Political Economic Covid-19 NUM. 0041 AÑO 04 07 OCTOBER 2021
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The Vaccine a
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RUSSIA
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RUSSIA: Political Outline
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RUSSIA: Economic Scheme
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RUSSIA: Main sectors of the industry
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RUSSIA: Foreign Trade in Figures
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RUSSIA: Policies Against COVID-19
C O N T E T
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Development and monitoring of RDM group to Mtra. Celia Dolores Ramirez Rioja the whole team of designers, editors, writers and researchers. that forms RDM group RDM. En relación con todo lo contenido en el sitio, se prohíbe la reproducción, uso, copia, impresión, distribución, publicación, traducción, adaptación, reordenación y cualquier otro uso o modificación total o parcial de los datos y obras contenidos en estas páginas, por cualquier medio y de cualquier forma.
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RUSSIA
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Photo: Kremlin.ru (CC BY 4.0) Los qué Todos Leen
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RUSSIA The total population of Russia is: 144,104,080. Ethnic
origins:
Russians
Ethnic
represent
80.9% of the total population (of which 84.93%
belong to European ethnic groups), while minorities represent 19% of
the population. Among the
largest
minorities
are Tatars, Ukrainians,
Bashkirs, Chuvass and Chechens, who represent approximately 8.4% of the total population. The remaining 10.6% of the population are Indo-European, Turkish or BalticFinnish peoples.
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Official
language:
Russian
Other
Spoken
Languages:
More than 150 languages are spoken in the Russian Federa-
tion and some of them are the official language in a part of the
country. Business
language
(s): English is beco-
ming more widely used. Managers often understand English better than they speak it. You must be prepared to conduct negotiations in Russian.
Religion: According to a 2011 survey, 82% of Russians are religious. Orthodox 70%, Muslim 10%, Catholic 1.2%, Buddhist 0.7%. Los qué Todos Leen
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RUSSIA: Political Outline
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President Putin on Trip to Primorsky Krai. Eastern Economic Forum
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The politics of Russia
T
he politics of Russia takes place within the framework
of the federal semi-presidential republic of Russia. According to the Constitution, the president of
Russia is the head of state and of a multi-party system with executive power exercised by the
government, headed by the prime minister, who is appointed by the president with the approval
of the parliament. Legislative power rests with the two houses of the Russian Federal Assembly,
while the President and the government issue numerous legally binding statutes. 10
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The Federal Assembly
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T
he Federal Assembly, as a bicameral legislative body, consists of a lower
house, the State Duma, and an upper house, the Federation Council. While the Duma guarantees direct popular representation and embodies the democratic principle, the Federation Council is a chamber of territorial repre-
sentation, in which the so-called federal subjects (federated entities or territories of Russia) are represented through appointed dele-
gates. by these same autonomous territorial units (two correspond to each territory, one designated by its parliament and the other by
its governing body or by its president).
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Russian President Vladimir Putin delivers his annual address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation 14
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Photo: Kremlin.ru (CC BY 4.0)
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arliament is made up of 616 members and is called the Federal Assembly. It consists of two chambers, the 450-member State Duma (the lower house) and the 187-member Federation Council (the upper house). Russia's legislative body was established by the Constitution approved in the December 1993 referendum and subsequent amendments to the 2020 Russian Constitution.
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The Russian Constitution
T
he 2020 amendments to the Russian Constitution, which
were proposed in January 2020, are the second substantial amendments to the 1993 Russian Cons-
titution. To introduce these amendments, Russian President Vladimir Putin held a popular vote. They
were approved on July 1, 2020 by a contested popular vote. The amendments have a broad impact,
including expanding the presidential term limits, allowing the president to fire federal judges and promote natural marriage between a man and a woman.
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The Russian Constitution 18
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n 2020, 41 articles were rewritten and five more were added. Excluding the first, second and ninth chapters, which can only be changed by
convening a Constituent Assembly and developing a new Constitution, about 60% of the articles were modi-
fied, which means a significant change in a political system that has existed for more twenty-five years old.
The main amendments focus on how power is distributed among the branches of government: abandoning the
super-presidential system that was established in 1993 and simultaneously creating a new one based on the principle of checks and balances.
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E
liminates the "consecutive" clause from the article that regulates the maximum number of presidential terms, discounting
the previous presidential terms before the amendment enters into force. Override the number of presidential terms served by the current president (Vladimir Putin) or the former president (Dmitry Medvedev) to allow him to serve his first term if elected to the presidency in 2024. 20
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Photo: Kremlin.ru (CC BY 4.0)
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The Russian Constitution
The Russian Constitution must take precedence over international law; The State Duma (the lower house of Parliament) shall have the right to approve the candidacy of the Prime Minister (currently it only consents to his appointment), the State Duma may also approve the candidates of Deputy Prime Ministers and Federal Ministers, the President You will not be able to reject their appointment, but in some cases you will be able to remove them from their position.
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The Russian Constitution
P
eople who occupy "important positions to guarantee the security of the country" (president, ministers, jud-
ges, heads of the region) must not have foreign citizenship or residence permits in other countries, neither at the time of their work in the position nor, in the case of the president, at
any time before; A presidential candidate must live in Russia for at least 25 years (currently 10 years) and may never have had foreign citizenship or residence in his life (without the possibility of renouncing foreign citizenship to be eligible to be president); The Federation Council (the upper house of Parliament) may propose that the President remove the federal judges; in some cases, the Federation Council, at the proposal of the President, will have the right to dismiss the judges of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court.
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The Russian Constitution
P
rivate ministers who are the heads of law enforce-
ment agencies must be appointed by the President in
consultation with the Federation Council; The minimum wage cannot be less than the subsistence minimum; Regular classification of pensions; Consolidation of the state and the role of the Council of State (currently it is only an advisory body and is not prescribed in the Constitution); Grant the Constitutional Court the ability to verify the constitutionality of laws adopted by the Federal Assembly of the
Russian Federation at the request of the President before they are signed by the President; Define natural marriage as a relationship between a man
and a woman.
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Photo: Kremlin.ru (CC BY 4.0) Los qué Todos Leen
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The Russian Constitution
A
long with the redistribution of power initiatives, the first draft included a couple of so-
cially and economically directed amendments. Precisely, Putin has suggested regularizing the minimum wage to be above the poverty line and guaranteeing the annual increase in pension payments. The amendments to this bloc were develo-
ped by a special group made up of members of parliament, scientists, and public representatives. As a result of their work, the Constitution was supplemented with articles that imposed a distincti-
ve government attitude toward issues such as public health, science, culture, volunteer work, and youth. In addition to that, the amendments present
a couple of innovations, such as seeing the Russian language as a "constitutive language of the state", protecting "historical truth" and mentioning faith in God with respect to ancestral heritage.
Most of these amendments are not new and only duplicate the standards already mentioned in federal laws. 26
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RUSSIA: POLITICAL OUTLINE resident Vladimir Putin, who has been in power for more than 20 years, began his presidential term in May 2018. Conti-
nuing his previous term, he emphasizes conservative values, anti-Westernism and the nationalism of the great powers.
Russia's legislative elections of 2021 were held from September 17 to September 19 of that year, to allocate the 450 seats of the
State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, the legislative branch. Remaining the United Russia party with 324
seats obtained, decreasing 19 seats.
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President Vladimir Putin
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President Putin at the Economic Forum.
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RUSSIA: ECONOMIC SCHEME
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RUSSIA: ECONOMIC SCHEME
A
fter several years of negative growth due to massive capital flight, the colla-
pse of the rouble, falling oil prices and trade sanctions imposed by the West after the Ukrainian crisis, the Russian economy had returned to modest growth since 2017, dri-
ven mainly by mineral resource extraction and private consumption. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the economy con-
tracted to -3.1% GDP in 2020 (from +2% in 2019), as exports, investment activity and consumer demand all plunge. According to
the IMF's April 2021 forecast, the economy is expected to rebound in 2021 (+3.8%) and 2022 (+3.8%), supported by fiscal and mo-
netary stimulus and assuming the situation gradually normalizes.
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President Putin
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S
ince the 2015-2016 recession, the government has pursued prudent macroeconomic policy ai-
med at maintaining financial stability, and the central
bank has carefully controlled inflation. Thus, the Russian economy entered the COVID-19 crisis with a solid fiscal framework and substantial political space (IMF). 34
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The level of public debt, which was low in 2019 (13.8% of GDP), increased to 19.3% of GDP in 2020 and is expected to decline to 18.1% of GDP in 2021 and
17.7% of GDP in 2022 (IMF). In addition, Russia benefits from substantial savings in the National Wealth Fund.
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President Putin his economic proposals
ussia faces many challenges: a large state footprint, weak governance and institutions, insufficient infrastructure, low levels of competitiveness, insufficient invest-
ment, low production capacity, dependence on raw materials, poor economic climate, lack of structural reforms, and an aging population. 36
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The Russian authorities adopted a robust economic and public health package, amounting to about 3.5% of GDP (IMF).
The measures adopted by President Putin included the extension of social and unemployment benefits. Photo: Kremlin.ru (CC BY 4.0) Los qué Todos Leen
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President Putin at The Economic Forum 38
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ontrolling the COVID-19 pandemic and avoiding lasting damage to the economy is the top priority,
but by 2021 Russia has planned to reduce its state support for the economy and consolidate its fiscal policy to return to budget rule by 2022. Are the proposals
of President Putin
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RUSSIA: Main sectors of the industry 40
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President Putin says Russia must remain industrial and space power Los qué Todos Leen
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Aerospace industry
Russia is talking about improving the quality of communications and satellite navigation, expanding the opportunities for meteorological observation and en-
vironmental monitoring, for the remote control of large infrastructure facilities under construction and road safety ”, as policies of President Putin. 42
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Aerospace industry
He said that our duty is to strive to ensure that the work in the space and rocket industry corresponds to the height that the pioneers of space set us, ”said the Russian president. 44
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Aerospace industry President Putin noted that “more than 50,000 people under the age of
35 now work in the space and rocket industry in Russia and there is a need to even more actively attract
young staff, open wide opportunities for
professional
growth,
improve
education and qualifications. , and help improve. life conditions. I am sure that the worthy successors of the work of Yuri Gagarin, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, many other prominent cosmonauts, designers and engineers will always work in the industry, who by their successes multiply the glory of Russian cosmonautics ”.
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Aerospace industry 48
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Russia is talking about improving the quality of President Putin quotes: “In the new 21st century, Russia must adequa-
tely support the status of one of the major nuclear and space powers, because the spa-
ce industry is directly related to defense. Photo: Kremlin.ru (CC BY 4.0) Los qué Todos Leen
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Aerospace industry
The present putin will discuss issues related to long-term priorities for the development of space activities, we will analyze what needs to be done to strengthen our position in this, without exaggeration, strategic area ”. Proposed son of President Putin 50
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President Putin examines new Russian fighter that can be converted into an unmanned aircraft 52
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Russia is talking about improving the quality of “I would like to point out that, during the last two and a half years, more than 50 Russian rocket launches have been successfully carried out. Just the other day, April 9, the Yuri Gagarin Soyuz MS-18 spacecraft with an international crew departed from Baikonur. We will continue to develop international programs and we are ready to participate in joint work with our partners in space ”, concluded the President of Russia. Los qué Todos Leen
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Main sectors of the industry
R
usia tiene importantes recursos naturales. Es el segundo productor mundial de gas natural y el
tercer productor mundial de petróleo, pero también uno de los principales productores y exportadores de diamantes, níquel y platino. Entre finales de 2019 y mediados de 2020, estaba previsto que entraran en funcionamiento tres nuevos gasoductos (a Alemania, Turquía y China). 54
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Despite its large area, Russia has relatively little arable land due to unfavorable climatic conditions. However,
the country owns 10% of the world's agricultural land and is one of the main grain exporters. The northern regions of the country mainly focus on livestock, while the southern and western regions of Siberia produce cereals. Agriculture contributes 3.4% of the national GDP and employs around 6% of the total workforce. .
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Main sectors of the industry
I
ndustry accounts for 32.2% of Russia's GDP and employs 27% of the workforce. The country inheri-
ted most of the industrial bases of the Soviet Union. The most developed sectors are chemistry, metallurgy, mechanics, construction and defense. In response to economic sanctions from the United States and the EU, the government implemented an import substitution policy that could boost domestic production. 56
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The service sector employs 68% of the population and generates 54% of GDP. Since the financial crisis of 1998, the banking sector has not undergone a complete restructuring. Given the size of the country, the transport, communications and trade sectors are particularly important. Tourism is also becoming an important source of income. Photo: Kremlin.ru (CC BY Los qué Todos Leen
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The agricultural
I
n 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, most economic sec-
tors declined. Tourism, catering, entertainment and the beauty industry were the sectors most affected by the second wave. To a lesser extent, the agricultural sector has been temporarily affected by lo-
ckdown
measures
preventing
seasonal workers from reaching Russia, but it proved to be highly
resilient to the crisis. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, in 2020 Russia's agricultural production in-
creased by 2%.
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RUSSIA: Foreign Trade in Figures
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President Putin open to foreign trade Photo: Kremlin.ru (CC BY 4.0) Los qué Todos Leen
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Foreign Trade in Figures
T
he country is quite open to foreign trade, which repre-
sents 51.5% of GDP (World Bank, 2019), despite strict
laws and policies. Russia became a member of the WTO in 2012, is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States which has established a free trade area, and is a member of the Eurasian Customs Union. Russia and Ukraine have abolished mutual trade preferences. 62
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The Eurasian Customs Union has signed an agreement with Vietnam and is negotiating free trade agreements with, for
example, Iran, India, Egypt, Singapore and Serbia. Russia is the fourteenth exporter and the twenty-first importer of goods in the world (WTO, 2019). It mainly exports hydrocarbons (more than 50% of total exports), solid fuels, wheat and mes-
lin, iron and steel, precious metals, precious stones and wood, and imports mainly machinery, pharmaceuticals, electronics, electrical products, vehicles and plastics. Los qué Todos Leen
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RUSSIA: Foreign Trade in Figures
I
n 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the volume of ex-
ports of goods and services fell by -8.8% compared to 2019, while the volume of imports decreased by 12.6% (IMF). According to the IMF forecast, exports should rebound in 2021 (1.5%) and 2022 (2.7%), but slower than imports, and are expected to increase by 4.3% in 2021 and 3, 5% in 2022.
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RUSSIA: Foreign Trade in Figures Russia's main customers are China
(13.4% of exports), the Netherlands (10.5%), Germany (6.6%), Belarus (5.1%) and Turkey (5%). Its main
suppliers are China (21.9% of imports), Germany (10.2%), Belarus (5.5%), the United States (5.4%) and Italy (4.4%). Since the conflict in Ukraine and the economic sanctions imposed by Western countries, the Kremlin has imposed an embargo on European and American agricultural products and has reconfigured their trade relations.
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Vladimir Putin
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Trade in Figures
T
he country has posted significant and regular tra-
de surpluses since 1998, mainly due to the richness of its natural resources, particularly hydrocarbons (crude oil and natural gas in particular). The trade surplus easily compensates for the deficit in services and income. After
decreasing due to tensions with Europe and the United States due to the Ukraine crisis and fa-
lling commodity prices, the trade surplus has increased due to rising commodity prices.
.
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RUSSIA: Foreign Trade in Figures
H
owever, the surplus de-
creased in 2019 as ex-
ports decreased and imports increased. According to the latest WTO data, Russia exported goods worth $ 419.8 billion in
2019 and imported $ 254.6 billion, resulting in a surplus of $ 164.3 billion. The country ex-
ported $ 61.7 billion of services and imported $ 97.5 billion.
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During a meeting with heads of foreign companies (via videoconference).
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RUSSIA: Foreign Trade in Figures ccording to preliminary data
from the Russian central bank, the trade surplus fell to $ 81.4 billion during the January-
November 2020 period (a decrease compared to $ 150 billion during the same period in 2019), amidst the restricted domestic oil production and depressed world oil prices. Despite the efforts made since the imposition of sanctions, the substitution of domestic products for imports has hardly been successful, except in the food industry.
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RUSSIA: policies against COVID-19
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Vladimir Putin, President of Russia, visits the coronavirus monitoring center in Moscow. Photo: Kremlin.ru (CC BY 4.0) Los qué Todos Leen
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RUSIA: policies against COVID-19
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P
resident Putin in mid-March 2020, visited
the
Coronavirus
Monitoring
Center in Russia, of which 93 cases of coronavirus had been registered, with Mos-
cow as the focus of the epidemic and 15,000 people under surveillance as possible new cases. As in all countries in the
world, Russia took steps to contain the pandemic.
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Vladimir Putin
During an examination of a hospital in the Moscow town of Kommunarka, intended for patients with suspected coronavirus. 78
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T
he urgent construction of a hospital for infectious diseases near
Moscow, which makes one suspect that the number of infected is much higher than officially recognized. President Putin During an examination
of a hospital in the Moscow town of Kommunarka, intended for patients with suspected coronavirus.
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Chief Physician Denis Protsenko (center) gives President Vladimir Putin (left) and Moscow Mayor Sergei Sobyanin (right) a tour of the Novomoskovsky multipurpose medical center for patients suspected of being infected with coronavirus (03/24/2020) 80
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utin ordered an increase in unemployment benefits, but only at a subsistence level. In terms of salary support for companies, Russia offers to cover about 12,000 rubles a month (about US $ 155), a much lower amount than many governments in Europe. The increase of all social programs remedying the inhabitants of Russia in the problem of COVID 19. expanding social and medical assistance. "The health, life and safety of people is an absolute priority for us," emphasized the Russian leader.
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President
Vladimir Putin 82
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Sputnik V ussia already has an approved and registered vaccine against
the coronavirus, according to President Vladimir Putin. The president indicated that in a go-
vernment meeting that the vaccine baptized as Sputnik-V - was developed by the Gamaleya Institute and was registered after two months of human trials.
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President
Vladimir Putin 84
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Sputnik V: the vaccine, a political triumph for President Putin What is known about the mass vaccination plan against the coronavirus
that Russia is preparing for October 2020. He also assured that one of his two daughters was one of the first inoculated and that "she feels good."
The approval, Putin said, paves the way for massive use of the vaccine as the final stages of clinical trials continue.
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President
Vladimir Putin 86
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has been in power for more than 20 years, yet during his long rule he has created the image of the leader who lifted Russia out of post-Soviet chaos to bring order
and prosperity.
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