Thesis Booklet: NO MAN IS AN ISLAND by Qiyu Tang

THESIS BOOKLET

NO MAN IS AN ISLAND

QIYU TANG 900830 University of Melbourne Master of Architecture Design Thesis ABPL90169 -- Semester 1, 2022 Studio Leader: Benjamin Lau

CONTENTS

01.

02.

THESIS PROPOSAL

CONCEPT DESIGN

THESIS STATEMENT (5)

IDEATION (29-31)

ELABORATION (6-21)

SITE ANALYSIS (32-47)

CREATIVE RESEARCH (22-25)

PARTI (48-49)

RESEARCH QUESTION (26-27)

DESIGN (50-69)

03.

04.

SKETCH DESIGN

FINAL SUBMISSION

IDEATION (72-75)

DRAWINGS (86-131)

DESIGN (76-85)

01.

THESIS PROPOSAL A ZERO LONELINESS ISLAND

THESIS STATEMENT 4.0 “You can be lonely anywhere, but there is a particular flavour to the loneliness that comes from living in a city, surrounded by millions of people. (Laing, 2016, p. 9)” Melbourne has been one of the fastest-growing cities in Australia for a few years. Due to the scarcity of urban land, skyscrapers have become a popular solution to cope with the population growth and housing shortage. However, urban dwellers who live in those high-rises frequently suffer loneliness and social isolation despite living in relatively close proximity to each other. Loneliness is emerging as the most pressing global crisis of the 21st century, threatening people’s health and wellbeing. Guildford Lane Precinct is an inner-city block surrounded on three sides by skyscrapers. Employing urban loneliness as a point of departure, this thesis will turn this low-rise and low-density site into a welcoming urban living room, encouraging people to get out of their offices and home. The design of this “Third Place“ (Oldenburg, 1989) would provide a pleasant journey for nearby office workers, residents and visitors to explore different affordances (Gibson,1979, p.127) of the site.

MELBOURNE'S URBAN PRO Urbanisation

Urbanisation is a process that people migrate from rural to urban areas, leading to the increasing proportion of people living in urban centres.

Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system in which the productions of goods and services are largely privately owned and operated for a profit.

Urbanisation and Capitalism are intertwined with each other in

an intimate manner and in relation to the theory of accumulation. David Harvey (2003) points out capitalism directly shapes the urban environment and causes inequality in metropolitan cities like Melbourne. The creation of urban spaces is driven by getting financial credit support and generating a capital surplus (Harvey, 2003). Capitalism has been criticised for misleading the urban process by deflecting it with a motive of profit earning.

Melbourne Housing Market

Melbourne’s rapid urbanisation leads to a land shortage and a skyscraper boom. As Melbounre city is a densely populated area, the need for more spaces has risen. The city centre is where the price of land is so high (Fig.1) that building upward becomes a more economical approach to minimise the cost of the land per the total floor area of a building (Fig.2). The skyscraper, which was originally designed to host offices, hotels, and retail spaces, has increasingly been used for residential purposes. According to statistics, 44% of the city’s skyscrapers will be of residential use. These new developments aim to offer superior living standard, thus there is a rise of high-end luxury-branded residential towers. Although the construction of skyscraper has brought a lot of employment opportunities and contributed to a fancy skyline, these luxury buildings are more affordable for the privileged few. Melbourne was listed as the fifth least affordable city to buy a home in Demographia’s International Housing Affordability 2022 Edition. Unaffordable prices brought inequality to the housing system.

OCESS UNDER CAPITALISM

Fig.1.Bid-Rent Theory. Available from:https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/238733275_Employment_decentralisation_in_South_East_ Queensland_Scoping_the_transport_impacts. Burke, Dodson & Gleeson, 2022)

Fig.2. How cost estimates vary with height. Available from: https://www.rba. gov.au/publications/rdp/2020/2020-04/what-is-the-cost-efficient-height-forapartment-buildings.html. Jenner & Tulip, 2020)

Fig.3. House prices vs distance from CBD, Melbourne for selected years. Adapted from: https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/territories-regions-cities/ cities/smart-cities-suburbs/smart-cities-plan. Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development, 2015)

MELBOURNE'S URBAN PRO

Circuits of Primary Circuit

Secondar

Production Money Capital

Consum

Industrial Development: Productive Capital Commodity Capital Labour, Machine,Commodity

Issues: Surplus of Goods, Idle Capital, Idle Labor

1835

The foundation of Melbourne

Future Melbourne 8

1837

Hoddle Grid

2020s

Skyscrapers reshaped Melbourne‘s skyline

Urban Dev CBD Suburb Investment on

Issu Industrial & Comm High Vaca

1847

Melbourne declared a city

2010s

Skyscraper Construction Boom

1851

Gold Rus Populatio Boom

‘Melbou P

OCESS UNDER CAPITALISM

f Captial

ry Circuit

Tertiary Circuit

mption

Investment

velopment: Satellite City n Fixed Assets

Scientific & Technological Development: Education, Health, Welfare Social Expenditures

ues: mercial Closedowns, ancy Rate

sh on

005

Aim: To solve the crisis

1860s

Pre-eminence of Manufacturing

urne 2030’ Plan

1880s

Land Boom

1901

“Australia’s capital”

1930s

Slum Clearance

1950s

High-rise Boom

1990s

City Apartment Boom

1991

City Property Markets Crash

1960s

Urban sprawl accelerated

MELBOURNE'S CH

List of Talles

1969

AMP Square 113m

1962

CRA Building 95m

1955

ICI House 81m

1932

Manchester Unity Building 64m

1889

The Australian (APA) Building 53m

1888

1876

Fink’s Building 43m

Yorkshire Brewery Tower 34m

Optus Centre 153m

Melbourne’s skyline is increasingly crowded, with 74 skyscrapers already built or topped out, and at least 7 currently under construction. The city’s dramatic vertical expansion helped fuel the Victorian economy and project a thriving global image.

2020

Australia 108 316.7m

2006

1986

1980

1975

ANZ Tower 185m

Rialto Towers 251m

st Building

Eureka Tower 297.3m

HANGING SKYLINE

LONELINESS BY THE NUMBERS In Australia 2018) ,

(Lim, Michelle & Australian Psychological Society,

13.5 MILLION 13.5 million Australians feel they are at risk of loneliness.

55% Almost 55% of the population feel they lack companionship at least sometimes.

50.5% Around 1 in 2 Australians reported feeling lonely for least one day in a week.

27.6% Around 1 in 4 Australians reported feeling lonely for three or more days in a week.

15.2% + 13.1% Lonely Australians are 15.2% more likely to be depressed and 13.1% more likely to feel anxiety about social interactions than those not lonely.

LONELINESS & HIGH-RISE LIVING What is Loneliness

Loneliness, defined as the ‘perceived sense of disconnection from others’, refers to the subjective feeling of not having one’s human need for social connection adequately met (Hammoud et al., 2021).

The Dangers of Loneliness

As a social species, humans rely on positive social interaction, and acute loneliness is an aversive state that has detrimental effects on health and wellbeing. Researchers have found that long-term loneliness is as lethal as having an alcohol-related disorder or smoking fifteen cigarettes a day (Holt-Lunstad et al., 2015), making it about twice as dangerous as obesity. Loneliness has also been associated with increased risk of systolic blood pressure (Hawkley et al., 2006), coronary heart disease, and stroke (Valtorta et al., 2016). The lonely are likely to be pessimistic about building social connections and vigilant to negative facial cues of emotion (Vanhalst et al., 2017), which may trigger the dangerous cycle of chronic loneliness.

Fig.4. A self-reinforcing feedback loop of chronic loneliness, without intervention. (Adapted from The Science Behind Loneliness - And How To Escape (https://whatsonyourmind.substack.com/p/that-familiar-feelingloneliness?s=r). Copyright Aniket Patel.)

Vulnerable Demographics

Loneliness can strike anyone, regardless of age, gender, race, occupation,

Fig.5. Loneliness Potential at All Stages of Life (Adapted from The Science Behind Loneliness - And How To Escape (https://whatsonyourmind.substack. com/p/that-familiar-feeling-loneliness?s=r). Copyright Aniket Patel.)

Loneliness Score

46 44 42 40 38 36

18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

56-65

Over 65

Age Group (Years)

Fig.6. Mean Loneliness Score by Age Group (Adapted from Lim, Michelle & Australian Psychological Society, 2018)

etc. Studies in western societies suggest the potential for becoming lonely will change as people go through life (Fig.5.). In Australia, people over 65 years are the least lonely, while there are no significant differences between other age groups in loneliness levels (Lim, Michelle & Australian Psychological Society, 2018).

50 Percentage (%)

40 30 20 10 0

Rent Public

Rent Private Mortage Housing Tenure Type

Own Home

Fig.7. Loneliness as Serious Problem(per cent). (Adapted from Franklin & Tranter, 2011)

However, there are groups of individuals who have been researched that may experience loneliness more than others. Housing tenure and household composition are contributing predictors of loneliness. Compared to mortgagees and homeowners, public housing tenants and private renters tend to be more serious about loneliness (Franklin & Tranter, 2011). Franklin and Tranter (2011) also highlighted that loneliness in Australia has become common in single-person households because people living alone generally lack confidence in social encounters.

ANALYSIS OF HIGH-RISE LIVING

Prime Location

More Natural Lights Pros of High-rise Living

Good Service

Traffic Noise

Garden

Pricey Views Cons of High-rise Living

Pool Public Programs Now Largely Privatised

Little Contact

GYM

‘Stuff from the floors above lands on my balcony.’ (Kat Harrold) ‘I so love my views of the city now and it is lovely and peaceful.’ (elsinoresj) ‘It was like being in an island in the sky.’ (slowsnail2007) ‘The lives of citizens have been changed.’ (Goran Erfani) ‘I awoke to find we were in a cloud one morning.’ (neutralpaddy) ‘I would never buy any property above eight floors high.’ (RomulusX) ‘There was definitely something splendid about looking out across the sea.‘ (remay) Stories of High-rise Living

High-rise Loneliness

High-rise living has long been criticised for higher levels of loneliness, but why? High-rises are characterised by the high density, lack of group sense of belonging and diminished green space. According to a recent study, overcrowding and population density increase feelings of loneliness, while perceived social inclusivity and contact with nature reduce feelings of loneliness (Hammoud et al., 2021). High-rise buildings in Melbourne’s CBD are concentrated and densely populated, leading to overcrowding and urban densification (Fig.8.) Social relation and attachment to the space are important part of social inclusion. High-rise dwellers may encounter more people in their building than lowrise dwellers but know only very few of their neighbours (Gifford, 2007). Although high-rises offer diverse amenities, including Gym, outdoor BBQ and multifunction rooms, they are less provided than in the low and midrise developments. Outdoor space is also limited as the rooftop area and shared terraces are small or physically constrained.

Growth vs. Decline Fig.8. Melbourne’s Population Density Change 1990-2015. (Adapted from: (https://pudding.cool/2018/10/city_3d/) Copyright Mapbox)

Apart from a larger size, visual appearance and provision of green are also connected with residents’ usability and high-intensity of social interactions. The green environment with landscaped elements and an extraordinary visual experience can encourage more residents to visit. However, there is little allocation for greenery space in skyscrapers. In conclusion, larger communal spaces, exposure to nature and visual appearance can contribute to higher social cohesion and lower levels of loneliness (Bergefurt et al., 2019).

Strategies on Loneliness

As loneliness becomes a signature concern of the world today, there is growing interest in the topic of anti-loneliness in Australia. However, there is not yet a national strategy or official policy dedicated to this problem. No matter what happens in the world of human beings, it happens in a spatial setting. So this thesis will explore how architectural design can help in this regard. Although there is no ‘one-size-fits-all’ solution for loneliness, “Ending Loneliness Together in Australia” (Ending Loneliness Together, 2020) and “ Kinship in the City: Urban Loneliness and the Built Environment” (Future Spaces Foundation, 2019) both highlight the benefit of shared living and community-oriented design in reducing loneliness and support social connections. Five studies assessing social isolation also reported less loneliness among cohousing inhabitants (Carrere et al., 2020). The following diagrams illustrate the community benefits of shared living (Fig.9.) and emphasise communal area is central to any shared living proposal(Fig.10.).

Fig.9. Shared Living Encourages Stronger Communities. (Future Spaces Foundation, 2019)

Fig.10. Shared Space as The Heart of Shared Living. (Future Spaces Foundation, 2019)

CO-HOUSING Co-housing is where people have their own private homes but share many common areas, both indoor and outdoor. Project: Capitol Hill Urban Cohousing Seattle, WA, United States It sits in the heart of Seattle’s thriving Capitol Hill neighbourhood. It provides 9 homes around a central courtyard, a community dining room for 30 people, a large kitchen, a sitting room, street-level commercial space and a rooftop urban farm. According to Grace Kim, an architect and the resident of this project, co-housing is an antidote to isolation and is designed for those who choose to share space with their neighbours, get to know them, and look after them.

Fig.11. Urban Farm. (Left) (From:https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/198439927303231473/) Fig.12. A Place for And by Urban Village. (Right) (Schemata Workshop, 2016) 20

CO-LIVING Co-living is where people have their own rooms or studios but share amenities like kitchens, living rooms, and in some cases, a gym. Project: Dozen Doors Coliving Madrid, Spain It transformed a single-family house with five floors above ground and a basement into a co-living for 12 university students. This project is intended to house individuals united by similar life positions that favour coexistence while still leaving space for the sphere of individuality. Hence communal areas are distributed throughout the building to facilitate encounters and conversation. The private rooms are varied in size and layout. They are the places where each student’s personal world can evolve.

Fig.13.14.15. Project Drawings. (Gon Architects, 2022)

LONELINESS IN ANTIQUITY In “A Biography of Loneliness: The History of an Emotion”, the historian of the emotions Fay Bound Alberti (2019) argues that the language of loneliness does not exist before the nineteenth century. “Loneliness” was almost negligible in printed texts and did not have the psychological and ideological weight that it does today (Alberti, 2019). “Loneliness“ meant “oneliness“, which was simply a state of solitude without any negative emotional connotations. What happened in the West between the 18th and 19th centuries and how did loneliness transform into a modern epidemic over time, or context? Thomas Turner was a shopkeeper in England and kept a diary for 11 years of his life. His diary revealed vernacular 18th century life. Turner married his first wife, Margaret (‘Peggy’) Slater in 1753 and became widowed 8 years later. Here are some snapshots of Turner’s diary over this marriage. 1756 Fri. 15 Oct. This is the day on which I was married, and it is now 3 years since. Doubtless many have been the disputes which have happened between myy wife and myself during the time, and many have been the afflictions which it has pleased d God to lay upon us… we now begin to live happy… if I was single again and at liberty to make another choice, I should do the same, I mean, make her myy wife who is so now. 1757 Sun. 9 Oct. This day have myy wife and I taken up a resolution in the presence of our almightyy God and Saviour… to forsake our sins and to become better Christians. And, Oh, may the God of all goodness and perfection pour into our hearts His Holy Spirit that we may live together in true unity, love and peace with each other, bearing with each other’s infirmities and weakness… 1760 Mon. 6 Oct. At home all day and pretty busy, but surely my wife i is extremely ill. Oh, what an agony of mind I am in with doubt and fear of my wife’s illness proving mortal. Weds. 15 Oct. At home all day. Myy wife i continues very ill. It is impossible for tongue or pen to express the trouble I now feel on account of my wife’s illness, and the constant fears that I have she will never get the better of her illness. 1761 Fri. 16 Jan. At home all day. But little to do. My wife, i poor creature, most extreme ill; who can paint or describe my trouble? … My soul is quite overwhelmed with grief; oh, the loss of so inestimable a treasure, even that of a sincere friend and virtuous wife! Sat. 20 June. About 11.20 myy wife i was taken with a strong convulsive fit which lasted some time… Oh, my unhappy misfortune. I shall lose all that is desirable to me in this world; my only true and sincere friend, a treasure of more value than all the riches this world can afford, she has ever been a virtuous and discreet woman and to me the best of wives. Tues. 23 June. About 1.50 it pleased Almightyy God to take from me my beloved wife, i who, poor creature, has laboured under a severe though lingering illness for these 38 weeks past, which she bore with the greatest resignation to the Divine will. In her I have lost a sincere friend and virtuous wife, a prudent and good economist in her family and a very valuable companion (and one endued with more than a common share of good sense). Sat. 27 June. Yesterday about 5.50 I buried my wife i at Framfield, and with her all my hopes of worldly happiness. I am now destitute of a friend to converse with or even a sincere friend on whom I can rely for advice now I have lost the dear, dear partner of my soul… Sat. 4 July. At home all day and thank God pretty busy. How do I more and more daily find the loss of myy wife to be great; how do I severely know the want of her in the careful and regular management of my family affairs, which are not now conducted with her conduct, prudence and good economy!

Turner noted his sadness at losing his beloved wife, partner of the soul, but also accepting one’s lot as God’s choice (Alberti, 2019). Turner’s “oneliness“ did not lead to the “loneliness“, as the belief in God’s will provided support for Turner. As Alberti (2019) wrote, ‘When God was there, one was never alone.’ In the 19th century, loneliness began to be associated with secular feelings of being unhappily alone, with the decline of religion and the emergence of ‘self versus world’ and ‘individual versus society’ (Alberti, 2019). The use of the Fig.16. A man seated reading at a term increased sharply after 1800 with table in a lofty room. the arrival of the Industrial Revolution, (Rembrandt, c.1628-30) accelerating in the 1960s.

Fig.17. The loneliness. (Fontanesi,1875)

LONELINESS IN MODERNITY

Fig.18. Alone Together VIII.(Roufanisurban, 2017) Fig.19 Alone Together XII (detail). (Roufanisurban, 2018)

‘Alone Together’, is an ongoing photographic serie of urban landscapes by Greek visual artist Aristotle Roufanisurban. It presents an intimate look into the lives of urban dwellers and their loneliness.

EDWARD HOPPER Edward Hopper was an American realist painter and his work captured the urban loneliness, disappointment and alienation of modern life. He conveyed a mood of loneliness by emphasising emptiness and solitary. The vast empty spaces, lonely portraits of people sitting together yet alone, and strong contrasts between light and shadow are inviting viewers to ask and reflect on their inner life. Most of his drawings are as much a picture of our own sense of isolation.

RESEARCH QUESTION

How to mitigate the issue of urban loneliness

- higher density - but fewer social interactions

brought by skyscrapers

- tight, cold, “luxury“ - sacrifice open, social, civic space for return on investment

through introducing “Third Place”

- where people exchange ideas - have a great time - and build relationships

and creating affordances?

- relations between space users and the environment - promote a positive use of the space

02.

CONCEPT DESIGN ZERO LONELINESS

FRAMEWORK 1.Urban Loneliness 2. Demographic Analysis 3. Spatial Analysis On High-rise Living

4. Co-living As An Answer

Graphics + Text Based Analysis

BACKGROUND

Isolated and Lonely & Not Isolated but Lonely Loneliness is a subjective state of negative feelings when a mismatch exists between an individual’s actual social relations and the desired social contact (Aiden, 2016). So this project is designed for those seek a more sociable lifestyle and are willing to share communal areas and amenities. It encourages a spirit of collaboration and interaction with one another. For those who feel lonely at times, it provides an escape from the everyday chaos of city life and the rising sense of loneliness.

Island Islands People may feel being isolated by both visible and invisible walls. Staying in touch and maintaining positive social support systems can enhance our overall well-being and improve our capacity to cope with stress, anxiety, and even depression. Building an inclusive and vibrant community is the first priority of this project. Home

Work Third Places

The “first place” is the home, a private and domestic space. The “second place“ is the workplace, a formal and structured space. “Third Places“ are

“anchors” of community life, where people feel comfortable and relaxed. “Third Places” in this project is a weapon to fight urban loneliness.

Personal Space N=5 Relational Space N=15-50 Collective Space N=150-1500

Three different attentional spaces.

The three dimensions of loneliness (Cacioppo et al., 2015): Intimate loneliness: the perceived absence of an intimate partner or a significant someone who can offer emotional support. Relational loneliness: the perceived absence of quality friendships or family connections. Collective loneliness: a person’s valued social identities or “active network” (e.g., group, school, team, or national identity) wherein an individual can connect to similar others at a distance in the collective space.

DIFFERENT COMPARTMENTS OF SPACE Social Spaces The Three Dimensions of Loneliness Intimate

Weiss, 1973

Dunbar, 2014

Emotional Inner Core

Relational

Social

Collective

Sympathy Group Active Network

Attentional Spaces Hall, 1966

Architectural Spaces

Ortigue et al., 2006

Intimate Personal Near Social Extrapersonal Far Public Extrapersonal

Private Space Semi-Public Space Public Space

LOCALITY PLAN The project will redevelop the Guildford Lane Precinct to a lively community under the notion of “Co-living” and “Third Place“. The site is located in the block between La Trobe, Little Lonsdale, Queen, and Elizabeth streets. It is close to Melbourne’s financial and legal districts. E ST

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SITE

GREEN SPACE Although Melbourne is considered to be a garden city, green space is scarce in the CBD.

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SITE GREEN SPACE

ART SPACE Melbourne is home to more than 100 art galleries and artist-run spaces. However, majority of these spaces are located in city-fringe suburbs like Southbank and Fitzroy.

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SITE ART SPACE

STREET ART Melbourne is known as Australia’s Street Art capital. Melbourne Street Art Walk is a self-guided tour through city’s laneways to discover the ever-changing street art scene. Guildford Lane is one of these popular destinations. IA

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LAND USE- SITE The site extends east from Queen Street to Sutherland Street, intersecting with Flanigan Street and McLean Alley. The precinct is a green oasis of shops, cafes and homes, and is also away from the hustle and bustle of inner city. This 3,990m2 site comprises a mix of 1 to 4-storey old buildings.

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HERITAGE OVERLAY Most buildings of the site are contributory to the three laneways. 15-21 Sutherland Street is a bluestone building that is assessed as being of State significance.

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SITE CONTRIBUTORY

SIGNIFICANT NONCONTRIBUTORY

TRAFFIC AND FLOW The site can be accessed from Queen Street and Sutherland Street. There is no on-site parking. Visitors may walk, ride or take public transport here. The most popular spots are cafes. There are few people along Flanigan Ln and McLean Alley. (Observation Dates & Time: 8 April, 7 pm & 29 April, 4 pm)

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SITE VISITOR TRAM STOP

CIRLUATION BUS STOP

LAND USE- NEIGHBOURHOOD The site is surrounded by shops, cafes, and residential and office towers.

RCH

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15-2

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20 m

MELBOURNE CBD

SITE

OFFICE

RESIDENTIAL

EDUCATION

COMMERCIAL

NEIGHBOURHOOD ANALYSIS Surrounding buildings are mainly residential and office towers. Average communal area of each occupant is around 1.23 m2.

CASE STUDY Eporo Tower is a 43-storey mixed-use skyscraper that overlooks the site. It comprises 307 residential apartments above a 12-storey podium which blends spiritual and commercial spaces. This building features glazed curving facade with city views, and the exclusive Residents’ Lounge is located on Level 11 .

RO EPO ER TOW

SITE

REFLECTION

Compared with typical low-rise buildings, skyscrapers provide more interior space on a giv community is diminishing since common residential towers are not well configured and fu LEVEL 11 FLOOR PLAN

A Modest Residents’ Lounge

CIRCULATION

CORRIDOR

APARTMENT

COMMUNAL

BALCONY

TERRACE

ven plot of land with the evident advantages of profit maximisation.However, the sense of urnished with features that promote a community living (Ahmad et al., 2019). TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN

A Compact Layout

CIRCULATION

CORRIDOR

APARTMENT

BALCONY

SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Will I meet a neighbour today?

Can corridors become a place to hang out?

Can the lift be a place to meet others and have friendly small talk instead of an awakward vertical circulation area? 11

Can the balcony become a place to enjoy the view of city rather than curtain walls？

Can the solo living become less lonely?

What else can I do here? Can the communal spaces be more than a sitting area?

EXISITING BUILDING ANALYSIS

Fig.20. Guildford Lane. (Realestate, 2020)

These warehouses date from the 1880s are listed on the Victorian Heritage Inventory. This site is a rare pocket of Melbourne’s industrial heritage. These buildings are in red bricks with limited embellishment and have metal-framed industrialstyle windows. Streets are the best for graffiti and there is a lot of graffiti on these industrial, exposed brick walls. Visitors like walking up and taking photos of them.

OVERLOOK FROM UNION TOWER

PARTI Problem

Concept

Boundary

Urban Living Room

Introducing Third Places

Encourage Connectedness

Massing Form

Section Form & Circulation

Plan & Circulation

Program Arrangement

FROM PARTS TO A WHOLE The programs along the the laneway are a mix of commercial and residential use. The residential area splits the commercial area and decreases the public participation. The integration of resources and the optimisation of functions can be the key unifying elements in creating a cohesive strategy for an overall masterplan.

RCI

E MM

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Repositioning

FORM DEVELOPMENT

CONTRIBUTORY

SIGNIFICANT

NONCONTRIBUTORY

ADDITION

Identify Buildings To Be Retained, Adapted And Demolished

CONTRIBUTORY

SIGNIFICANT SITE BOUNDARY

Remove

New Buildings

CONTRIBUTORY

SIGNIFICANT

NEW BUILDING

SITE BOUNDARY

New Additions

CONTRIBUTORY

SIGNIFICANT

ADDITION

SITE BOUNDARY

ELIZA

TR OB

BETH

CONTRIBUTORY

SIGNIFICANT

PROPOSED

SITE BOUNDARY

VISIBILITY

No Visibility From Main Streets

Avoid Overshadowing

CONTRIBUTORY

SIGNIFICANT

PROPOSED

SITE BOUNDARY

SUMMER SUN

WINTER SUN

SKYBRIDGE

SKYLIGHT GARDEN

Connectivity & Vitality & Comfort

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ZONE 1 NICE TO MEET U Community Centre

Marketplace & Tree Hole

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ZONE 2 HAPPINESS FACTORY

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MASTERPLAN ZONING

Co-Living Project

ZONE 4 NO MORE LONELINESS On-going Art Exhibition

E ST

MELBOURNE CBD N 0

20 m

SITE SKYBRIDGE

ZONE 1 WHY COMMUNITY CENTRE? The community centre will be the core area of the neighbourhood by providing activities that would heal loneliness. It will also develope community awareness and skills on how to manage loneliness and social isolation.

How To Heal

Axo View

FLOOR PLANS - GF

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ING

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03.

SKETCH DESIGN

REFINED PROGRAMS

FIRST PLACE

HOME

THIRD

URBAN LIV

CALM

HEALING

PRIVATE PUBLIC

MEDITATION ROOM

ART

CO-WO

ARTIST STUDIO

MEE RO

TREE HOLE

WORKSHOP

YOGA ROOM HEALING GARDEN

EXHIBITION

STU LOUNGE

GRAFFITI ZONE

SHA OFF

PLACE

SECOND PLACE

VING ROOM

WORK

ACTIVE

ORKING

ETING OOM

UDY LIBRARY

ARED FICE

CATERING

ACTIVITIES

SOLODINING

GAME ROOM

LOUNGE CAT CAFE CAFE

RUNNING TRACK SKATEBOARD PARK

FORM DEVLOPMENT

1. Remove interior structure and leave perimeter brick structure and facade intact

2. Apply fluid curvilinear des system

sign and new structure m

3. Introduce a sky plaza to connect to surrounding buildings

FLOOR PLANS - GF

9 90

6 9 39

9 9 6 9

6 9 9

39 9 6

90 9

N Scale 1:500

FLOOR PLANS - 1F

9 90

6 9 39

9 9 6 9

6 9 9

39 9 6

90 9

N Scale 1:500

FLOOR PLANS - 2F

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Off

90 9

N Scale 1:500

FLOOR PLANS - 3F

6 9 39

9 9 6 9

6 9 9

39 9 6

90 9

N Scale 1:500

MULTI-ACCESS

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STREET ACCESS SKYBRIDGE ACCESS

04. FINAL DESIGN

MELBOURNE’S URBAN PROC

CESS UNDER CAPITALISM

URBAN LONELINESS IS

S ANOTHER PANDEMIC

EXISTING SKYSCRAPER DEVELOPMENT

City’s skyline is dram

matically changing.

EXISTING SKYSCRAPER DEVELOPMENT

Majority of skyscrapers are resid

dential and located in city centre.

FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

New developments will keep

p transforming city’s skyline.

FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

LOCATION

FUNC

CTION

STATUS

SITE ANALYSIS

100

PRIME LOCATION

102

GOOD ACCESSIBILITY

103

ARTISTIC ATMOSPHERE

104

LITTLE GREEN LANDS

105

SITE LAND USE

106

NEIGHBOURHOOD LAND USE

107

INDUSTRIAL

108

L HERITAGE

PARTI

An unwanted site surrounded by skyscrapers.

Establish spatial and visual connection.

110

Keep the historic a

Achieve a constellatio

and iconic brick facade.

on of multipurpose spaces.

Introduce gardens to open up the laneway.

Enhance the connection to its context and reach out to more people.

FLOOR PLANS - GF

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TE P

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ALL

CATERING ACTIVITIES ART MAIN ENTRANCE

10m

15m

25m

FLOOR PLANS - 1F

ION

BIT

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ION

BIT XHI

SPA

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ALL

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SPA

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KE POC CE

SPA

LOU

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E RO

GAM

PLA

ART ACTIVITIES

10m

15m

25m

FLOOR PLANS - 2F

ART

DIO

STU

116

ALL

BIN

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DIO

STU

ALO

LOU

RKI

CO-

RAR

LIB

ART CO-WORKING

10m

15m

25m

FLOOR PLANS - 3F

ATI

DIT

LI HEA

ION

TAT

DI ME

118

PLA

O UTD

YOG

ARD

IN EAL

OLE

TRE

OLE

TRE

HEALING

10m

15m

25m

SECTION A

120

FOY

122

YER

GUILDFO

124

ORD LANE

ART SALON AND

126

D PERFORMANCE

COMMUNIT

128

TY CENTRE

130

REFERENCE Ahmad, T. & Aibinu, A. A. (2019). High-rise Housing and Sustainable Development: Are we doing it right? ATRIUM, 33, 14-15. Aiden, H. (2016). Isolation and loneliness: An overview of the literature. British Red Cross. https://www.redcross.org.uk/-/media/documents/about-us/researchpublications/health-social-care-and-support/co-op-isolation-lonelinessoverview.pdf Alberti, F. B. (2019). A biography of loneliness : the history of an emotion. Oxford University Press. Bergefurt, L., Kemperman, A., van den Berg, P., Borgers, A., van der Waerden, P., Oosterhuis, G., & Hommel, M. (2019). Loneliness and Life Satisfaction Explained by Public-Space Use and Mobility Patterns. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(21), 4282. MDPI AG. Cacioppo, S., Grippo, A. J., London, S., Goossens, L., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015). Loneliness: Clinical Import and Interventions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 238–249. Carrere, J., Reyes, A., Oliveras, L., Fernández, A., Peralta, A., Novoa, A. M., Pérez, K., & Borrell, C. (2020). The effects of cohousing model on people’s health and wellbeing: a scoping review. Public Health Reviews, 41(1), 1–28. https://doi. org/10.1186/s40985-020-00138-1 Franklin, A. & Tranter, B. (2011). Housing, loneliness and health. AHURI Final Report No.164. Melbourne: Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute. Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Houghton Mifflin. Gifford, R. (2007). The Consequences of Living in High-Rise Buildings. ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE REVIEW, 50(1), 2–17. Hammoud, R., Tognin, S., Bakolis, I., Ivanova, D., Fitzpatrick, N., Burgess, L., Smythe, M., Gibbons, J., Davidson, N., & Mechelli, A. (2021). Lonely in a crowd: investigating the association between overcrowding and loneliness using smartphone technologies. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–11. Harvey, D. (2003). The right to the city. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 27: 939-941. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0309-1317.2003.00492.x

Hawkley, L. C., Masi, C. M., Berry, J. D., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2006). Loneliness Is a Unique Predictor of Age-Related Differences in Systolic Blood Pressure. PSYCHOLOGY AND AGING, 21(1), 152–164. Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227–237. Laing, O. (2016). The lonely city : Adventures in the art of being alone. Canongate Books. Lim, Michelle & Australian Psychological Society. (2018). Australian loneliness report: a survey exploring the loneliness levels of Australians and the impact on their health and wellbeing. https://researchbank.swinburne.edu.au/file/c1d9cd16ddbe-417f-bbc4-3d499e95bdec/1/2018-australian_loneliness_report.pdf Oldenburg, R. (1989). The great good place : cafés, coffee shops, community centers, beauty parlors, general stores, bars, hangouts, and how they get you through the day. Paragon House. Valtorta, N. K., Kanaan, M., Gilbody, S., Ronzi, S., & Hanratty, B. (2016). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies. Heart (British Cardiac Society), 102(13), 1009–1016. Vanhalst, J., Gibb, B. E., & Prinstein, M. J. (2017). Lonely adolescents exhibit heightened sensitivity for facial cues of emotion. Cognition & emotion, 31(2), 377– 383. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2015.1092420

FIGURES Fig.1 Burke, M., Dodson, J., & Gleeson, B. (2022). Employment decentralisation in South East Queensland: Scoping the transport impacts. https://www.researchgate. net/publication/238733275_Employment_decentralisation_in_South_East_ Queensland_Scoping_the_transport_impacts Fig.2 Jenner, K & Tulip, P. (2020). What is the Cost-efficient Height for Apartment Buildings? https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/rdp/2020/2020-04/what-is-thecost-efficient-height-for-apartment-buildings.html Fig.3 Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development. (2015). State of Australian Cities 2014-15. https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/territories-regionscities/cities/smart-cities-suburbs/smart-cities-plan Fig.4.5. Aniket, P. (2021). The Science Behind Loneliness - And How To Escape.What’s On Your Mind? https://whatsonyourmind.substack.com/p/that-familiar-feelingloneliness?s=r Fig.6. Lim, Michelle & Australian Psychological Society. (2018). Australian loneliness report: a survey exploring the loneliness levels of Australians and the impact on their health and wellbeing. Fig.7. Franklin, A. & Tranter, B. (2011). Housing, loneliness and health. AHURI Final Report No.164. Melbourne: Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute. Fig.8. The Pudding. (2015). Population Present Day. The Pudding. https://pudding. cool/2018/10/city_3d/ Fig.9.10. Future Spaces Foundation. (2019). Kinship in the City: Urban loneliness and the built environment. https://issuu.com/futurespacesfdn/docs/fsf_kinship_ in_the_city Fig.11. https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/198439927303231473/ Fig.12. Schemata Workshop. (2016). Cohousing [Renewed] Enthusiasm at Open House. Schemata Workshop. https://www.schemataworkshop.com/blog/2016/5/ cohousing-excitement Fig.13.14.15. Gon Architects. (2022). Dozen Doors: Renovation for a co-living in the Tetuan neighborhood, Madri. https://gon-architects.com/en/proyectos/dozendoors/

Fig.16.Rembrandt.(c.1628-30). A man seated reading at a table in a lofty room [Painting]. The National Gallery, London, England. Fig.17. Fontanesi, A. (1875). The loneliness [Painting]. Civic Museums of Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy. Fig.18. Roufanisurban, A. (2017). Alone Together VIII [Photography]. https:// aristotle.photography/alone-together Fig.19. Roufanisurban, A. (2018). Alone Together XII (detail) [Photography]. https:// aristotle.photography/alone-together Fig.20. Real Estate. (2020)[Photography]. https://www.realestate.com.au/news/ guildford-lane-townhouse-living-in-an-iconic-melbourne-laneway/