Reality November 2020

BORIS: REDISCOVERING CATHOLICISM?

NOVEMBER 2020

THE NUN WHO NURSED POPE FRANCIS AS A BABY

THE AMERICAN ELECTION: DOES IT HAVE ANY SIGNIFICANCE?

Informing, Inspiring, Challenging Today’s Catholic

NOVEMBER REMEMBER REMEMBERING OUR DEAD REMEMBERING BLOODY SUNDAY REMEMBERING THE IMPORTANCE OF ADVENT

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IN THIS MONTH’S ISSUE FEATURES �� REMEMBERING BLOODY SUNDAY One hundred years later, are we able to face the truth about a terrible day that has become part of the Irish folk memory?

By John Scally

�� CELEBRATING ADVENT It is not quite Christmas yet; we still need to celebrate this special time of Advent.

By Maria Hall

�� THE CUP OF DISCIPLESHIP What is the deep meaning of drinking from the one cup?

By Dr Thomas O’Loughlin



�� THE AMERICAN ELECTION While it is usually presumed that the US president is elected by the majority of the votes cast, that ignores the mysteries of the electoral college.

By Fr Gerard Moloney CSsR

�� FUNERAL IN THE PHILIPPINES The customs and myths surrounding the burial of a loved one in a tropical land.

By Fr Colm Meaney CSsR

�� "A TRUE PRIEST IS NEVER LOVED": RICHARD POWER’S THE HUNGRY GRASS This novel may still have much to tells us about contemporary Ireland, its priests and people.

By Dr Eamonn Maher

�� THE IRISH NUN WHO NURSED

��

��

OPINION

REGULARS

11 BRENDAN McCONVERY

04 REALITY BITES

19 JIM DEEDS

07 POPE MONITOR

�� CLEMENT AND HIS FRIENDS

31 CARMEL WYNNE

08 FOREVER YOUNG

Clement Hofbauer had an extraordinary capacity for friendship. In his last years, he forged new friendships with young and old.

By Fr Brendan McConvery CSsR

44 PETER McVERRY SJ

POPE FRANCIS AS A BABY The story of an Irish sister who helped an emigrant family.

By Matt Moran

09 REFLECTIONS 40 UNDER THE MICROSCOPE 42 TRÓCAIRE 45 GOD’S WORD

REALITY BITES CARDINAL RESIGNS AMID FINANCIAL SCANDAL VATICAN CITY

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TOO MANY QUESTION MARKS

The cardinal who worked previously as the second-ranking official in the Vatican’s Secretariat of State and has been connected to an ongoing investigation of financial misconduct at the secretariat, has resigned. In a statement from the Holy See press office, it said that Pope Francis has accepted the resignation of the prefect and the related rights of the Cardinalate, presented by His Eminence Cardinal Giovanni Angelo Becciu.

Just days after the resignation of the cardinal, the Vatican announced the return of Australian Cardinal Pell to Rome to take up several tasks assigned to him by Pope Frances. Both cardinals had vastly opposing approaches, with Cardinal Pell favouring reform and centralisation of Vatican finances and Cardinal Becciu holding greater dicasterial autonomy.

In a press conference in Rome, Cardinal Becciu said that he was ready to give his life to the pope.

The cardinal said, “They accuse me of Embezzlement, and a favouring [my] brothers, surreal,” Becciu told reporters. “I have not enriched my family. I hope the Pope realises that it is all a misunderstanding.”

The 72-year-old was only named a cardinal in 2018 and was responsible for the department of oversees beatifications and sainthoods. He has been linked to an investigation underway within the Vatican over the last year into property development in the exclusive Chelsea area of London which was paid for with offshore funds and companies. The Vatican’s police raided the offices of the secretariat in 2019 to seize financial documents and computers, while five members of staff were suspended.

Cardinal Becciu at a press conference

THIRTEEN FOR THE PRIESTHOOD DUBLIN

LUCKY FOR SOME

The class of 2020-2021 has seen the intake of 13 new students to begin their priestly formation and academic programme. The new students are currently in formation in St Patrick’s Maynooth; the Pontifical Beda College, Rome; the Redemptoris Mater Seminary Dundalk; and the Venerable English College, Rome; with a number of them beginning their propaedeutic programme in other locations here in Ireland and abroad. This brings the number of men studying for the priesthood for Irish diocese to 72. Bishop Alphonsus Cullinan, the chair of the Bishops’ Council for Vocations, said, “While we are all aware of the great challenge facing the Church and society at this time, we also know that God the all-powerful is always with us.

REALITY NOVEMBER 2020

Maynooth

These formation figures released offer us a sign of hope.”

The national diocesan coordinator for the Bishops’ Conference, Fr Willie Purcell, said, “The

role we have as vocations directors is to help young people realise that each one of them has a unique calling from Christ, and we aim to support them in answering that call, particularly in the case of those who are discerning vocations to the priesthood or religious life. I take this opportunity to thank all the vocation directors across the country for their work in accompanying those who are discerning a vocation to the priesthood.”

Let us continue to pray for these men who embark on this new chapter in their lives as well as praying for all men and women religious who are in various stages of their formation. For more information on priesthood in Ireland and contact details for local diocesan vocations directors, visit www.vocations.ie.

N E WS

© Image courtesy of Matters India

IS BORIS JOHNSON RETURNING TO HIS CATHOLIC ROOTS? LONDON DAD OF THE YEAR? The British Prime Minister Boris Johnson had his son baptised at Westminster Cathedral. The Archdiocese of Westminster confirmed in a statement that; "We can confirm that Wilfred Johnson was baptised in Westminster Cathedral on September 12, 2020, in a private ceremony that was attended by both parents and a small number of guests keeping the attendance small following with the current COVID-19 guidelines."

Fr Daniel Humphreys, who was the acting administrator of Westminster Cathedral, baptised Wilfred, with the ceremony taking place in the Lady Chapel. The identity of the godparents has not been made public. The sixth child of Mr Johnson was born on April 29 and baptised Wilfred Lawrie Nicholas, this partly after the grandfather of his fiancée, Carrie Symonds and the other reason being the name of the two doctors who saved Mr Johnson's life when he contracted COVID-19 were Nicholas Price and Nicholas Hart.

Ms Symonds is a Catholic, and Mr Johnson was baptised a Catholic because of the faith of his mother, Charlotte Johnson Wahl, which makes Mr Johnson the first baptised Catholic to serve as a British Prime Minister. He abandoned his Catholic faith while being a student at Eton

Father looks on as baby Wilfred is held in his mother Carrie Symonds' arms.

College and joined the Church of England. Mr Johnson declared in the last year that he would "always prioritise protecting religious freedoms and stand up for those facing persecution" .

Two days after Mr Johnson's son's baptism, the Prime Minister received criticism from the Catholic Church saying that he took a robust approach to take Britain out of the European Union. This could include a threat to break international law of the EU-introduced tariffs

between Northern Ireland and the rest of the UK. These comments came from the chair of the Commission of Bishops Conference of the European Union, Cardinal Jean-Claude Hollerich of Luxembourg, who told a German newspaper that Mr Johnson was behaving “like a populist”. He continued to say that “such dangerous tendencies can be very damaging to the world order. I hope that the citizens of the EU and the UK will stay friends and not break too much china.”

US EVANGELICALS GET ISRAELI VISAS – CATHOLICS WANT EQUAL TREATMENT JERUSALEM

NOT THE FLAVOUR OF THE MONTH

Catholic leaders have expressed astonishment that a large group of evangelical Christians from the US received visas to come to Israel to help with the grape harvest in the West Bank settlements. In contrast, Catholic institutions have not been able to obtain visas for their volunteers and staff members.

The Catholic institutions and religious communities requesting visas for their volunteers have been told on several occasions that the visas cannot be issued due to COVID-19. It was, however, reported in the Ha’aretz newspaper that some 70 volunteers from the Missouri-based Hayovel Volunteer

in Israel organisation were granted visas to come to Israel and pick grapes for settlerowned wineries during the grape harvest. The harvest season usually runs from August until October. The volunteers who arrived were given a three-month visa and completed a 14-day quarantine before commencing with the harvest at the Har Bracha settlement near Nablus.

Catholic Church leaders ask that visas be granted to their volunteers who “sacrifice periods of their lives” to work in Catholic institutions of the Holy Land and to members of religious congregations who want to join

their religious communities in the Holy Land “in lives of prayer and service". The Catholic Church is seeking to play its role in the building up of a society in which all have their place.

The Catholic Church of the Holy Land asks that Christians and their institutions enjoy the same rights as all others in the State of Israel. The leaders ask that visas be granted to those whose presence in the Holy Land is a necessity for the life of the Church. The refusal to grant visas is jeopardising the work of the Christian communities, especially the institutions that serve the neediest. continued on page 6

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REALITY BITES KNOCK – On Sunday August 23, Archbishop Michal Neary ordained Fr Shane Costello as a diocesan priest for the Tuam Archdiocese in Knock. Due to the COVID-19 restrictions, there was a small number of family, friends and neighbours in attendance at the ordination which was also live-streamed on the internet.

Fr Shane Costello Archbishop Neary told Fr Shane and those gathered at the ordination that his responsibility as a priest would be countercultural when he preaches Christ’s gospel, makes disciples, baptises and teaches. Fr Shane is originally from Taugheen, outside Claremorris, and his ordination took place in the Basilica of Our Lady, Queen of Ireland, Knock.

The archbishop told Fr Shane that, “despite the way some may dismiss priesthood today, nevertheless, it is a great time to be a priest, and exciting and challenging time." He added, “You will continue to preach the good news of Jesus Christ in season and out of season.”

SUMMER ORDINATIONS FOR THE IRISH CHURCH Even during the summer of 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the Irish Church celebrated the ordination of two bishops, four priests and one deacon.

ACHONRY – On August 30, 2020, Bishop Paul Dempsey was ordained at the Cathedral of the Annunciation & St Nathy, Ballaghaderren, Co Roscommon, Diocese of Achonry. Bishop Dempsey said in his address as the newlyordained bishop to the people of the Diocese of Achonry, “My vision, my hope, my dream for the Bishop Paul Dempsey Diocese of Achonry, is that we, the people, priests, religious and bishop, listen to that call of Christ in a renewed way today. Let’s not be prisoners of mediocrity, but agents of hope, going out into the deep, the uncharted waters with, as Pope Francis put it, 'The Joy of the Gospel'!”

© Image courtesy of The Irish Catholic

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CAVAN – On Sunday September 20, 2020, Bishop Matin Hayes was ordained at the Cathedral of St Patrick & St Felim, Cavan, Diocese of Kilmore. Bishop Hayes is the 49th Bishop of Kilmore. Archbishop Eamon Martin of Armagh, in his homily at the bishop's ordination, Bishop Martin Hayes said to Bishop Hayes, “As you begin your first day as Bishop of Kilmore, there is good reason, then, to remember those words of Pope Benedict XVI again on his first day as bishop of Rome, when he described himself as a 'simple and humble labourer in the vineyard of the Lord', an 'inadequate instrument' always in need of the help of the protection of Mary, our Blessed Mother.”

MEATH – On Sunday September 18, 2020, Fr Norman Allred was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Tom Deenihan, Bishop of Meath. Fr Norman is a native of Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, where he worked as a teacher and principal in St Joseph’s Fr Norman Allred Secondary School. After the sad passing of his wife Joanna Mooney, Fr Norman discerned the calling to the priesthood in 2014. He completed his philosophy and theological studies in the Pontifical Beda College, Rome and was ordained a deacon at the Pontifical Basilica of St Paul’s Outside the Walls, Rome in 2019. Bishop Deenihan said, “the ordination of Norman is a day of great joy for the diocese. The gospel of Sunday’s Mass is that of the workers being called into the vineyard at different times.”

REALITY NOVEMBER 2020

DUBLIN – On September 14, 2020 the feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, Archbishop Diarmuid Martin ordained Fr Frank Drescher to the priesthood at St Mary’s Pro-Cathedral Dublin. The archbishop told Fr Frank that he is called to be a priest and exercise his ministry in the culture of today. He continued, “The priest Fr Frank Drescher must be one who can help the men and women of our time seek the deeper meaning of life and within the ambiguities of modern life to find Jesus.”

BELTURBET – The Diocese of Kilmore ordained Fr Thomas Small to the priesthood on Sunday September 27, 2020. Bishop Martin Hayes ordained Fr Tom in the Church of the Immaculate Conception, Belturbet. Due to the COVID-19 restrictions, only family and friends were in attendance at the ordination Fr Thomas Small and first Mass. Bishop Hayes in his homily said, “if we can all be alert to ‘the still small voice’ calling us now, then perhaps others will discover that further calling to pastoral ministry as a religious or as Thomas has, to the priesthood. We rejoice in you, Thomas.

Congratulations, we pray every blessing on your future priestly ministry in the Diocese of Kilmore."

Let us continue to pray for these men who were ordained during the summer of 2020 and for all who are preparing for ordination, that they may be protected and guided as they prepare to serve the Church here in Ireland.

N E WS

POPE MONITOR KEEPING UP WITH POPE FRANCIS POPE FRANCIS TO PARENTS OF LGBT CHILDREN: "GOD LOVES YOUR CHILDREN AS THEY ARE."

"PHARMACEUTICAL MARGINALITY" FURTHERS THE GAP BETWEEN NATIONS Pope Francis addressed a delegation from Italy's Fondazione Banco Farmaceutico, which collects and distributes medicines nearing expiration to those in need. The pope decried the injustice of what he called "pharmaceutical marginality" saying that those in poverty are poor even in medicine, treatments and health. The Holy Father lamented that there are too many peoples, especially children, dying in the world because they cannot get access to medication.

Through its Medicine Collection Day over the past 20 years, the Banco Farmaceutico Foundation has collected over 5.6 million medicines worth approximately â‚Ź34 million. More than 473,000 needy people benefitted from the medications collected. Concerning the current pandemic and pharmaceutical poverty, the pope said; "While charitable assistance is being provided, it is also a matter of fighting this pharmaceutical poverty. With a wide spread of new vaccines in the world, it would be sad that priority is given to the richest, or if this became the property of this or that country, and not for everyone".

At a public audience in the Renaissance courtyard of San Damaso in the Vatican, Pope Francis met with parents of LGBT children and told them that "God loves your children as they are" and "the Church loves your children as they are because they are children of God". The parents are members of an Italian association called Tenda di Gionata ('Jonathan's Tent'), which welcomes and provides information and formation to LGBT Christians, their families and pastoral workers. Mara Grasi and her husband presented Pope Francis with a booklet titled Genitori Fortunati ('Fortunate Parents'). She told the Pope, "We wish to create a bridge to the Church so that the Church too can change its way of looking at our children, no longer excluding them but fully welcoming them." The pope reassured her by saying, "The church does not exclude them because she loves them deeply."

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POPE FRANCIS THANKS ELDERLY AND SICK PRIESTS FOR THEIR FAITHFUL WITNESS In an address to his "brother priests", the pope thanked the Episcopal Conference of Lombardy, which for six years has organised a Day of Prayer and Fraternity for elderly and sick clergy. The pope said that "it is beautiful when attention is shown to those priests who are physically more fragile". In a message of gratitude, he thanked his "dear confrères" for their witness and faithful love to God and the Church. Quoting from scripture, the pope said, "also in our priestly life, fragility can be 'like a refiner's fire or a launderer's soap,' (Mal 3:2) which, raising us to God, refines and sanctifies us. We are not afraid of suffering: The Lord carries the cross with us." Pope Francis entrusted sick and elderly priests to the Virgin Mary and remembered in prayer the many priests who have died because of the virus and those who are facing the path of rehabilitation.

FOREVER YOUNG SAINTS WHO DIED YOUNG

PIER GIORGIO MICHELANGELO FRASSATI (1901-1925)

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The picture unveiled at his beatification depicts Blessed Pier Giorgio Frassati, standing on a snow-covered mountain peak in open-necked shirt, holding his mountaineer’s ice-axe and smoking his pipe. A very modern young man.

Pier Giorgio Michelangelo Frassati was born in Turin, Italy on April 6, 1901, into a solid middle-class Catholic family. His father was the founder and director of one of Italy’s most popular newspapers and played a role in Italian public life as a politician. Pier Giorgio was an enthusiastic athlete and mountain climber from an early age. From the age of 17, he was an active member of the Society of St Vincent de Paul. The First World War had just ended, and much of his work in the society was directed towards orphans and service men returning home, jobless and with few resources, from the war. Sometimes he cut short his holidays in the family summer home on the grounds that if everyone left the city on vacation, who would look after the poor?

On leaving school, he decided to become a mining engineer, studying at the Royal Polytechnic University of Turin. The social consciousness he had picked up from his father prevented him from viewing his time as a student exclusively in terms of study and sport.

In 1919, he joined the Catholic Student Foundation and Catholic Action. He later became active in Pax Romana, which aimed to unite Catholic students throughout the world to work for international peace.

Politically, this was a difficult time in Italy. Two of the strongest parties were the Socialists and the Fascists. Pier Giorgio became an active member of the Popular Party, which was driven by a strong sense of the Catholic Church’s social teaching. He sometimes found himself physically defending the faith against both. Participating in a demonstration in Rome on one occasion, he stood up to police violence and rallied the other young people by grabbing the group’s banner and using its pole to fend off the blows from the opposition.

Pier Giorgio was a daily Mass-goer. When he went climbing with his friends, he would encourage them to come with him to daily Mass and say the Rosary. He deepened his own faith by reading, particularly the bible and above all, the Letters of St Paul.

His reading led him to the fifteenth century Dominican preacher, Giorolamo Savonarola, who was burned at the stake as a heretic for his opposition to the leaders of Florence.

His admiration for the passionate Savonarola led to Pier Giorgio joining the Dominican Third Order and taking the name Giorolamo, saying “I am a fervent admirer of this friar, who died as a saint at the stake.”

Just before his graduation, Pier Giorgio contracted polio. His doctors speculated whether he might have caught it from the poor and sick he visited. Neglecting his own health because his grandmother was dying, Pier Giorgio died on July 4, 1925. He was 24.

The day before his death, he managed to scribble a message to a friend asking him to bring medicine to a poor man he had been visiting.

Pier Giorgio’s funeral was a revelation to his family. The streets of the city were lined with mourners, the unknown poor he had got to know through his years in the Vincent de Paul. Few of them realised that the lively young friend was a member of one of the richest and most influential families in the city.

Pope John Paul II visited his tomb. “I wanted to pay homage to a young man who was able to witness to Christ with singular effectiveness in this century of ours,” he said.

“When I was a young man, I, too, felt the beneficial influence of his example and, as a student, I was impressed by the force of his testimony."

The same pope beatified him on May 20, 1990, declaring Blessed Pier Giorgio Frassati the “Man of the Eight Beatitudes”. His feast day is July 4.

Brendan McConvery CSsR REALITY NOVEMBER 2020

Reality Volume 85. No. 9 November 2020 A Redemptorist Publication ISSN 0034-0960 Published by The Irish Redemptorists, St Joseph's Monastery, St Alphonsus Road, Dundalk County Louth A91 F3FC Tel: 00353 (0)1 4922488 Web: www.redcoms.org Email: sales@redcoms.org (With permission of C.Ss.R.)

Editor Brendan McConvery CSsR editor@redcoms.org Design & Layout David Mc Namara CSsR Sales & Marketing Claire Carmichael ccarmichael@redcoms.org Accounts Dearbhla Cooney accounts@redcoms.org Printed by W&G Baird Printers, Belfast Photo Credits Shutterstock, Catholic News Agency, Trócaire,

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REFLECTIONS Of course, the thing that staggers you when you first come to France is the fact that all the French speak French— even the children. Many Americans and British who visit the country never quite adjust to this, and the idea persists that the natives speak the language just to show off or be difficult.

Immature love says: 'I love you because I need you.'

Mature love says, 'I need you because I love you.’

OLIVIA DE HAVILAND

It's a strange thing to discover and to believe that you are loved when you know that there is nothing in you for anybody but a parent or a God to love.

Look at the sky as often as possible and your thoughts will become light and clear.

Be quiet a lot, speak little — and silence will come in your heart, and your spirit will be calm and full of peace.

ST SERAPHIM OF SAROV

I've always taken 'The Wizard of Oz' very seriously, you know.

I believe in the idea of the rainbow. And I've spent my entire life trying to get over it.

ERICH FROMM

We must have charity towards ourselves.

We must prove our love by fidelity to prayer.

EDEL QUINN

To know how to wonder and question is the first step of the mind toward discovery.

LOUIS PASTEUR

First let a little love find entrance into their hearts, and the rest will follow.

ST PHILIP NERI

To convert somebody, go and take them by the hand and guide them.

GRAHAM GREENE

ST THOMAS AQUINAS

We need to be angels for each other, to give each other strength and consolation.

Because only when we fully realise that the cup of life is not only a cup of sorrow but also a cup of joy will we be able to drink it.

The person, be it gentleman or lady, who has not pleasure in a good novel, must be intolerably stupid.

HENRI NOUWEN

JANE AUSTEN

Faith gives you an inner strength and a sense of balance and perspective in life.

The only difference between a saint and a sinner is that the sinner has a past while the saint has a future.

The longest journey is the journey inwards, of him who has chosen his destiny, who has started upon his quest for the source of his being.

OSCAR WILDE

DAG HAMMARSKJOLD

Three things are useless: washing a donkey’s head, adding water to the ocean, and preaching to sisters, friars and priests.

When anyone prays, the angels that minister to God and watch over humanity gather round about them and join with them in prayer.

It is not the end of the physical body that should worry us. Rather, our concern must be to live while we're alive — to release our inner selves from the spiritual death that comes with living behind a facade designed to conform to external definitions of who and what we are.

ST PIO OF PIETRALCINA

ORIGEN

ELISABETH KUBLER-ROSS

JUDY GARLAND

GREGORY PECK

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EDI TO R I A L UP FRONT BRENDAN McCONVERY CSsR

THE POWER OF THE WORD

This

year marks the 1600 th anniversary of the death of St Jerome. It is an anniversary that is likely to pass unnoticed by the world. It is, however, an anniversary that deserves to be marked for many reasons. If you want to learn some of them, the ideal way might be to read the letter of Pope Francis issued on the occasion of his feast-day, September 30 this year.

Letters like this are usually known by their opening Latin words. In this case, we need the whole of the first sentence rather than just its first three words Scripturae Sacrae affectus: “devotion to sacred Scripture, a ‘living and tender love’ for the written word of God: this is the legacy that Saint Jerome bequeathed to the Church by his life and labours.” Pope Francis takes the Bible seriously and he is anxious that we should too. Last year, on the same occasion of the feast of St Jerome, he inaugurated an annual Catholic ‘Bible Sunday’ to be held on the third Sunday of the new liturgical year. Bible Sundays have long been a feature of our sister churches of the Reformation tradition. They produce resources on which we might profitably draw as we prepare of our Bible Sunday on January 24. A good link is the Bible Society (www. biblesocietyni.co.uk for Northern Ireland or www.nationalbiblesocietyofireland.ie for the Republic). Bible groups, parishes and schools that have some time might consider ways of preparing for Bible Sunday now before we are deluged by preparations for Christmas.

Some people I know took advantage of the coronavirus lockdown to blow the dust off the neglected family bible and start reading again. The “living and tender love for the written word of God” of which Pope Francis speaks is more than simply rising to the challenge to read a long-forgotten book.

The Bible for the believer is above all a book of the heart. The Holy Father uses Jerome’s experience as a way of deepening the human

story of our encounter with the Word. He imagines Jerome as an old and experienced sailor passing on his dearly-bought experience to a younger man: “This is what I would like to make you understand, taking you by the hand like an ancient mariner, the survivor of several shipwrecks, attempting to teach a young sailor”. He suggests that to understand St Jerome’s rather complex, and often awkward, personality fully, we need to hold two aspects of his life as a believer in a creative tension. “On the one hand, an absolute and austere consecration to God, renouncing all human satisfaction for love of Christ crucified (cf. 1 Cor 2:2; Phil 3:8.10), and on the other, a commitment to diligent study, aimed purely at an ever deeper understanding of the Christian mystery.”

Most of us will be fortunate if we reach the level of consecration to God that is nourished by reading the Gospel story, especially the story of the cross. Few of us will be able to devote ourselves to diligent study, and fewer still to the level Jerome reached. There are some who do it and for them we give thanks. Jerome’s single-handed translation of the whole Bible, which became the official version for centuries of the Latin church, was done with scant resources. Realising that he would need a better grasp of the Hebrew of the Old Testament, he set about finding some one to help him. Hebrew was by then a dead language, familiar through its liturgical use to devout Jews and they too probably had to struggle with its meaning.

He recalls three of his Jewish teachers – one from Tiberias who helped him with the translation of Chronicles, another "reputed to be of the highest standing among the Hebrews" led him through the challenging poetry of the Book of Job and Bar Anina who, like Nicodemus and Jesus, “came to him by night at Bethlehem.” Most translations today are done by teams of scholars. The New

Revised Standard Version for example, was the work of about 30 scholars all familiar with the original languages as a result of many years teaching and learning, to say nothing of the astonishing range of electronic aids that have taken the place of Jerome’s stylus and ink.

The pope quotes approvingly the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein who says “the limits of my language are the limits of my world.” The challenge of making sense of language and meaning is still at the heart of our engagement with the Word. Jerome could fight passionately over a word he thought was incorrect or defend himself when others said he was mistaken. But it is more than just individual words. “One of the problems we face today and not only in religion,” says Pope Francis, “is illiteracy: the skills of interpretation that make us credible interpreters and translators of our own cultural tradition are in short supply.

I would like to pose a challenge to young people in particular: begin exploring your heritage. Christianity makes you heirs of an unsurpassed cultural patrimony of which you must take ownership. Be passionate about this history which is yours. Dare to fix your gaze on the young Jerome who, like the merchant in Jesus’ parable, sold all that he had in order to buy the 'pearl of great price' (Mt 13:46).”

Brendan McConvery CSsR Editor

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REALITY NOVEMBER 2020

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ONE HUNDRED YEARS LATER, ARE WE ABLE TO FACE THE TRUTH OF THAT TERRIBLE DAY THAT HAS BECOME PART OF THE IRISH FOLK MEMORY?

BY JOHN SCALLY

C OVE R STO RY

It

remains the darkest day in the rich history of the GAA. It colours all the pages of memory. It should have been a battle of skill. It became a battle with bullets.

Thirteen people were shot dead by the Black and Tans in Croke Park during a football match between Tipperary and Dublin on November 21, 1920.

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BIG MICK The identity of a people and a nation is determined by a shared recounted story.

Bloody Sunday has been central to the ‘Irish story’. The enemy of consideration of Bloody Sunday is lack of nuance. Sowing the seed of nuance though, is tough.

The first challenge is to dispense with the myth.

For many younger and, indeed, older people, their abiding image of that day is that from Neil Jordan’s film Michael Collins: armoured cars with machine guns go into Croke Park and open fire. Jordan would explain his deviation from fact on the understandable grounds that he felt the machine-gunned tank captured the faceless callousness of imperialism more strikingly than soldiers shooting, saying “I wanted the scene to last 30 seconds". The film was about Michael

Collins, not Bloody Sunday, but Bloody Sunday went on for much longer than 30 seconds. The sad reality is that the film did not do justice to the visceral bloodbath that was Bloody Sunday.

There comes a point in every story where different outcomes are possible, where roads are taken or not taken. There is a case for beginning the story of Bloody Sunday years earlier to take account of the tensions in Ireland that had been fermenting.

Myths abound about the Black and Tans.

Inevitably, the historical reality was more complex and nuanced. While the popular perception was that English society opened up its prisons to let the ‘dregs of humanity’ wreak havoc in Ireland, some of the earliest Black and Tans were, in fact, decorated war veterans. They even included Victoria Cross winners. To these men of honour, the atrocities that some of their counterparts inflicted were repugnant militarily and morally and they left and went back home.

Thankfully, in seeking some element of objectivity about them, we now have a much greater understanding of post-traumatic stress syndrome. Many of them had seen evil and destruction of the most severe degree on the battlefields of World War One.

The sad reality is that the film did not do justice to the visceral bloodbath that was Bloody Sunday

The 'Bloody Sunday' scene from the movie, Michael Collins

REALITY NOVEMBER 2020

Jane Boyle

HELLO DARKNESS MY OLD FRIEND The first flinty hint of winter’s breath on the breeze fell on a nice November day. The unseasonal weather was completely at odds with the political temperature. After the countryside, the city’s waves of noise and movement seem clamorous to the visiting Tipp fans who travelled up by train in the shadow of delight.

That morning, like so many Dubs, Jane Boyle walked to Sunday Mass in the chapel where she was due to be married a mere five days later. There was little drama about her, no apparent depths of intensity or unfulfilled longings that were evident on the surface at least. That afternoon, she would travel with her fiancé, with indefatigable enthusiasm, to watch Tipperary and Dublin play a Gaelic football match at Croke Park. She had no idea that, at that very moment, nine men lay dead in their beds after a synchronised IRA attack designed to cripple British intelligence services in Ireland. She had no intimations of her own mortality. She had no conception that instead of for her wedding, her next visit to the church would be in her coffin.

British intelligence was on a good run and getting closer and closer to nabbing Ireland’s answer to the Scarlet Pimpernel, Michael Collins, the mastermind who ‘would win the

war for Ireland’. Recognising that the tide was turning firmly against him, Collins decided that desperate measures were called for. A storm was approaching. It could not be any darker than his thoughts.

Members of ‘the squad’, one of Collins’ infamous killing machines, were in action.

Among their number was 19-year-old Vinny Byrne. He killed two men, Lieutant Ames and Lieutant Bennet, with an amalgam of mercy and mayhem. Before he shot his victims, he whispered into their ears: “The Lord have mercy on your soul." However, the autopsies confirm that his victims were riddled with bullets. Standing beside Vinny was Johnny McDonnell. Just a few hours later, Johnny would line out in goal for Dublin in the big game in Croke Park. His presence in both venues is a reminder not to accept that the distance between them is unbridgeable.

Then all changed.

Changed utterly.

A terrible lack of beauty was born.

A shadow fell over them, a shadow that would soon lengthen and grow stronger.

CARNAGE Collins’ special units had taken out 14 British intelligence and security servicemen and

somebody was going to have to pay a heavy price with their bloodshed. Trucks of police and military sped through the city streets as hundreds of people sought sanctuary in Dublin Castle. Some of the military vehicles were headed for Croke Park. Their mission was supposed to simply be a 'scoping exercise’ to gather intelligence but the military leadership was akin to a man wielding someone else’s power and as a result being over-generous with it. Seeing the military arrive, the crowd panicked and ran. The British forces opened

A match ticket for that fateful day

Some of the earliest Black and Tans were, in fact, decorated war veterans fire on them. Bullets were flying and people caught up in a tempest were running.

The official plan by police was that 15 minutes before the final whistle, there would be an announcement by megaphone. Rather than ‘stewards to end-of-match positions’,

15

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The Dublin team

© Image courtesy of GAA Archive

The Tipperary team

Just a few hours later, Johnny would line out in goal for Dublin in the big game in Croke Park.

His presence in both venues is a reminder not to accept that the distance between them is unbridgeable the crowd would hear someone telling them to leave by the official exits, where all men would be searched for weapons.

It was a seriously flawed idea, even before it went so badly wrong. Anyone carrying a gun would surely have dumped it on the way out.

But in the event, no sooner had police arrived at the ground than some of them started shooting. The consequent panic added to the death toll. The folly of all of this was that when the military leadership regained control after a few murderous minutes, the searches yielded nothing.

HOW CAN YOU PRAY AT A TIME LIKE THIS? The next morning, soft-edge slips of cloud sifted their way through a blue sky like the cigarette smoke that slowly spirals about them. At Masses all over Dublin, priests faced the difficult challenge of finding words of comfort. Some had dark rings under their eyes, those eyes closing as if succumbing to an overwhelming weakness and they were about to fall asleep on their feet. The clergy described the angels ascending and descending as they read from the Book of Revelation: “And God shall wipe away

© Image courtesy of GAA Archive

each tear. Death shall no more be, neither mourning, neither crying, neither sorrow."

They intoned the words: Kyrie eleison, Christe eleison.

They prayed that the fallen would sleep like the infant Jesus in the arms of Mary and be bathed in some waters purer than the human eye can see. They exhorted the faithful to bear their tribulations with a martyr’s grace, assuring them that the dead were not condemned to wander eternity alone; trials they believed were sent by God to test our mettle. Some said that the bereaved families were waiting like Mary at the foot of the cross with the promise of comfort and solace to come.

Unusually, there was no swelling voices spilling out of the churches after Mass.

An aura of bewilderment had claimed the worshippers as if they were watching a play being performed in a language they did not understand.

the Croke Park massacre, a young boy who was sitting in a tree at the corner of Croke Park to watch the game that changed the course of Irish history.

When he heard the rumble of trucks on the bridge behind him, William Robinson turned around from his seat in the crook of the tree.

A shot rang out. The bullet whizzed through the air into William’s chest and through his right shoulder. He fell from the tree.

Then he lay in hospital waiting to go to his God. There was something smouldering in his eyes which there are no words to name.

A doctor finally emerged with news. William Robinson had died before noon. A gentle man imbued with diffidence and manners, watching the scene unfold, blessed himself as a mark of respect.

The second victim was ten-year-old Jerome O’Leary, sitting up on a canal wall - an innocent child who came to the greatest harm as he slipped into the great echoing hollow of the night, drifting between worlds, close to home and far away, unsure of how to get there.

So severe was the damage to 14-year-old John William Scott that it was described as if he had been bayonetted to death. In today’s parlance, that story went viral. Later, Lady Aston raised the issue of ‘the bayonet boy’ in Westminister.

AND ONE HUNDRED YEARS LATER One hundred years on, the best way to remember Bloody Sunday is perhaps to pick a few stories to illustrate the bigger story.

William Robinson was the first casualty of

John Scally teaches theology at Trinity College, Dublin. He has a special interest in the areas of ethics and history.

17

Advent Resources

from Redemptorist Communications

A helping hand in this time of expectant waiting

Diary 2021 Through the year with Mary Fr Denis McBride CSsR This stunning hardback diary features a beautiful painting each month and a thought-provoking reflection that accompanies Mary throughout the year.

Our 2021 diary is A5 in size and has a practical full week to view across a double page spread; each week includes either a prayer, quotation, insight into the artwork for the month or a detail of the beautiful image that will help you to see it in a different way.

Included in the diary is an introduction from Fr Denis, year planners for both 2021 and 2022, key dates and feast days, notes pages, and a ribbon page marker. All of these features make it the ideal faith €8.95 companion, appointment organiser and thoughtful gift. plus P+P

Advent Extra Out of the Wilderness The COVID-19 wilderness from which we are emerging has left us making sense of our good and not-so-good experiences of the pandemic. For some, this will be a first Christmas without a loved family member, friend or colleague.

Because 2020 was “different”, so is Advent Extra. Its daily reflections, articles and children’s pages are a conscious, heartfelt effort by its writers to offer reassurance and hope on a unique Advent journey towards Christmas. May Jesus be born in our hearts!

Christmas Day Message Christmas Day Message is a full colour A3 sheet containing the Mass text for Midnight Mass, Dawn Mass and Mass during the day. An original exposition of the Gospel is provided, along with a short reflection encouraging the reader to relate it to their life; learning points, €7.00 suggestions for action and original per 100 prayer material are also included. sheets

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Celebrate: Advent Follow the Star to Christmas A new magazine for kids full of cool activities and fun quizzes. Perfect for 7-12 year olds it will encourage them to think about and grow in their faith while they have loads of fun! Twenty-two pages jam-packed with puzzles and facts – adults might learn something too! Celebrate: Advent comes with the Advent calendar and activity sheet for even more things to do. This year there’s an easy way to refocus on the real meaning of Christmas as we Celebrate: Advent.

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Christmas Card Pack A pack of twelve cards and envelopes, six designs produced and printed in Ireland.

Journeying towards Jesus in Advent Fr Denis McBride CSsR In this insightful and inspiring book, Fr Denis McBride guides us through the Advent season towards the celebration of the birth of Christ. Suitable for private reading or for use in groups, this book invites us to journey together towards a deeper appreciation of the true €12.95 meaning of Christmas. plus P+P

To order any of the above products, do one of the following:

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COM M E N T WITH EYES WIDE OPEN JIM DEEDS

GIFT OF CONFUSION

THERE IS SOMETHING ATTRACTIVE ABOUT CERTAINTY, YET IT IS CURIOSITY THAT KEEPS US SEARCHING AND GROWING.

When

I was a young man, I worked in the pub at the top of my street. Each evening I stood behind the bar, served pints of beer and glasses of wine, and listened to the conversations people would have. One evening, I was earwigging (a great old Belfast term for eavesdropping) on the conversation between a young man and an old man about how chaotic the world was. The old man, in an effort to find some certainty, told the young man, “Wherever you go there's two things you can be certain to find – a bottle of coke and an Irish person!"

There's something attractive about certainty. Most people seek it out in some way or other.

We like to know things. We like to be sure of things. I guess it gives us a sense of security in a world that often feels anything but secure. One thing about certainty, though, is that it can feel like the end of a road.

In this way, certainty, or our perception of having it, represents the end of something and closes us down. I say 'our perception' of having certainty, because often times what we hold as certain, really isn't. This happens, for example, when people are labelled as being one way or another. So, one 'certainty' could be that all people of a certain religious persuasion are evil. Another could be that all people who vote in a certain way are crooked or racist or immoral.

When we step back and think

rationally, we see that this is just not the case. Life is much more complex than that. So, the things we often hold as certainties, may well not be certain.

Certainty can become a terrible addiction, though. It can become like a drug that anaesthetises us against the need to acknowledge the fact that there is so little of it about! One polar opposite of certainty is confusion. Mostly, we don't like confusion. It muddies the water. It's uncomfortable; distressing even.

And yet confusion keeps us searching. Confusion keeps us open to being curious. And curiosity is the key to growth.

Rather than spelling away whole groups of people or opinions we don't agree with or understand, embracing our confusion can allow us to be curious about what is going on. We can be drawn to find out more. Allowing ourselves to feel confused acknowledges that 'I' am not the font of all knowledge. It says that 'I' need

growth and more work and more insight in order to understand 'us'. In this way, confusion is the gift of growth. It's nothing to be afraid of. It is to be welcomed as a friend. It is to be our guide to find ways to reach out to other people to find out more.

All this is not to say that there are no certainties at all. It is not to say that there is no truth. It is not to say that there is no right or wrong. It is simply to say that we could be aware of those things that present as certainties and remain curious about them.

I'm always drawn to the first words in the Bible where we read of our creation story. In Genesis chapter 1 we read that before God brought light (certainty) to the world there was a formless void (confusion). It was the love of God's spirit hovering over the chaos that brought the light.

Confusion + God = Certainty.

I like that!

It does not deny our confusion.

It does not seek to correct it. It seeks to welcome God into our

confusion and to bring light to it.

As we travel through this month of November, we remember our dead. Dying and the loss of a loved one can call our certainties into question – indeed we can question the whole meaning of our existence. We can be confused about God and what God is at allowing our loved one to be taken from us. This month is a perfect time to remember the equation above: Confusion + God = Certainty When we welcome God into our confusion, sorrow and grief, we will find that God wants to console us and wants us to hold on to the certainty of God’s love for us, living or dead. God wants us to know, for certain, that death is not the end; rather a door we must go through in order to dwell evermore in God’s loving embrace.

If I could go back in time to that bar where I worked when I was a young person, I'd give that old man a different version of his sentence: "Wherever you go there's three things you can be certain to find - a bottle of coke, an Irish person and the Holy Spirit hovering over our chaos."

Belfast man Jim Deeds is a poet, author, pastoral worker and retreat-giver working across Ireland.

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LLI ITTUURGY RGY

Advent

Celebrating

THE SHOPS ARE BEGINNING TO SHOW THEIR CHRISTMAS STOCK. FOR US, IT IS NOT QUITE CHRISTMAS YET. WE STILL NEED TO CELEBRATE THE SPECIAL TIME OF ADVENT.

BY MARIA HALL 20 If

Advent means the time of preparation before Christmas, it should probably start in late August! By December, shops are clearing Christmas away ready for Easter.

Utter madness!

It’s difficult to celebrate the season properly, when we are surrounded by Christmas commercialism for months beforehand, but a rich Advent will lead to an equally rich Christmas, so we should resist the temptation to sing carols too early and instead immerse ourselves in the rich glories of the season.

A LATECOMER? Advent wasn’t celebrated by the early Christians. Lent and Easter were established feasts long before Advent and Christmas.

Instead, their focus was on Christ’s second coming which they expected soon! Advent preparation emerged in the fifth century when there were 40 days of fasting and penance in preparation for baptism on the feast of the Epiphany. From the sixth century, it was known as St Martin’s Lent because fasting began on November 11, the feast of St Martin. Advent as we know it, as a period of remembering and expectation, has existed only since the Middle Ages.

REALITY NOVEMBER 2020

The Greek equivalent of the Latin adventus is parousia, meaning second coming. We associate the meaning of Advent with Jesus’ coming and preparation. We tend to focus on the coming of Christ as a child, laid in a manger. But it is equally about welcoming Christ into our hearts, filling us with grace and joy, and the hope we have for him returning in glory at the end of time.

There is such a wealth of rich resources and creative possibilities that Advent always feels too short! But here are some of the most beautiful prayers and themes which we can focus on, either individually, in parish or in school.

LOVE, JOY, HOPE, PEACE The Advent wreath has emerged from winter pagan customs involving evergreens, garlands and the hope for more daylight. The modern wreath came from Germany in 1839 where a local minister adorned a cartwheel with four candles for the Sundays of Advent, and 24 candles for the weekdays.

York Minster has a magnificent 3-metrewide wreath, suspended beneath the central tower. Its Advent Service of Light is always a packed occasion, where 2,000 people

experience the power of light and listen to the themes of Advent; hope, peace, joy and love.

Watching the candles lit each week is a great countdown itself, but these themes have potential for reflection and personal prayer. Let’s not just count the candles; take a theme a week and focus on how it can be effective in our own lives and the world around us.

MAGNIFICAT, BENEDICTUS, NUNC DIMITTIS These three beautiful canticles (songs) are prayed during the Liturgy of the Hours and are perfect for focusing on during Advent.

They are all exclusively part of the infancy narrative of Luke and deserve to be used beyond the Prayer of the Church. As songs, they are very accessible and there are many wonderful settings which you could listen to as part of an Advent preparation and include in Advent liturgies. I have recommended a few, but you could have fun searching on YouTube for your favourite!

THE MAGNIFICAT This is probably the oldest Marian hymn and

is sung during Vespers. It’s easy to have a romantic image of Mary, visited by the angel Gabriel, declaring her love for and obedience to God. But there’s so much more to reflect on.

transformation of the weak and helpless and triumph over injustice and oppression We should listen, sing, pray and act! * Listen to: Magnificat in C Minor, Dyson.

Magnificat in C, Walmisley. Settings by JS Bach and Bernadette Farrell.

Advent preparation emerged in the fifth century when there were 40 days of fasting and penance in preparation for baptism on the feast of the Epiphany The first half is beautiful and timeless in its declaration of humility and praise of God. The second half of the Magnificat is radical and so relevant in the 21st century - so much so that public recitation has been banned in several countries! Dietrich Bonhoeffer called it “the most passionate, most vehement, one might even say the most revolutionary Advent hymn ever sung." Oscar Romero said: The person who feels the emptiness of hunger for God is the opposite of the self-sufficient person. In this sense, rich means the proud, rich means even the poor who have no property but who think they need nothing, not even God. This is the wealth that is abominable in God’s eyes, what the humble but forceful Virgin speaks of.

This prayer offers us much to consider; joy and exaltation, humility and holiness, the

THE BENEDICTUS This canticle, also known as the Song of Zechariah, is sung at Morning Prayer and has been prayed since the sixth century. Like the Magnificat, it is a prayer of two halves. Firstly, Zechariah gives thanks for what God has done thus far, his promise through the prophets of being saved, and of the Saviour’s birth. In the second half, Zechariah is speaking to his son, John the Baptist. It is father singing to his son in the most cherished and intimate way: "You my child will go before the Lord to prepare his way."

The final lines are a beautiful prayer in themselves: In the tender compassion of our God the dawn from on high shall break upon us, to shine on those who dwell in darkness and the shadow of death, and to guide our feet into the way of peace. *Listen to song settings by Michael Joncas and Bernadette Farrell.

THE NUNC DIMITTIS This short canticle has been part of the liturgy since the fourth century and is sung at Night Prayer (Compline). We also hear it each year on the feast of the Presentation. It has inspired some evocative musical settings. Simeon waited in hope to see the Messiah and was rewarded. His prayer of joy and thanks can inspire us and give us hope as we await the Christ’s return. *Listen to stunning choral settings by Geoffrey Burgon and Herbert Howells.

O ANTIPHONS O Sapientia (O Wisdom) O Adonai (O Lord) O Radix Jesse (O Root of Jesse) O Clavis David (O Key of David) O Oriens (O Dayspring) O Rex Gentium (O King of the Nations) O Emmanuel (O God with us) The O Antiphons are a hidden gem of Advent.

If you pray Vespers daily, you will know that they are the antiphons of the Magnificat from December 17-23. They are also the weekday Gospel Acclamations for that time. While we can pray them as part of Evening Prayer, they are perfect for a short daily reflection at home or in the classroom.

The Antiphons date back to liturgies in Rome in the eighth century though there are references to them in the sixth century. Each antiphon is a title of Christ drawn from the Old Testament, together with a prayer of petition. They can be sung, recited, prayed alone or in a group and there are some good reflections with music available on YouTube.

An added feature which hooks in young people

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LI T U RGY

22

is the hidden acrostic; if you reverse the order and use the initial letters, Emmanuel, Rex, Oriens, Clavis, Radix, Adonai, Sapientia, you will find Ero Cras which in Latin means 'Tomorrow I will come'.

The antiphons provide possibilities for homegrown artwork in church and school and there are those produced by the Benedictine sisters of Turvey Abbey which are a beautiful Advent decoration. Delay singing O Come O Come Emmanuel till the second half of Advent and there will be a beautiful symmetry between it and the recitation of the Liturgy of the Hours.

PASTORAL IDEAS •In schools, it’s impossible to ignore Christmas in December! But focusing on Advent for a couple of weeks will give that period of preparation. Have individual Advent class liturgies, a weekly whole school service with the Advent wreath, and the Sacrament of Reconciliation.

•Explore the wealth of Advent carols and hymns.

Especially good are Bernadette Farrell’s Litany of REALITY NOVEMBER 2020

the Word and ‘Stay Awake’ by Christopher Walker.

•While we should be having carol services in parish in Christmastide, in practice this rarely happens. It is therefore recommended to keep any carol service which focuses on the Nativity, till after December 17. Consider having a carols followed by a period of Exposition and Benediction. This year may pose particular problems as we will have to abide by local pandemic regulations.

•There are creative ways of emphasising the waiting and the joyful hope, including the Advent wreath and a Jesse tree.

•Evergreens. We shouldn’t be decorating for Christmas too early. Advent is short enough! But as a symbol of God's everlasting love, gradually decorating the church with greenery is a reminder of this and is an anticipation of celebrations to come.

•A Christingle service is a great way of involving children. It can be a separate service or form part of the children’s liturgy activities at Mass.

•Make a resolution to have a Christian Advent calendar.

Advent is not just four weeks in which to prepare for Christmas.

Advent is the church’s life.

Advent is Christ’s presence... and will bring about God’s true reign, telling us, humanity, that Isaiah’s prophecy is now fulfilled: Emmanuel – God with us.

Oscar Romero INTERNET RESOURCES www.mariahall.org/resources www.whychristmas.com https://dynamiccatholic.com/best-adventever/ https://mycatholic.life/advent/

Maria Hall is music director at St Wilfrid's Church, Preston, England. A qualified teacher, she has a Master’s from the Liturgy Centre, Maynooth and is a consultant on matters liturgical for schools and parishes. www.mariahall.org

F E AT U R E

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THE CUP OF DISCIPLESHIP IN THE MONTHS SINCE CORONAVIRUS STRUCK, ACCESS TO THE CUP OF THE LORD AT THE EUCHARIST HAS BECOME LIMITED TO THE CELEBRANT ALONE. BUT IT REMINDS US OF THE DEEPER MEANING OF DRINKING FROM THE SAME CUP.

BY THOMAS O’LOUGHLIN

Whilst

o u r common memory of the origin of the Eucharist is that Jesus took “bread and wine” (emphasising distinct

materials), by contrast all our early texts notice that he shared “a cup” (the emphasis on how that drinking took place (1 Cor 10:16 and 21; 11:25, 26, 27 and 28; Mk

14:23; Mt 26:27; Lk 22:17 and 20; and Didache 9:2). Is this of any real significance?

The most obvious evidence that ‘a cup’ was significant in the churches’ memory was that having taken the cup, and blessed the Father, Jesus gave it to those at table so that they each drank “from it”. It was not that they all drank wine – or any other liquid – which they could do from their individual cups, nor that they all had a drink of the same wine in that it came from one source, such as a flagon, but that they passed a cup from one to another and each drank from that same cup.

JUST ONE CUP? As a start, note just how unusual was this action of sharing a cup.

There was no equivalent to it in any known Jewish practice.

Making the sharing of a cup part of one’s table manners is confined exclusively to the followers of Jesus. Here we have a practice unique to the churches - indeed, so distinctive that its features of being ‘disruptive of expectations’ and ‘multiple attestation’ (Paul, the Synoptics, the Didache – and, as we shall see, possible John) allows us to see an action that goes back to Jesus himself.

F E AT U R E

24

Making the sharing of a cup part of one’s table manners is confined exclusively to the followers of Jesus While drinking is a part of the meal rituals of all cultures, regularly passing a cup is rare.

While we love to share meals, we want our own drinking vessels. Only in emergencies (one canteen of water) or situations of exceptional informality (two friends, one beer, and no cup) will we share one container. This human insight alerts us that, firstly, the widespread adoption of this action of sharing a cup cannot be dismissed as some minor detail. Secondly, we can see why virtually Christian tradition has an unspoken aversion to it.

SIGNIFICANCE For Paul, the choice facing those who share the cup is between “the cup of the Lord and the cup of demons.

You cannot partake of the table of REALITY NOVEMBER 2020

the Lord and the table of demons” (1 Cor 10:21). This choice between the Christ and the demons was a choice that faced all Gentile disciples: were they willing to turn from the idols that were part of the social and domestic fabric of Greco-Roman urban life? If one wanted to express the new discipleship then one not only turned from that which had been offered to idols, but one partook of the common cup of the disciples of the Christ. Drinking from the common cup was a ‘boundary ritual’ that expressed commitment to discipleship, and as such was a serious matter and they would have to answer for their decision to drink from that common cup (11:27-8).

Since it is the action of declaring both commitment to discipleship and rejection of idols, it is a participation in the life-blood of the Christ (10:16) and makes them

part of the new covenant which was sealed in Christ’s blood (11:25). For Paul, discipleship is about being part of the new covenant and sharing in the new life offered by the Christ; and taking the common cup – not a gesture done lightly – was accepting that discipleship and taking that lifeblood of the Christ into one’s own body. We are accustomed to think of the act of baptism as the boundary ritual of the new community, but for Paul at the time he first wrote to the Corinthians, the sharing of the cup was also a demarcation ritual – and since it was repeated weekly it was the ongoing declaration of willingness to continue along the Way. That such a paralleling of drinking the cup with baptism was present in Paul’s mind when he wrote about that church’s meals is confirmed by his remark about the Spirit being present in that church: “For by one

Spirit we were all baptised into one body – Jews or Greeks, slaves or free – and all were made to drink of one Spirit” (12:13). Just as the Spirit united them in baptism, so the Spirit was now what they drank in common.

In short, if they wanted to be part of the new people, then they drank from the common cup, accepting the consequences.

The assumption of the Didache is that those who are eating at the meal have already made a choice between the ‘Way of Life’ and the ‘Way of Death’; and it is explicit that only those who are baptised are to eat and drink (9:5) – so willingness to eat from the loaf and drink the one cup are marks of continuing commitment.

This relationship between baptism and drinking as boundaries may seem strange to us who put these ‘sacraments’ into different theological compartments: one is about joining and a one-off event, while the other is about continuing and is repeated over a lifetime. However, such a neat system of ‘outcomes’ does not fit with

how ritual establishes and maintains identity. One-off events need to be constantly recalled, while that which is an ongoing concern needs to be seen to have a moment of establishment.

They were living as disciples – dayby-day facing its challenges – and so they declared themselves day-by-day while looking back to the moment when discipleship was established.

The two rituals, baptism and drinking the common cup, need to be seen as complementary within living a life of commitment, rather than as distinct from one another with different functions in a theological system.

Looking at the gospels we see that the one cup of the Lord is taken as willingness to accept all that discipleship involves. The scene appears in Mk 10:35-40 where James and John, the sons of Zebedee, ask if they can sit beside Jesus in glory.

This prompts a challenge that links drinking the same cup as the Lord with baptism: “Are you able to drink the cup that I drink, or be baptised with the baptism that I am baptised with?” (10:38). When they reply that they are able, they are told that “The cup that I drink you will drink; and with the baptism with which I am

baptised, you will be baptised” but that will not guarantee them their desired places. To be a disciple is both to share in the baptism of Jesus and to drink the same cup as him. In Mt 20:20-23 the story re-appears but now the question is asked by their mother and the reference to baptism has disappeared, but the message is just as stark: to be a disciple means drinking from the same cup that Jesus drinks – and this invites from the audience a ritual conversion: if you drink the ritual cup, then you consciously declare your readiness to accept the cost of discipleship.

This linking of the cup and discipleship is further developed in that Jesus’ own discipleship to the Father is presented as his willingness to drink the cup that the Father offers him. In both the Synoptics and John, the suffering the Father’s Anointed must undergo is presented in terms of his “cup” and Jesus’ willingness to drink it. In Mk 14:36, followed closely by Mt 26:39 and Lk 22:42, this is presented as part of his prayer in the garden: “Abba, Father, … remove this cup from me; yet, not what I want, but what you want.” Thus with obedience he accepts where

his discipleship has led. In Jn 18:11, Jesus does the Father’s will without hesitation, but again he is drinking “the cup” that the Father has given him.

Drinking from one cup was an acceptanceofacommoncommunity destiny. As such, it formed a very real, and possibly physically dangerous,

contemporary Christian practice?

It could be argued that sharing the cup is now common in many communities – though Catholics still find it most unusual. Our hesitations to sharing a vessel that touches our lips are deepseated. The Orthodox churches, for example, use a spoon – which

Our hesitations to sharing a vessel that touches our lips are deepseated. The Orthodox churches, for example, use a spoon – which destroys the gesture’s force. Some Protestant churches use individual thimble-sized glasses boundary for them. It was also an act that shattered other boundaries such as those of race, social status, and factions with the churches, and implied a willingness for a new fictive community and a new intimacy in Jesus. Sharing a cup they had become blood brothers and sisters.

AND TODAY …

Does this call to drink from the one cup pose a challenge to

destroys the gesture’s force. Some Protestant churches use individual thimble-sized glasses that are as destructive of Jesus’ bold symbolism as pre-cut Catholic wafers destroy the original loaf symbolism, while both transmit signals that appeal to an individualistic consumerist culture.

The fact that most Christians try to avoid sharing the cup is a powerful reminder that discipleship involves hard choices: discipleship costs!

“Examine yourselves, and only then eat of the loaf and drink of the cup” (1 Cor 11:28). Can we face the common cup of shared covenant discipleship?

For further reference see J.P. Meier, ‘The Eucharist at the Last Supper: did it happen?’ Theology Digest 42(1995)335-51.

A native of Dublin, Professor Thomas O’Loughlin taught in the Milltown Institute and the Dominican Studium in Dublin. He is currently Professor of Theology at the University of Nottingham. His most recent book on the Eucharist is Eating Together, Becoming One: Taking up Pope Francis’ Call to Theologians (2019).

25

F E AT U R E

THE

AMERICAN ELECTION THE AMERICAN SYSTEM OF ELECTING THE PRESIDENT IS UNLIKE ANY OTHER IN THE DEMOCRATIC WORLD. WHILE IT IS USUALLY PRESUMED THAT THE PRESIDENT IS ELECTED BY THE MAJORITY OF THE VOTES CAST, THAT IGNORES THE MYSTERIES OF THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE. 26

BY GERARD MOLONEY CSsR

In

the US presidential election of 1948, pollsters and pundits all agreed that Republican Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York would easily beat incumbent Democratic President Harry S. Truman. Dewey had lost narrowly to Franklin Roosevelt in 1944 and was a hugely popular governor of the nation's most populous state. Truman was regarded as an accidental president, in office only because Roosevelt had elevated him from relative obscurity to be his running mate in 1944. The economy was suffering from post-war blues. After almost two decades of uninterrupted Democratic rule, it seemed the electorate was crying out for change.

But the indefatigable Truman would not throw in the towel. He crisscrossed the country by train, tirelessly campaigning right up until election day.

As the polls closed, all seemed set for a comfortable Dewey victory. The Chicago Tribune newspaper jumped the gun, with a giant headline on its front page declaring “Dewey defeats Truman�. For all his public optimism, Truman went to bed that night thinking the election was lost.

REALITY NOVEMBER 2020

But the Chicago Tribune, like the majority of pollsters and pundits, had got it wrong. Truman had won. Against all the odds, he had triumphed narrowly. A famous photograph shows a beaming Truman proudly displaying a copy of the Chicago Tribune with its now infamous banner headline.

HARD TO PREDICT Opinion polls were in their infancy in 1948, so pollsters could be forgiven for getting it wrong. Four years ago, pollsters failed to take the influence of

demographics, they were able to target those most likely to support Trump while also encouraging Black voters and other likely Clinton supporters to not vote at all. To the consternation of those Trump might label 'the liberal elite', the Trump campaign's strategy succeeded beyond their own wildest dreams.

As those who confidently predicted a 'yes' vote in the UK's Brexit referendum now know to their chagrin and bitter cost, making election forecasts in Western democracies is always a risky business. Just

The electoral college is a body of electors which forms every four years for the sole purpose of electing the president and vice president of the United States social media into account when predicting an easy Clinton victory over Trump. The Trump campaign had used Facebook and other social media to manipulate potential voters in a sophisticated operation the likes of which had never been seen before. Based on people's psychographics as well as

ask Theresa May, who was convinced she would win a resounding majority when she called the snap general election in 2017.

US ELECTORAL SYSTEM In addition to the vicissitudes of the electorate,

and the influence of social media, the peculiarities of the US electoral system make predicting presidential election outcomes all the more dangerous.

The United States has a unique method of electing presidents. It is not done by the people in a first-past-the-post system as in most democracies (or by proportional representation with the single transferrable vote, as in Ireland) but by the 535 members of an electoral college.

Established by the United States Constitution, the electoral college is a body of electors which forms every four years for the sole purpose of electing the president and vice president of the United States.

Four years ago, Hillary Clinton won almost three million more votes than Donald Trump Membership of the electoral college is based on the number of seats each state holds in the United States Congress. Each state elects the number of representatives to the electoral college that is equal to its number of senators—two from each state—plus its number of delegates in

the House of Representatives. Each state elects representatives to the 435-member US House of Representatives based on its population.

California, the most populous state, has 53 representatives in the United States House of Representatives. Wyoming, a sparsely-populated state, has one US representative. This means that California has a total of 55 electoral college votes (2 plus 53), while Wyoming has three electoral college votes (2 plus 1).

With a couple of exceptions, the winner of the popular vote in each state wins all that state's electoral college votes (Maine and Nebraska use a form of proportional representation).

The winner of the popular vote in California, therefore, receives that state's 55 electoral college votes, while the winner in Wyoming receives its three votes. The candidate who wins more than half of the electoral college votes (270) wins the presidential election.

PROTECTION AGAINST POPULISTS One reason for the electoral college was because the drafters of the constitution were wary of a direct election to the presidency. They feared someone could manipulate public opinion and take power. They worried that, in a vast and diverse continent, most voters would not have sufficient information to choose carefully and intelligently among leading presidential candidates. The electoral college, hopefully, comprised of wise, wellinformed electors from each state, would act as a kind of buffer or safety valve between the population and the election of the president.

A second reason for the electoral college was to protect the interests of the slave-owning southern states, who feared that in a direct election, candidates from the more heavilypopulated northern states had an inherent electoral advantage.

ANACHRONISTIC AND UNDEMOCRATIC There are growing efforts today to abolish the electoral college as being anachronistic and undemocratic.

The most glaring disadvantage of the system is that a candidate can win the popular vote, but lose in the electoral college, as happened four years ago when Hillary Clinton won almost three million more votes than Donald Trump. (By eking out wafer-thin winning margins in several swing states, Trump was able to exceed the magic 270 electoral college votes). In fact, five times a candidate has won the popular vote yet lost the election: Andrew Jackson in 1824 (to John Quincy Adams); Samuel Tilden in 1876 (to Rutherford B. Hayes), when the result was decided by the US House of Representatives; Grover Cleveland in 1888 (to Benjamin Harrison); Al Gore in 2000 (to George W. Bush), when the Florida recount lasted 36 days before the US Supreme Court gave the election to Bush; and Hillary Clinton in 2016 (to Donald Trump). So it is possible again this year for Trump to be returned to office with far fewer votes than Joe Biden.

Indeed, since 1988 the Republican candidate has won the popular vote on only one occasion when George W. Bush narrowly defeated John Kerry in 2004.

An additional complication this year is the postal vote. More US citizens than ever are going to vote by absentee ballot. This means that, unlike on most occasions in the past, the winner may not be decided on election night, because it will take more time to count the postal votes. The election drama might not end on November 3 but go on for quite some time afterwards.

Fr Gerard Moloney CSsR was editor of Reality for many years. He has a fascination with American politics that goes back to his school days in Doon, Co Limerick.

27

FUNERAL IN THE PHILIPPINES THE AUTHOR ONCE FRIGHTENED HIS HOSTS WHERE HE WAS SPENDING THE NIGHT BY ADOPTING THE POSITION OF A CORPSE. IT WAS A MORE COMFORTABLE POSITION FOR HIM TO SLEEP IN, BUT IT CAUSED THEM A SLEEPLESS NIGHT! 28

BY COLM MEANEY CSsR

Some

years ago, I was spending the night in a house in a rather remote part of the country. The woman of the house prepared for my sleeping in the living room: a mat woven from fibres to lie on and, at one end of it, a pillow and blanket.

She had so arranged things that my head would be near the door, so I simply reversed the set-up, with my feet near the door (in case anyone would pass that way during the night). Next morning, she told me that she had slept fitfully, upset and worried about my sleeping position: with my feet facing the door I had unwittingly adopted the position of a corpse, waked, and finally removed from the house feet-first! She had tossed and turned in insomniac unease, wondering if I'd ever again see the light of day!

REALITY NOVEMBER 2020

Filipinos have some unusual beliefs and practices regarding death and burial (which may be of interest to readers at this time of year, November).

HOW LONG DOES THE WAKE LAST? With very few exceptions, almost every corpse in the Philippines is

embalmed, vital because of the warm, humid climate: without embalming, the body would quickly putrefy. The wake can last up to two weeks, especially if there are family members travelling from abroad — but even for poorer people, the wake is at least three to four days. In rural areas, the wake is always in the house: in urban areas, it is either at the house

or at a funeral parlour. But wherever it occurs, the corpse is never alone; somebody is present all round the clock.

The days and nights pass with different activities: neighbours visit, Mass may be celebrated, other prayers and devotions will be offered by various groups, etc. Everyone who visits is fed: the wealthy employ teams of caterers, the more down-market offer to each visitor a sandwich and some juice. Everyone approaches the coffin and looks at the deceased, who lies, embalmed and with make-up worthy of a Hollywood star, under a pane of glass.

The wake continues day and night, without pause. It's a time to salute the deceased, and to ease, however slightly, the burden of grief on the bereaved. As night approaches, and the other activities have ceased, the vigil begins. For these sleepy hours

Card games at the wake

till dawn, a certain resilience and creativity are required. The solution?

Playing cards and/or mah-jong (a Chinese game played with small ivory or plastic tiles). And occasionally a drink or two help to pass the long hours till sunrise. (The games and the drinking are too much for some of the puritanical clergy, who mandate that if they continue, there will be no funeral Mass.)

THE FUNERAL The funeral itself follows the usual format, although be prepared for long and often emotional eulogies. The hearse heads for the cemetery, playing on external speakers some suitable hymn or one of the deceased's favourites (eg Frank Sinatra's My way). The coffin is lowered into the grave in a rural area, or placed into a niche in an 8-foot column, with three or four other niches in each column.

After seven years, the bones/dust are then solemnly removed to provide space for the next coffin; this is simply a municipal requirement, due to the large population of the country. In the rural cemeteries, a small fire of twigs is lit and the people step over the fire, through the smoke (this is called palina). Supposedly this is a way of leaving in the cemetery any impurities which may have accrued due to having been among the dead,

in other words, a rudimentary form of disinfecting.

Some other unusual customs persist in the rural areas. After the wake, as the coffin is being taken out of the house, all present walk/stoop under it, and they must not look back or return to the house. Walking under the coffin will offset any feelings of undue loneliness for the deceased; not looking back prevents the spectre of the dead from returning.

For the duration of the wake, no sweeping is done in the house, as this could cause other family members being 'swept up' in the dragnet of death. An overarching theme of these restrictions is that, by following them, some illness or misfortune will be duly offset, though it has to be said that the chain of reasoning is often far from clear! For instance, when leaving the cemetery, apart from passing through the smoke of purification, there is also the custom of putting ashes on the mourners and, further, of rubbing the juice of the local lemonsito tree on the mourners' hands — all to ward off any prospective return of the alltoo-recently buried. A somewhat macabre tradition, also supposed to minimise post-mortem loneliness, involvesthemourningspousewearing the underwear of the deceased — although how differences in waist size are negotiated is anyone's guess.

BLACK OR WHITE? One interesting detail of comparison between our Irish practice and that of the Filipinos is that during mourning we wear black, the quintessential expression of sadness (the darkness of death, etc), whereas in the Philippines at the funeral Mass the mourners wear white (shirt or blouse), with a simple black tag on the breast to express sadness. I wonder if, even amidst their various beliefs and practices surrounding death, they may not have held onto a nugget of vital wisdom: their white clothing expresses the expected joy promised by the Lord. Their white clothes mirror those common-sense defying words of the Preface of the

have gone, we say that the person is literally "life-less".

That, however, sounds like hubris to me, a kind of presumptuous declaration that we have grasped life, its contours and limits. But what our faith is teaching us is that life is greater, vaster than anything we can encapsulate. And that's why it says that life has changed, not ended. That thoroughly mysterious, profound, God-given and God-destined gift called "life" has changed gear, entered some other level of existence or expression. This, for me, is the most euphoric, most stupendously audacious teaching of the Church, and it's not just speculation: it's based entirely on the belief of St Paul and

29

The corpse is never left alone

funeral Mass: "Lord, for your faithful people, life is changed, not ended".

What do you mean? The once-alive person is lying cold in the coffin, not a heartbeat, not a breath in the lungs, etc. How can we say, "Life is changed, not ended"?

I think because 'life' is greater than anything our human intelligence or science or wisdom can cope with or measure or define. A table, a tree, a universe — all these describe specific things, finite realities. But 'life', 'existence'? The best we can do to 'measure' life is in terms of heartbeat and other 'vital signs' and once these

the early Christians: our life on this earth, while grand and miraculous, is not the whole story, and there is some state even more glorious awaiting us.

Paul used the image of the "spiritual" body, Jesus used the image of the eternal banquet, but it's all really a mystery. Can we understand this?

No. Is there any proof? Again, no.

But we don't require proof, only faith, belief.

A native of Limerick city where he went to school in St Clement’s College, Fr Colm Meaney CSsR first went to the Philippines as a student and has spent most of his priestly life there.

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COM M E N T FAMILY & RELATIONSHIPS CARMEL WYNNE

CHILDREN LIVE WHAT THEY LEARN

THE COVID CRISIS CONTINUES TO PUT A STRAIN ON FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS. IT ALSO SHOWS IN STARKER COLOURS ASPECTS OF PARENTS' RELATIONSHIPS THEY MIGHT PREFER TO KEEP UNDER WRAPS.

During

lockdown in summer 2020, children learned lessons about couple relationships they would never have learned in school. It’s understandable that even the best-matched, happiest parents found social isolation and lockdown difficult. The Covid crisis put a strain on family relationships and also on marriages.

Deprived of the usual methods of relieving tension, husbands and wives were challenged to face the reality of the state their marriage was in. Children could not go out to play or go to school. Adults had to work from home. No one could go to the gym, meet their friends, play sports or do whatever it was they used to do to vent and feel better when they were frustrated and in need of personal space.

Home truths emerged when families had no access to what they normally did to relieve stress.

Some busy people had the habit of only talking to each other about practical matters or work. Couples, who were married a long time, were often unaware of how far apart they had grown. On the surface they apparently had a good marriage but it was friends and family who gave them emotional support.

When parents are angry, frustrated and resentful of each other, the atmosphere in the home is toxic. Children sense when parents are not getting on, even if they never see mum and dad fight. Over the months of social isolation, family members fought more. Spouses could no longer

walk away when issues, which had been present in the marriage and were not resolved, came up time and time again.

Counsellors tell us that people who do not talk about what really bothers them, nag. For example, a woman constantly complains about her husband’s habit of leaving wet towels on the bathroom floor. The real issue she is not telling him about is that she resents his expectation that she is the one to clean the house, when both of them are working and she feels overwhelmed.

Lack of honest communication blocks couples from having the easy-going, warm, affectionate conversations they used to enjoy.

A husband, who knows something is wrong, has no idea of how to make it right if his wife won’t talk about what is bothering her. Stress builds up if spouses ignore or deny the issues that generate negative, hurt feelings. Constant nagging, blaming, complaining, failing to say ‘thank you’, walking away and not apologising are signs that things have gone badly wrong in a marital relationship.

Emotional, practical and financial support are essential for a loving and enduring relationship. Practical support involves helping with household tasks like gardening or putting the bins out. When either spouse is unwilling or unable to give the other the emotional support s/he needs, a marriage is in trouble.

Mary was married to a street angel and house devil. Her husband John had regular tantrums and never apologised. If she didn’t go along with what he wanted, he got in a rage. Clever with words, he twisted everything and had her doubting herself. He made hurtful remarks, and then denied what he said or told her she was over-sensitive. If she cried, he told the children that she got upset over nothing and couldn’t take a joke. He lied about things that he had no need to lie about, things which were easily verifiable. One of his favourite sayings was, “I’m right, you’re wrong, even when I’m wrong, I’m right.”

A successful businessman, John was intelligent, charming and outgoing. He was so busy with work and travel that he made up

for not spending time with the children by buying them expensive gifts. The disruption to his business schedule during lockdown was particularly stressful and difficult.

The social isolation was hard for the whole family. Mary was used to John taking his frustration out on her but the strain he was under took his anger to fever pitch. The children saw a very different side to their father when he lost his temper with them. He dragged up things that had happened in the past and blamed everyone but himself for the grievances and complaints that fuelled his anger. As the outbursts with his children became more frequent and progressively more nasty, cruel and spiteful, Mary had a ‘lightbulb’ moment.

She allowed herself to be mistreated because she valued the financial and practical support John gave her. Mary knew that John lacked empathy.

She made excuses for how he treated her and his sense of entitlement. He never showed appreciation or said 'thank you'.

While their critical powers were still in the process of development, John and Mary’s children observed parental behaviour which demonstrated a lack of empathy as well as the absence of good relationships skills. Children live what they learn.

Carmel Wynne is a life and work skills coach and lives in Dublin. For more information, visit www.carmelwynne.org

31

TH E P R I E ST A N D TH E NOVE L

A TRUE PRIEST IS NEVER LOVED

whose actions lead people to consider him a saint, The Hungry Grass nevertheless allows us access to a compelling central figure in the form of the main protagonist, Fr Tom Conroy.

But Power’s character was not always so testy, as can be seen in his friendship with a feisty female Irish emigrant whom he visited during his time ministering in London. She did not see why she should pay the Catholic Church any dues, or show deference to its priests, and told him so on many occasions. And yet Conroy always felt comfortable and welcome in her home. Some time after he returned to Ireland, she sent him on 50 pounds, most likely because she appreciated the concern he demonstrated for her family and also because he did not sit in judgement of them. Conroy placed this money in the back of a cupboard with a bunch of other notes that he had accumulated during his working life and never spent — this significant stash is discovered by the executor of Conroy’s will in the days after his death.

A FLAWED MAN Power’s hero is in many respects a flawed man, someone whose sharp tongue inspires fear in several of his fellow priests and parishioners. He is regularly irascible and intolerant, especially when it comes to his dealings with his curate Farrell, whose enthusiastic embrace of the changes introduced by Vatican II, especially the concept of a priesthood of the laity, he dismisses as idealistic claptrap.

He argues that the large number of the Sunday Mass congregation standing in the church porch, paying no attention to what is happening inside, demonstrate little aptitude for taking on such an apostolate.

He has also had a life-long enmity towards his uncle James, a self-serving politician who uses religion to advance his career, while blandly ignoring how he and his comrades in the IRA had been condemned from the pulpit during the War of Independence. James is typical of that revolutionary generation that came to power in the wake of Irish independence and conveniently abandoned the lofty ideals contained in the 1916 Proclamation. In John McGahern’s classic novel, Amongst Women, the disillusioned IRA veteran Michael Moran describes the fruit of their struggle in the following manner: “What did we get for it? A country, if you’d believe them. Some of our own johnnies in the top jobs instead of a few Englishmen. More than half of my own family work in England. What was it all for? The whole thing was a cod.” Fr Tom Conroy would share that assessment.

A LIFE IN RETROSPECT The novel begins with a description of Conroy’s last public appearance, a get-together of priests in Rosnagree, the parish in which he was born. The priests had been surprised at Conroy’s presence among them, as he was not generally a fan of such gatherings. He reminded them of “an emigrant returning to seek nourishment at his roots” and they had been struck by a perceptible softening in his demeanour. Ruminating on his life and career after his funeral, which, significantly, neither of his two living siblings attended, the priests recall how Conroy ended up in the seminary after his older brother Owen had decided the priesthood was not for him. At the end of his first year in the diocesan college, his academic prowess resulted in his being offered a place in Maynooth, which he refused, much to the surprise of everyone. He would subsequently be regarded as something of a maverick, a person of great intellect and suspected socialist leanings.

A great source of pain to Conroy had been how his family had treated his brother’s wife Marie after Owen died prematurely in London, leaving his widow to look after two young children on her own. The savings they had accumulated in the hope of buying back the home farm of Rosnagree were spent on the funeral – Owen’s youngest sibling Frank, who inherited the farm, noted all the expenses in his little notebook. Tom Conroy wants to restore their rightful inheritance to Owen’s children, but when he visits the Marie, now

RICHARD POWER’S THE HUNGRY GRASS

IT APPEARED MORE THAN HALF A CENTURY AGO, BUT RICHARD POWER’S NOVEL, THE HUNGRY GRASS, MAY STILL HAVE MUCH TO TELL US ABOUT CONTEMPORARY IRELAND, ITS PRIESTS AND PEOPLE.

BY EAMON MAHER

First

32

published in 1969, Richard Power’s second novel, The Hungry Grass, is an empathetic portrayal of the life of a priest in rural Ireland. The novel has a nostalgic resonance for those of us living in what many perceive to be a post-Catholic society. By ‘post-Catholic’, I don’t mean that all traces of Catholicism have disappeared in this country, but rather that it no longer exerts an all-pervasive influence on people’s lives. Indeed, it is now just one of many options available to those seeking spiritual nourishment.

With the decline in the fortunes of the Catholic Church, diocesan priests in particular have had a torrid time of it, with their smaller, largely elderly cohort forced to work harder and longer in order to meet the needs of their parishioners. The reputational damage done to the Church in the wake of the clerical abuse scandals has been focused in the main on the hierarchy, which is viewed as having been interested primarily in preserving the institution at all costs. Priests working on the ground are still held in high esteem, generally speaking. They are the ones who care for the sick and the vulnerable and who officiate at ceremonies associated with joy and pain, such as baptisms, weddings and funerals.

They are on the front line when it comes to dealing with the public and have borne the brunt of the people’s anger in relation to the abuse scandals.

One of the priest characters remarks at the start of The Hungry Grass that “A true priest is never loved”, a comment that is attributed to the French Catholic novelist Georges Bernanos, whose Diary of a Country Priest is one of the most memorable fictional accounts of priestly ministry ever written.

Whereas Power never quite succeeded in matching Bernanos’ probing of the inner workings of a priest who considers himself as a lamentable failure but

REALITY NOVEMBER 2020

remarried and settled in the south of England, to discuss his plan, he is told that they have no interest in having anything to do with the Conroys or their land. Afterwards, the priest realises how gauche he can be in his dealings with others.

Where Power’s character really excels is in his pastoral role. He has a deep appreciation of what a privilege it is to be in a position to comfort people in their hour of need. On one particular occasion, he is summoned to the house of an elderly parishioner, Kavanagh, to whom he administers Extreme Unction, now known as the Sacrament of the Sick. He puts the oil on the man’s eyes, ears, nose and mouth and reflects: “He had always thought it (Extreme Unction) was a sacrifice for the living, that every sacrament was for the living, to make them stand up and get on with it. Living was getting on with it. Once you stopped getting on with it, you were no use to God or man.” This is a good description of how Conroy sees his own role as a priest: he is not interested in great displays of power, preferring a non-showy, supportive form of priesthood. He too just ‘gets on with it’.

What intrigues the priests most in the wake of their confrère's death is the fact that one of the local farmers decides he wants to be buried in the plot next to Conroy’s, which prompts Fr O’Leary to remark: “No one around here would pay an extra bob unless they felt that Conroy had some … remarkable qualities….” They recognise that the locals must have sensed something saintly in Conroy or else none of them would have been prepared to expend money on acquiring an adjoining grave. The priest himself certainly does not feel he has achieved anything exceptional: “In his whole life, in fact, had he ever done anything that was not futile, anything strong that would last?” We are not always in the best position to determine what legacy we leave behind. Certainly, Conroy was too critical of himself in this instance, as he had done good things in the course of his life, along with some bad things, which is only human.

Declan Kiberd praises The Hungry Grass for breaking with what he describes as “the saccharine depictions of the Irish priest, that ‘soggarth aroon’ beloved of 19th-century novelists and 20th-century

Hollywood movies”. Power eschewed any attempt to make a saint out of Tom Conroy and yet one detects from the priest’s lucidity about his past actions and his desire to make amends that he was at worst someone with serious failings, and at best, an inherently decent man. The last lines of the novel leave us with the impression that he had at last found some peace: “And Father Conroy plunged forward into the laughter and talk with an eagerness he had never known, not even when he drank the wine and broke the bread of life.” What happens beyond the grave surpasses the competence of the novelist or the theologian, but one suspects that it may well have proved positive for this largely unloved and misunderstood priest.

Eamon Maher is director of the National Centre for Franco-Irish Studies in TU Dublin. His latest book, co-edited with Brian Lucey and Eugene O’Brien, Recalling the Celtic Tiger, is published by Peter Lang, Oxford.

A Redemptorist Pilgrimage Visiting the sites associated with St. Alphonsus & St. Gerard in Southern Italy

Saturday May 8th to Saturday May 15th 2021.

Based at the Caravel Hotel in Sant’Agnello, Sorrento (Half Board) Cost: €1,095.00/ £985.00 per person sharing.

Places are limited so early booking is advised.

Group Leader: Fr Dan Baragry CSsR For further details contact Claire Carmichael at ccarmichael@redcoms.org Tel: 00 353 (0)1 4922488

Beautiful Sorrento

F E AT U R E

The Irish Nun who nursed Pope Francis as a baby in Buenos Aires AS AN EMIGRANT WOMAN STRUGGLING TO MAKE ENDS MEET, REGINA MARIA BERGOGLIO WAS FORTUNATE TO HAVE THE HELP OF A LITTLE SISTER OF THE ASSUMPTION IN CARING FOR HER INFANT SON IN THE FIRST DAYS OF HIS LIFE. IT WAS THE BEGINNING OF A CLOSE FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN THE SISTERS AND THE BERGOGLIO FAMILY, ESPECIALLY BABY GEORGE, NOW POPE FRANCIS.

BY MATT MORAN

The 34

visit of Pope Francis to Ireland generated a lot of media coverage, but one significant historical connection he had with Ireland was overlooked. That connection was with an Irish missionary nun from Co. Cavan – a member of the Little Sisters of the Assumption.

NURSING SISTERS The Little Sisters of the Assumption were founded in France in 1865 by Fr Etienne Pernet and lay woman, Antoinette Face, in an effort to ease the misery of urban impoverishment among poor and workingclass families.

Sr Oliva Maria (Susan Cusack)

REALITY NOVEMBER 2020

Toddler Jorge The Sisters arrived in Buenos Aires in 1910, and from there spread out to other countries in Latin America. In 1932, a second community was established in Flores which was comprised of working families and many immigrants. One of these families was the couple, Jose Bergoglio and Regina Maria Sivori who were Italian immigrants. When their first child – Jorge Mario (now Pope Francis) – was due to be born on December 17, 1936, they sought the help of the Little Sisters. That help was provided by Sr Olive Maria who stayed with the family for a week caring for the mother and her baby boy. Little did she realise then that the baby boy would grow up to be the pope and leader of the Catholic Church which she, as a young girl, had left Co Cavan to serve on the missions.

FROM CAVAN TO ARGENTINA Sr Oliva Maria was born Susan Cusack on January 1, 1889 to Philip and Ellen Cusack (nee Donohue) in the parish of Crosserlough near Kilnaleck in south Cavan. She was one of four girls along with Mary, Ellen and Kate, and two boys, Thomas and Phil. The family lived on a small farm. She was baptised in Crosserlough’s St Mary’s Church which had opened in November 1888 and attended St Mary’s National School which opened in 1886.

Susan joined the Little Sisters of the Assumption at Grenelle in Paris on October 30, 1909, and was professed on May 23, 1912. She served in Reims and Saint Etienne until 1923 when she was assigned to South America ministering first in Buenos Aires.

In 1933, she moved to Flores where she encountered the Bergoglio family. In 1963, she moved to Rosario for one year, and then to Montevideo for four years. She spent her final seven years in Muniz, near Buenos Aires, where she died on October 31, 1975, and is buried there. A number of relatives still live in Co Cavan. Sr Oliva was mentioned in Crosserlough through the Ages – a book on local history which was published in 2013.

IN THE FAMILY OF A FUTURE POPE When a girl was born to the Bergoglio couple in 1937, Argentinan Sr Antonia Ariceta cared for the mother and baby and the then one-year old toddler. The parents and grandmother were active members of the Fraternity and of the Daughters of St. Monica – support groups of laity that were very dynamic with the sisters in the Flores community. Men joined the Fraternity and women joined the Daughters of St. Monica.

In the context of today’s discussion about involvement of women and laity in general

Jorge and his brother in church activities, it is noteworthy how this and many other congregations have had very active involvement for centuries. Today in Ireland, the Little Sisters of the Assumption have a significant number of lay volunteers supporting their missions in South America.

"My father and my mother talked to us about the Little Sisters,” Pope Francis said.

“They used to go zealously to houses where there was a woman who needed to be helped with the housework, prepare the children to go to school, and so on. A poor woman who could not pay for this help. As poor servants they used to make a deep impression on me always. From time to time my father or my mother, but more often my father, used to take us to visit them in the Calle Junta. When it rained heavily this street used to be flooded and we had to cross over by a bridge. In the district, they were called 'the Little Sisters of the bridge' because of this bridge that had to be crossed."

KEEPING CONTACT Pope Francis kept up close contact with the Sisters and, after he was appointed Archbishop of Buenos Aires, he used to visit Sr Antonia and the La Inmaculada community regularly, keeping up a fraternal contact.

When Sr. Antonia celebrated her diamond

Class group with Jorge in the front row, extreme right jubilee in January 1999, he celebrated the Eucharist in the community’s house.

He often visited some Sisters who worked in the hospital for infectious diseases. His pastoral or spontaneous visits to the families were marked by special attention to the sick, especially the poorest and weakest.

On August 15, 2010, he presided at the celebration for the centenary of the arrival of the Little Sisters in Argentina – an event which was attended by an Irish representative of the congregation.

Jorge Mario kept, as something very precious, the cross that used to be given to the 'Monicas' and which had belonged to his grandmother. On one occasion he mentioned that he kept it beside his bed, saying "it is the first thing I see when I wake up".

Sr Annette Allain, LSA coordinator in the USA, stated during the papal visit to their community in East Harlem, New York in September 2015: “Pope Francis has a first-hand appreciation of our mission and spirituality from an early age due to receiving home care services from the Little Sisters of the Assumption and also

from the involvement of his parents and grandparents in our support groups. It is my belief that his sensitivity to the poor and immigrant population grew from his own personal familial experience. We have been called to become family among the very people Pope Francis loves – those living on the margins of society. This is a privileged encounter of mutuality, believing that the power of growth is in

Little did she realise then that the baby boy would grow up to be the pope and leader of the Catholic Church which she, as a young girl, had left Co Cavan to serve on the missions relationship. There is no greater gift than Pope Francis’ visit to East Harlem as the Little Sisters of the Assumption celebrate our 150th anniversary.”

In his foreword to the book Il Vangelo guancia a guancia (The Cheek to Cheek Gospel), published in March 2018 by journalist Paola Bergamini, which tells the life of Fr Stefano Pernet, Pope Francis wrote: “I have many memories tied to these religious women who, as silent angels enter the homes of those in need,

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F E AT U R E

work patiently, look after, help, and then silently return to their convent. They follow their rule, pray and then go out to reach the homes of those in difficulty, becoming nurses and governesses, they accompany children to school and prepare meals for them.”

The Sisters say: “We like to share with friends and supporters the bonds that unite us to this priest who grew up in a family that shared the charism and the spirituality of our congregation and who now, by the will of God, is our Pope Francis.”

THE LITTLE SISTERS IN IRELAND In 1880, the first community of the Little Sisters outside France was established in London at the request of Cardinal Manning.

In early 1891, a community was established in New York, and was followed quickly by one in Dublin on April 4, 1891 at the invitation of Msgr Kennedy, chancellor of the Dublin Archdiocese. Eight years later, the congregation established a house at Grenville Place in Cork on May 28, 1899, and they still have a presence in Cork.

The Sisters arrived in an Ireland where there was great poverty, little or no state

aid, poor housing and widespread disease. In 2016, to mark their 125th anniversary, Carol Dorgan wrote a history of the Little Sisters in Ireland – To Tell Our Story is to Praise God. The book, which can be downloaded at www. littlesistersoftheassumption.org/celebrating125-years-in-ireland, gives an account of the Sisters’ arrival and the development of their work throughout Ireland and in the different places to which Irish Sisters went.

It is a social history of the Ireland to which the Catholic Church and religious communities, especially nuns in very large numbers, contributed so much with regard to education, health, and well-being of many generations of families when the state under British and later national rule could not provide such social services for citizens. The Little Sisters of the Assumption can be proud of their contribution to Irish society since those bleak days of 1891. Their number in Ireland is now just under 70 Sisters.

Matt Moran is a former businessman who served as board member and chair of Misean Cara, an Irish charity which supports missionary organisations. He is the author of The Legacy of Irish Missionaries Lives On, 2017.

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Sr Oliva Maria with family members in Crosserlough, 1963 Jorge with his family

Jorge, the teenager

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Jorge, the young priest

IN THE F OOTSTEPS OF CLEM ENT: PA RT 8

Clement AND HIS FRIENDS

CLEMENT HOFBAUER HAD AN EXTRAORDINARY CAPACITY FOR FRIENDSHIP. IN HIS YOUTH, HE WENT ON PILGRIMAGES TO ROME WITH MEN WHO BECAME FRIENDS FOR THE REST OF HIS DAYS. AS A MEMBER OF A RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY, HIS FRIENDSHIPS WITH HIS COMPANIONS WERE SOMETIMES STORMY, BUT 37 ALWAYS FAITHFUL. IN HIS LAST YEARS, HE FORGED NEW FRIENDSHIPS WITH YOUNG AND OLD

BY BRENDAN McCONVERY CSsR

We

have seen how Clement’s apartment in the chaplain’s lodgings in Vienna attracted young men and students. They were not the only ones who flocked to Fr Hofbauer.

The simple priest, who had few pretensions to scholarship, soon found himself attracting the admiration of intellectuals, writers and artists, many of whom were part of the new Romantic Movement.

AN ALFONSIAN CONNECTION? Clement was fortunate, when he came to Vienna after leaving Warsaw, to meet a man who turned out to have a connection to St Alphonsus. The administrator of the Minorite Church who offered Clement the position of hearing confessions there was Baron Josef von Penkler. Penkler had belonged

to a lay group called Christian Friendship which had been founded by Niklaus von Diessbach, a former Jesuit. After the suppression of the Society of Jesus, Diessbach founded the Christian Friendship groups.

Among other objectives, he promoted the writings of St Alphonsus. Clement probably knew Diessbach in his student days in Vienna, so it was a happy meeting for the two. They remained close for the rest of Clement’s years in Vienna and Penkler drew others to Clement. His position in the government was also a distinct advantage. It was probably a great joy for both of them when Penkler brought Clement the news that the Redemptorists were shortly going to receive royal approval and would probably be given their own church and monastery in the city. So close was the friendship between Clement and Penkler that Clement expressed the

wish to be buried near him in the cemetery of Maria Enzersdorf. He was in fact buried there until his remains were transferred to Maria am Gestade , the first Redemptorist church he had fought so hard to obtain.

THE HOFBAUER CIRCLE Many of them were probably brought together by a husband and wife, Frederick and Dorothea Schlegel. Frederick was born in Germany in 1772 into a Protestant family. He met Dorothea, the daughter of a well-known Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelsohn. Dorothea was at that time already married to a banker called Simon Veith with whom she had several children. She left Veit for Schlegel, and for several years, they moved from place to place around Europe. Dorothea initially

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IN THE F OOTSTEPS OF CLEMENT: PA RT 8

Left: Abbé Edgeworth

converted to Protestantism in order to marry Schlegel, but this unlikely couple both converted to Catholicism and settled in Vienna. It was there as recent converts that they met Clement in 1808.

They had the zeal of new converts when they met Clement and adopted him as their confessor. Their home became open house for a circle of Catholics who were tired of the old strictures under which the Church had survived for several generations and hoped that the end of the Napoleonic wars might be the sign of a new beginning. Clement was the ideal guide for a group like this. They became known as the Hofbauer Circle. It included influential people from the higher classes of society, from the literary world of the Schlegels and even some people in government.

Dorothea’s two sons from her first marriage, Johannes and Philip Veit, became Catholics in 1810. The young men were just about 20. It was Clement who prepared the young men for their entrance into the Church and Baron Penkler was their godfather. Both were beginning to show skill in painting. Eventually they both became members of a group known as ‘The Nazarener School'. It somewhat like the British Pre-Raphaelite movement, favouring bright colours and depicting narrative scenes. The ‘Nazarener’ label comes from its enemies who did not like the artists' reliance on biblical scenes or episodes from the lives of the saints. Clement is said to have joked with Philp that he made Our Lady in one of his paintings look like an elderly nun!

The members of the Hofbauer Circle were relatively few, but they saw themselves as sharing

The execution of Louis XVI

the same dedication to a renewed Gospel faith that motivated Clement. Clement’s influence was seen especially in students. “Quite a sensation was created, for example,” writes Clement’s biographer, Joseph Hofer, “when two lecturers highly esteemed in university circles openly renounced freethinking and not only became believing Catholics, but took up the study of Theology”. These two savants were Dr Emmanuel Veith, a Jewish professor of medicine, and Dr John Madlener, a mathematician. They would long remain members of Clement’s circle.

The state Josephism of Clement’s youth seemed to be on the wane and there was a renewal of the Catholic faith which was not merely intellectual but built on strong devotional foundations.

CLEMENT’S IRISH FRIEND Clement’s most unlikely friend was a man who had been born in Co. Longford, and whose family gave their name to his birthplace, Edgeworthstown.

Henry Essex Edgeworth was born into a Protestant landowning family. A relation was one of the first novelists, Maria Edgeworth. When he was four, the family moved to France after his father had converted to Catholicism. Henry studied for the priesthood and was ordained in Paris. He lodged at the house of the Missions Etrangères (foreign missions) in Paris, engaging in pastoral work in the city. His mother and sister lived close by in the Rue de Bac, a street that later became famous from its association with the miraculous medal.

When the French Revolution broke out in 1798 and with a growing hostility to the Catholic Church, Fr Edgeworh had to go on the run. He became

confessor to Madame Elisabeth, sister of King Louis XVI. When the king was sentenced to death, the Abbé Edgeworth was asked to go to his cell on the eve of his execution in January 1793. He stayed with him all night, and in the morning, he said Mass for him in his cell. Then king and priest were driven through the howling mobs to the centre of Paris where the guillotine had been erected. The priest accompanied the king up the steps. As the blade crashed down, Fr Edgeworth was splashed with the king’s blood. He managed to disappear into the crowd, and for the next three years he was on the run, never staying any more than two nights in the same place. He eventually made his way to England when what remained of the French royal family escaped to Warsaw and then Mittau in Lithuania.

Clement probably met Fr Edgeworth in Warsaw.

In a long letter to the Nuncio in Vienna in May 1802, Clement gave an account of his troubles.

He complained that he had no one he could turn to for advice. He referred to his friendship with Edgeworth, “my most intimate friend and to him I do not hesitate to lay open my whole heart” but sadly, he had left Warsaw. A couple of years later things had become so unbearable that Clement seriously considered leaving Europe for good and founding a Redemptorist community somewhere in North America. He realised the difficulties that would raise, but thought his friend, the Abbé Edgeworth, might be of some help. When he wrote to him, Abbé replied that he was not in favour of Clement giving up his works in Europe. He compared him the man in the parable: “Because for three years you have sought fruit on this fig tree, do you now wish to cut it down?” and urged him to stand firm. Nevertheless, he enclosed a letter of introduction to Lord Douglas that Clement could use if necessary. He concluded: “be reassured that whatever you decide to do, my love will follow you.”

In the event, Clement decided to put thoughts of America aside. Fr Edgeworth died at Mittau from typhus contracted from ministering to wounded French soldiers after the Battle of Eylau in 1807.

Fr Brendan McConvery CSsR is editor of Reality. He has published The Redemptorists in Ireland (1851 – 2011), St Gerard Majella: Rediscovering a Saint and historical guides to Redemptorist foundations in Clonard, Limerick and Clapham, London.

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UNDER THE MICROSCOPE

We Remember Maynooth A College Across Four Centuries

Edited by Salvador Ryan and John-Paul Sheridan Messenger Publications Dublin 2020 Hardback. 512 pages €50 ISBN 9781788122634

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Founded in 1795 by an Act of Parliament of King George III to promote the “better education of persons professing the popish or Roman Catholic religion", Maynooth College has played a significant role in the history of the Irish Catholic Church, and through its graduates, an equally notable one in the Catholic Church on all the continents. To mark the 225th anniversary of its foundation, the members of the faculty of theology have sponsored this rich volume of essays. The campus of Maynooth is probably unique among educational establishments anywhere in that it is the home to two distinct universities. The older of the two, the Pontifical University, was established in 1896 to mark its first centenary and with the right to grant degrees in philosophy, theology and canon law. In 1910, it became a constituent of the National University of Ireland, granting degrees in the arts and sciences.

In 1997, this became the independent Maynooth University, alongside the smaller, but independent, Pontifical University for the theological sciences.

The students of the two colleges, male and female, clerical and lay, share a common patrimony in the architecture, the personalities and the stories which make Maynooth an attractive REALITY NOVEMBER 2020

and memorable place to study and undertake research.

The first layer of this rich collection draws on the history of Maynooth. Its roots in the University of Paris, the Sorbonne, through its first generation of professors, is remembered in the Pontifical University’s distinctive continental style of academic dress of toga and epitoga. Donal McMahon, who taught for many years in the seminarist programme, remembers some of that generation, such as Professor Louis Delahogue who celebrated his 73rd birthday on January 16, 1812 by an address to the students on the occasion of announcing the examination results. In another essay he describes the relationship of two English writers and contemporaries, John Henry Newman and William Makepeace Thackery, to Maynooth.

St John Henry Newman had already registered his debt in his Apologia pro Vita Sua to a young Maynooth professor, Charles William Russell, after whom the college’s Russell Library is named. When it was rumoured that Queen Victoria might visit the college in the course of her Irish visit of 1849, an address of welcome was prepared. Archbishop McHale of Tuam protested that if such a thing were to be presented, it should clearly state “the terrible suffering of her subjects, as well as of the cruel neglect with which they have been treated by her ministers”. Half of the bishops in fact refused to sign the address which has been prepared, so it was probably politically fortunate the college was not included on the itinerary.

One of the most notable of the members of the college teaching staff was Nicholas Callan (1799-1864) whose story as a pioneer in the exploration of electricity and the inventor of the forerunner of the battery is told by Niall McKeith.

The rather crude-looking instruments he invented for his research are still preserved in the college museum. Although regarded as a mild-mannered and devout man, Callan believed in ‘active class participation’. On one occasion, he showed the dangerous power of electricity by electrocuting a turkey: on another, intended to demonstrate how people could transmit shocks to each other when part of an electric circuit, a future Archbishop of Dublin passed out from the shock! No teacher today could dare attempt such experiments for

health and safety reasons! Recent members of staff like Dr Brendan Devlin and Pat Russell tell here the story of their own efforts to build up departments of French and German from slender resources to meet the international standards demanded by a modern university. Others recall colleagues such as Fr Peter Connolly who was a wise and moderate voice in the debate about censorship in which the Catholic Church (and Maynooth in particular) is often presented as the villain. The college is scarcely known for space exploration, but Dr Susan McKenna-Lawlor describes her academic participation in the European Space Agency’s 'Giotto Mission'. Music has been a noteworthy presence in Maynooth and it is right that it should receive attention in several articles.

The first, by Darina McCarthy, records the musical contribution of Heinrich Bewerunge (1862-1923) to the reburial in the college cemetery of the Irish scholar Eugene O’Growney. Bewerunge was a German priest professor of the subject whose career was unfortunately cut short by the First World War. John O’Keeffe sketches how that tradition has been nurtured and borne fruit in the modern vernacular liturgy. Fr Liam Lawton, a composer of liturgical music, describes ‘finding his voice’ in Maynooth. Patrick Devine in ‘Play it Sam’ pays tribute to Fr Noel Watson, whose association with the annual college carol service is described

by Gerard Gillen, himself a former professor of music in the college. Fr Hugh Connolly describes the rebuilding of the organ, while Archbishop Eamon Martin of Armagh describes taking part in the French tour of the college chapel choir.

Maynooth will of course be remembered for its human face. It is interesting to note the names that recur over several contributions – Frank Cremin, Ronan Drury, Tomás Ó Fiaich who have gone to their reward as well as those who still remain with us. These faces are not just clerical ones. They include the first women on the teaching staff while the first lay professor 'An Chéad Ollamh Tuath', Anthony O’Farrell, recounts his own interview process and appointment. Many of these human faces adorn the walls of the college in the form of the ‘Class Pieces’ which are surveyed here by JohnPaul Sheridan, one of the editors of the volume.

The current president describes a ‘Teetotallers’

Rebellion in the Professors’ Dining Room’ in the early years of the 20th century. Colleges, especially residential ones like Maynooth, cannot survive long without food. For many years, the farm made it self-sufficient . David J. Carbery shares some of his memories of Maynooth catering. Michael O’Riordan took up his position as a boy of 15.

The Sign Reading the Gospel of John

by Seán Goan Dominican Publications Dublin 2018 128 pages €12.99

Seán Goan has studied scripture in Rome and Jerusalem. The cover shows us the apse of San Clemente owned by the Irish Dominicans. John, he says, is different from the other gospels. There are no miracles, only signs. As an example, I will take you through the story of the wedding of Cana and show how profound is the symbolism involved.

The wedding recalls the marriage covenant of God with his people. It happened “on the third day”, an expression used in the Old Testament and eventually designating the resurrection of Christ. The wine reminds us that the Promised Land had plenty of grain and wine. The mother of Jesus represents the faithful Jewish people longing for the promises of God to be fulfilled. Jesus’ hour had not yet come; it is only anticipated here.

When Mary says, “Do whatever he tells you”, she is seeking the obedience in faith of the chosen people to God’s Anointed One. The

Over the years he became one of the college’s best-known faces as butler before going on to become a student when he retired. He shares his story in an interview with Salvador Ryan, another of the editors.

This review has given but a taste of this rich volume – I have said nothing for example about

six (seven minus one) jars show that the Jewish rites are unable to prepare for the banquet to which they are invited. This is the first of seven signs and they all have a deeply symbolic meaning like this.

Twice he tells us that the use of this passage gives rise to a misplaced Catholic devotion to Mary. Likewise at the foot of the cross “Jesus speaks not simply to his mother but to his Jewish roots as he opens up the new relationship with all the scattered children of God”. Similar is Catholic tradition about transubstantiation and real presence in the Eucharist. "Such questions are far from the mind of the evangelist"; he focuses on a "deep and personal commitment to the person of Jesus".

The gospel was written several decades after the death of Jesus and it lets us see the struggles of the Johannine community at that time. Many theologians leave us in the dry desert of exegesis but Goan is not one of those. Rather one does need a deep devotion to the person of Jesus to understand this gospel at all.

Eóin de Bháldraithe OCSO Bolton Abbey

the college’s tradition for sport. It is beautifully illustrated with pictures, both black and white and full colour, some from Maynooth’s own rich collection. It would make an ideal Christmas gift for a past-student of the college, clerical or lay.

Brendan McConvery CSsR

You Have the Words of Eternal Life Reflections on the Weekday Readings 2020-2021

By Martin Hogan Messenger Publications Dublin 2020 Paperback. 240 pages €14.95 ISBN 9781788122801

Fr Martin Hogan has taught sacred scripture for many years in the Mater Dei Institute, Dublin, and is well known as a lecturer and retreat giver. In recent years he embarked on a series of reflections on the weekday readings from the missal, of which this is the latest. They have been very popular with priests in search of a reliable source for a brief homily that blends scholarship with the popular touch. Also in these days of the coronavirus when access might not always be possible to daily Mass, they will provide a source for prayerful reflection.

Brendan McConvery CSsR

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2.5 MILLION THANK YOUS LAUNCHING ITS ANNUAL REPORT RECENTLY, TRÓCAIRE WARNED OF THE LONG-TERM IMPACT OF COVID-19 IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD.

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Hala Sanak (14), who plays for Gaza’s first-ever schoolgirls’ football club, received a Gaelic football skills session on the Gaza beach with All-Ireland winner and Trócaire ambassador Oisín McConville. Photo: Garry Walsh/Trócaire

Trócaire

assisted 2.5 million people in 27 of the poorest countries across the world last year thanks to the generous support of the Irish public. The charity thanked people across the island of Ireland after the figures were released in the agency’s annual report which showed the scale of the aid agency’s work in 2019/20, prior to the global outbreak of COVID-19. Trócaire warned of the long-term impact of COVID-19 in the developing world, where the poorest people have been plunged into further poverty due to the social and economic implications of the pandemic.

The financial year 2019/20 saw the public donate €23m (£20.9m) to Trócaire – donations that change the lives of some of the poorest people in the world. Trócaire’s 2019

REALITY NOVEMBER 2020

Lenten Appeal saw a 10 per cent increase in donations, resulting in €8.3m (£7.5m) being contributed to the charity. The charity supported people in 27 countries across Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Middle East. In terms of number of people supported, Trócaire’s largest programmes last year were in Ethiopia, Sudan and DR Congo.

The report also details how last year saw it respond to natural disasters and climatic shocks.

Working through its partners, Trócaire provided shelter, food and other vital equipment to 39,000 people across Mozambique, Malawi and Zimbabwe after the devastating impact of Cyclone Idai.

Of the 2.5 million people the organisation supported last year, 1.8 million people received humanitarian support, while an

additional 700,000 people were supported through Trócaire’s longterm development work. This work includes agricultural support, women’s empowerment projects and support for human rights defenders.

Advocacy campaigns included Trócaire’s call on the Irish and UK Governments to support a UN Binding Treaty on Business and Human Rights, while the agency’s continued support for the Occupied Territories Bill has kept the issue to the fore of Irish political debate.

Additionally, Trócaire-funded legal support resulted in the release last year of indigenous human rights defender Abelino Chub Caal, who spent two years wrongfully imprisoned in Guatemala.

Commenting on the latest annual report, Trócaire CEO Caoimhe de

Barra, said: “This report details the positive impact our work has had in support of 2.5 million people and that figure is a testament to the commitment of the Irish public to the work of Trócaire. As always, we are tremendously grateful for this support from the people of Ireland, north and south, as well as our ongoing partnerships with Irish Aid and DfID, which allows us to work with local partners in an effort to tackle poverty and injustice in some of the world’s poorest regions. Our programmes around the world brought support and relief to communities in 27 countries, including humanitarian support for nearly 1.8 million people.”

The COVID crisis has profoundly changed Trócaire’s work. Over recent months, its programmes have rapidly shifted to helping

to stop the spread of the virus in countries that lack the most basic medical infrastructure to deal with an outbreak.

“COVID-19 is an immediate threat to us all, but the threat is heightened in places like refugee camps where people are unable to socially distance or regularly wash their hands. The social and economic implications of this pandemic have plunged already desperately poor people into further poverty.

While our immediate response will continue for many months ahead, we are also expecting an increase in hunger in the months ahead.

We are also concerned about the human rights impact of COVID-19.

This crisis may provide authoritarian governments with an opportunity to clamp down on human rights, target human rights defenders and

push ahead with projects that violate the rights of communities. Women and girls are also at increased risk of violence due to lockdown measures.

Addressing both the drivers and impact of that violence is a priority for Trócaire.

“The lasting impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic will only become clear in the months ahead, but it is hoped that Trócaire’s loyal supporters will continue to play a vital role in the lives of the poorest and most vulnerable.”

If you would like to donate to Trócaire, please go to

www.trócaire.org to find out the various ways you can help their projects

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CO M M E N T REALITY CHECK PETER McVERRY SJ

666 – THE MARK OF THE DEVIL?

SOME PEOPLE HAVE AN UNHEALTHY FASCINATION WITH THE APOCALYPSE, THE BOOK OF REVELATION. THE FALSE PROPHETS IT DENOUNCES ARE THOSE WHO EXCESSIVELY SPIRITUALISE THE CHRISTIAN MESSAGE. BY FAILING TO OPPOSE OPPRESSION AND INJUSTICE, THEY ARE COLLABORATING WITH THE FORCES OF EVIL AND SO BEING FALSE TO THE GOSPEL.

The

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Apocalypse is the least read book in the Bible but it has an important message for Christians in every age, namely, ‘how should Christians respond when the powerful oppress the poor?’

It is a book with a bad reputation.

It inspires fear in some who believe, wrongly, that it is talking about the end of the world and the terrible threats that are about to happen. Popular imagination has identified the number 666 as the sign of the Devil. In Dublin, the telephone numbers of all Garda stations begin with 666, either out of convenience or possibly chosen by an administrator with a sense of humour! Some extreme rightwing religious groups believe it refers to the pope.

The number 666 does indeed refer to “the Beast,” but it is not Satan, nor the pope. 'The Beast' was the Roman emperor at the time, Domitian, who was persecuting the Christian communities, with a fierce intensity, because they acknowledged Jesus, and not the emperor, as their Lord. They were thus seen as traitors, a threat to the Roman Empire, and were being hunted down, imprisoned and executed. Domitian was understood, in the popular legend of the time, as the reincarnation of the emperor Nero. In Hebrew, Nero’s name was written 'NRON CSR' (Neron Caesar). These letters, when converted into Hebrew

REALITY NOVEMBER 2020

Statue of emperor Domitian, Ephesus Museum, Selchuk, Turkey

numerals and added together, yields the number 666. (N=50; R=200; O=6; N=50; C=100; S=60; R=200).

As this suggests, the Book of the Apocalypse was written in code. It was a fierce attack on the Roman Empire, which was the oppressive political power of the time, and if the Romans read and understood the book, their persecution of the Christian communities would only intensify. So it is full of symbols that only Christians, who were familiar with the Old Testament, could understand. For example, 'The Beast' had seven heads, a reference to Rome which was known as the city of the seven hills.

It does indeed predict the end, not of the world, but of the Roman Empire. It was written to encourage Christians to remain faithful to the Gospel, amidst the terrible trials and tribulations which they were experiencing (described symbolically by terrible plagues) in the knowledge that

God is with them and will, in time, destroy 'the Beast', and vindicate them. The plan of history is known only to God, but Christians are assured that God will not allow an unjust empire to triumph over the oppressed. Christians are called to oppose this evil empire, even if this resistance leads to further persecution and a martyr’s death.

The Book of the Apocalypse includes many hymns. These hymns are the communities’ 'resistance songs' which affirm that God is the only Lord of history and the Christ is his only 'lieutenant' in heaven and on earth. Their purpose is to sustain the Christian people’s spirit in their struggle for justice and their hope in the final victory of good over evil.

False prophets, denounced in the Apocalypse, are those who excessively spiritualise the Christian message. By failing to denounce and actively oppose oppression and injustice, they are collaborating with the forces of evil

and thereby betraying the Gospel.

'The Beast', the symbol of institutionalised violence, which oppresses the poor and the weak, exists in every age. 'The Beast' today are those who worship the idols of power, wealth and profit at any price. They are those who ensure that they get richer and richer while many remain locked in desperate poverty. They are those who use their power for their own self-interest and not for the benefit of their fellow human beings. They are those who permit environmental destruction for their own personal gain. The Apocalypse, which shows Jesus on the side of the poor and the defenceless, calls on Christians to fight oppression despite the suffering, and even death, which it may bring. We think of the thousands of community leaders who were killed or 'disappeared' for their support for the victims of institutionalised violence and poverty in many countries. The Apocalypse challenges us to look around at the poor, the homeless and marginalised in our own country and ask, “What can I do?”

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GOD’S WORD THIS MONTH NOVEMBER

HOLINESS KEEPS THE CHURCH FOREVER YOUNG We break the flow of the ordinary Sundays of the OF Y year today to celebrate SOLEMNIT ALL SAINTS a special solemnity, the Feast of All Saints. A feast day for honouring all the saints can be traced back as early as Pope Gregory III (731-741) who dedicated a chapel in St Peter’s Basilica to all the saints and ordered the anniversary of its dedication to be kept annually on November 1. Pope Francis has been particularly good at reminding us of the great variety of what we might call ‘everyday holiness’. Today is the feast day for honouring our grandparents, relatives and neighbours who have become memorable for us by their sheer goodness.

They never set out to impress, they were just good people.The readings of today’s Mass bring to the fore some of the characteristics of the Church’s holiness down through the centuries. The first reading is a reminder that the oldest veneration of the saints was the cult of the martyrs who laid down their lives for the

Lord and who became the first members of the great cloud of witnesses that still supports us in our faith. “With so many witnesses in a great cloud all around us, we too, then, should throw off everything that weighs us down and the sin that clings so closely, and with perseverance keep running in the race which lies ahead of us” (Heb 12:1). There are still martyrs today who render service to the Lord.

How often do we pray for the modern martyrs in places like China or Nigeria or Pakistan where very ordinary men and women pay the price for their loyalty to the Gospel? Today’s Gospel of the Beatitudes is also reminder how, day after day, year after year, we strive to be trained in that devotion to the Lord and our brothers and sisters in the faith that puts into living practice the models that Jesus offers us of poverty of spirit, purity of heart, meekness and mercy, to name but a few. Holiness has no age limit. Throughout the Church’s history, we hear of elderly men and women who were strong in the faith, of young people, often no more than teenagers, who continued to be fascinated by the story of Christ.

I HAVE NO OIL! The liturgical year is ending shortly, so our Gospel readings for the next few Sundays will focus 32ND SUNDAY IN on the end of the age. They ORDINARY TIME will be taken from Jesus’ last sermon on the Mount of Olives overlooking Jerusalem (Matthew 2425).

The Gospel begins with a realistic parable.

Jewish weddings were held in the evening.

Family and friends accompanied the groom as he brought his bride from her family home to her new home with his family where the wedding dinner was held. Torches or lamps were needed to provide light. According to our parable, ten girls were given this responsibility. Five of them forgot to bring oil for the lamps so the procession threatened to be a disaster. The bride and groom are late

arriving. Matthew does not tell us why, merely mentioning that the girls had fallen asleep.

When word arrives that the groom is on his way, there is a frantic flurry of activity. Disaster again: there is only enough oil for five lamps: stretching it for ten will mean that all ten will splutter out, so the wedding procession will be a complete flop! The girls go off to find an oil shop: an unlikely prospect so late at night.

Despite this chaotic beginning, the wedding feast gets underway. When the five girls return from their shopping trip, the groom refuses to open the door to them, saying he does not know them. Taking the parable at its face value, this seems unlikely, not to say unfair.

Their thoughtlessness might have ruined the wedding, but they it is likely they are just girls with little experience of wedding planning.

Matthew’s use of wedding banquet imagery elsewhere in the Gospel should warn us that we are in the world of allegory. Wedding

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Today’s Readings Rev 7:2-4, 9-14; Ps 23; 1 Jn 3:1-3; Mt 5:1-12

banquets signal above all the union of the Messianic Son of God with his people. The point of the allegory is that we do not know when the Messiah will return, any more than the girls knew when the bridegroom would arrive. The ten girls represent the Christian community after the Resurrection waiting for the Messiah’s return. Matthew divides them into ‘wise and foolish’ to make one of his favourite theological points. The time between the Resurrection and the return of the Son of Man is not ‘empty time’. It gives the followers of Jesus the opportunity to prove they are his genuine disciples by devoting themselves to good works. That time is now: there is no point in waiting until the bridegroom is at the door.

Today’s Readings Wis 6:12-16; Ps 62; 1 Th 4:13-18 (or 4:1314); Mt 25:1-13

God’s Word continues on page 46

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GOD’S WORD THIS MONTH WHAT HAVE YOU DONE WITH YOUR TALENTS? The opening words of the parable warn us that it is another allegory of 33RD SUNDAY IN the Kingdom and the ORDINARY TIME delay of the return of the Son of Man. It takes the example of a rich man departing on a long journey who divides his property among three individuals. Although they are called servants (an even more exact translation would be ‘slaves’), it is probably best to see them as people of some standing. The sums of money involved are large: one talent would be the equivalent of €20,000 in today’s money, so the servants are given sums ranging from €100,000 to €20,000. The first two servants invest the money and get a good return. The third simply buries the one talent he has received, sure that he will be able to hand it back to a master he knows

to be to be “a hard man, reaping where he has not sown and gathering where he has not scattered”.

The parable emphasises the long interval between the master’s departure and his return. As we saw last week, this suggests that the point of the parable will be how the members of the Church respond to the absence of their Lord. The reckoning of accounts follows a simple pattern: each servant brings what he was given and what he has made by investing the money. The first two servants are praised and promised even greater share in their master’s good fortune. The meeting with the third servant is the longest. He begins by telling his master how he tried to be careful with what he was given. With something of a flourish of self-congratulation, he now produces it, expecting to be praised for his prudence.

It comes as a shock to him that instead of praise, he receives abuse. He is called “wicked

and lazy”. His one talent is given to the man with five and he is ordered to be “cast out into the darkness where there will be weeping and grinding of teeth”.

Like other parables in Matthew, this is a story of a tragic miscalculation. The servant with the one talent is an adult male equivalent of the five girls. It is hard not to feel some pity for an individual who is so paralysed by fear that he fails to make the most of the opportunities that are offered him. The parable closes with those chilling signals of final loss that are so common in Matthew – being cast into darkness and the grinding of teeth.

SHEEP AND GOATS The story in today’s Gospel closes Jesus’ final great teaching discourse.

While not specifically SOLEMNITY OF CHRIST THE KING called a parable, it comes as the climax of the series of parables of the end times. It is in many respects a sort of a key to them and to other aspects of Jesus’ teaching in this Gospel.

It begins with a majestic scene describing the return of the Son of Man in glory. Within a few days, Jesus will end his earthly life in the pain and humiliation of the Passion. After the Resurrection, he will depart unobtrusively, bidding farewell to his own in the relative obscurity of a hillside in Galilee. His return, however, will be glorious, escorted by angels to take his seat for judgment. Before him, all the nations are gathered. Like a shepherd at evening, he separates sheep from goats.

The two speeches addressed to those on either side are substantially the same: what

is different is the reaction of those to whom they are addressed.

The first group are the ‘sheep’: the Bible takes a positive view of sheep. The message addressed to them is positive: they are blessed by the Father; a place has been prepared for them in the Kingdom since the foundation of the world. They have passed six vital tests: they have fed the king when he was hungry, given drink to him when he was thirsty, welcomed him when he was a stranger, clothed him when he was naked or visited him when he was sick or in prison.

Christian tradition adds another act, the burial of the dead, to make these the ‘seven corporal works of mercy’. This comes as a surprise to them. They have no memory of ever having served the king in any of these ways. He reminds them that as long as they did it to the least, the most vulnerable of his brothers and sisters, they did it to him.

The next group to be addressed are those on the left. The same test is applied to them, but they have failed it. Again, this is news

to them: they have never seen the king in any kind of need, but in failing their weak brothers and sisters, they failed the king.

The scene ends with the two groups going their separate ways — the goats to eternal punishment and the just ones to eternal life.

The parables of the end times have spoken continuously about the need to be ready for the mysterious coming of the Son of Man. It is now clear what readiness means.

Jesus’ first sermon on a hillside in Galilee began by proclaiming beatitudes that would distinguish his disciples. His last sermon, on a hill overlooking Jerusalem, ends by enumerating six works of mercy that are a perfect match for the beatitudes. Matthew is a practical teacher, transforming the ideal into the practical. To quote St John of the Cross, “in the evening of life, we shall be judged on love”.

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Today’s Readings Prov 31:10-13, 19-20, 30-31; Ps 127; 1 Th 5:1-6; Mt 25:14-30

Today’s Readings Ez 34:11-12, 15-17; Ps 22; 1 Cor 15:20-26, 28; Mt 25:31-46

THE REALITY CROSSWORD NUMBER 9 NOVEMBER 2020

BE ON YOUR GUARD! Today, we begin a new liturgical year, and a new Gospel. The one who brings us the ‘Good News’ this year is St Mark. For many of us, the first thing that comes to mind when we think of Advent is FIRST SUNDAY the coming of the Christ child at Christmas. The OF ADVENT liturgy of these four Sundays, however, takes a wider perspective. It focuses on the three-fold coming of the Lord – his historical coming as a child born of Mary, his future coming as glorious Son of Man at the end of time, and his sacramental coming through his Word and Sacrament in the liturgy of Christmas.

The future coming is particularly prominent in the first weeks of Advent. As the nights grow longer and darker, the instinct of the human body is to take more rest. The liturgy of Advent, however, emphasises Jesus’ call to watchfulness in today’s Gospel. Spoken originally to the disciples on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem at the beginning of the last week of his life, it was originally intended to alert them to the dangers which lay ahead in the Passion. Later, in the finished written Gospel, it may have been intended to alert the followers of St Mark of an approaching crisis of faith when Jerusalem fell to the Roman armies. The metaphor of the man going on a journey and giving instructions to his disciples before his departure anticipates the return of Christ. Risen and ascended into heaven, he will return.

He left no timetable for that return however, and so an attitude of watchfulness should be built into the life of his followers. They should be ready for him whatever time of the day or night he will return.

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SOLUTIONS CROSSWORD No. 7 ACROSS: Across: 1. Baobab, 5. Joseph, 10. Caldera, 11. Coronet, 12. Iago, 13. Jonah, 15. Biro, 17.

Nil, 19. Muslin, 21. Useful, 22. Quivers, 23. Shogun, 25. Nausea, 28. Gnu, 30. Ruse, 31. Goats, 32.

Ergo, 35. Flat cap, 36. Pompeii, 37. Hymnal, 38. Annals.

DOWN: 2. lleges, 3. Bier, 4. Beacon, 5. Jackal, 6. Spry, 7. Pontiff, 8. Schism, 9. Stroll, 14. Nirvana, 16. Pique, 18. Essay, 20. Nun, 21. Urn, 23. Strife, 24. Ossuary, 26. Surreal, 27. Adonis, 28. Gospel, 29. Utopia, 33. Scan, 34. Amen.

Winner of Crossword No. 7 Una Donnolly, Newbridge, Co Kildare.

ACROSS 1. Counting snakes. (6) 5. Epic Latin poem by Virgil. (6) 10. The least amount required. (7) 11. A match for the devil! (7) 12. The first murder victim in history. (4) 13. Country referred to as the "Roof of the World." (5) 15. The cutting side of a blade. (4) 17. Strike lightly especially with a slight sound. (3) 19. A tall upright stone of a kind erected in prehistoric times. (6) 21. The fidelity of a feudal vassal to his lord. (6) 22. Landlocked country of central Europe. (7) 23. Existing but not yet developed or manifest. (6) 25. Country known as the cradle of Western Civilisation. (6) 28. The snake traditionally believed to have killed Cleopatra. (3) 30. Caribbean Communist country visited by Pope Francis in 2015. (4) 31. Irish patriot who led an abortive rebellion against British rule in 1803. (5) 32. "Able was I ere I saw ...?" (4) 35. Archangel who led God's armies against Satan's force during the war in Heaven. (7) 36. The walls of Jericho fell after the use of this musical instrument. (7) 37. A large drinking cup shaped like a bowl mentioned in the Bible. (6) 38. Christian festival celebrating the resurrection of Jesus. (6)

DOWN 2. An underground prison cell, especially in a castle. (7) 3. These Wych trees were almost wiped out by a Dutch disease. (4) 4. The highest point of a hill or mountain. (6) 5. In the arms of Morpheus. (6) 6. Partofthebodythatconnectstheheadwiththetorso.(4) 7. A person who does not accept a particular faith, especially Christianity. (7) 8. Preserve a body after death. (6) 9. A clockwork model of the solar system. (6) 14. The first and basic sacrament of the Roman Catholic Church. (7) 16. A larger than life person, Goliath perhaps. (5) 18. "Blessed are the pure in ..." (Matthew) (5) 20. A furrow in the ground made the passage of vehicles. (3) 21. Soft, sweet fruit with thin skin and many small seeds. (3) 23. A person who stands in temporarily, especially for a priest or doctor. (6) 24. King James I wrote a 'Counterblaste' against this substance in 1604. (7) 26. The partial or total blocking of light from one celestial body by another. (7) 27.Raises to a higher rank or position. (6) 28. An ornament thought to give protection against evil. (6) 29. Crushing tool used with a mortar. (6) 33. The original name of Paul the Apostle. (4) 34 Small insects. (4)

Entry Form for Crossword No.9, November 2020 Name:

Today’s Readings

Address: Telephone:

Is 63:16-17; 64:1,3-8; Ps 79; 1 Cor 1:3-9; Mk 13:33-37 All entries must reach us by Monday, November 30, 2020 One €35 prize is offered for the first correct solutions opened. The Editor’s decision on all matters concerning this competition will be final. Do not include correspondence on any other subject with your entry which should be addressed to: Reality Crossword No.9, Redemptorist Communications, St Joseph's Monastery, Dundalk, County Louth A91 F3FC