Denscity Urban Structure in high density situation // Yair Meller
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Density
Tel Aviv
Yair Meller
London (City)
Tokyo
7600 People/km2
14,092 People/km2
14,061 People/km2
10,270 People/km2
7600 People/km2
Population Density
Manila
Manhattan
45,474 People/km2
T_CODE 2010-11
Hong Kong (Kowloon)
T_CODE 2010-11
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Hong Kong Development As a Case Study 1960s
1980s
Today
Density: 15,525 People/km2
Density: 42,817 People/km2
Density: 45,474 People/km2
An example of high evolving dens area can be found in the Kowloon peninsula in Hong Kong, One of the most dens urban areas. On the course of 50 years it had tripled its density, while being rebuild about 3 times in the process. The combination of increased density along with a growing business district had transformed the area radically.
Yair Meller
T_CODE 2010-11
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Global Population & Tall Building Increase According to the council for tall buildings the number of tall buildings (at least 200m) is growing faster than the growth rate of the general population. This statistical fact, which although refers to small portion of the buildings, may serve as an indication to the changing typology of urban structures.
Global Population Number of Tall Buildings(200m and above)
Yair Meller
T_CODE 2010-11
... many buildings which do not sum up to a city The application of two dimensional design methods in the creation of high-rise buildings breaks apart the urban fabric by creating many buildings which do not sum up to a city. The Solution to that problem should be based on a fundamentally three dimensional structure which will enable us to maintain the urban structure will increasing density.
Yair Meller
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T_CODE 2010-11
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The Disadvantages of High-rise Buildings Although high-rise buildings are a necessity in dens urban centers their basically planar method of design contains inherent flaws which limits the city ability to developed and creates several social and architectural problems. Urban inefficiency 4
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Burden on Urban infrastructures
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Limited Connectivity
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Urban Inefficiency
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Accessibility graph of an high-hise building. Assuming 40 floors with 4 apartments in each floor
Using a mathematical graph we can describe the connection between each component in the urban system. We can see that as the number of people in the buildings rises the connection to the street becomes a bottleneck, both physically and perceptively
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Yair Meller
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Accessibility graph of a traditional multi-storey building. Assuming 6 floors with 4 apartment in each floor
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Urban Infrastructures and High-rise Buildings Assuming that the ground level can not be changed radically (there is a physical limit to the area of roads, parks and other public spaces than can be added) if we replace all buildings with high-rise building we can see an increase in population and traffic that overloads these urban infra structures Users Graph Traditional structure
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Users Graph - High-Rise structure
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Buildings
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Recreation
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T_CODE 2010-11
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The Urban Structure of High Rise System In fact, when we look at the connectivity of the different components of the urban system in current model of high rise buildings we can compare it to the urban model of suburbs or Garden Cities. High Rise Urban Structure
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Suburbs Urban Structure
Garden City Diagram
T_CODE 2010-11
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The Structure of Urban Systems Low Density*
*Assuming 4 storey buildings
Yair Meller
High Density*
*Assuming 20-40 storey buildings
T_CODE 2010-11
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The Application of Spatial Design* on Urban Structure
“We can't solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them.� (Albert Einstein)
*A graph which contains intersecting edges is a spatial graph
Yair Meller
T_CODE 2010-11
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The Decade Of The Megastructures The concept of designing complex spatial urban structures had come up previously in architecture, most notably in the 1950-60, with the Mega-Structures movement. An era which Reinard Benhan called “The decade of the Mega-Structures”.
Boston Harbour, Kenzo Tange Clusters in the Air, Arata Isozaki
Fort l’Emperuer, Le Corbousier
Spatial City, Yona Friedman
Tokyo Bay, Kenzo Tange Plug-In City, Archigram Habitat, Moshe Safdie
Streets in the Air, The Smithsons
1939
Yair Meller
1952
1958
Park Hill
1959
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Yona Friedman - Spatial City 1956
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Archigram - Plug-In City 1964
Moshe Safdie - Habitat 1967
Legend
Continuing the Growing urban structure System
Yair Meller
Cluster Based
Main Public System
Fixed Structure Site Specific
Arata Isozaki - Clusters In The Air 1961
Jack Lynn & Ivor Smith Park Hill 1961
T_CODE 2010-11
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Streets In The Air The philosophy behind the “Streets in the air� concept sought to humanize the anonymous environment of multi storey apartment buildings by incorporating the urban plan into the design of the buildings. The concept of streets in the air which was first introduced in 1952 by the Smithsons centered around wide access decks that served both as the main circulation system and as a public space. The building designed according to this concept (especially the first one that was built, Park Hill in Sheffield), was the first built spatial urban system, and perhaps one of the most historically important and influential.
Streets in the air. Competition entry for Golden Lane Housing Project, City of London. Alison and Peter Smithson. from New Directions in British Architecture, Royston Landau
Yair Meller
Park Hill, Sheffield, Ivor Smith and Jack Lynn from New Directions in Britis Architecture, Royston Landau
T_CODE 2010-11
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Park Hill - Structural Analysis Mainly Residential
Large open Spaces on ground level
Yair Meller
Local businesses are located in the street corners
Alternating directions creates “street corners�
T_CODE 2010-11
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System Requirements - Conclusion so far Defined System
Flexible Structure
Evolving System
Adaptable System
Defined Components
Connections Based System
Evolving Connections System
Shape Flexibility
Discrete System
Flexible Structural System
Defined Relationships and connections between the components
Urban Scheme
Defined Development Rules
Yair Meller
When the urban structure breaks apart from the ground level more connections are becoming available and as a result, more areas become available for the urban structure to evolve into Haifa can serve a good example for such a scenario since it’s topography divides the city into many semiindependent entities while leaving large areas unusable
Location Flexibility
T_CODE 2010-11
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The Principles of High Density Spatial Urban System Cluster Based
Connections as Generating Principles
Connections System as Evolutionary Basis
Street
Street Building02 Gateway
Building03 Gateway
Street
Building01 Gateway
Building02 High01
Building03 Medium01
Building02 Medium01
Building03 Low01
Building02 Green01
Building03 Medium02
Building01 Green01 Building01 Medium01
Building01 Low01 Building02 Low01
Building03 Green01
Building01 High01 Building02 Medium02 Building01 Low02
Building01 Medium02
Building01 Low03
Building02 Low02
Building02 High02
Building03 Medium03
Building03 Green02
Building02 Low03 Building03 Low03
Building01 Medium03
Yair Meller
Building03 Low02
Building02 Low04
Building03 Medium04
T_CODE 2010-11
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Defining The Urban System - Evolution Guidelines The system is defined by an hierarchy of intensity which dictates the ability of two items to connect to each other. While vertically each unit can connect to any other unit the streets created in the urban structure must contain a gradual increase / decrease in intensity. As a result each unit can be connected only according to the intensity hierarchy. High intensity components
Medium intensity components
Gateway Height: 8-16m
Recreation Height: 8-16m
High Intensity Urban Cluster Height: 8-16m
Medium Intensity Urban Cluster Height: 12-18m
Low intensity components Low Intensity Urban Cluster Height: 12-16m
The height - number of floors of each cluster contains, is determined by its ability to maintain a continues streets. A unit must be able to maintain at least two non vertical connections to neighboring units (allowing a street through that unit). Step 1
Yair Meller
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Building01 High01
T_CODE 2010-11
Adding Units to The System Street
Building01 Low02
Street Building02 Gateway
Building03 Gateway
Street
Building01 Medium02 Building01 Gateway
Building02 High01 Building02 Medium01
Building03 Medium01 Building03 Low01
Building01 Green01
Building01 Low03
Building03 Medium02
Building01 Low01 Building02 Low01
Building03 Low02 Building03 Medium03
Building03 Green02
Building02 Low03 Building03 Low03
Building03 Medium04
Building01 High02 Building02 Green02
Building03 Green01
Building01 Low04
Building03 Low04 Building02 Low05
Building01 High01 Building02 Medium02
Yair Meller
Building02 High02
Building02 Low04 Building02 Green01
Building01 Medium02
Building02 Low02
Building01 Medium03
Building01 Medium01
Building01 Low02
D_COLOGY Building02 Medium02
Building02 Low02
Building02 High02
Building03 Low02
Building01 Green02
Building03 Medium03 Building02 Medium05 Building03 Green02
Building01 Medium04
Building03 High01
As we expand the system we must follow two basic principals: the next unit should be one level above or beneath the current one in the intensity hierarchy, and second - each unit dimensions should be chosen so that a continues path can be created. Depending on the distance between the buildings and considering a 8% slope of the bridges we can predict the height limits of each unit which will enable a future unit above it to be incorporated into the connections scheme
Building01 High01
T_CODE 2010-11
Intensity Scheme And The Urban Structure Street
Building01 Low02
Street Building02 Gateway
Building03 Gateway
Street
Building01 Medium02 Building01 Gateway
Building02 High01 Building02 Medium01
Building03 Medium01 Building03 Low01
Building01 Green01
Building01 Low03
Building03 Medium02
Building01 Low01 Building02 Low01
Building03 Low02 Building03 Medium03
Building03 Green02
Building02 Low03 Building03 Low03
Building03 Medium04
Building01 High02 Building02 Green02
Building03 Green01
Building01 Low04
Building03 Low04 Building02 Low05
Building01 High01 Building02 Medium02
Yair Meller
Building02 High02
Building02 Low04 Building02 Green01
Building01 Medium02
Building02 Low02
Building01 Medium03
Building01 Medium01
Building01 Low02
D_COLOGY Building02 Medium02
Building02 Low02
Building02 High02
Building03 Low02
Building01 Green02
Building03 Medium03 Building02 Medium05 Building03 Green02
Building01 Medium04
Building03 High01
Assuming that the type of function added to the system is determined by current practical needs, the connections between the functions is what determines the nature of the urban system. Connecting units only according to the intensity scale helps creating a more coherent urban structure and as a consequent to create smaller urban centers within the spatial structure
T_CODE 2010-11
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Defining The Urban System - The Components Gateway
High Intensity Urban Cluster
Medium Intensity Urban Cluster
Low Intensity Urban Cluster
Recreation Area
Vertical Circulation System
Bridges
Constructive Facade
Yair Meller
T_CODE 2010-11
A Possible Spatial Layout
Gateway Unit Recreation Unit High Intensity Urban Cluster Medium Intensity Urban Cluster Low Intensity Urban Cluster
Yair Meller
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T_CODE 2010-11
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Gateway - Design Principles The Gateway is the connection between the high rise building and the existing urban structure. It has a dual role as it serves both as a kind of lobby for the building and both as an integral part of the street. On the practical side it should provide parking accompanied with an easy access to the surface and deal with large volume of traffic. On the structural side it serves as connection between the urban system and the vertical circulation system
Yair Meller
T_CODE 2010-11
Gateway - Topological Places
Yair Meller
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T_CODE 2010-11
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Medium Intensity Urban Cluster - Design Principles Medium intensity urban clusters are mixed use area on a small scale containing a single use offices / housing floors built above a commercial floor organized around a public square. The commercial floor contains a neighborhood scale commercial functions such as grocery store, small shops and pubs, and services functions such as banks and post office.
Yair Meller
T_CODE 2010-11
Medium Intensity Urban Cluster - Topological Places
Yair Meller
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T_CODE 2010-11
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Low Intensity Urban Cluster - Design Principles Low intensity urban clusters are a single use housing / offices area. The lower floor of such a cluster serves mainly as an access point to the cluster, providing a small public area for local use.
Yair Meller
T_CODE 2010-11
Low Intensity Urban Cluster - Topological Places
Yair Meller
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T_CODE 2010-11
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High Intensity Urban Cluster - Design Principles High intensity urban clusters are a collection of urban functions which draw large amount of people and generate large traffic volume such as commercial centers, cultural and night life functions
Yair Meller
T_CODE 2010-11
Recreation Area Recreation area are used to provide the large public open spaces of the system - parks and play grounds.
Yair Meller
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T_CODE 2010-11
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Constructive Facade A lattice based shell which serves as the main constructive system of the building, allowing shape flexibility and gradual evolution of the buildings and the system. The structure is based on the concept of diagrip as was developed by Arup Engineering for Norman Fosters St. Mary Axe Building
Diagrid
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Lattice Structure
Lattice Structure With Bridges Anchors
T_CODE 2010-11
Bridges The bridges are a lattice based structure that can be incorporated into the constructive shell
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T_CODE 2010-11
Bridges The bridges are anchored to the shell in designated spots to create a continues structure
Yair Meller
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T_CODE 2010-11
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Vertical Circulation System The vertical circulation system serves an important role in compartmentalizing the structure, and helping to distribute traffic along the spatial system
Yair Meller
T_CODE 2010-11
Demonstrating The System In The Rushmia Delta
Yair Meller
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