OVERLAP “
ROAD HIERARCHY
FLOODING & TOPOGRAPHY
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE ANALYSIS LEGEND
CULTURE-LED REGENERATION OF RIVER DON CORRIDOR JINGYA CHEN
190204345
Site Boundary
”
Allotments Residential or Business Amenity-Transport Cemetery Golf Course Institutional Grounds
PLANNING/DESIGN
As Johansson (1993) puts it, in decoding cultural heritage, every place provides more or less strong evidence of how the place has been used at different times. Traces of different eras force their way into the present. If we arrange these traces in patterns that belong to the same time, we find overlapping layers that shine through each other they are somewhat transparent. The pattern of accumulated forms and change suggests a lot about the evolution of the landscape and the local culture(Johansson, 1993).
Land use changing Natural Other Sports Facility
LEGEND
LEGEND Site Boundary Flood zone 3 0
0.4
0.8
Playing Field
Parking Space
Public Park or Garden
Main road Secondary road Tertiary Road
N
Flood zone 2
Play Space
Site Boundary
1.6km
Religious Grounds
N
N
School Grounds 0
0.4
0.8
0
1.6km
0.4
0.8
1.6km
SITE CONTEXT
LOCATION
PEDDLER NIGHT MARKET
VICTORIA WORKS
United Kingdom
Sheffield
River Don Corridor
Residential Area THE FOUNDRY CLIMBING CENTRE
VISION This project will using 'culture regeneration' as the core concept, using an overlap approach in terms of four cultural perspective(economic sphere, social sphere, arts/cultural sphere and environmental sphere). After planning, the site will transform form a industrial centre into a culture centre. Forming a model which culture promotes the tourism, tourism promotes economy. Making this place into a vibrant, well-managed, accessible place with strong character.
POLICY
Lower Don Valley Unlocking the economic value of culture. Culture and the creative economy are providers of jobs, drivers for the visitor economy and are vital in shaping the city’s identity and positioning it alongside other competitor cities across Europe. Kelham Island should develop small businesses to perform an important economic role for the City as a whole. Industrial heritage should be protected since its an important element to form the place character. A conservation-led approach, including Kelham/Neepsend and Castlegate/Victoria Quays.
Kelham Island LEGEND Listed Building Cycleway Riverside walk Tram line
West Bar
Railway Bus route Business and housing
METHODOLOGY WITH A BRIEF HISTORY
Castlegate
Business Area
Victoria Quays
Business and Industry Flexible Use Industry Priority for Offices
12TH CENTURY
Neighbourhood Centre
Sheffield takes its name from the River Sheaf. Sheffield was founded in the early 12th century by the Lord of the manor, William de Lovetot. He built a castle on the site of Castle Market.
In the 16th century, Sheffield became far more famous for its cutlery. Before 1500 watermills were adapted to grinding tools and the cutlery trade boomed.
Residential Area
School Grounds Residential Area
(Sheffield City Council, 2021)
N
District Centre
0
ACTIVITIES AND EVENTS
MODERN ARCHITECTURE ALONG RIVER DON
Victoria Quey(canalrivertrust,2021)
ICONIC ARCHITECTURE
Castlegate(Google Earth,2018)
HIGN FENCES AROUND INDUSTRIAL AREA
GOOD QUALITY GRAFFITI
200
400
800m
NEW NEIGHBOURHOOD
(The shivering beggar,2014)
In 18th century Sheffield industry boomed. Sheffield was noted for its iron industry.
Kelham Island(Google Earth,2018)
NO GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE ON ROADS
graffiti near kelham island(Google Earth,2019)
LOW ACCESSIBILITY TO RIVER DON
New housing(littlekelham,2020)
LARGE SPACE FOR PARKING
IMPROVE
LACK MANAGEMENT RIVERSIDE
18TH CENTURY
SHEFFIELD WATERFRONT FESTIVAL
KEEP
16TH CENTURY
PAST
Sheffield City Centre
Historic Park, Garden or Cemetery
(Google Earth,2018)
(Google Earth,2018)
(Google Earth,2018)
(Google Earth,2018)
(Google Earth,2018)
SWOT ANALYSIS Strenghth
1980S
Oppotunities
Strong industrial character with rich history and historical buildings.Strong street art character. Heritage buildings and varies activities have successfully been clustered at the west part of the site.
The 1980s saw the worst of the run-down of Sheffield’s industries. The manufacturing industry employ 50% of the city’s workforce in 1971, however, only 24% workforce in 1984.
Close to the City Centre. Close to River Don. People have the willing to access to the waterfront. Industrial provide job oppotunities for local people.
PRESENT SHEFFIELD PRESENT
Since the industrial decline in 1980, the government has been looking for a new derection to drive economic development.
(Sheffield Economic Strategy)
Culture-led regeneration approach
SITE ANALYSIS
environmental sphere arts and cultural sphere economic sphere
Using the concept of culture to bring vitality to the site. More events can be holded in this place.
Lack of activities at the east part of the site. In the east part of the site, heritage and assets exist in isolation and are unconnected and underutilised.
Reconnection with the core of City Centre Connection with local communities.New tram line in the site. Proposing new settlemet.
Quality of existing river side walk and cycleway is extremely variable. Weak connection with the core of City Centre Lack of management. Some undesirable elements in the site, such as low quality graffiti. Railway cut through the site which lead to low connectivity of each area.
Transform the old industry into advanced manufacturing. Introducing more retails into the site. Repurposing the parking area.
Lack of commercial development, more retails are needed High deprivation
Riverside regeneration Link with surrouding green space to form a green belt. The parking areas is a potential area for green space.
Lack of green space and green infrastructures on the roads and too many parking space. Little oppotunities that people can get access to the river Poor conection to the surrounding green space.
Large investment at the begining of the project. But cannot attract visitors immediately. Massive single industrial use.
LEGEND
CULTURE FRAMWORK
The industrial area creat a boundary which unwelcome people visit this place.
Risk of flooding
ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMY
SOCIAL
ARTS/CULTURAL
CONCEPT AND AIMS
social sphere
As Johansson (1993) puts it, in decoding cultural heritage, every place provides more or less strong evidence of how the place has been used at different times. Traces of different eras force their way into the present. If we arrange these traces in patterns that belong to the same time, we find overlapping layers that shine through each other they are somewhat transparent. The pattern of accumulated forms and change suggests a lot about the evolution of the landscape and the local culture(Johansson, 1993).
Current Situation Lack of green open space
Weak Cultural feeling in industrial area
Green Infrastructure Improvement
PLANNING STAGE
Threats
OVERLAP
Unlocking the economic value of culture
FUTURE
Weakness
Culture enhance and reintroduce
Industrial use only
Weak connction
Industrial Rebirth
THE PERPETUALLY CHANGING CULTURE
Improve Connectivity
An overlap approach: New Local Culture (Gullestrup, H., 2006,page 128)
CULTURAL RESOURCES PLANNING PERSPECTIVE
Tourism Economy
Symbolic sphere
Economic sphere
Political sphere
Social sphere
CULTURAL RESOURCES/ PERSPECTIVE
Environmrntal sphere
Educational sphere
Arts/cultural sphere
Training sphere (DK.Evans, G., 2001)
NEW LOCAL CULTURE
JINGYA CHEN
190204345
PLANNING/DESIGN
PAGE 1
PRECEDENT STUDIES AND THEORIES
APPROACH
COMPLETE STREET THEORY
LAYER 3: 2021-2026 IMPROVE CONECTIVITY
A “complete” street is designed for safe, comfortable, and convenient movement both along and across the right-of-way by people of all ages and abilities, using multiple modes. This theory emphasize all users with equal comfort. The elements of a complete street may include bicycle lanes, active sidewalks, general travel lanes, planting strip, green space and safe cross walks(David Goldburg,2003).
LESSON FOR MY PROJECT The site is a very car dominate place with large area of parking space at present. Pedestrians, cyclist and public transport should be put into priority at planning stage. The planning will provide alternatives to traffic congestion and increase the overall capacity of the transportation network.
STRATEGY
BETTER LINK BETWEEN SOUTH AND NORTH The railway create a boundary and separates the site into two parts, causing an evidence missing connection between the North and South. The planning will propose new bus routes to connect these two parts. ATTRACT RESIDENTS ON NORTH In order to attract more people visiting the site and mitigate the disconnections between Victoria Quays and the Core of City Centre, a new tram line will be poposed.
LEGEND Railway Existing riverside walk Proposed riverside walk Exisiting tram line Proposed tram line Exisiting bus route Proposed bus route Exisiting cycleway Proposed cycleway Exisiting bus stop Proposed bus stop Exisiting tram stop Proposed tram stop Proposed connection
BETTER ACCESS TO RIVER DON Quality of existing riverside walk and cycleway is variable and some of them in a very pool condition. New path and cycleway will be proposed along River Don to create varies special experience for people and make the riverside a welcome place for cycling and running.
CULTURE INSPIRATION FROM KAMPA ISLAND, PRAGUE Kampa Island is located on west side of the Vltava river in Prague. It’s located between two of the most beautiful bridges in Prague, Legion Bridge (Legii most) to the south and Charles Bridge (Karluv most). The place has a very strong character with strong cultural feeling. It has rich landscape and culture experience formed by museums, sculptures, unique character, graffiti and long history(delve into europe,2021).
LESSON FOR MY PROJECT The strong character and cultural feeling attract many visitors to the place. For my project, the kelham island area has a great potential to add these cultural elements to create its unique industrial character and bring vitality to the place. Integrating scluptue, graffiti, museum and history together to form rich landscape and culture experience.
N
0
0.4
0.8
1.6km
LAYER4: 2021-2030 CULTURAL ENHANCE AND REINTRODUCE PRESERVE HERITAGE AND SYMBOL CREATION Strongly promoting local cultural assets and landmarks to form a strong post industrial character. Using similar façade materials and sculptures to enhance the local character. Introduce the character to the east part of the site to form a liner character feeling. ACTIVITIES AND EVENTS Due to its strong character and the location, the site has a great potential to hold attractive events and activities, such as music festival, exhibitions and markets. These events attracts visitors and make the site more vibrant.
LEGEND Exisiting green space Proposed green space
EDUCATION The site has a long industrial history, especially the kelham island and neepsend area. This provide an opportunity to educate people having a better understanding of Sheffield history. Establish museum, workshops and history introduction facilities in these area.
LAND USE INSPIRATION FROM SOUTH BANK, LEEDS
South Bank Leeds is a massive regeneration project aiming to double the size of Leeds city centre by transforming the ex-industrial area south of the River Aire. The project apply a mix use approach for its land use. Including potential place for more major leisure developments, office developments ,new homes and improve spaces between heritage buildings(South bank proposals,2016).
LESSON FOR MY PROJECT
The mixed landuse means more oppotunities for the same place. A place which can provide different functions in different times. For example, a green space can be a major leisure space in normal times and a events and recreation space on holidays. It like two layers(Culture and Green Infrastructure) overlap on the same place. And it make the place has more functions and potentials.
Proposed waterfront square Listed buildings Educational event Natural event N
0
0.4
0.8
1.6km
Cultural/Art event
LAYER 5: 2021-2035 INDUSTRIAL REBIRTH MIX USE The site is currently dominant by industrial use. Adding different function zones in the site, such as commercial area, residential area and office area. The future economy would based on service industries and leisure complexes.
DEVELOP ADVANCED MANUFACTURE
LEGEND
The Advanced Manufacturing would be suit for long term development compare to old manufacturing traditions, such as computer technologies and Information technologies.
Exisiting green space Proposed green space Proposed waterfront square Exisiting residential area Proposed residential area Proposed creative industry Exisiting community centre
‘CULTURALLY COSY’ NEW SETTLEMENTS Invigorating the vitality of the city’s cultural scene through support for local creative communities. Propose careful design of ‘culturally cosy’ new settlements.
Proposed commercial area Existing parking area Existing office area N
0
ECOLOGICAL NETWORK SCHEME THEORY Soulé & Gilpin (1991) depicted corridors as linear elements that connect two or more patches of natural habitat and function to facilitate movement. Corridors can be focused on some or all levels of biodiversity; Linear corridors - long, uninterrupted strips of vegetation, such as hedges, strips of forest, and the vegetation growing on banks of rivers and streams; Stepping stone corridors - series of small, non-connected habitats which are used to find shelter, food, or to rest;
LESSON FOR MY PROJECT
For this project, there are two kinds of corridor will be include: the Linear corridor(River Don) and stepping stone corridor. New green infrastructure should be proposed in the planning stage to create stepping stone corridor. The new green space not only providing better environment, but also spiritual experience and sense of place.
0.4
0.8
1.6km
Exisiting industrial area Proposed advanced manufacturing
LAYER 6: 2021-2040 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENT GREEN CORRIDOR The site has very limited green space at present. Proposing new green space to create a link with surrounding green network and act as a stepping stone for wild animals.
REDUCE FLOODING Proposing green space near River Don and within flood zone 3 area to mitigate flooding issue. Also, using Sustainable drainage systems(SuDS) control direct runoff. LEGEND Existing green open space Existing wooded area
RIVERSIDE GREEN SPACE Adding green open space or pocket parks along the River to achieve better accessibility to the water. These green open space can also serve as place for activities and events and enhance the sense of place.
Proposed green open space Proposed wooded area Avenue Green corridor Stepping stone
N
0
0.4
0.8
1.6km
STRETIGIC PLAN
LEGEND Exisiting green space Proposed green space Proposed waterfront square Proposed residential area Proposed creative industry Proposed commercial area Existing parking area Proposed advanced manufacturing Reserved Railway Proposed riverside walk Exisiting tram line Proposed tram line Exisiting bus route Proposed bus route Exisiting bus stop Proposed bus stop Exisiting tram stop
N
Proposed tram stop
0
200
400
800m JINGYA CHEN
190204345
Proposed connection
PLANNING/DESIGN
PAGE 2
DESIGN SITE ANALYSIS
PRECEDENT STUDIES
The design site located at the west part of the planning area. It is very close to the kelham and neepsend area, a place with strong post industrial character and abound of industrial heritage. The site was dominated by industrial at 18th century, but now, some buildings are used as residential and some of them has been abandoned. Many other problem also exist in this area.
LOCATION
There are many interesting point near the site, but the site is an ‘empty space’ without any focal point. The design aims to reintroduce the local character into the site.
Many parkings on the street steel frame structure with industrial feeling
Parking area dominate most of the vacant space
1
2
(Google Earth,2018)
(Google Earth,2018)
Listed buildings with strong industrial character.
Lack management riverside. Creative graffiti on the wall
Rutland Road
RENOVATION RIVERBANKS: LJUBLJANICA RIVERBANKS Improved quality of open-air life in the environs of its waters would foster sociability and stimulate the old city’s economic revival. The project proposing different kind of facility to let people get access to the river.
4
3
(Open space,2011)
BUILDING FUNCTION
1 2
6
5
4
Site Boundary
A community without any social space
Listed Building
Unnamed small Island
reserve repurpose remove Riverside walk Railway Main road Secondary Road Tertiary Road
Kelham Island
Site Boundary Apartment building Abandoned building Factory
There is an oppotunity to get access to the river
6
5
River don
LEGEND
(Google Earth,2018)
(Google Earth,2018)
LEGEND
Ball Street Bridge 3
POST-INDUSTRIAL RENEWAL: LX FACTORY, LIS The factory is taken over by small businesses and creative professionals, LX Factory is a modern hip art centre that houses various start-up businesses, ranging from funky restaurants to workspaces for designers and artists.
(Google Earth,2018)
(Google Earth,2018)
LEGEND
River don
Weakness
Strength
(Lx Factory,2021)
AN OVERLAP APPROACH LAYER 3: 2021-2026 IMPROVE CONECTIVITY
LAYER4: 2021-2040 CULTURAL ENHANCE AND REINTRODUCE ENHANCE THE LOCAL CHARACTER
IMPROVE RIVERSIDE CONNECTION
Proposing new bridges, especially the link between the riverbank and the small island. The site has no real access point to the river at the moment, proposing new waterfront platform to allow people get access to the water.
The site has a strong post industrial character. Preserve listed buildings and the local character such as red brick wall, industrial chimney and graffiti. Introduce new character in the area, such as delicate shops and café, bold colour on the street and the vibrant community feeling.
PEDESTRIAN/CYCLE FRIENDLY
PROPOSE NEW'CULTURAL HUB'
The site is absolutely a traffic dominant area at the moment. A pedestrian zone will be proposed in the site which put pedestrian in the priority. New cycle parking place should also take consideration in the design.
There are many interesting point around the site. This provide an opportunity to link the site with surrounding contexts to form a new ‘cultural hub’.
LEGEND Bicycle Parking Proposed access point Existing bridge Proposed bridge Car dominant road Pedestrian dominant road Proposed cycleway Exisiting riverside walk Proposed riverside walk Pedestrian area
FLEXIBLE STREET FUNCTION In the design, street is not only used for circulation, but also a place for coffee, chatting and rest. The street can also used as a market place during the weekend or some festivals.
CULTURAL/ARTS EVENTS
listed building EDUCATIONAL EVENTS
PROMOTE ARTS & CREATIVE INDUSTRY Encourage the local artists and musician come to the site to establish arts studio and musical events. Create high quality graffiti on the faced to form strong character.
LEGEND Listed building
N
NATRUAL EVENTS N
Wall painting 0
50
100
200m
LAYER 5: 2021-2035 INDUSTRIAL REBIRTH
0
50
100
200m
0
50
100
200m
LAYER 6: 2021-2035 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENT
BUILDING FUNCTION MIX USE
NEW GREEN SPACE
Changing the building function from single function into muti-function and make full use of the outdoor space. The ground floor can be café, first floor can use as restaurant and the second floor can be an arts studio.
Changing parking lot into green space and proposing more trees on the street. Transform the riverbank into well manged green corridor. LANDMARK TREE THICKET
NEW URBAN LIVING
GROVE
TREE PLANTING TYPOLOGY
Instead of parking, the community space is a good place for community garden, a place where residents can grow their favourite vegetables and have a little chat with neighbours.
Proposing different tree planting typology to form deafferent spatial experience. The planting typology include woodland, grove, thicket, landmark tree and street trees.
STREET TREES WOODLAND
public
RATIONALIZATION OF SPATIAL STRUCTURE
semi-public
The design has a clear division of semi-private, semi-public and public space which create different spatial experience.
SELECTIVE VEGETATION SPECIES LEGEND
semi-private
LEGEND Grove
Select different vegetations to promote biodiversity and make the green space as a beautiful landscape all around the year.
Public space Semi-public space Semi-private space
Thicket Woodland Street Tree Green Corridor
N
0
50
100
200m
MASTERPLAN
N
RIVERSIDE ACCESSIBILITY WATERFRONT PLATFORM The waterfront platform is used as a small access point to the river. Pedestrians can stand here and have a good view of the river.
24
WATERFRONT STAIRS 19 14
This is a liner space for people to get access to the river. There are two different height of stairs, so that people can both stand or sit on the stair.
13 B 20
12
23 B’
A
16
11
21
17 14
18
RIVERSIDE WALK A liner space for both pedestrians and cyclists. A nice place for running and exercising.
15 6
22 10
10
5
13
C
8
8
7
LEGEND
5
4
1
waterfront square
2
proposed bridge
3
waterfront stairs
4
riverside walk
5
ground floor:pubs
6
waterfront platform
7
grove trees
8
small park
9
proposed cycleway
10
community garden
11
community social space
1
residential/yoga studio
12
proposed path
2
residential
13
restaurant outdoor space
3
residential/convenience store/cafe
14
events/activities space
4
residential
15
an iconic big tree
5
vintage store/gym
16
steel structure gallery frame
6
photography studio
17
bright yello colour floor
7
residential/community space
18
pond
8
restaurant/arts centre
19
community space
9
handmake workshop/cloth shop/restaurant
20
bubble leisure space
10
pub/convenience store/musical studio
21
open space
11
arts studio/cloth shop/pub
22 street trees
12
cafe/pub/book store
23 playground
13
residential
24 sculpture
14
artist workshop
6 A’
EXPERIENCE UNDER TREES
7
11
9
1
4
GROVE TREES
3
The grove trees create an well managed urban feeling. The trees are planted in a very artificial way, which create shade and a siting place for pedestrians.
2
9
12 C’ 19 1 BUILDING FUNCTION
WOODLAND 2
The woodland create a surrounded and natural feeling . The high density trees create more shade during the summer.
19 19 3
THICKET The dense group of bushes or trees create a semi-natural feeling for people. The shrub provide more visual experience for people.
N 0
25
50
100m
JINGYA CHEN
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PLANNING/DESIGN
PAGE 3
DETAILED DESIGN The detail design A focus on the central part of the design area, which is a square with varies activities and spatial experience. There is an open space for small concert, a slope with stairs is proposed as a sitting space for people. Leisure space with bright colour and a steel frame create shade for people.
A
B
Thicket Grove Trees
Graffiti
The detail design B focus on a waterfront square after crossing the ball street bridge. The stair provide good accessibility for people to get close to River Don. Proposed bridge enhance the connectivity to the Kelham Island. Creative shops, graffiti and the red brick wall form a strong character of the place.
Outdoor cafe area 4
Graffiti
Red brick wall
Stage
Swale
Leisure space
A Bridge
B
2
Steel structure gallery frame
Slope
An iconic tree
5
Stairs
Small Island
3 1 Ball St. Bridge *
1 This is view point location for ‘Welcome to the site’(See below)
Farm
Social
Photo
Weekend Market
Different acativities can be hold in the same place.
Concert
Weekend Market
Outdoor cinema
SECTIONS
A
Public space Arts studio/Cloth shop/Pub
Semi-private space
Public space
Activities place
Stairs/Slope
Pedestrian Zone
Musical studio
Pedestrian Zone
Street Cycle trees way
Residential Building
Residential Building
Community Garden
River side walk
River Don
B Pedestrian Zone
Cycle way
Street trees
Burton Road
Pedestrian Zone
Arts studio/Cloth shop/Pub
Pedestrian Zone
Swale
Semi-public sitting space
A'
steel merterial
Using different merterials to form the local character.
Bright yello paving
Red brick wall
1:350@A1
Swale
steel structure gallery frame
B'
cafe/pub/book store
1:185@A1
Perennials
Shrubs
Trees Choosing different vegetation to mitigate flooding and create better visual experience for people.
Euphorbia amygdaloi- Perovskia ‘Blue Spire’ des var. robbiae
Phlox paniculata ‘Mount Fuji’
Hydrangea arborescens Acer palmatum strong annabelle (‘Abetwo’) ‘Sango-kaku’
Escallonia ‘Apple Blossom’
Platanus x hispanica
Betula
Malus floribunda
Athyrium niponicum var. pictum
C
C' restaurant/arts centre
Pedestrian Zone
Tree pit
Pedestrian Zone
Swale
Pedestrian Zone
waterfront stairs
River Don
Unnamed small Island
1:140@A1
WELCOME TO THE SITE
*Please see the view point on the detailed design
1
3
2
REFERENCE DK.Evans, G., 2001. Cultural planning [electronic resource] : an urban renaissance?, London: Taylor & Francis. Google Earth., [2019]. Sheffield, Ball Street Bridge 2019 [digital image]. [Viewed 19 May 2021]. Available from: https://www.google.co.uk/ maps/@53.385549,-1.4783671,17z?hl=zh-CN&authuser=0 Gullestrup, H., 2006. Cultural analysis: towards cross-cultural understanding. Copenhagen Business School Press Jennifer Marchant, Daniel Ratcliffe ., (2018). South Yorkshire Historic Environment Characterisation [online]. South Yorkshire Archaeology Service & English Heritage. [Viewed 13 May 2021]. Available from:http://www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/content/images/fromassets/100_1925_070113165904.pdf Kennell, J. (2012) ‘Eventful cities: cultural management and urban revitalisation’, Cultural Trends, 21(4), pp. 342–343. doi: 10.1080/09548963.2012.741356. Little kelham., [2019]. new housing [digital image]. [Viewed 19 January 2021]. Available from: https://citu.co.uk/citu-places/little-kelham
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Liu, Y.-D. (2019) ‘Event and Sustainable Culture-Led Regeneration: Lessons from the 2008 European Capital of Culture, Liverpool’, Sustainability, 11(7), p. 1869. doi: 10.3390/su11071869. LSC., (2018). Sheffield [online]. Sheffield City Story. [Viewed 19 May 2021]. Available from:https://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cr/casereport103.pdf LSC., (2018). Sheffield [online]. Sheffield City Story. [Viewed 12 May 2021]. Available from:https://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cr/casereport103.pdf Lx factory.,(2021).What goes on here? [online]. Lx factory. [Viewed 27 May 2021]. Available from: https://lxfactory.com/en/lx-factory/ Mapbox., (2018). The Industrial Revolution [online]. Mapbox. [Viewed 23 May 2021]. Available from:https://studio.mapbox.com/styles/chenjingya821/ ck6r10ryj5dne1jpdi6a21475/edit/#15.69/53.389509/-1.469799 Open Street Map., (2021). Sheffield [online]. Open Street Map. [Viewed 19 January 2021]. Available from:https://www.openstreetmap.org Othengrafen, F. and Reimer, M. (2013) ‘The Embeddedness of Planning in Cultural Contexts: Theoretical Foundations for the Analysis of Dynamic Planning Cultures’, Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 45(6), pp. 1269–1284. doi: 10.1068/a45131.
Public space.,(2011). Rearrangement of Ljubljanica riverbanks. [online]. Public space. [Viewed 27 May 2021]. Available from: https://www.publicspace.org/ works/-/project/g072-preureditve-nabrezij-in-mostovi-na-ljubljanici Sacco, Pier Luigi & Crociata, Alessandro, 2013. A Conceptual Regulatory Framework for the Design and Evaluation of Complex, Participative Cultural Planning Strategies. International journal of urban and regional research, 37(5), pp.1688–1706. Sheffield City Council., (2015). challenges and opportunities [online]. Sheffield City Council. [Viewed 19 January 2021]. Available from:https://training-1. citizenspace.com/training/the-sheffield-plan-november-2015/user_uploads/chpt2_challengesandopportunities.pdf Sheffield City Council., [2019]. conservation area [digital image]. [Viewed 19 January 2021]. Available from: https://data-sheffieldcc.opendata.arcgis.com/dat asets/97e5c68db1b443eead00e2d4587ae547_9?geometry=-1.507%2C53.385%2C-1.442%2C53.394 Sheffield City Council., [2019]. events [digital image]. [Viewed 20 May 2021]. Available from: https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/city-region/news/revealingsheffield-cultural-destination
The University of Sheffield., (2018). Revealing Sheffield as a cultural destination [online]. The University of Sheffield. [Viewed 19 May 2021]. Available from:https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/city-region/news/revealing-sheffield-cultural-destination The University of Sheffield., (2018). The Industrial Revolution [online]. The University of Sheffield. [Viewed 19 May 2021]. Available from:https://www. sheffield.ac.uk/doncatchment/about/industrial-revolution?cv=1&session-id=575d93b5de58430e9a918f0d74c482ef Topographic map., [2019]. Sheffield topography [digital image]. [Viewed 19 April 2021]. Available from: https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/maps/duh/ Sheffield/ Welcometosheffield.,(2013). Sheffield Economic Strategy. [online]. Welcome to sheffield. [Viewed 27 May 2021]. Available from: https://www. welcometosheffield.co.uk/content/images/fromassets/100_2002_280313101103.pdf Xie, P. F. (2015) ‘A life cycle model of industrial heritage development’, Annals of Tourism Research, 55, pp. 141–154. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2015.09.012.
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