Ω hn-S hm-ßp-∂-Xv. A-Xn\p H-cp Zn-h-kw ap-ºv _w-Km-fn¬ a-a-Xm _m-\¿-Pn-bp-sS aq-∂mw a-{¥nk-` A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰p. lnw-km-fl-Iam-b ln-μp h-e-Xp-]-£-sØ X-S™p \n¿-Øp-I-sb-∂ an-\n-aw B{K-l-ta P-\m-[n-]-Xy hn-izm-kn-Iƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. F-∂m¬ AXn-\-∏p-dw k-©-cn-®v a-a-X A-Xn-ibn-∏n-®p. ap-∏-tXm-fw kv-{Xo-I-fpw \m¬-∏-Xn-e-[n-Iw ap-…o-ß-fpw, Zfn-X-cpw ]-Øn-te-sd B-Zn-hm-kn-Ifp-a-S-ßp-∂-Xm-Wv P-bn-®p I-b-dn-b A-h-cp-sS Sow. tam-Zn-bp-sS sh-√phn-fn kzo-I-cn-®v tJ-te tlm-_m (I-fn Xp-S-ßmw) F-∂v ]-d-™v If-Øn-en-d-ßn-b a-a-X, tJ-te tkkm (I-fn Xo¿-∂p) F-∂v D-Ø-cw sIm-Sp-Øp sIm-≠v, a-g-hn¬ {]mXn-\n-[y-hp-am-bn \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ Xncn-s®-Øn. Ir-Xyw ]-Øp Zn-h-k߃-°p ti-jw tI-c-f-Øn-epw ]pXn-b a-{¥n-k-`-bp-≠m-bn. A-tXmsSm-∏w a-s‰m-cp Im-cyw D-d-∏m-bn, A-Sp-Ø Im-e-sØm-∂pw H-cp kv{Xo-°v `-c-Wt\-Xr-Xz-ap-≠m-Im-\p≈ km-≤y-Xbn-√. Ku-cn-b-Ω-tbmf-an-s√-¶n-epw G-Xm-\pw ]-S-hp-Iƒ G-sd I-b-dn-sb-Øn-b ssi-e-P So®¿ {Io-an-se-b-dn-s‚ A-cn-∏-bn¬ Ip-Sp-ßn. ]mºpw tImWnbpw Ifnbnse ]mºp hngpßnbXpt]mse. P-\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-am-sb-¶nepw ]m¿-iz-h-Xv-Ir-X-cp-sS {]m-Xn-\n[yw `-c-W hr-Ø-ß-fn¬ kzm-`mhn-I-am-hp-I F-∂-Xm-Wv P-\m-[n]-Xyw. kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bn A-ß-s\ kw-`-hn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-tºmƒ sN-øp∂ Nn-In-’-bm-Wv kw-h-c-Ww. \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ Cu hn-j-b-Øn¬ \Ωƒ tXm-‰p t]m-Ip∂p. tI-c-f-Øn-se ho-´-Ω-am-sc ap≥\n¿-Øn ap-ºv hn-fn-s®m-cp ap-{Zm-hmIyw Hm¿-Ω-bn-se-Øp-∂p. "Ku-co \o-sbm-cp s]-Æ-t√, Cu A-cn Fß-s\ sh-®p-hn-f-ºpw?' td-j≥ IS-I-fn¬ ]-i-∏-®-cn hn-X-c-W-Øn-s\Øn-b-t∏m-fp-b¿-Øn-b ap-{Zm-hm-Iyam-Wn-Xv. Ku-cn-bp-sS kv-{Xo-Xz-tØbm-Wv A-h¿ A-`n-kw-t_m-[-\ sNbv-X-Xv. H-cp kv-{Xo-sb-∂ \n-e-bn¬, Cu-g-h Pm-Xn-bn¬ s]-´-h-sf-∂ \ne-bn¬ A-]-l-kn-°-s∏-´, A¿-lam-b t\-´-߃ \n-tj-[n-°-s∏-´ Ku-cn-bp-sS tXm¬-hn A-h-cp-sS hy‡n-]-c-am-b tXm¬-hn-b-√. A-Xp tI-c-f-Øn-se ap-gp-h≥ kv-{Xo-I-fptS-bpw, P-\m-[n-]-Xyk-aqlØns‚bmsIbpw tXm¬-hn Iq-sSbmWv.

am-\-kn

I-hn, C-S-Xv-]-£ Nn-¥I≥, {]-`m-j-I≥, kmw-kv-°mcn-I hn-a¿-i-I≥, B-Iv-‰n-hn-Ãv Cu F-√m k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fpw H-cm-fn¬ k-tΩ-fn-°p-I A-Xy]q¿-h-am-Wv. F-∂m¬ C-sX-√mam-bn-cp-∂ H-cp hy-‡n-Xz-sØbm-Wv C.sF.F-kv.Xn-e-Is‚ \n-cym-W-Øn-eq-sS \-„am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. apw-ss_ ae-bm-fn-I-fp-sS kmw-kv-°m-cnI s]m-Xp a-fi-e-Øn-epw _u-≤n-I hy-h-lm-c-ß-fn-epw Po-hn-X Im-ew ap-gp-h≥ kPo-h km-∂n-[y-am-bn C-S-s]´p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p Xn-e-I≥ {]hm-kn a-e-bm-fn bu-h-\-Øns‚ ss[-j-Wn-I sIm-Sp-°¬ hm-ß-ep-I-fn¬ \n¿-Æm-b-I kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-Øn. A-h-cpsS B-th-i-hpw B-imtI-{μhpambn At±-lw. kz-bw Np°m≥ ]n-Sn-® kw-L-Km-\w, k-a-\z-bw Xp-S-ßn-b k-am-¥c {]-kn-≤n-I-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sS, C-S-X-S-hn-√m-Ø {]-`m-j-W-ßfn-eq-sS, A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ho´n¬ F-Øn tN¿-∂p-sIm-≠ncp-∂ kp-lp-Øp-°-fp-am-bn \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂ Xo ]m-dp-∂ N¿®-I-fn-eq-sS cm-{„o-b, km-aqly kmw-kv-°m-cn-I ta-J-e-Ifn¬ A-∏-t∏mƒ ap-f-s]m-´n-bncp-∂ ]p-Xp {]-h-W-X-I-tf-bpw B-i-b-ß-sf-bpw N-e-\-ß-sfbpw H-cp Zu-Xy-sa-∂-t]m-se \n-c-¥-cw ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øns°m-≠n-cp-∂p Xn-e-tI-´≥. B-t±-l-Øn-s‚ G-‰-hpw h-enb {]-tXy-I-X-bm-bn F-\n-°v tXm-∂n-bn-´p-≈-Xv, ]-c-∂ hmb-\-bn-eq-sS-bpw ssk-≤m-¥nI C-S-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eq-sS-bpw kmw-kv-°m-cn-I A-\p-`-h-ß-fnep-sS-bpw B¿-÷n-s®-Sp-Ø ]p-Ø-\-dn-hp-I-sf Dƒ-s°m≠p-sIm-≠v kz-¥w Nn-¥-Isf \n-c-¥-cw \-ho-I-cn-°m-\p≈ k-∂-≤-X-bpw {i-a-hp-amWv. C-∂p I-≠ Xn-e-I-\m-hn√ H-cm-gv-® I-gn-bp-tºmƒ \mw

C sF F-kv Xn-e-I≥:

kz-¥w Xn-e-tI-´≥

I-≠p-ap-´p-∂ Xn-e-I≥ F-∂v knhn-Iv N-{μ≥ H-cn-°¬ ]-d-™-XmWv Hm¿-Ω h-cp-∂-Xv. B-tKm-f-Xe-Øn¬ D-≠m-Ip-∂ ]p-Xp cm-{„ob km-aq-ly kmw-kv-°m-cn-I N-e\-ß-sf. A-t±-lw F-Xn-tc-‰-Xv kq£v-a \n-co-£-I-s‚-bpw A-°m-Z-

an-I K-th-j-I-s‚-bpw A-h-[m-\X-tbm-sS-bm-Wv. H-cm-i-b-sØ-bpw H-cp hn-tbm-Pn-∏n-s\-bpw ap≥-hn[nI-tfm-sS X-≈n-°-f-™n-cp-∂n-√ A-t±-lw. A-h-sb Xym-Py-{Km-lyhn-th-N-\-tØm-sS hn-i-I-e-\w sN-bv-Xp \n-e-]m-sS-Sp-°m-\p-≈ ss[-j-Wn-I-ti-jn-bpw ti-ap-jnbpw B-bn-cp-∂p apw-ss_ a-e-bmfn A-t±-l-sØ H-cp F-≥sskt¢m-]o-Un-b-bm-bpw F-t∏m-gpw Xpd-∂p-h-® sse-{_-dn-bm-bpw A-Sbm-f-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-≈ Im-c-W-hpw. B-i-b-]-c-am-bn X-t∂m-Sv G-‰pap-´n-b G-Xv F-Xn¿-∏p-I-sf-bpw. XnI-™ {]-Xn-]-£ _-lp-am-\tØm-sS, A-t£m-`y-\m-bn A-t±lw Iq-sS \-S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. P-∑\m-´n¬ \n-∂p-≈ A-I-ew {]-hmkn km-ln-Xy-sØ ap-Jy-[m-c-bn¬ A-{]-k-‡-am-°p-∂p-thm F-∂ B-i-¶-bn¬-\n-∂v D-S-se-Sp-Ø, AXn-s\ a-dn-I-S-°m≥ kz-bw ]-{Xm[n-]-cm-bn C-cp-∂v \-K-c I-hn-I-fpsS c-N-\-Iƒ A-Wn-\n-c-Øn {]-kn≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂ "\-K-c I-hn-X'bp-sS F-Un-j-\p-Iƒ {]-hm-kn-Iƒ C-ßs\ hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn Nn-¥n-°p-∂p F-∂v ap-Jy-[m-cm km-ln-Xy-tØmSv D-d-s° ]-d-bm≥ H-cn-Sw t\-Snsb-Sp-Øp. X-s‚ I-hn-X-sb-gp-Øn-s\ kmkv-Im-cn-I {]-Xn-tcm-[-am-bn am-{Xw I-≠n-cp-∂ hy-‡n Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p Xn-e-I≥. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b sU-t°m-d F-∂ kmw-kv-Im-cn-I Iq-´m-bv-a-bpw C-tX kmw-kv-°m-cnI {]-Xn-tcm-[w X-s∂-bm-Wv e-£yan-´-Xv "A-Ω, kv-]m¿-´-°-kv' Xp-S-ßnb \m-S-I-ß-sf-t∏m-se cm-{„otbm¬-°-WvT-I-fp-sS s]m-≈n-°p∂ {]-ta-b-ß-fpam-bn A-c-ßn-s\ A-`n-kw-t_m-[-\ sN-bv-X A-t±lw I-ta-gv-ky¬ \m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS Ip-cp-°n¬ s]-´p In-S-∂n-cp-∂ apw-ss_ a-e-bm-fn-bp-sS \m-S-Imh-t_m-[-sØ-bpw cm-{„o-b t_m[-ß-sf-bpw sU-t°m-dbn-eq-sS ]p-Xp-°n ]-Wn-Xp sIm-t≠-bn-cp∂p, {_-lv-Xn-b≥ ssi-en-bp-sS h-‡m-hpw hym-Jym-Xm-hp-am-bn-cp∂ A-t±-lw A-Xn-\m-bn, sI.sP. t_-_n, tPm-kv Nn-d-ta¬ Xp-S-ßnb A-°m-e-sØ \m-S-I {]-Xn-`-Isf sIm-≠v h-∂v \-S-Øn-b in-ev]-im-e-I-fpw sk-an-\m-dp-I-fpw kwhm-Z-ß-fpw apw-ss_ a-e-bm-fn bph-X C-∂pw \-μn-tbm-sS Hm¿-°p∂ H-cp k-{In-b Im-e-L-´-Øn-s‚ \o-°n-bn-cn-∏p-I-fm-Wv. A-Sn-b-¥n-cmh-ÿ ]n≥-h-en-°-s∏-´ D-S-s\ knhn-Iv N-{μ-\pw _m-e-N-{μ≥- Np-≈n°m-Spw a-[pam-jpw tN¿-∂p \-SØn-b H-cm-gv-N-sØ kmw-kv-Im-cnI ]-cy-S-\-hpw A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ap≥ I-øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. \-K-c bp-h-Xz-sØ B-[p-\n-I tem-I-Nn-¥-°-\p-k-cn-®p am-‰n-∏-Wnbm-\p-≈ \n-c-¥-c {i-a-am-bn-cp-∂p Xn-e-I-s‚ Po-hn-Xw. ]n. tKm-hn-μ∏n-≈-sb-bpw l-cn-l-c≥ ]q-™mdn-t\-bpw t]m-ep-≈-h-tcm-Sv ssk≤m-¥n-I X-e-Øn¬ X¿-°n-°m\pw I-e-ln-°m-\pw sI¬-∏p-≈ CS-Xp-]-£ Nn-¥-I-\m-bn-´pw A-[nIm-c cm-{„o-b-Øn¬-\n-∂p A-t±lw hn-´p-\n-∂p. Nn-¥m-kzm-X-{¥yØn-\p sIm-Sp-t°-≠ hn-e-bm-bncp-∂p A-Xv. \-s´-√pw B-fl-hn-izmk-ap-s≠-¶n¬, {]-tXy-I A-P-≠I-sfm-∂p-an-s√-¶n¬ hn-a¿-i-\-ßsf t\-cn-Sm≥, kw-hm-Z-ß-fn-te¿s∏-Sm≥ F-¥n-\v hn-ap-J-X Im-´Ww? H-cp ss[-j-Wn-Ibm-{X-bm-bn´m-Wv A-t±-lw kz-¥w Po-hn-XsØ k-ao-]n-®-Xpw A-S-bm-f-s∏Sp-Øn-b-Xpw. th-dn-´v Nn-¥n-°m≥, h-gn-am-dn \-S-°m≥ F-s∂ t]m-ep-≈-h¿-°v C-{X-b-[n-Iw ss[-cy-hpw t{]-c-Wbpw X-∂ a-s‰m-cmƒ apw-ss_-bnen-√. N-cn-{X-am-bm-epw km-aq-lyim-kv-{X-am-bm-epw cm-{„o-b Nn-¥bm-bm-epw km-ln-Xy-I-em cw-KsØ ]p-Xp N-e-\-ß-fm-bm-epw s]s´-∂v Hm-Sn-s®-∂p kw-i-bw tNmZn-°m≥ apw-ss_ a-e-bm-fn-Iƒs°-∂-t]m-se F-\n-°pw H-cm-fn√m-Xm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. B-Z-cm-Rv-P-enIƒ...

im-c-Zm-a-Wn:

{]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X Im¿-°-iy-an-√m-sX

]n C D-j

93˛m-w h-b- n-em-Wv im-c-Zm-a-Wn So-®¿ hn-S]-d-bp-∂-Xv. A-Xp-h-scbpw k-Po-h-am-bn kv-{Xo/Z-fn-Xv/Ir-jn/km-aq-ly/cm-{„o-b cw-K-ß-sf Ir-Xy-am-b \n-e-]m-Sp-I-tfm-sS- B-g-Øn¬ \o-co-£n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p. tI-c-f-Øn-se kv-{Xo-]-£ ]T-\-߃-°v Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-®-hcn¬ G-‰-hpw {]-[m-\-s∏-´ K-th-j-I-bm-Wv So-®¿. Pm-Xn A-Sn-a-Ø-sØ D-≈n¬ s]m-Xn-™p sh-®p-sIm-≠p-≈ ]T-\-co-Xn-bn¬ \n-∂v am-dn AXn-s\ sI-´-gn-®p-hn-´p ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°m≥ D-≈ [o-c-X Im-Wn-®-Xpw So-®¿. tI-c-f tam-U-en-s‚ H-cp hn-a¿-i-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. {]m-b-hpw A-dn-hpw ]-cn-an-Xn-bm-hm-sX-bp-≈ ku-lr-Z-am-bn-cp-∂p So®-dp-tS-Xv. B kzm-X-{¥yw ku-lr-Z-Øn-s‚ Du-jv-a-f-X h¿-[n-∏n-°p-ambn-cp-∂p. A-°m-Z-an-I- hn-Z-Kv-[-bp-sS H-cp Ku-c-h-hpw A-hn-sS-bn-√."Nmb-∏p-d-Øp-≈' A-Ø-cw N¿-®-I-fn¬ kp-lr-Øp-°-fm-bn F-Øp-∂-hcn¬ F-√m {]m-b-°m-cpw D-≠m-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. {]-Xy-b im-kv-{X-]-c-am-b Im¿-°-iyw H-∂pw D-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√ . tI-c-f-Øn-se Im¿-jn-I _-‘-ß-fn-se Pm-Xn A-Sn-a-Ø co-Xn-I-sf

]p-d-Øp-sIm-≠p h-∂ ]T-\-am-Wv- Emergence of a slave caste: Pulayas of Kerala. 1973˛-1974 Im-e-b-f-hn-em-Wv Cu ]T-\w h-cp-∂-Xv. Pm-Xn-sbbpw enw-K-sØ-bpw tN-¿Øp-≈ ]T-\-co-Xn k-hn-ti-j {i-≤ t\-Sn. AXp-t]m-se a-cp-a-°-Øm-b-sØ°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\-hpw s\¬-Ir-jn-sb-°pdn-®p-≈ ]T-\-hp-sa-√mw th-dn-´ ]T-\-ß-fm-Wv. F-√mw X-s∂ kq-£v-ahpw hn-i-Z-hp-am-b ^o¬-Uv h¿-°n-s\ A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CS-Xp ]-£-Øp \n¬-°p-tºm-gpw C-S-Xp-]-£-Øn-s‚ hn-a¿v-i-I-bpw Bbn-cp-∂p, {]-tXy-In-®v B-Zn-hm-kn Z-fn-Xv {]m-Xn-\n-[y-ß-fp-sS, hn-`-hm-[nIm-c-ß-fp-sS F-√mw Im-cy-Øn¬. A-°m-Z-an-I ]-fin-X-bm-bn F-gp-Xnbpw {]-kw-Kn-®pw H-Xp-ßp-∂ B-fm-bn-cp-∂n-√ So-®¿, \-K-c-Øn-se Cu hn-j-b-ß-fn-se {]-Xy-£ k-a-c th-Zn-I-fn-se B¿-÷-hpw B-th-i-hpam-bn-cp-∂p So-®¿, A-Xv not in my name {]-Xn-tj-[-am-bm-epw- A-´-°p-fß-c-bn-se a-c-ß-fp-sS kw-c-£-W k-a-c-am-bm-epw sX-cp-hn¬ sh-bnen¬ So-®-dp-≠v. kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS N-cn-{X-sØ C-ß-s\ H-cp Po-hn-Xw sIm-≠v ]p-\¿-\n¿Δ-Nn-°m≥ ]-cn-{i-an-®n-´pw a-e-bm-fw F-{X-am-{Xw A-Xv Dƒ-s°m-≠n-cn°p-∂p F-∂v Nn-¥n-®p t]m-Ip-∂p!

Hm-tcm kv-{Xo-bp-tS-bpw D-≈n-se ap-dn-hp-Iƒ -

F-hn-sS-\n-t∂m h-∂v F-hntS-t°m a-d-™p-t]m-b-h-fm-Wv ap-{Zn-X. A-h-fp-sS Xn-tcm-[m\-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ A-t\z-jWw t]m-eo-kp-Im-cn-bm-b h\n-X-°v tI-h-ew an- nw-Kv tIkv F-∂-Xn-ep-]-cn Po-hn-Xw F∂ \n-Kq-V-X-sb A-gn-s®-Sp°-em-hp-∂p. A-\n-cp-≤-s‚ t\m-´p-]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn¬ \n-∂mWv ap-{Zn-X-sb h-\n-X Iq-SpX¬ A-dn-bp-∂-Xv. hn-Nn-{Xam-b e-£y-ß-fp-≈ hn-t\m-Zbm-{X-bp-sS kq-N-\-Iƒ, Akw-Xr-]v-X-cpw Zpx-Jn-X-cp-am-b H≥-]-Xv kv-{Xo-I-fn-te-°v FØn-°p-∂p. Hm-tcm Po-hn-Xhpw Hm-tcm kz-bw ]q¿-Æ-amb B-Jym-bn-I-I-fm-Wv.ap-{Zn-X πm≥ sN-øp-∂ bm-{X Hm-tcm kv-{Xo-bp-sS D-≈n-epw A-h-cpsS ap-dn-hp-Iƒ D-W°p-∂ ip{iq-j-tbm, C-cp-∂n-S-Øp-Xs∂-bn-cp-∂v Xo¿-∂p-t]m-Im-Xncn-°m-\p-≈ ]n-S-®n-tem B-bn am-dp-∂p. km-aq-ly am-[y-a Ime-sØ sh¿-Nyp¬ ku-lr-ZØn-s‚ am-bm-kv-]¿-i-am-bpw ap-{Zn-X-sb hm-bn-°mw;

Pnkm tPm-kn-s‚ Cu B-Zy-t\m-h-en-s‚ {]-km-[-I¿ am-Xr-`q-an-bm-Wv. hn-e 340 cq-].