PORTFOLIO
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE JINGYA CHEN
ABOUT ME PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE Shanghai Tongji Urban Planning & Design Institute Co.Ltd Landscape Intern
JINGYA CHEN
Landscape Architecture, The University of Sheffield, UK Year to be completed: September 2021 Tel: +44-07421324856 E-mail: chenjingya821@gmail.com
Participated in facade renovation in Lichuan, Jiangxi Province. Sought the best facade design and material to accommodate with local traditional architecture character. Participated in SketchUp model making and business traveling. Participated in a shop exterior design and guidance project in Songjiang, Shanghai which covers at least 10 streets and 20 buildings. The first stage including site visiting, data collection and site information analysis. The second stage including architectural rendering producing and preparing presentations to the clients. My work received positive comments from the clients, project leader and colleagues. Discussed the design projects with colleagues, expressed my opinions, assisted the regeneration of Pingshan Lake public space in Jiangxi Province. Facilitated part of the master plan and made the digital model of the project by SketchUp.
Voluntary work for Landscape PhD Student Volunteer
PERSONAL STEATMENT Design is supposed to be human-centered, serve people, and satisfy the user's demand, especially the local residents. In terms of Landscape Architecture Design, it aims at addressing problems in daily life through a landscape architecture way to enhance people’s life quality. While dealing with problems, landscape architecture would bring in some artistic elements with better visual impact. Landacpe Architecture is always the field I am interested in and where my passion comes from. As an MA2 student in the Department of Landscape at the University of Sheffield, I am confident I have the skills and abilities required to make a valuable contribution to your organisation while on such a placement.
EDUCATION 09/2019-Present
University of Sheffield, Landscape Department,Sheffield, UK Master of Landscape Architecture
09/2015-06/2019 Tianjin University of Finance & Economics, School of Arts, Tianjing, China BLA-Bachelor of Environmental Design
Apr 2021-Present Sheffield, UK
Participated in the PhD student research: Affect of soil moisture and designed canopy structure on the fitness of Western Chinese herbaceous perennials in the UK. Participated in pricking out of herbaceous plants which used to be prepared for planting. Helped to lay out the planting plots, planted tall, medium and low perennial layers to form a vegetation community in a swale which act as a preparation stage of the research.
Department of Arts, China University of Mining and Technology Design Group Member
Jul 2016-Sep 2016 Xuzhou, China
Participated in regenerating a urban-rural fringe in Xuzhou, Jiangsu province which aim to improve the spatial quality for the locals. Cooperated with other group members and facilitated the master plan by using Auto CAD.
ACTIVITIES & LEADERSHIP Student Union for School of Arts Member
Sep 2015-Jun 2016 Tianjin, China
Cooperated with senior members to organize and arrange events on campus, including preparation for the debate competition and welcome party for the freshman.
SKILLS Photoshop
Sketchup
Illustrator InDesign
Rhinoceros5 Lumion Hand Sketching
AutoCAD
Jun 2020-Sep 2020 Shanghai, China
English Morning Reading Club Leader
Sep 2015-Jun 2017 Tianjin, China
Acted as the leader, and tutored other members to read articles in English. Organized various activities in the Reading Club, completed the work in time. Received positive comments from the project leader and colleagues.
CONTENTS
01
Overlap-Culture-led regeneration of River Don Corridor A planning and design project using Culture as concept, overlap as approach Planning/Design, Individual work, 2021 Spring [4-13]
02
Immerse In Nature
03
Sandy Hook Permanent Memorial Park Design
04 05 06
Bring nature back to the urban area Urban Landscape Design, Team work, 2020 Spring [14-19]
A memorial which brings warm and calm Park Design, Individual work, 2019 Spring [20-24]
Bee Protection Plan in the US Raise the awareness of bee protection Ecology Landscape Desig, Individual work, 2017 Spring [25-30]
LVIA-Wind Energy Development Use LVIA to define the potential site for wind energy development LVIA, Team work, 2020 Autumn [31-35]
Other Works Hand drawing works, construction and planting details Individual work, 2019 Autumn [36-37]
LOCATION
01
OVERLAP CULTURE-LED REGENERATION OF RIVER DON CORRIDOR A planning and design project using Culture as concept, overlap as approach
United Kingdom
Sheffield
River Don Corridor
INTRODUCATION The site is located at the River Don Corridor, Sheffield, a very industrial area with a long history. The project will use 'culture' as the core concept and 'overlap' as the main approach to regenerate the site. The project adapted three cultural theories to form the concept. The main idea is to trace culture as different layers and place these layers in a time sequence. Layer 1 and 2, respectively are old and present Sheffield. Layer 3 to layer 6 are the planning and design stage of the project, which include improving connectivity, cultural enhance and reintroduce, industrial rebirth and green infrastructure improvement. After transformation, the site will attract more visitors, and then tourism will promote the economy, which is also the final aim for the government. Finally, overlap all these layers together, it forms the new local culture.
VISION This project will using 'culture regeneration' as the core concept, using an overlap approach in terms of four cultural perspective(economic sphere, social sphere, arts/ cultural sphere and environmental sphere). After planning, the site will transform form a industrial centre into a culture centre. Forming a model which culture promotes the tourism, tourism promotes economy. Making this place into a vibrant, well-managed, accessible place with strong character.
POLICY Unlocking the economic value of culture. Culture and the creative economy are providers of jobs, drivers for the visitor economy and are vital in shaping the city’s identity and positioning it alongside other competitor cities across Europe. Kelham Island should develop small businesses to perform an important economic role for the City as a whole. Industrial heritage should be protected since its an important element to form the place character. A conservation-led approach, including Kelham/Neepsend and Castlegate/Victoria Quays.
4
METHODOLOGY WITH A BRIEF HISTORY
SITE CONTEXT
18TH CENTURY In 18th century Sheffield industry boomed. Sheffield was noted for its iron industry.
PAST
PEDDLER NIGHT MARKET
VICTORIA WORKS
1980S
Residential Area
The 1980s saw the worst of the run-down of Sheffield’s industries. The manufacturing industry employ 50% of the city’s workforce in 1971, however, only 24% workforce in 1984.
THE FOUNDRY CLIMBING CENTRE
PRESENT SHEFFIELD PRESENT
Since the industrial decline in 1980, the government has been looking for a new derection to drive economic development.
Lower Don Valley
Kelham Island
Unlocking the economic value of culture (Sheffield Economic Strategy)
LEGEND Listed Building Cycleway Riverside walk Tram line
Culture-led regeneration approach
FUTURE
SITE ANALYSIS
environmental sphere arts and cultural sphere economic sphere
social sphere
Railway Bus route Business and housing
Current Situation Lack of green open space
Weak Cultural feeling in industrial area
Industrial use only
West Bar Castlegate
Business Area Business and Industry
Weak connction
Flexible Use Industry Priority for Offices
Sheffield City Centre
Historic Park, Garden or Cemetery
Green Infrastructure Improvement
Culture enhance and reintroduce
Victoria Quays
Industrial Rebirth
Neighbourhood Centre
Improve Connectivity
SHEFFIELD WATERFRONT FESTIVAL
Residential Area
School Grounds Residential Area
0
MODERN ARCHITECTURE ALONG RIVER DON
ICONIC ARCHITECTURE
GOOD QUALITY GRAFFITI
400
800m
NEW NEIGHBOURHOOD
KEEP
ACTIVITIES AND EVENTS
200
Victoria Quey(canalrivertrust,2021)
LACK MANAGEMENT RIVERSIDE
Tourism Economy
Castlegate(Google Earth,2018)
HIGN FENCES AROUND INDUSTRIAL AREA
Kelham Island(Google Earth,2018)
NO GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE ON ROADS
graffiti near kelham island(Google Earth,2019)
LOW ACCESSIBILITY TO RIVER DON
New housing(littlekelham,2020)
LARGE SPACE FOR PARKING
IMPROVE
PLANNING STAGE
District Centre
An overlap approach: New Local Culture
(Sheffield City Council, 2021)
N
(Google Earth,2018)
(Google Earth,2018)
(Google Earth,2018)
(Google Earth,2018)
(Google Earth,2018)
5
SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGHTH
OPPOTUNITIES
Strong industrial character with rich history and historical buildings.Strong street art character. Heritage buildings and varies activities have successfully been clustered at the west part of the site. Close to the City Centre. Close to River Don. People have the willing to access to the waterfront. Industrial provide job oppotunities for local people.
WEAKNESS
THREATS
Using the concept of culture to bring vitality to the site. More events can be holded in this place.
Lack of activities at the east part of the site. In the east part of the site, heritage and assets exist in isolation and are unconnected and underutilised.
Reconnection with the core of City Centre Connection with local communities.New tram line in the site. Proposing new settlemet.
Quality of existing river side walk and cycleway is extremely variable. Weak connection with the core of City Centre Lack of management. Some undesirable elements in the site, such as low quality graffiti. Railway cut through the site which lead to low connectivity of each area.
Transform the old industry into advanced manufacturing. Introducing more retails into the site. Repurposing the parking area.
Lack of commercial development, more retails are needed High deprivation
Riverside regeneration Link with surrouding green space to form a green belt. The parking areas is a potential area for green space.
Lack of green space and green infrastructures on the roads and too many parking space. Little oppotunities that people can get access to the river Poor conection to the surrounding green space.
Large investment at the begining of the project. But cannot attract visitors immediately. Massive single industrial use.
LEGEND
CULTURE FRAMWORK
The industrial area creat a boundary which unwelcome people visit this place.
Risk of flooding
ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMY
SOCIAL
ARTS/CULTURAL
CONCEPT AND AIMS
OVERLAP As Johansson (1993) puts it, in decoding cultural heritage, every place provides more or less strong evidence of how the place has been used at different times. Traces of different eras force their way into the present. If we arrange these traces in patterns that belong to the same time, we find overlapping layers that shine through each other they are somewhat transparent. The pattern of accumulated forms and change suggests a lot about the evolution of the landscape and the local culture(Johansson, 1993).
THE PERPETUALLY CHANGING CULTURE
NEW LOCAL CULTURE When overlapping all these layers together, they form a new local culture.
(Gullestrup, H., 2006,page 128) CULTURAL RESOURCES PLANNING PERSPECTIVE Symbolic sphere
Economic sphere
Political sphere
Social sphere
CULTURAL RESOURCES/ PERSPECTIVE
Environmrntal sphere
Educational sphere
Arts/cultural sphere
Training sphere (DK.Evans, G., 2001)
6
LAYER 3: 2021-2026 IMPROVE CONECTIVITY BETTER LINK BETWEEN SOUTH AND NORTH The railway create a boundary and separates the site into two parts, causing an evidence missing connection between the North and South. The planning will propose new bus routes to connect these two parts.
LEGEND Railway Existing riverside walk Proposed riverside walk Exisiting tram line Proposed tram line Exisiting bus route Proposed bus route Exisiting cycleway Proposed cycleway Exisiting bus stop Proposed bus stop Exisiting tram stop Proposed tram stop Proposed connection
ATTRACT RESIDENTS ON NORTH In order to attract more people visiting the site and mitigate the disconnections between Victoria Quays and the Core of City Centre, a new tram line will be poposed. BETTER ACCESS TO RIVER DON Quality of existing riverside walk and cycleway is variable and some of them in a very pool condition. New path and cycleway will be proposed along River Don to create varies special experience for people and make the riverside a welcome place for cycling and running.
LAYER4: 2021-2030 CULTURAL ENHANCE AND REINTRODUCE PRESERVE HERITAGE AND SYMBOL CREATION Strongly promoting local cultural assets and landmarks to form a strong post industrial character. Using similar facade materials and sculptures to enhance the local character. Introduce the character to the east part of the site to form a liner character feeling. ACTIVITIES AND EVENTS Due to its strong character and the location, the site has a great potential to hold attractive events and activities, such as music festival, exhibitions and markets. These events attracts visitors and make the site more vibrant. EDUCATION The site has a long industrial history, especially the kelham island and neepsend area. This provide an opportunity to educate people having a better understanding of Sheffield history. Establish museum, workshops and history introduction facilities in these area.
LAYER 5: 2021-2035 INDUSTRIAL REBIRTH MIX USE The site is currently dominant by industrial use. Adding different function zones in the site, such as commercial area, residential area and office area. The future economy would based on service industries and leisure complexes.
LEGEND Exisiting green space Proposed green space Proposed waterfront square Listed buildings Educational event Natural event Cultural/Art event
LEGEND Exisiting green space Proposed green space Proposed waterfront square Exisiting residential area
DEVELOP ADVANCED MANUFACTURE The Advanced Manufacturing would be suit for long term development compare to old manufacturing traditions, such as computer technologies and Information technologies. ‘CULTURALLY COSY’ NEW SETTLEMENTS Invigorating the vitality of the city’s cultural scene through support for local creative communities. Propose careful design of ‘culturally cosy’ new settlements.
Proposed residential area Proposed creative industry Exisiting community centre Proposed commercial area Existing parking area Existing office area Exisiting industrial area Proposed advanced manufacturing
LAYER 6: 2021-2040 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENT GREEN CORRIDOR The site has very limited green space at present. Proposing new green space to create a link with surrounding green network and act as a stepping stone for wild animals. REDUCE FLOODING Proposing green space near River Don and within flood zone 3 area to mitigate flooding issue. Also, using Sustainable drainage systems(SuDS) control direct runoff.
LEGEND Existing green open space Existing wooded area Proposed green open space
RIVERSIDE GREEN SPACE Adding green open space or pocket parks along the River to achieve better accessibility to the water. These green open space can also serve as place for activities and events and enhance the sense of place.
Proposed wooded area Avenue Green corridor Stepping stone
7
STRETIGIC PLAN
LEGEND Exisiting green space Proposed green space Proposed waterfront square Proposed residential area Proposed creative industry Proposed commercial area Existing parking area Proposed advanced manufacturing Reserved Railway Proposed riverside walk Exisiting tram line Proposed tram line Exisiting bus route Proposed bus route Exisiting bus stop Proposed bus stop
N
Exisiting tram stop
0
200
400
800m
Proposed tram stop Proposed connection
DESIGN STAGE LOCATION
The design site located at the west part of the planning area. It is very close to the kelham and neepsend area, a place with strong post industrial character and abound of industrial heritage. The site was dominated by industrial at 18th century, but now, some buildings are used as residential and some of them has been abandoned. Many other problem also exist in this area.
There are many interesting point near the site, but the site is an ‘empty space’ without any focal point. The design aims to reintroduce the local character into the site.
Rutland Road
The buildings are divided into three catalogues based on the function. All the apartment buildings will be preserved to mitigate the transformation effects on the local residence. There is only one abandoned building on the site, however, this building has strong industrial character which forms the local identity, thus, this building will be reserved. The factories will be improved or remove depending on its condition.
BUILDING FUNCTION
1 2
6
5 LEGEND
Ball Street Bridge 3
4
Site Boundary Listed Building
Unnamed small Island
River don
LEGEND Site Boundary Apartment building Abandoned building Factory
Kelham Island
River don
SITE ANALYSIS Many parkings on the street steel frame structure with industrial feeling
1
Parking area dominate most of the vacant space
2
(Google Earth,2018) Listed buildings with strong industrial character.
4
(Google Earth,2018)
CASE STUDIES
Lack management riverside. Creative graffiti on the wall
RENOVATION RIVERBANKS: LJUBLJANICA RIVERBANKS
3
Improved quality of open-air life in the environs of its waters would foster sociability and stimulate the old city’s economic revival. The project proposing different kind of facility to let people get access to the river.
(Google Earth,2018)
(Google Earth,2018)
A community without any social space
5
reserve repurpose remove Riverside walk Railway Main road Secondary Road Tertiary Road
There is an oppotunity to get access to the river
6
POST-INDUSTRIAL RENEWAL: LX FACTORY, LIS
(Google Earth,2018)
(Google Earth,2018)
LEGEND
Weakness
Strength
The factory is taken over by small businesses and creative professionals, LX Factory is a modern hip art centre that houses various start-up businesses, ranging from funky restaurants to workspaces for designers and artists. (Open space,2011)
9
STRETIGIC PLAN LAYER 3: 2021-2026 IMPROVE CONECTIVITY
LAYER4: 2021-2040 CULTURAL ENHANCE AND REINTRODUCE ENHANCE THE LOCAL CHARACTER
IMPROVE RIVERSIDE CONNECTION
CULTURAL/ARTS EVENTS
listed building EDUCATIONAL EVENTS
PROPOSE NEW'CULTURAL HUB'
PEDESTRIAN/CYCLE FRIENDLY
LEGEND FLEXIBLE STREET FUNCTION
Bicycle Parking Proposed access point Existing bridge Proposed bridge Car dominant road Pedestrian dominant road Proposed cycleway Exisiting riverside walk Proposed riverside walk Pedestrian area
PROMOTE ARTS & CREATIVE INDUSTRY
LEGEND Listed building
N
0
50
100
N
Wall painting
200m
LAYER 5: 2021-2035 INDUSTRIAL REBIRTH
NATRUAL EVENTS 0
50
100
200m
50
100
200m
LAYER 6: 2021-2035 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENT
BUILDING FUNCTION MIX USE
NEW GREEN SPACE
NEW URBAN LIVING
TREE PLANTING TYPOLOGY LANDMARK TREE THICKET GROVE
STREET TREES WOODLAND
SELECTIVE VEGETATION SPECIES
RATIONALIZATION OF SPATIAL STRUCTURE public semi-public semi-private
LEGEND Grove
LEGEND Public space Semi-public space Semi-private space
N
0
50
100
200m
Thicket Woodland Street Tree Green Corridor
N
0
10
MASTERPLAN
LEGEND
24 19 14
13 B 20
12
23 B’
11
A
16
21
17 14
18 15 6
22 10
10
5
13
C
8
7
11
4
5 6 A’
2
proposed bridge
3
waterfront stairs
4
riverside walk
5
ground floor:pubs
6
waterfront platform
7
grove trees
8
small park
9
proposed cycleway
10
community garden
11
community social space
12
proposed path
13
restaurant outdoor space
14
events/activities space
15
an iconic big tree
16
steel structure gallery frame
17
bright yello colour floor
18
pond
19
community space
20
bubble leisure space
21
open space
23 playground
9
1
4
waterfront square
22 street trees
8
7
1
24 sculpture
3 2
9
BUILDING FUNCTION 1
residential/yoga studio
2
residential
19
3
residential/convenience store/cafe
1
4
residential
2
5
vintage store/gym
19
6
photography studio
7
residential/community space
8
restaurant/arts centre
9
handmake workshop/cloth shop/restaurant
10
pub/convenience store/musical studio
11
arts studio/cloth shop/pub
12
cafe/pub/book store
13
residential
14
artist workshop
12 C’
19 3
N 0
25
50
100m
11
DETAILED DESIGN
A
Graffiti
The detail design A focus on the central part of the design area, which is a square with varies activities and spatial experience. There is an open space for small concert, a slope with stairs is proposed as a sitting space for people. Leisure space with bright colour and a steel frame create shade for people.
Outdoor cafe area Stage Leisure space
Slope
An iconic tree
Steel structure gallery frame
B
Thicket Grove Trees
The detail design B focus on a waterfront square after crossing the ball street bridge. The stair provide good accessibility for people to get close to River Don. Proposed bridge enhance the connectivity to the Kelham Island. Creative shops, graffiti and the red brick wall form a strong character of the place. Red brick wall
Graffiti Swale
Bridge
Stairs
Small Island
Ball St. Bridge *
view point for the rendering
12
Farm
Social
Photo
Weekend Market
Different acativities can be hold in the same place.
Concert
Weekend Market
Outdoor cinema
SECTIONS
A
Public space Arts studio/Cloth shop/Pub
Semi-private space
Public space
Activities place
Stairs/Slope
Pedestrian Zone
Musical studio
Pedestrian Zone
Street Cycle trees way
Residential Building
Residential Building
Community Garden
River side walk
River Don
B Pedestrian Zone
Cycle way
Street trees
Burton Road
Pedestrian Zone
Arts studio/Cloth shop/Pub
Pedestrian Zone
Swale
Semi-public sitting space
A'
steel merterial
Using different merterials to form the local character.
Bright yello paving
Red brick wall
1:350@A1
Swale
steel structure gallery frame
B'
cafe/pub/book store
1:185@A1
Perennials
Shrubs
Trees Choosing different vegetation to mitigate flooding and create better visual experience for people.
Euphorbia amygdaloi- Perovskia ‘Blue Spire’ des var. robbiae
Phlox paniculata ‘Mount Fuji’
Hydrangea arborescens Acer palmatum strong annabelle (‘Abetwo’) ‘Sango-kaku’
Escallonia ‘Apple Blossom’
Platanus x hispanica
Betula
Malus floribunda
Athyrium niponicum var. pictum
C
C' restaurant/arts centre
Pedestrian Zone
Tree pit
Pedestrian Zone
Swale
Pedestrian Zone
waterfront stairs
River Don
Unnamed small Island
1:140@A1
13
02 IMMERSE IN NATURE Bring nature back to the urban area
INTRODUCTION Under the background of Coronavirus, many cities have been lockdown. People are going through a very hard time. However, the epidemic also provides opportunities. According to news reports, human activities are reduced during this time since most peopele are selfisolation at home, this leads to many wildlives appare again in urban area and the air quality has also been improved. Recentely, an action taken by Paris gives us inspiration. Paris is to close one of the city’s principal streets to cars to allow more space for cyclists and pedestrians during the lockdown. Instead of car dominant streets, this action not only provide a cyclefriendly and pedestrain-friendly environment for urban residents, but also a wise decision to protect the environment. So, we put nature and peole in priority in the design. We hope to create a natural feeling for urban citizens, so as to our title name--Immerse in Nature. The site is located on the edge of sheffield city centre and it is also a part of lower sheaf valley. In this site, the Granville Square is an important intersection with 6 roads, including a main road(A61). After the site survey, we found that the lower sheaf has the following problems. 1. Large area has been used as car parking sapce. 2. Very limited green space and there's few trees on the main road. 3. The site is mainly car dominent, not pedestrain dominent. 4. Very low accessibility to the river sheaf. 5. There's no strong boundry between railway and buildings, which may cause noise. To solve the problems mentioned above and to give people the feeling of immerse in nature, we make the following cahnges in stage1: 1. Increace the proportion of green space(e.g pocket parks), especially green space near the river. 2. Set up car limited area. Some blocks will become pedestrain dominent area. 3. New cycleways and paths. 4. New allotment area for residents. 5. Proposing more apartment in this area. By the planning, we hope this area can be reformed into a more natural, walkable and livable place. We aim to give people a natural feeling not only on the physical demention, but also on mental health; not only on the landscape can be seen, but also a place where people can participate in.
14
SITE SURVEY SITE ANALYSIS
TREES AND EXISTING PROBLEMS
Function
Traffic Flow Analysis
The images below shows the function of buildings on the site. It is mainly business area on the north part and residencial on the south. We intend to keep this.
As shown on the map, granville square is a very important traffic intersection on the site. Cycleways are not continuous and the site is very car dominante.
Existing Trees
Site Photo Anaysis
The site has very limited trees and green space. The trees mainly detributed near the railway, B&Q and around Charlotte court.
Granville Square. A very important traffic intersection. No where to look at and no focal point. Few trees, no shadow. 1
1 5 Large parking(hard pavement) area without trees. 2 3
Street without trees and a lot of cars parking along street. 3
Road without any shadow, unfriendly to pedestrains. 4
6
4 7
The sheaf walk entrance is not clear enough
2 Business
Mixed use
Sports
Main road
Path
Retails
Residential
Medical
Cycleway
Street
5
High fences privent people get access to the river. 6
Buildings along river sheaf and it is not accessible. 7
Secondary road Tertary road
Entrance
Building Keep and Remove We intend to keep most of the tranced house on the site. The commercial area would be rebuilt and transformed to create a better environmrnt for residents.
Flood risk analysis
Thicket
High flood risk on the lower sheaf area. In the following design, we will using tree planting typology to improve the water management.
Woodland
Grass
https://www.google.co.uk/ Laurence's site photos https://vle.shef.ac.uk/
SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTH
WAKENESS A lot of land is used for parking.
The business in this area is widely distributed, with many large stores and shops.
Limited green space, which leads to low bio-diversity.
The roads accesibility are quiet good. Very comprihensive landuse in this area, which is very convenient.
OPPOTUNITIES People always tend to live near the river. The river sheaf provide an oppotunity that people can get access to it. Many public space, like parking area, can be repurposed to increase urban green space. Many public space, like parking area, can be repurposed to increase urban green space. Conserve
Edit
Floos zone 2
Floos zone 3
River Sheaf
The large commercial area will attract many passengers and to provide job oppotunities.
The plants and trees along the riverside do not paly a good role in flood control.
S W O T
The river sheaf has low accessibility for peole. No boundaries between cycleway and road. Which is dangours
THREATS The river sheaf has very flood risks. With the incrising of population, the risidentilal area may not be enough. Noise from the railway. With the incrising of population, the risidentilal area may not be enough.
15
16
TREE PLANTING TYPOPLOGY AND WATER MANAGEMENT COLLAGE
TIME CHANGE ANALYSIS
5
Alloment Trees(Orchard)
The images below shows the possible changes through times at the Queen’s road. We aim to plan an avenue on this road. In the firest year, new trees will be planted. As time goes, the shadow area becomes bigger.
The images below shows the possible changes through times at the allotment. These diagram shows the spacial relationship between trees and people as time goes.
Present
1
Grove
2
Thicket
3
Avenue Trees
4
Allotment
5
Landmark Tree
6
Woodland
First year
1
https://www.world-architects.com/en/architecture-news/works/grand-mall-park https://www.archdaily.com/ https://insidesacramento.com/our-urban-forest/
We choose spatial strategy Y as our tree planting typology. Grove and orchard are applied most in the study area. Woodland as the subdominant option are mainly placed near the railway and along river sheaf. Glade takes the least proportion, it applied on streets and the space between buildings.
Anvenue Trees
REFERENCE IMAGES
Woodland 2
WATER MANAGEMENT
2 6
Glade 3
4
10th year
1
N
WOODLAND
5th year
TERRANCE
3
1
GRASS SWALE
Grove/ Orchard
Woodland along the river sheaf, when there is flooding, woodland would absorb a lot water
We wish to design some terrance at the edge of some pocket park along the river sheaf to form a buffer zone when there is flooding.
Grass swales can be applied in the allotment area and the green belt along the queen’s road to absorb water.
2
3
17
MASTERPLAN FOR LOWER SHEAF
For the new housing strategy, there are two main types of housing--terranced house and apartment. we aim to bring more apartment building into the site. There are three reasons for this decision. 1. From the site survey, there’s a high deprived level on this area and apartment are more affordable for these peole. 2. High density houses can provide more green space for residents. 3. Sheffield college is close to the site. Apartment is suitable for students.
N
0m
50m
100m
200m
We design this area for many different functions. It can mainly devideded into two parts. The north part is mainly for commercial use and the south part is residential area. The main change made for circulation is to set up pedestrain zone . In these area can only be accessed by people. There are two new cycle routes along queen’s road and river sheaf. Two new bridges can also been found in the diagram on the right.
No trees on road
Parking Space
Parking Space
Semi-private Garden
Pockert park
B&Q Allotment
Anvenue
One of the main change we made is to bring allotment into the study area. This is an important way taht people contact with nature and get ride of the busy city life. In this plan, we hope the river sheaf would be more accessible for people and provide a green immersion feeling for urban residents. So,more pocket park along the sheaf and semi-private green space in the apartment area also been considered.
Green Space Analysis
The yellow dash line shows the main problem of current siutuation. There’s a lot hard pavement with huge parking sapce on the site. We aim design the place with allotment, anvenue trees, buffer zone along the road and more accesiable open green space.
Woodland Pocket Park Semi-private Green Space Allotment Parivate Garden
Housing Strategy
To reach the aim of immerse in nature, the mian changes we made is to design this area with more pocket park along the river sheaf to provide more open green space for people and using trees to privent flooding and create shadow for pedestrains and driver. An allotment also been designed between the residential area and the woodland.
Before and After Diagram
ANALYSIS
Function and Cirulation Ananlysis
MASTERPLAN
Terranced House Apartment
Main Road Railway Industrial Building Commercial Building Sheaf Walk
Mixed use Building
Bridges
Residential Building
Cycleway
Sports Building
18
19
03
SANDY HOOK PERMANENT MEMORIAL PARK DESIGN A memorial which brings warm and calm
The project is based on the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting incident in Newtown, Fairfield County, Connecticut, USA on December 14, 2012. A total of twenty-six victims were claimed in the shooting, including twenty children aged five to ten. It is the second most deadly school shooting incident in American history. The local committee decided to lay off a place to construct a permanent monument to commemorate the children and educators who died in the shooting. It has been five years since the shooting, and many families have walked out of the shadows of losing their loved ones. Therefore, the original intention of this design is to construct a warm monument, consoling people and pacifying them as they enter this space. After research, I extracted the concept of "concentricity." The monument is presented in the form of two concentric circles combined with topography, and embodies the concept of “concentricity” in small design nodes. I designed a series of spatial sequences to make visitors feel they are approaching the center, and retained the two ponds on the site to generate serenity and introspection. I hope that this design can give people warmth, and at the same time let the dead be remembered and the living reflect on themselves forever.
Mass Shooting Deaths by Year in the U.S. from 1994 to 2017
School Shootings in the U.S. from 1990 to 2015
Mass Shooting Incident in the United States An infographic on the worst mass shootings in the US and their corresponding death tolls. There have been 74 mass shootings since 1982. A total of 639 people have been killed and 596 others injured.In particular, Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting is the second most deadly school shooting in American history with twenty-six victims.
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Sandy Hook Elementary School Shooting S a n d y H o o k E l e m e nta r y School shooting, that left 28 people dead and 2 injured. Adam Lanza fatally shot 20 children and 6 adults at Sandy Hook Elementary School before taking his own life. It was one of the deadliest school shootings in U.S. history.
The Meaning of ' 同心 '(Concentrcity)
" 同心 " (Concentricity) was chosen as the most important concept in my design. People in the community should unite as one when they face this tragedy, encouraging each other and giving each other warmth. The word "concentricity" can reflect this concept well. Semantic
tóng
[同]
same in common be the same as together with similar
Form
The following figure demonstrates the original traffic, greening and water resource distribution of the site.
intention mind soul
common wish cherish the same ideals and follow the same path.
The word 'heart' means centre of an object on a formal level. It also means spiritual demand on the spiritual plane.
The word 'Concentricity' not only means a form, but also means people share a common wish when they face the tragedy.
Each circle means a specific group of people, including the victims,parents,families,friends,acquaintance and strangers. Strangers Acquaintance
The victims
friends
xīn
one heart [ 同心 ] with concentricity
[ 心 ] heart center
The word 'same' means two things have something in commen on a formal level and has a sence of unity on the spiritual plane.
Analysis of the Site
tóng
xīn
The permutation and combination have made some changes since people will have different feelings and viewpoints when facing this tragedy. Strangers Acquaintance
The victims
friends
Family
Family Parents
Topography Analysis
Activities
This diagram shows the activities in normal times.
The figure on the right analyzes the terrain of the site. It can be seen that the terrain on both sides of the site has obvious uplift, and the middle terrain is relatively flat with small undulation.
Parents
This diagram shows the activities on memorial day. People may have some commemorative activities at the memorial centre.
Space Hierachy
Due to the particularity of the site as a memorial site, it is necessary to bring different experiences and feelings to the visitors and convey the concept of “concentricity” which is the core design concept. Therefore, different space hierarchies were included in the design to express the central concept and convey different spatial feelings.
Feelings and Activities
Retaining wall at the entrance—The fractured wall(Rest area)—Elevated viewing platform(facing to the center of the circle)—Pond/ Viewing platform on the pond—The Memorial Centre Repression—emotional ups and downs, thinking—rising emotions—calm, reflection—warmth, commemoration, hope—concentricity Route
Wall
Trees
Pond
Sight
Viewing platform
Center
21
Masterplan The main body of the design consists of two concentric circles. The two concentric circles create topographic relief, thus forming different spatial nodes. The entrance to the site is a sunken space with retaining walls as barriers on both sides. As visitors move forward, the path begins to widen, and the broken wall on the right side symbolizes the trauma caused by the shooting incident. After that, they will go through a raised terrain and come to the viewing platform.Walking down, they will pass through the pond and the viewing platform on the lake which brings them calmness and introspection. In the end, people will go to the memorial site in the center. The big tree in the center symbolizes people who died in the shooting incident. When visitors come here, they will realize the design concept of “concentricity” surrounded by warm feelings.
c d
g e
b
f
a
a.Parking lot
b. Sinking entrance
e.Viewing Platform2
c.Rest area
f.Wooden hollow wall
d.Viewing Platform1 g.Memorial Centre
22
Sections
23
Rendering of the Memorial Centre The sketch shows the central memorial site of the monument. The tree at the circle center symbolizes the children and educators who were killed in the shooting incident. The wall is engraved with information of the victims. People can mourn and show respect to the dead here. The surrounding structures bring people a sense of security and inner warmth.
Diagram of Activities in Different Times In normal times
On memorial day
Rendering of the Pond The sketch shows the part of the viewing platform in the lake. The viewing platform can provide the function of introspection, and the lake can also bring people a sense of calmness. At the same time, the grassland in the middle can be used as a venue for outdoor study and education.
Activities in Different Times In normal times
On memorial day
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04
BEE PROTECTION PLAN IN THE US Raise the awareness of bee protection.
Bees are inconspicuous but significant insects in our daily life, because they are the most important pollinator for fruits and vegetables. However, since 2006, a large number of bees have died or disappeared in some parts of the world, resulting in an ecological collapse of bees, which was named colony collapse disorder (CCD). In America, more than one third of the crops depend on bee pollination to bear fruits. If bees keep disappearing, the agricultural production in the United States is likely to be seriously affected. Although the exact cause of the disappearance of bees remains unclear, it is certainly related to neonicotinoid insecticides. In view of that, the way to protect American bees from the perspective is to reducing the pesticide use. An effective way to reduce pesticide use and protect bees is to reduce pests through biological control. First of all, the common pests of different crops in the United States and their natural enemies were investigated, and then, created a suitable environment for the survival of beneficial insects and bees. At the later phase of the design work, the Mark Gilberts Apiaries in the US has been tooken as an example to carry out honeybee protection. This project will make people to understand the importance of bees and increasing the awareness of bee protection
What is Colony Collapse Disorder(CCD)? Since 2006, beekeepers have reported higher-than-normal colony losses, which are called Colony Collapse Disorder(CCD).Bee colonies affected by CCD can appear healthy, but then the adult bees disappear from the colonies.
What Causes CCD? The cause of CCD has not been determined, and every realistic cause remains a possibility. The followings are possible causes of CCD.
Pesticide Use in the U.S.
Relationship Between Pesticide Use and the Loss of Bees
Neonicotinoids is a class of insecticides that affects the central nervous system of insects, causing paralysis and death. The table shows that the increasing pesticide use causes an increasing loss of bees.
According to pesticide use and bee distribution in the United States shown in the left table, it can be seen that there are fewer bees distributed in areas where pesticides is used more, which indicating that pesticide influences the number of bees.
Neonicotinoid use in the U.S.
Wild Bee Abundance Across the U.S.
This table shows the distribution of wild bees in the United States in 2013, and displays the loss of bees in summer since 2010. How many honey bee died in the US,2007-2016
Forest Distribution in the U.S.
In the forest distribution table, the dark areas represent dense forests and the light-colored areas sparse forests. This table also shows the increasing area of forests in the United States in recent years. Forest area in the US(% of land area)
Relationship Among Agricultural Land, Forest, and the Number of Bees According to the table of forest distribution, agricultural land distribution, and distribution of wild bees, the number of bees is the smallest in agricultural land areas and relatively small in large forests. Moreover, the function of forest and agricultural land is rather monotonous, so the distribution of bees is related to the monotony of land function.
Agricultural Land Distribution in the U.S.
At the table of agricultural land distribution, the dark areas represent planting areas and the light-colored areas other land. This table also shows the decreasing agricultural land area in the United States in recent years. Agricultural land in the US(% of land area)
26
Harms of Neonicotinoid Insecticides on Bees
Common Corn Pests and Natural Enemies
Neonicotinoid insecticides are the most harmful to bees. Bees are affected in many ways including ingestion, direct contact, and inhalation. I listed several ways how bees get access to these insecticides as follows.
The following table lists the common corn pests (black segments) and their natural enemies (orange segments) in the North of America. Effective biological control will be carried out by different natural enemies at different growth stages. The gray parts indicate the most effective pest control period, from which we can see that it is most effective to control pests in July, June, and September.
Common Pests and Natural Enemies of Alfalfa
Common Pests and Natural Enemies of Soybean
The following table lists the common alfalfa pests (black segments) and their natural enemies (orange segments) in the North of America. Effective biological control will be carried out by different natural enemies at different growth stages.
The following table lists the common soybean pests (black segments) and their natural enemies (orange segments) in the North of America. Effective biological control will be carried out by different natural enemies at different growth stages, from which we can see that it is most effective to control pests in mid-to-late July and mid-to-late June.
27
Living Environment of Domestic Bees
Living Environment of Wild Bees
Living Environment of Domestic Bees and Wild Bees
Domestic bees can only pollinate for monotonous kinds of plants, which may lead to malnutrition or other problems.
The habitats of wild bees are diverse, so they can choose suitable habitats for nesting, such as on the branches of trees or in the soil. They can also pollinate for a variety of plants.
When wild bees coexist with domestic bees, their living environment is diverse, and both may pollinate for different kinds of plants.
Living Environment
Forest
Flower garden
Footpath
Agricultural land
Brook
Forest
28
Plan of Mark Gilberts Apiaries, WI, U.S
Beekeeper in Wisconsin
Taking the Mark Gilberts Apiaries as the test site, I applied my protection methods for bees. Corn, soybeans, and alfalfa are planted around the apiary, which are the most common crops in the North of America. However, there are few flowering plants, water sources, and forests needed for the survival of bees and beneficial insects, so I added water sources, flower beds, and trees around the apiary. In addition, I designed a bee education center for people to learn about bees and the importance of bees.
Educatianal Centre This is where people learn about bees and how important they are.
b
Brook
d
The brook provides the essential living conditin for bees and other benificial insects.
Annual Losses Among Managed Honeybee Populations in Wisconsin Beekeeper surveys show Wisconsin's annual die-off rate varies from year to year but remains well above the roughly 15 percent considered acceptable for a managed bee colony
Flower Field The flower fieid provides different kinds of flowers for bees and other benificail insects.
a
Rendering of Nodes a.
b. c
Forest Forest provides the essential living conditin for bees and other benificial insects.
c.
d.
29
The Apiaries and Surrounding Farms The rendering on the left hand shows the apiaries and its surrounding environment. This picture perfectly shows the beneficial element for bees surviving, such as different species of flowers, the water and trees.
The Educational Centre This rendering on the right hand shows a picture at the educational centre, where visitors can learn how to protect bees and the researchers here can do some research about bees.
30
05
LVIA-WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT Use LVIA to define the potential site for wind energy development
Facing with growing international concern for issues of global warming and climate change, the UK government has declared a commitment to reduce the UK’s net emissions of greenhouse gases by 100% relative to 1990 levels by 2050. And Sheffield City Council is working towards the goal of becoming a zero-carbon city by 2030 in its deliberations about future wind energy development in the area to the west of the City. This project aims to make a decision about how wind power development might be located in the study area in a way which is appropriate to landscape character and takes account of likely community responses, while also, as far as possible helping to achieve appropriate conservation, restoration or enhancement of the landscape. The scale of the development requires to generate at least 10MW of power. This will be undertaken through reviewing the previous judgement of the capacity and sensitivity of the study area to provide renewable wind energy, to carry out visibility analyses and a series of visualisations.
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE UK WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? Renewable energy creat new jobs, especially the wind energy.
UK has the best wind resources in Europe. Getting more renewable energy across the UK can give us much more security and a greater degree of energy independence.
Renewable energy support the UK’s transition to a green economy.
ADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY Environmentally Friendly
Sustainable
Comparatively Cheap
Wind energy has been identified as one of the forms of renewable energy most appropriate to meet these targets and the UK is regarded as having one of the best wind resources in Western Europe. However, electricity generation from wind creates certain effects and potential impacts that need to be taken into consideration in strategy development and planning. Important amongst these effects are impacts on the landscape and visual resources.
SITE CONTEXTS The site located at the north-west part of Sheffield, stretching from Wharncliffe Side in the east toMortimer Road in the west and encompassing a large area of the Peak District National Park.
31
METHODOLOGY 1
Landscape Character Assessment(LCA)
2
4
Visual Sensitivity
5
Landscape Value
Matrix① 6
1
2
6
Matrix② 7
Relatively High Capacity Areas
Wind Turbine Selection
E. Woodland Reservoir F. Upper Open Fields G. Urban Fringe H. Settled Valley Fields I. Valley Pasture N 0
• Landscape Character Sensitivity (in terms of both its character as a whole and the individual elements contributing to character) • Visual Sensitivity (in terms of a combination of factors such as views, visibility, the number and nature of people perceiving the landscape and the scope to mitigate visual impact.)
Distance from residential properties
Height of the turbines
Distance from public roads
Spacing between turbines
Distance from national conservation
Placement of the turbines
Topographic slope
Medium Medium High High 0
Matrix②：The matrix is used for combine the landscape sensitivity and landscape value together to figure out the landscape capacity of each landscape type and area.
1000 2000
m 4000
N
LANDSCAPE VALUE
The relatively suitable areas for wind turbines will be visualized on landscape capacity map. Then a series of criteria will be used to screen potential sites within the areas of relatively high capacity as well as the most suitable wind turbine type.
Level of capacity
Medium
Low
Medium High
Medium Low Medium
High 0
8
Commuters(vehicle, pedestrian) Exercisers(cyclist, runner)
Final Layout of Wind Turbines
1000 2000
Zone of Theoritical Visibility(ZTV) An area within which a proposed development may have an influence or effect on visual amenity. The ZTV for this scheme have been processed using a DTM based on Ordnance Survey Landform Panorama data and produced using ESRI ArcGIS Spatial Analyst. The results of the ZTV have been overlaid on a greyscale 1:50,000 Ordnance Survey map. The judgement of the best site for the wind farm is according to the degree of negative visual effects that caused by the proposed wind turbines towards a wide variety of visual receptors such as residents, visitors in green spaces, parkland and national natural conservations as well as commuters and outdoor exercisers. Residents as the main receptors, will be evaluated through the number of settlements within the area where the proposed wind tuebines is visible. This number will be compared between the different potential sites for the wind turbines in order to select the relatively suitable sites or eliminate the unsuiable sites. And then other receptors will be taken into account to determine the most suitable site.
Outdoor worker(Farmer)
Visualisation
LANDSCAPE CAPACITY
Level of value
Visitors
9
K. Pasture and Moorland
Level of sensitivity
Analysis of Visual Receptors
Viewpoints Selection
J. Grassy Moorland
4000m
LANDSCAPE SENSITIVITY
Zone of Theoritical Visibility(ZTV)
Residents
2000
The sensitivity and capacity assessments show the ability of each landscape area to accommodate the development of wind turbines.
Matrix①：The matrix is used for combining the landscape character sensitivity and visual sensitivity together to figure out the landscape sensitivity of each landscape type and area.
Potential Sites Selection
1000
SENSITIVITY AND CAPACITY
Landscape Capacity is the ability of a landscape to accommodate different amounts of change or development of a specific type. This should reflect: • the landscape resource caused by changes in the elements and characteristics of the landscape (Landscape Character Sensitivity) • visual amenity of potential viewers as a result of the introduction of the wind farm in views of the landscape (Visual Sensitivity) • the value attached to the landscape or to specific elements in it (Landscape Value) 5 Landscape Value The relative value that is attached to different landscapes by society.
Energy requirements
8
D. Hillside Fields
Landscape Sensitivity is the degree to which the landscape can accommodate change without adverse impact on its character. It can be defined as embracing a combination of:
4
Visualisations are illustrations that aim to represent an observer's view of a proposed development. The methodology for production of the visualisations will be based on the Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (2002) and Scottish Natural Heritage’s Visual Representation of Windfarms: Good Practice Guidance (2006). The visualisations used in this project take the form of photographs (Screenshots of Google street view) from representative viewpoints.
m 4000
N
0
1000
Fro m a review o f ex isting landscape character assessments and the generation of a new landscape character assessment specifically for the current study, the following sketches and photos show the key characters of the potential areas 6,8,9.
6
Open Arable Farmland
The location of the viewpoints from which visualisations have been created were selected from different distences, angles, as well as from different receptor's views.
9
Landscape Character Areas 1. Ewden Beck 2. Bradfield Dale 3. Broomhead 7. Brightholmlee 8. Burnt Hill 4. Wigtwizzle 14. Tinker Brook 5. Ewden Village 6. Kirk Edge Road 9. Oughtibridge and Wharncliff 10. Sunny Bank 11. Low Flett Farm 12. Heads Lane 15. Salt Spring Grassy Moor 13. Salt Spring Pasture &Moor
C. Farmland with Wood
Landscape character types are defined as distinct types of landscape that are relatively homogenous in character.Landscape character areas are the unique individual geographical areas in which landscape types occur.
3
Landscape Capacity
Landscape Character Types A. Woodland Stream Corridor B. Upper Moorland
After the landscape character types and areas has been determined. A series of techniques and criteria will be used to evaluate the Capacity and Sensitivity of the landscape.
Landscape Sensitivity
7
CHARACTER TYPES AND AREAS
This process involves the following steps: Step 1: Defining the purpose and scope Step 2: Desk study Step 3: Field survey Step 4: Classification and description It results in the identification of landscape types and/or landscape character areas. The end product of the characterisation process will usually be a classification and map of landscape types and / or areas together with descriptions of their character and identification of the key characteristics which are most important in creating character.
Landscape Character Types and Areas
Landscape Character Sensitivity
Criteria
3
LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ASSESSMENT(LCA) Landscape Character Assessment(LCA) is a systematic way of analysing and describing landscape, identifying areas of distinctive character, classifying and mapping them to assist in managing change in the landscape.
Gently Rolling Landform
2000
8
4000
m
N
Pasture
Farmhouses
Fragmented Fields Dry Stone Walls
9
Pockets Green Space View to the Valley
Stone Walls
32
WIND TURBINE SELECTION
POTENTIAL SITES SELECTION
WIND TURBINE SCALES AND CONFIGURATION
Judgement Maps
The purpose of this project is to propose the most suitable location for the construction of a 10MW wind farm. The following are several representative wind turbines that can be considered, comparing the height of these types of wind turbines with some common elements in the landscape, and listing their configurations.
Household
Separation Distance from Residential Properties HOUSEHOLD 350m BUFFER
HOUSEHOLD 200m BUFFER
• Noise limits suggest a minimum separation distance of 350 metres for a typical wind turbine. (Planning For Renewable Energy – A Companion Guide to PPS22, 2004)
Pylon
Woodland
Legend
Legend Relatively High Capacity Area
Relatively High Capacity Area
350m Buffer Area
200m Buffer Area
0 200 400
EXAMPLE TURBINE
Micon M 450
Aeronautica 47-750
Enercon E-82 E2
Vestas V150-4.2
HUB HEIGHT
30m
50m
85m
110m
ROTOR DIAMETER
24m
47m
82m
150m
POWER OUTPUT
0.2MW
0.75MW
2MW
CONNECTED TO
House or farm
House or small business
Farm or large business
4.2MW Community, farm or large business
800 1200
m 1600
N 0 200 400
800 1200
m 1600
N
• Safety requirements would be satisfied by separation distance of 10 times the rotor diameter from any occupied property. • A safe separation distance for a smaller individual wind turbine is the height of the turbine to the tip of the blade plus 10%. (Planning Policy Statement 18 ‘Renewable Energy’ para 1.3.50 – 1.3.52).
The 350m household buffer is provided according to the acceptable level of noise. However, it restricts the location of potential wind turbines. According to the safe separation distance for smaller wind turbine, the distance should be at least more than 138m, a balanced distance of 200m is chosen as an acceptable separation distance from Residential Properties for safety.
Separation Distances from Public Roads ROAD 200m BUFFER
ROAD 100m BUFFER
Legend
Legend
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Relatively High Capacity Area 200m Buffer Area 0 200 400
800 1200
m 1600
Relatively High Capacity Area 100m Buffer Area
N 0 200 400
800 1200
m 1600
N
• Wind turbines should be set back at least fall-over distance (the height of the turbine to the tip of the blade plus 10%) from the edge of public roads.(Planning Policy Statement 22 on Renewable Energy) • A turbine is not allowed within topple distance (Total height of the turbine which equals hub height plus rotor radius) of a highway. (Bedfordshire Highways’ working practice) • A minimum separation distance of 200 metres is acceptable for routes. (The British Horse Society advisory statement, April 2010)
The 200m road buffer is provided according to the acceptable distance from roads. However, it takes up much space for the potential location of wind turbines. So 100m is considered as a more acceptable distance from roads and paths which is close to the topple distance of a highway. Slope:The terrain with slope equal to or lower than 20%, which means for every 5 metres distance the ground level rises 1m.
Scale:From a technical point of view, a larger wind turbine is the first choice, while from an aesthetic point of view, a smaller wind turbine will be a preferential choice.
Constraints: For the placement of wind turbines, there are some ‘typical constraints’, such as inhabited buildings, roads, pylons, woodland, hedges, etc.
Safety: For safety and efficient energy production, the separation distance between wind turbines is at least 1.5 rotor diameters.
Separation Distance from national conservation & Slope NATIONAL PARK
SLOPE
• The place proposed for wind turbines should not adversely affect conservation objectives and sites of national wildlife importance.(Wind farm development and nature conservation(WF1) • Only very small turbines would be considered in national conservation area. • Onshore wind farms should take terrain into consideration including height change and slope curvature.
Legend
WIND TURBINE SELECTION Appropriate location and sizes are taken into account when it comes to selection for the wind turbine. Wind turbines placed in an exposed upland area can generate more energy than placed in a less-exposed woodland. From an aesthetic point of view, large wind turbines bring more visual impact and negative noise impact on residential areas and require larger windfarm sites compared with medium and smaller wind turbines. Therefore, a balance between energy and visual impact should be considered. Also, the requirement for distance between wind turbines should not be neglected. The Enercon E-82 E2 turbine(85 meters Hub Height, 82 meters Rotor Diameter, 2MW power and minimum 123m distance between turbines) of moderate size and wind power are chosen through comprehensive consideration. In order to meet the requirement of minimum 10MW wind power supply, 5 turbines are needed.
Legend Relatively High Capacity Area National Park Area 0 200 400
800 1200
m 1600
N
Relatively High Capacity Area Value 0-4.2 4.3-9 9.1-16 17-20 21-82 0 200 400
800 1200
m 1600
N
Only very small turbines(at least less than 25m) would be considered to put into national park and it should consider the significant impact on landscape or wildlife concerns. So we prefer to avoid the national park area to minimize the impact on the Peak district. Slopes are less than 20% is considered to avoid difficult access and strong inclination especially when it comes to construction transport.
33
POTENTIAL SITES
ANALYSIS OF MAIN VISUAL RECEPTOR House Property Number
House Property Number (within ZTV)
Legend Site Boundary
Area
National Park
2 1
0 200 400
800
1200
m 1600
20003000
30005000
5
14
835
1,284
7,967
10,105
Road 100m Buffer Area
2
0
4
36
1416
811
7518
9785
Slope Area(> 20%)
3
0
19
360
1,221 954
9,522
12,076
4
0
252
879
1133
693
7411
10368
Unqualified Site
More Important
Take the chosen turbine number (5), size (Hub height 85m; rotor diameter 82m) and distance requirement between the wind turbine (at least 123m) into account, there are limitations on the area and size of the sites. Therefore, 4 areas are qualified to be potential sites for wind farms.
N
10002000
0
Potential Site
3
0-200 200-500 200-500
Total
1
Household 200m Buffer Area
4
Turnbine Influence Scale
2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
Less Important
to Turbine within 10km radius
2264
1456
1600
854
1
2
3
4 Potential site
100 98 96 94 92 90 88 86 84 82 80 0
90.9
91.9
86.9 82.9
1
2
3
4 Potential site
Main Visual Receptor: The diagram shows site 2 has the least number of household while site 1 has less number than other areas in the first four lists within 2km which is a more important scale for visibility. Site 3 and 4 share similar proportion of area where turbine is invisible within a radius of 10km that much higher than the other two areas. However, the number of house property of site 4 where turbine is visible within 500m is at least 10 times higher than other sites, having much more negative impact on household close to the wind farm. After a preliminary comparison of the number of household within ZTV and area of invisibility to turbine in 4 sites, site 1 and site 3 are concluded as more suitable sites for wind farms.
ANALYSIS OF OTHER VISUAL RECEPTORS Road Network
TESTED WIND TURBINE CONFIGURATIONS
Proportion(%) of Area invisible
(Visiability < 2km)
Movement Heatma
Green Space
Wind turbine ZTV analysis SITE 1
SITE 2
Legend Legend
Legend
Main road m 0
200
400
Legend
0
SITE 3 6,000
1,500 3,000
0 3,000
1500 3000
6000
9000
m 12000
N
0
1500 3000
SITE 4 6,000
6000
9000
m 12000
0
12,000 Meters
1,500 3,000
800
1200
Site Boundary
1600
Medium
Green Space
N
m 0
Site 1 Wind Turbine
200
400
800
1200
Low
N
1600
Site 3 Wind Turbine
0
200
400
Selected Site 1 visibility area (Excluding overlapped area)
m 800
1200
N
1600
Selected Site 3 visibility area (Excluding overlapped area)
Other Visual Receptors: In addition to main visual receptor—residents, other visual receptors are also taken into consideration, such as visitors in green gardens, parkland and national natural conservation, commuters and exercisers. Excluding the overlapped visibility areas of 1 and 3, different areas of site 1 and 3 are compared in the context of green space area, main road area and high vitality movement area (mainly cycling and walking). It can clearly iditified that the selected visibility area of site 3 has much less impact on other visual receptors than site 1 within 10km radius area.
N
Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database right 2020
Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database right 2020
9,000
vitality High
9,000
12,000 Meters
CONCLUSION
Overall, considering the different visual receptors within the visiability area, site 3 is concluded to be the most suitable place for wind farms.
FINAL LAYOUT OF WIND TURBINES
0
1500 3000
6000
9000
Legend 6,000
m 12000
N
0
Area visiable to 1 wind turbine
Area visiable to 3 wind turbines
Area visiable to 2 wind turbines
Area visiable to 4 wind turbines
9,000
12,000 Meters
0
1,500 3,000
1500 3000
6000
Area visiable to 5 wind turbines
Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database right 2020
6,000
9000
9,000
12,000 Meters
Wind Turbines Location
m 12000
N
Site Boundary Distance buffer(0.2km,0.5km, 1km,2km,3km,5km)
Through the consideration of a series of factors including technology, energy requirements, spacing, height and number of wind turbines, The Enercon E-82 E2 turbine (85 meters Hub Height, 82 meters Rotor Diameter, 2MW power and minimum 123m distance between turbines) are selected as the model for final application. (According to minimum requirement of 10MW wind power supply, 5 turbines are needed.) Based on the results of the ZTV for four potential areas, as well as the degree of negative visual effects that caused by the proposed wind turbines towards a variety of visual receptors, site 3 was selected as the most suitable site for the wind turbines. As shown on the map, 5 wind turbines will be placed on the site with grid layout.
Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database right 2020
Legend Site 3 boundary Proposed wind turbine
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VIEW POINTS SELECTION
VISUALISATION
The location of the viewpoints from which visualisations have been created were selected within the Zone of Theoritical Visibility (ZTV) which covered different distences, angles, as well as different receptor's views in order to fully reflect the visual impact of the proposed wind turbines to the landscape. Selected viewpoints were divided into two groups based on significant differences in the degree of visual impact caused by turbines from different distances: within 2000 metres from the wind turbines; more than 2000 metres from the turbines.
VISUAL RECEPTORS
Vehicle
Bus Stop
Residence
Farm
Visitor
Pedestrian
Cyclist
Runner
VISUALISATION WITHIN 2000m VIEW POINT 1- View from Burnt Hill Ln (200m from proposed wind turbines)
VIEW POINT 2- View from Burnt Hill Ln (200m from proposed wind turbines)
VIEW POINTS
VIEW POINT 3- View from Burnt Hill Ln (500m from proposed wind turbines)
VIEW POINT 4- View from Towngate Rd (1000m from proposed wind turbines)
6 5 1
2
3 4
9
7
8 VIEW POINT 5- View from Horse Croft Ln (900m from proposed wind turbines)
VIEW POINT 6- View from Brightholmlee Rd (2000m from proposed wind turbines)
Proposed Wind Turbines
10
0
2000
4000
m 8000
N
Legend
Site Boundary
wind turbine
view point
VISUALISATION OUT OF 2000m VIEW POINT 7- View from Skyehouse Ln (3500m from proposed wind turbines)
VIEW POINT 9- View from Penistone Rd (5000m from proposed wind turbines)
VIEW POINT 8- View from Stannington Rd (4000m from proposed wind turbines)
Proposed Wind Turbines
Proposed Wind Turbines
Proposed Wind Turbines
VIEW POINT 10- View from Fulwood Ln (8000m from proposed wind turbines)
Proposed Wind Turbines
35
ECOLOGICAL PLANTING DETAIL
CONSTRUCTION DETAIL
06
OTHER WORKS Construction and planting detail; drawing and modeling
36
HAND DRAWING PROJECT-PONDEROSA
37