Overlap-Culture-led Regeneration of River Don Corridor

OVERLAP “

ROAD HIERARCHY

FLOODING & TOPOGRAPHY

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE ANALYSIS LEGEND

CULTURE-LED REGENERATION OF RIVER DON CORRIDOR JINGYA CHEN

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Site Boundary

”

Allotments Residential or Business Amenity-Transport Cemetery Golf Course Institutional Grounds

PLANNING/DESIGN

As Johansson (1993) puts it, in decoding cultural heritage, every place provides more or less strong evidence of how the place has been used at different times. Traces of different eras force their way into the present. If we arrange these traces in patterns that belong to the same time, we find overlapping layers that shine through each other they are somewhat transparent. The pattern of accumulated forms and change suggests a lot about the evolution of the landscape and the local culture(Johansson, 1993).

Land use changing Natural Other Sports Facility

LEGEND

LEGEND Site Boundary Flood zone 3 0

0.4

0.8

Playing Field

Parking Space

Public Park or Garden

Main road Secondary road Tertiary Road

N

Flood zone 2

Play Space

Site Boundary

1.6km

Religious Grounds

N

N

School Grounds 0

0.4

0.8

0

1.6km

0.4

0.8

1.6km

SITE CONTEXT

LOCATION

PEDDLER NIGHT MARKET

VICTORIA WORKS

United Kingdom

Sheffield

River Don Corridor

Residential Area THE FOUNDRY CLIMBING CENTRE

VISION This project will using 'culture regeneration' as the core concept, using an overlap approach in terms of four cultural perspective(economic sphere, social sphere, arts/cultural sphere and environmental sphere). After planning, the site will transform form a industrial centre into a culture centre. Forming a model which culture promotes the tourism, tourism promotes economy. Making this place into a vibrant, well-managed, accessible place with strong character.

POLICY

Lower Don Valley Unlocking the economic value of culture. Culture and the creative economy are providers of jobs, drivers for the visitor economy and are vital in shaping the city’s identity and positioning it alongside other competitor cities across Europe.

Kelham Island should develop small businesses to perform an important economic role for the City as a whole.

Industrial heritage should be protected since its an important element to form the place character.

A conservation-led approach, including Kelham/Neepsend and Castlegate/Victoria Quays.

Kelham Island LEGEND Listed Building Cycleway Riverside walk Tram line

West Bar

Railway Bus route Business and housing

METHODOLOGY WITH A BRIEF HISTORY

Castlegate

Business Area

Victoria Quays

Business and Industry Flexible Use Industry Priority for Offices

12TH CENTURY

Neighbourhood Centre

Sheffield takes its name from the River Sheaf. Sheffield was founded in the early 12th century by the Lord of the manor, William de Lovetot. He built a castle on the site of Castle Market.

In the 16th century, Sheffield became far more famous for its cutlery. Before 1500 watermills were adapted to grinding tools and the cutlery trade boomed.

Residential Area

School Grounds Residential Area

(Sheffield City Council, 2021)

N

District Centre

0

ACTIVITIES AND EVENTS

MODERN ARCHITECTURE ALONG RIVER DON

Victoria Quey(canalrivertrust,2021)

ICONIC ARCHITECTURE

Castlegate(Google Earth,2018)

HIGN FENCES AROUND INDUSTRIAL AREA

GOOD QUALITY GRAFFITI

200

400

800m

NEW NEIGHBOURHOOD

(The shivering beggar,2014)

In 18th century Sheffield industry boomed. Sheffield was noted for its iron industry.

Kelham Island(Google Earth,2018)

NO GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE ON ROADS

graffiti near kelham island(Google Earth,2019)

LOW ACCESSIBILITY TO RIVER DON

New housing(littlekelham,2020)

LARGE SPACE FOR PARKING

IMPROVE

LACK MANAGEMENT RIVERSIDE

18TH CENTURY

SHEFFIELD WATERFRONT FESTIVAL

KEEP

16TH CENTURY

PAST

Sheffield City Centre

Historic Park, Garden or Cemetery

(Google Earth,2018)

(Google Earth,2018)

(Google Earth,2018)

(Google Earth,2018)

(Google Earth,2018)

SWOT ANALYSIS Strenghth

1980S

Oppotunities

Strong industrial character with rich history and historical buildings.Strong street art character.

Heritage buildings and varies activities have successfully been clustered at the west part of the site.

The 1980s saw the worst of the run-down of Sheffield’s industries. The manufacturing industry employ 50% of the city’s workforce in 1971, however, only 24% workforce in 1984.

Close to the City Centre.

Close to River Don. People have the willing to access to the waterfront.

Industrial provide job oppotunities for local people.

PRESENT SHEFFIELD PRESENT

Since the industrial decline in 1980, the government has been looking for a new derection to drive economic development.

(Sheffield Economic Strategy)

Culture-led regeneration approach

SITE ANALYSIS

environmental sphere arts and cultural sphere economic sphere

Using the concept of culture to bring vitality to the site.

More events can be holded in this place.

Lack of activities at the east part of the site.

In the east part of the site, heritage and assets exist in isolation and are unconnected and underutilised.

Reconnection with the core of City Centre Connection with local communities.New tram line in the site.

Proposing new settlemet.

Quality of existing river side walk and cycleway is extremely variable.

Weak connection with the core of City Centre Lack of management. Some undesirable elements in the site, such as low quality graffiti.

Railway cut through the site which lead to low connectivity of each area.

Transform the old industry into advanced manufacturing.

Introducing more retails into the site.

Repurposing the parking area.

Lack of commercial development, more retails are needed High deprivation

Riverside regeneration Link with surrouding green space to form a green belt.

The parking areas is a potential area for green space.

Lack of green space and green infrastructures on the roads and too many parking space.

Little oppotunities that people can get access to the river Poor conection to the surrounding green space.

Large investment at the begining of the project. But cannot attract visitors immediately.

Massive single industrial use.

LEGEND

CULTURE FRAMWORK

The industrial area creat a boundary which unwelcome people visit this place.

Risk of flooding

ENVIRONMENTAL

ECONOMY

SOCIAL

ARTS/CULTURAL

CONCEPT AND AIMS

social sphere

As Johansson (1993) puts it, in decoding cultural heritage, every place provides more or less strong evidence of how the place has been used at different times. Traces of different eras force their way into the present. If we arrange these traces in patterns that belong to the same time, we find overlapping layers that shine through each other they are somewhat transparent. The pattern of accumulated forms and change suggests a lot about the evolution of the landscape and the local culture(Johansson, 1993).

Current Situation Lack of green open space

Weak Cultural feeling in industrial area

Green Infrastructure Improvement

PLANNING STAGE

Threats

OVERLAP

Unlocking the economic value of culture

FUTURE

Weakness

Culture enhance and reintroduce

Industrial use only

Weak connction

Industrial Rebirth

THE PERPETUALLY CHANGING CULTURE

Improve Connectivity

An overlap approach: New Local Culture (Gullestrup, H., 2006,page 128)

CULTURAL RESOURCES PLANNING PERSPECTIVE

Tourism Economy

Symbolic sphere

Economic sphere

Political sphere

Social sphere

CULTURAL RESOURCES/ PERSPECTIVE

Environmrntal sphere

Educational sphere

Arts/cultural sphere

Training sphere (DK.Evans, G., 2001)

NEW LOCAL CULTURE

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PLANNING/DESIGN

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PRECEDENT STUDIES AND THEORIES

APPROACH

COMPLETE STREET THEORY

LAYER 3: 2021-2026 IMPROVE CONECTIVITY

A “complete” street is designed for safe, comfortable, and convenient movement both along and across the right-of-way by people of all ages and abilities, using multiple modes. This theory emphasize all users with equal comfort. The elements of a complete street may include bicycle lanes, active sidewalks, general travel lanes, planting strip, green space and safe cross walks(David Goldburg,2003).

LESSON FOR MY PROJECT The site is a very car dominate place with large area of parking space at present. Pedestrians, cyclist and public transport should be put into priority at planning stage. The planning will provide alternatives to traffic congestion and increase the overall capacity of the transportation network.

STRATEGY

BETTER LINK BETWEEN SOUTH AND NORTH The railway create a boundary and separates the site into two parts, causing an evidence missing connection between the North and South. The planning will propose new bus routes to connect these two parts.

ATTRACT RESIDENTS ON NORTH In order to attract more people visiting the site and mitigate the disconnections between Victoria Quays and the Core of City Centre, a new tram line will be poposed.

LEGEND Railway Existing riverside walk Proposed riverside walk Exisiting tram line Proposed tram line Exisiting bus route Proposed bus route Exisiting cycleway Proposed cycleway Exisiting bus stop Proposed bus stop Exisiting tram stop Proposed tram stop Proposed connection

BETTER ACCESS TO RIVER DON Quality of existing riverside walk and cycleway is variable and some of them in a very pool condition. New path and cycleway will be proposed along River Don to create varies special experience for people and make the riverside a welcome place for cycling and running.

CULTURE INSPIRATION FROM KAMPA ISLAND, PRAGUE Kampa Island is located on west side of the Vltava river in Prague. It’s located between two of the most beautiful bridges in Prague, Legion Bridge (Legii most) to the south and Charles Bridge (Karluv most). The place has a very strong character with strong cultural feeling. It has rich landscape and culture experience formed by museums, sculptures, unique character, graffiti and long history(delve into europe,2021).

LESSON FOR MY PROJECT The strong character and cultural feeling attract many visitors to the place. For my project, the kelham island area has a great potential to add these cultural elements to create its unique industrial character and bring vitality to the place. Integrating scluptue, graffiti, museum and history together to form rich landscape and culture experience.

N

0

0.4

0.8

1.6km

LAYER4: 2021-2030 CULTURAL ENHANCE AND REINTRODUCE PRESERVE HERITAGE AND SYMBOL CREATION Strongly promoting local cultural assets and landmarks to form a strong post industrial character. Using similar façade materials and sculptures to enhance the local character. Introduce the character to the east part of the site to form a liner character feeling.

ACTIVITIES AND EVENTS Due to its strong character and the location, the site has a great potential to hold attractive events and activities, such as music festival, exhibitions and markets. These events attracts visitors and make the site more vibrant.

LEGEND Exisiting green space Proposed green space

EDUCATION The site has a long industrial history, especially the kelham island and neepsend area. This provide an opportunity to educate people having a better understanding of Sheffield history. Establish museum, workshops and history introduction facilities in these area.

LAND USE INSPIRATION FROM SOUTH BANK, LEEDS

South Bank Leeds is a massive regeneration project aiming to double the size of Leeds city centre by transforming the ex-industrial area south of the River Aire. The project apply a mix use approach for its land use. Including potential place for more major leisure developments, office developments ,new homes and improve spaces between heritage buildings(South bank proposals,2016).

LESSON FOR MY PROJECT

The mixed landuse means more oppotunities for the same place. A place which can provide different functions in different times. For example, a green space can be a major leisure space in normal times and a events and recreation space on holidays. It like two layers(Culture and Green Infrastructure) overlap on the same place. And it make the place has more functions and potentials.

Proposed waterfront square Listed buildings Educational event Natural event N

0

0.4

0.8

1.6km

Cultural/Art event

LAYER 5: 2021-2035 INDUSTRIAL REBIRTH MIX USE The site is currently dominant by industrial use.

Adding different function zones in the site, such as commercial area, residential area and office area. The future economy would based on service industries and leisure complexes.

DEVELOP ADVANCED MANUFACTURE

LEGEND

The Advanced Manufacturing would be suit for long term development compare to old manufacturing traditions, such as computer technologies and Information technologies.

Exisiting green space Proposed green space Proposed waterfront square Exisiting residential area Proposed residential area Proposed creative industry Exisiting community centre

‘CULTURALLY COSY’ NEW SETTLEMENTS Invigorating the vitality of the city’s cultural scene through support for local creative communities. Propose careful design of ‘culturally cosy’ new settlements.

Proposed commercial area Existing parking area Existing office area N

0

ECOLOGICAL NETWORK SCHEME THEORY Soulé & Gilpin (1991) depicted corridors as linear elements that connect two or more patches of natural habitat and function to facilitate movement. Corridors can be focused on some or all levels of biodiversity; Linear corridors - long, uninterrupted strips of vegetation, such as hedges, strips of forest, and the vegetation growing on banks of rivers and streams; Stepping stone corridors - series of small, non-connected habitats which are used to find shelter, food, or to rest;

LESSON FOR MY PROJECT

For this project, there are two kinds of corridor will be include: the Linear corridor(River Don) and stepping stone corridor. New green infrastructure should be proposed in the planning stage to create stepping stone corridor.

The new green space not only providing better environment, but also spiritual experience and sense of place.

0.4

0.8

1.6km

Exisiting industrial area Proposed advanced manufacturing

LAYER 6: 2021-2040 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENT GREEN CORRIDOR The site has very limited green space at present.

Proposing new green space to create a link with surrounding green network and act as a stepping stone for wild animals.

REDUCE FLOODING Proposing green space near River Don and within flood zone 3 area to mitigate flooding issue. Also, using Sustainable drainage systems(SuDS) control direct runoff.

LEGEND Existing green open space Existing wooded area

RIVERSIDE GREEN SPACE Adding green open space or pocket parks along the River to achieve better accessibility to the water. These green open space can also serve as place for activities and events and enhance the sense of place.

Proposed green open space Proposed wooded area Avenue Green corridor Stepping stone

N

0

0.4

0.8

1.6km

STRETIGIC PLAN

LEGEND Exisiting green space Proposed green space Proposed waterfront square Proposed residential area Proposed creative industry Proposed commercial area Existing parking area Proposed advanced manufacturing Reserved Railway Proposed riverside walk Exisiting tram line Proposed tram line Exisiting bus route Proposed bus route Exisiting bus stop Proposed bus stop Exisiting tram stop

N

Proposed tram stop

0

200

400

800m JINGYA CHEN

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Proposed connection

PLANNING/DESIGN

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DESIGN SITE ANALYSIS

PRECEDENT STUDIES

The design site located at the west part of the planning area. It is very close to the kelham and neepsend area, a place with strong post industrial character and abound of industrial heritage. The site was dominated by industrial at 18th century, but now, some buildings are used as residential and some of them has been abandoned. Many other problem also exist in this area.

LOCATION

There are many interesting point near the site, but the site is an ‘empty space’ without any focal point. The design aims to reintroduce the local character into the site.

Many parkings on the street steel frame structure with industrial feeling

Parking area dominate most of the vacant space

1

2

(Google Earth,2018)

(Google Earth,2018)

Listed buildings with strong industrial character.

Lack management riverside.

Creative graffiti on the wall

Rutland Road

RENOVATION RIVERBANKS: LJUBLJANICA RIVERBANKS Improved quality of open-air life in the environs of its waters would foster sociability and stimulate the old city’s economic revival. The project proposing different kind of facility to let people get access to the river.

4

3

(Open space,2011)

BUILDING FUNCTION

1 2

6

5

4

Site Boundary

A community without any social space

Listed Building

Unnamed small Island

reserve repurpose remove Riverside walk Railway Main road Secondary Road Tertiary Road

Kelham Island

Site Boundary Apartment building Abandoned building Factory

There is an oppotunity to get access to the river

6

5

River don

LEGEND

(Google Earth,2018)

(Google Earth,2018)

LEGEND

Ball Street Bridge 3

POST-INDUSTRIAL RENEWAL: LX FACTORY, LIS The factory is taken over by small businesses and creative professionals, LX Factory is a modern hip art centre that houses various start-up businesses, ranging from funky restaurants to workspaces for designers and artists.

(Google Earth,2018)

(Google Earth,2018)

LEGEND

River don

Weakness

Strength

(Lx Factory,2021)

AN OVERLAP APPROACH LAYER 3: 2021-2026 IMPROVE CONECTIVITY

LAYER4: 2021-2040 CULTURAL ENHANCE AND REINTRODUCE ENHANCE THE LOCAL CHARACTER

IMPROVE RIVERSIDE CONNECTION

Proposing new bridges, especially the link between the riverbank and the small island.

The site has no real access point to the river at the moment, proposing new waterfront platform to allow people get access to the water.

The site has a strong post industrial character. Preserve listed buildings and the local character such as red brick wall, industrial chimney and graffiti. Introduce new character in the area, such as delicate shops and café, bold colour on the street and the vibrant community feeling.

PEDESTRIAN/CYCLE FRIENDLY

PROPOSE NEW'CULTURAL HUB'

The site is absolutely a traffic dominant area at the moment. A pedestrian zone will be proposed in the site which put pedestrian in the priority. New cycle parking place should also take consideration in the design.

There are many interesting point around the site. This provide an opportunity to link the site with surrounding contexts to form a new ‘cultural hub’.

LEGEND Bicycle Parking Proposed access point Existing bridge Proposed bridge Car dominant road Pedestrian dominant road Proposed cycleway Exisiting riverside walk Proposed riverside walk Pedestrian area

FLEXIBLE STREET FUNCTION In the design, street is not only used for circulation, but also a place for coffee, chatting and rest. The street can also used as a market place during the weekend or some festivals.

CULTURAL/ARTS EVENTS

listed building EDUCATIONAL EVENTS

PROMOTE ARTS & CREATIVE INDUSTRY Encourage the local artists and musician come to the site to establish arts studio and musical events. Create high quality graffiti on the faced to form strong character.

LEGEND Listed building

N

NATRUAL EVENTS N

Wall painting 0

50

100

200m

LAYER 5: 2021-2035 INDUSTRIAL REBIRTH

0

50

100

200m

0

50

100

200m

LAYER 6: 2021-2035 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENT

BUILDING FUNCTION MIX USE

NEW GREEN SPACE

Changing the building function from single function into muti-function and make full use of the outdoor space. The ground floor can be café, first floor can use as restaurant and the second floor can be an arts studio.

Changing parking lot into green space and proposing more trees on the street. Transform the riverbank into well manged green corridor.

LANDMARK TREE THICKET

NEW URBAN LIVING

GROVE

TREE PLANTING TYPOLOGY

Instead of parking, the community space is a good place for community garden, a place where residents can grow their favourite vegetables and have a little chat with neighbours.

Proposing different tree planting typology to form deafferent spatial experience. The planting typology include woodland, grove, thicket, landmark tree and street trees.

STREET TREES WOODLAND

public

RATIONALIZATION OF SPATIAL STRUCTURE

semi-public

The design has a clear division of semi-private, semi-public and public space which create different spatial experience.

SELECTIVE VEGETATION SPECIES LEGEND

semi-private

LEGEND Grove

Select different vegetations to promote biodiversity and make the green space as a beautiful landscape all around the year.

Public space Semi-public space Semi-private space

Thicket Woodland Street Tree Green Corridor

N

0

50

100

200m

MASTERPLAN

N

RIVERSIDE ACCESSIBILITY WATERFRONT PLATFORM The waterfront platform is used as a small access point to the river. Pedestrians can stand here and have a good view of the river.

24

WATERFRONT STAIRS 19 14

This is a liner space for people to get access to the river. There are two different height of stairs, so that people can both stand or sit on the stair.

13 B 20

12

23 B’

A

16

11

21

17 14

18

RIVERSIDE WALK A liner space for both pedestrians and cyclists. A nice place for running and exercising.

15 6

22 10

10

5

13

C

8

8

7

LEGEND

5

4

1

waterfront square

2

proposed bridge

3

waterfront stairs

4

riverside walk

5

ground floor:pubs

6

waterfront platform

7

grove trees

8

small park

9

proposed cycleway

10

community garden

11

community social space

1

residential/yoga studio

12

proposed path

2

residential

13

restaurant outdoor space

3

residential/convenience store/cafe

14

events/activities space

4

residential

15

an iconic big tree

5

vintage store/gym

16

steel structure gallery frame

6

photography studio

17

bright yello colour floor

7

residential/community space

18

pond

8

restaurant/arts centre

19

community space

9

handmake workshop/cloth shop/restaurant

20

bubble leisure space

10

pub/convenience store/musical studio

21

open space

11

arts studio/cloth shop/pub

22 street trees

12

cafe/pub/book store

23 playground

13

residential

24 sculpture

14

artist workshop

6 A’

EXPERIENCE UNDER TREES

7

11

9

1

4

GROVE TREES

3

The grove trees create an well managed urban feeling. The trees are planted in a very artificial way, which create shade and a siting place for pedestrians.

2

9

12 C’ 19 1 BUILDING FUNCTION

WOODLAND 2

The woodland create a surrounded and natural feeling . The high density trees create more shade during the summer.

19 19 3

THICKET The dense group of bushes or trees create a semi-natural feeling for people. The shrub provide more visual experience for people.

N 0

25

50

100m

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PLANNING/DESIGN

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DETAILED DESIGN The detail design A focus on the central part of the design area, which is a square with varies activities and spatial experience. There is an open space for small concert, a slope with stairs is proposed as a sitting space for people. Leisure space with bright colour and a steel frame create shade for people.

A

B

Thicket Grove Trees

Graffiti

The detail design B focus on a waterfront square after crossing the ball street bridge. The stair provide good accessibility for people to get close to River Don. Proposed bridge enhance the connectivity to the Kelham Island. Creative shops, graffiti and the red brick wall form a strong character of the place.

Outdoor cafe area 4

Graffiti

Red brick wall

Stage

Swale

Leisure space

A Bridge

B

2

Steel structure gallery frame

Slope

An iconic tree

5

Stairs

Small Island

3 1 Ball St. Bridge *

1 This is view point location for ‘Welcome to the site’(See below)

Farm

Social

Photo

Weekend Market

Different acativities can be hold in the same place.

Concert

Weekend Market

Outdoor cinema

SECTIONS

A

Public space Arts studio/Cloth shop/Pub

Semi-private space

Public space

Activities place

Stairs/Slope

Pedestrian Zone

Musical studio

Pedestrian Zone

Street Cycle trees way

Residential Building

Residential Building

Community Garden

River side walk

River Don

B Pedestrian Zone

Cycle way

Street trees

Burton Road

Pedestrian Zone

Arts studio/Cloth shop/Pub

Pedestrian Zone

Swale

Semi-public sitting space

A'

steel merterial

Using different merterials to form the local character.

Bright yello paving

Red brick wall

1:350@A1

Swale

steel structure gallery frame

B'

cafe/pub/book store

1:185@A1

Perennials

Shrubs

Trees Choosing different vegetation to mitigate flooding and create better visual experience for people.

Euphorbia amygdaloi- Perovskia ‘Blue Spire’ des var. robbiae

Phlox paniculata ‘Mount Fuji’

Hydrangea arborescens Acer palmatum strong annabelle (‘Abetwo’) ‘Sango-kaku’

Escallonia ‘Apple Blossom’

Platanus x hispanica

Betula

Malus floribunda

Athyrium niponicum var. pictum

C

C' restaurant/arts centre

Pedestrian Zone

Tree pit

Pedestrian Zone

Swale

Pedestrian Zone

waterfront stairs

River Don

Unnamed small Island

1:140@A1

WELCOME TO THE SITE

*Please see the view point on the detailed design

1

3

2

REFERENCE DK.Evans, G., 2001. Cultural planning [electronic resource] : an urban renaissance?, London: Taylor & Francis.

Google Earth., [2019]. Sheffield, Ball Street Bridge 2019 [digital image]. [Viewed 19 May 2021]. Available from: https://www.google.co.uk/ maps/@53.385549,-1.4783671,17z?hl=zh-CN&authuser=0 Gullestrup, H., 2006. Cultural analysis: towards cross-cultural understanding. Copenhagen Business School Press Jennifer Marchant, Daniel Ratcliffe ., (2018). South Yorkshire Historic Environment Characterisation [online]. South Yorkshire Archaeology Service & English Heritage. [Viewed 13 May 2021]. Available from:http://www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/content/images/fromassets/100_1925_070113165904.pdf Kennell, J. (2012) ‘Eventful cities: cultural management and urban revitalisation’, Cultural Trends, 21(4), pp. 342–343. doi: 10.1080/09548963.2012.741356.

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4

5

Liu, Y.-D. (2019) ‘Event and Sustainable Culture-Led Regeneration: Lessons from the 2008 European Capital of Culture, Liverpool’, Sustainability, 11(7), p.

1869. doi: 10.3390/su11071869.

LSC., (2018). Sheffield [online]. Sheffield City Story. [Viewed 19 May 2021]. Available from:https://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cr/casereport103.pdf LSC., (2018). Sheffield [online]. Sheffield City Story. [Viewed 12 May 2021]. Available from:https://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cr/casereport103.pdf Lx factory.,(2021).What goes on here? [online]. Lx factory. [Viewed 27 May 2021]. Available from: https://lxfactory.com/en/lx-factory/ Mapbox., (2018). The Industrial Revolution [online]. Mapbox. [Viewed 23 May 2021]. Available from:https://studio.mapbox.com/styles/chenjingya821/ ck6r10ryj5dne1jpdi6a21475/edit/#15.69/53.389509/-1.469799 Open Street Map., (2021). Sheffield [online]. Open Street Map. [Viewed 19 January 2021]. Available from:https://www.openstreetmap.org Othengrafen, F. and Reimer, M. (2013) ‘The Embeddedness of Planning in Cultural Contexts: Theoretical Foundations for the Analysis of Dynamic Planning Cultures’, Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 45(6), pp. 1269–1284. doi: 10.1068/a45131.

Public space.,(2011). Rearrangement of Ljubljanica riverbanks. [online]. Public space. [Viewed 27 May 2021]. Available from: https://www.publicspace.org/ works/-/project/g072-preureditve-nabrezij-in-mostovi-na-ljubljanici Sacco, Pier Luigi & Crociata, Alessandro, 2013. A Conceptual Regulatory Framework for the Design and Evaluation of Complex, Participative Cultural Planning Strategies. International journal of urban and regional research, 37(5), pp.1688–1706.

Sheffield City Council., (2015). challenges and opportunities [online]. Sheffield City Council. [Viewed 19 January 2021]. Available from:https://training-1. citizenspace.com/training/the-sheffield-plan-november-2015/user_uploads/chpt2_challengesandopportunities.pdf Sheffield City Council., [2019]. conservation area [digital image]. [Viewed 19 January 2021]. Available from: https://data-sheffieldcc.opendata.arcgis.com/dat asets/97e5c68db1b443eead00e2d4587ae547_9?geometry=-1.507%2C53.385%2C-1.442%2C53.394 Sheffield City Council., [2019]. events [digital image]. [Viewed 20 May 2021]. Available from: https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/city-region/news/revealingsheffield-cultural-destination

The University of Sheffield., (2018). Revealing Sheffield as a cultural destination [online]. The University of Sheffield. [Viewed 19 May 2021]. Available from:https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/city-region/news/revealing-sheffield-cultural-destination The University of Sheffield., (2018). The Industrial Revolution [online]. The University of Sheffield. [Viewed 19 May 2021]. Available from:https://www. sheffield.ac.uk/doncatchment/about/industrial-revolution?cv=1&session-id=575d93b5de58430e9a918f0d74c482ef Topographic map., [2019]. Sheffield topography [digital image]. [Viewed 19 April 2021]. Available from: https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/maps/duh/ Sheffield/ Welcometosheffield.,(2013). Sheffield Economic Strategy. [online]. Welcome to sheffield. [Viewed 27 May 2021]. Available from: https://www. welcometosheffield.co.uk/content/images/fromassets/100_2002_280313101103.pdf Xie, P. F. (2015) ‘A life cycle model of industrial heritage development’, Annals of Tourism Research, 55, pp. 141–154. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2015.09.012.

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