Bahrain Food Monitor - September 2023 by Red House Marketing

FOOD

VOLUME 01 | ISSUE 02 SEPTEMBER 2023

THE BIG INTERVIEW:

Professor Waleed Al-Zubari Shares His Expertise On Bahrain’s Water Landfill Expert Dr Sumaya Yusuf Hasan Shares Her Insights

Grow Your Own Rooftop Garden How E-Commerce Affects Food Security menacentre.org

Management Consultation Information Technology Consultation Executive Education - Data Science Solutions

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Chairman’s Letter MENA Centre for Investment Chairman

Dr. Zakaria Ahmed Hejres For more info visit menacentre.org

Red House Marketing Publisher and Chairman

George Middleton Editor

Farrah Saville Production Manager

Muna Yousef Assistant Editor and Writer

Jessica Farah Designer

Hatem Monem Photographer

Subeesh Kumar Printing Press Union Press, Bahrain Published monthly by

Red House Marketing P.O. Box 20461, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain Tel: (+973) 17 813-777 Email: info@redhousemarketing.com www.bahrainthismonth.com © Copyright Reserved 2005-2023 The concept, content, style and design of this publication remain the exclusive property of Red House Marketing (Jersey) Ltd. and must not be reproduced in any form whatsoever without prior written permission. Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, Red House Marketing cannot accept legal responsibility for any error or omission. • Views expressed in this magazine by journalists and writers are not necessarily those of the publishers of Bahrain This Month. Licensed by the Ministry of Information Publication Code: TA001

t is with great pleasure that I welcome you to the second edition of Bahrain Food Monitor, a magazine dedicated to delivering the latest insights on food security, sustainability, logistics, and value chains. Our publication is proudly steered by the Mena Centre for Investment, a nonprofit organisation passionately engaged in collaborating with Bahrain and other GCC nations to tackle the intricate challenges of food security. Bahrain Food Monitor has a singular mission: to convene all stakeholders within the realm of food security, fostering meaningful dialogues that benefit both the individuals and enterprises that constitute the tapestry of regional food security. With a wide regional lens, we will explore the essential steps required to elevate food security, address the constraints of resources in the sector, and advocate for practical, responsive food security policies. At the Mena Centre for Investment, one of our primary objectives is to adopt proactive and collaborative approaches in forging innovative solutions and models for sustainable food security across the region. Our endeavours have led to successful food security initiatives in Bahrain and other GCC countries, yielding tangible and resultsoriented outcomes. Presently, we are actively engaging stakeholders in various activities, encompassing knowledge sharing, policy formulation, research, and technology transfers, all aimed at fostering a climate of collective responsibility to advance food security. Our mandate is to facilitate connections among experts and decision-makers, enabling them to confront these challenges head-on. In this spirit, we are proud to announce the continued journey of Bahrain Food Monitor—a magazine designed to combat food insecurity within the region. We are acutely aware that no single individual or entity can singularly confront the multifaceted challenge of food security. The intricacy of this issue necessitates a concerted effort, with public, private, and civil society partners converging with a shared commitment to a brighter future, marked by enhanced food security and sustainability. We cordially invite you to join us in our relentless pursuit of success for this initiative. We remain steadfast in our dedication to serving as a platform that promotes the advancement of food security and sustainability in Bahrain, fuelled by innovation and development. Warm regards,

Dr. Zakaria Ahmed Hejres

EDITOR’S W

Letter

elcome to the second edition of our Bahrain Food Monitor, where we aim to bring you the latest news, trends, and insights from around the GCC and Bahrain on food security. This issue offers a range of diverse topics, highlighting some of the key topics relating to food security with a special focus on water.

In our news section, we have curated a selection of headlines and updates that shed light on the current state of food security in the Gulf region and around the world. The Bahrain Food Monitor team have provided an in-depth report on the country’s efforts to strengthen its food security infrastructure. Additionally, we have a special report on the overall state of food security in the region, exploring the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. The influence of technology on the industry is undeniable, as we dedicate a section to understanding the impact of e-commerce and food apps. Our article on proportional eating examines how these innovations have influenced consumer behavior, while also considering the implications for food security. Our feature on date palm farming sheds light on their innovative techniques, while also exploring the challenges they face. Additionally, we address the global egg shortage, providing essential information for our readers. Understanding the fishing industry is essential in our quest for food security, and we have dedicated a section to this topic. We profile Fish Farm LLC in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to gain insights into the challenges and opportunities in the country’s fishing sector. Furthermore, we have explored Oman’s thriving fishing industry and examined the issue of overfishing, suggesting actions that companies and consumers can take to mitigate its impact. An integral part of achieving food security lies in exploring alternative

farming methods, and in this edition, we focus on aquaculture, aquaponics, and hydroponics. We highlight Bahrain’s Aquaponics Farm, Bahrain Line Aquaponics Center showcasing their innovative practices. Furthermore, we shed light on the growing popularity of vertical farming in Kuwait and discuss the hydro scene in Saudi Arabia. Water scarcity is a pressing concern in the GCC, and we address this issue through our water report with Professor Walid Al-Zubari. Here, we look in-depth at the state of Bahrain’s water. We cover Saudi Arabia’s efforts to bolster water-saving initiatives and spotlight a water condensation project done by a university student in Bahrain which may be a solution to collecting drinking water. We also look ahead, predicting whether climate labels will become mainstream and exploring their potential impact. Waste management is another critical aspect of food security, we interview Dr Sumaya Hasan from the Arabian Gulf University and she shares her valuable input on landfills and how they impacts food security. Additionally, we provide insights into how GCC countries can tackle waste, highlighting successful strategies and innovative approaches. We hope that this edition of our magazine provides you with valuable insights and sparks further discussions on this important topic. As we strive to address the challenges of food security in the GCC and the wider world, we aim to be a trusted source of information, providing you with inspiring stories and practical solutions along the way.

Yours sincerely, Farrah Saville

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Contents September 2023

News and Updates 8

Unpacking Bahrain’s Fitch Rating

Your Guide To Shows, Expos And Events To Attend

12 The GCC’s Growth In Food Safety And Security Continues 14 A Look At Global Food Security Issues 16 UN Report: A Wake Up Call For The Fight Against Hunger 18 Sustainable Food Systems: Is It Possible

Trending and Lifestyle 19 What Can You Expect In Sustainable Food 20 What’s On Your Plate? 21 Going Green On Your Rooftop

22 Ordering In - How Food Apps Impact Food Security

Water 23 Tips And Tricks To Reduce Water 24 Dr Walid Al-Zubari Sheds Light On Bahrain’s Water 28 A Solution To Collect Drinking Water? 30 Desalination Could Be The Answer For Water Security In The Middle East 32 Saudi Arabia’s Impressive Hydro Scene

Fishing

34 Get To Know More About The UAE’s Fish Farm 36 A Look Into Oman’s Thriving Fishing Industry 38 Overfishing - What Can Companies And Consumers Do? 39 Why Bahrain’s Shrimp Ban Is Important

Aquaculture, Aquaponics and Hydroponics 40 Learn More About A Local Aquaponics And Bee Farm

42 The Hydro Scene Flourishes In Saudi Arabia 43 Vertical Farming On The Increases In Kuwait

Manufacturing and Logistics 44 Dr Sumaya Hasan Explains How Landfills Can Impact Food Security

47 Will Climate Labels Become Mainstream? 48 Learn More About Local Halwa Producer Showaiter Delights 50 How Can GCC Countries Tackle Waste? 52 Agritech- The Future Of Food Security

Agriculture and Farming

54 Delve Into Bahrain’s Date Palm Farming Scene 56 How Saudi Arabia’s Poultry Scene Is Growing 57 Egg Prices Soar Across The Globe 58 Recipes: Eating Local Can Contribute To Food Security

54 menacentre.org

news & updates

UNDERSTANDING BAHRAIN’S B+ RATING The IMF executive board in its article IV consultation said Bahrain showed strong growth in 2022, which was in-line with other GCC countries.

itch Ratings in July scored Bahrain a B+ with a stable outlook. The rating was as a result of financial backing from partners in the GCC and high GDP per capita.

Fitch predicated that the deficit will narrow to 4.9% of GDP in 2023, from 5.9% in 2022. This is because revenues are expected to increase despite oil revenues contracting by about 3% of a Brent oil price of USD80 per barrel in 2023. The data presented by Fitch and the IMF also has an estimate of extra budgetary spend, which leads to wider deficits. Fitch has acknowledged Bahrain’s 2023-2024 budget has a credible path to improve non-oil balance. The IMF executive board in its article IV consultation said Bahrain showed strong growth in 2022, which was inline with other GCC countries.

“Government debt declined to 117.6 percent of GDP in 2022 from 127.1 percent of GDP in 2021. The current account improved markedly and posted its largest surplus in decades, estimated at 15.4 percent of GDP in 2022, up from 6.6 percent of GDP surplus in 2021. The banking system remains resilient with ample buffers and has so far withstood the phasing out of COVID measures and tightening financial conditions,” said the IMF in a statement. The Fitch report estimated that end-2022 USD2.5 billion of the GCC package remained to be disbursed. That would cover around 55% of Bahrain’s USD4.5 billion of maturing Eurobonds and Sukuk in 2023-2024. Fitch reports that the GCC partners are likely to extend new loans should it be unable to cover its funding needs with other sources.

Rating sensitives include significant deterioration of public debt dynamics and some signs of weakening GCC support. At the same time, a positive rating action and upgrade could be included by confidence in a sustained reduction in government debt and structural features which could lead to reforms that generate high non-oil revenue. “We assume significant, but not full implementation of non-oil revenue raising measures and current spending cuts, resulting in a projected breakeven oil price of USD75/bbl in 2024 based on the same definition as the government’s USD60/bbl target, although there is upside risk. We project the non-oil budget deficit to narrow to 18% of GDP in 2024 from 21% in 2022. Non-oil revenue will increase but remain modest at 8% of non-oil GDP.” – Fitch report

news & updates

MARK YOUR CALENDAR

We round-up the upcoming food events, conferences and talks across the region

Gulfood Manufacturing (7-9 Nov)

This event is considered the biggest global gathering of F&B machinery solutions and ingredients innovation in the MEASA region. It leads the future of food production and aims to drive the industry manufacturing chain towards a more sustainable, resilient, agile and efficient future. The focus is on new ingredients and advanced technologies, with integrated supply chain solutions and digital adaption being on the forefront of the agenda. Attendees will also be able to explore breakthrough influences moving the industry forward. Participants will also be able to learn from key industry players on how to tackle business challenges. Whether it is optimising operational efficiency, driving responsible and sustainable sourcing with trackable supply chains, to navigating entry barriers to new markets, the event aims to educate and impart key lessons for those attending. Advice on how to adopt sustainable practices and generate funding from different sources across the F&B manufacturing value chain will also be shared. With sustainability being top of mind for every business, the event will showcase the latest innovations and provide insight into new trends across the world. From the inner coating of food cans developed using tomato waste to replacing single use plastics with algae-based biodegradable edible film, speakers will present the latest cutting-edge information.

Creating a resilient, agile and efficient future are themes for all attendees. As global inflation affects the supply chain, the conference looks to solutions on how to get high quality at better costs. Considering the economic climate, along with ways to be more efficient in energy, equipment and general costs, deep-dives on how to be agile in this environment will be done over the course of the event. From the global benefits of reducing food loss and waste and how to do it, to the future of food and responsible production, all facets are covered over the three day event. Held over three days in November, the latest solutions on ingredients, processing, packaging and control automations will also be on the agenda. Delegates are given the option to take innovation tours, given the large scope of the event, which will enable a personalised guided tour with a dedicated host across the exhibition. The event is considered a networking session for industry professionals, not only wanting to stay at the forefront of the industry, but also to form new global partnerships, witness the announcement of innovative products, deals, collaborations and signings. Visit: gulfoodmanufacturing.com

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news & updates

Fruit Attraction (3-5 October)

Considered the World’s epicenter for the commercialisation of fresh produce, this event is where innovation, diversity and sustainability are key themes. Operators and retailers from around the world gather to plan campaigns to unite 90,000 potential customers from 135 countries who are looking to investigate the latest trends in the fruit and vegetable industry. Held in Madrid, Spain, the event is a key item on the food event diary.

Visit: ifema.es/en/fruit-attraction

Saudi Agro-food (23-26 October)

Held at the Riyadh International Convention & Exhibition Centre, Saudi Arabia, this event is dedicated to the food processing and packaging industry. The region’s professionals in the agriculture and food industries will present on technologies, products, services and solutions in all phases of the food processing and packaging pipeline.

Visit: saudi-agriculture.com

ICABS

(1-2 November) The International Conference on Agricultural and Biological Sciences (ICABS) aims to provide all participants the chance to share ideas with peers from around the world. Held at Sharjah in the UAE, there is a prize for the best paper that is able to make the most significant impact at the conference. Authors have been asked to make submissions of their research abstracts, papers and e-editions. All submitted conference papers are blind peer reviewed by three competent reviewers and a certificate of presentation will be distributed.

Visit: arsss.org/Conference

The Speciality Food Festival (7-9 Nov)

The festival is one of the world’s best marketplaces for top chefs, restaurants, hoteliers, suppliers and industry leaders to come together. There is an exclusive showcase of the best in fine foods, exotic ingredients and artisanal discoveries to be presented. From cutting edge trends, insights into vegan and plant-based products, organic, artisan and gourmet products, the international selections available to guests provides the ability to share knowledge to all. The event is hosted at the Dubai World Trade Centre.

Visit: speciality.ae

WETEX

(15 - 17Nov) WETEX and Dubai Solar Show make up the region’s largest sustainability and clean energy technology exhibition. The twin events support Dubai’s vision to build a sustainable future. Advancements in water conservation, saving natural resources and building sustainable environments are the key themes. Held at the Dubai World Trade Centre this is an excellent opportunity to engage with captains of industry.

Visit: dwtc.com

news & updates

Growtech

(22-25 November) The exhibition is the biggest in the field of greenhouses, bringing together experts in technology and equipment, irrigation systems and technologies, seed development and growing, seedling cultivation and plant nutrition and protection. Held in Antalya, Turkey, the event brings together world leaders to network and help find sustainable solutions to protect our future.

Visit: growtech.com.tr

Saudi Food Expo (13-16 November)

Held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, this exhibition is focussed on exploring opportunities related to the regions’ multi billion dollars mega projects taking place. There will also be ideas on how to join the $54B food industry. It is also a chance to link with new vendors, wholesales and suppliers within the F&B business.

Visit: saudifoodexpo.com

World of Coffee: Specialty Coffee Association 2024 (21-23 Jan)

Whether you are working in the UAE coffee sector or looking to access the growing commercial potential in the region, this event is a must-attend. The region is steeped in coffee history, with the fast-growing market showing trends that predict the UAE’s coffee market will grow at 8.3% CAGR through to 2027. There are over 20 planned workshops plus a trade floor with over 300 exhibitors.

Visit: dwtc.com

Gulfood

(19-23 February) Bringing together over 100,000 new products from 125 countries, the largest annual F&B sourcing event in the world is back. There will be over 1m sq ft of products and innovations on display, creating opportunities to sign deals, launch products and announce new opportunities. There will be a culinary experience featuring world renowned Michelin star chefs, as well as stories from women revolutionising the food industry. This event will also have the Gulfood Green Awards, which will celebrate excellence in sustainability and encourage green best practice across the F&B value chain.

Visit: gulfood.com

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THE GCC AT A GLANCE Here’s how innovative projects to boost food sustainability are being carried out around the region. We take you through some of the major strides each country has made to ensure food security is top of the national agenda and securing a future of sustainable production methods and no wastage remains key to success measures.

Kuwait • Green Life Company launched its innovative

agriculture project in February, using aeroponic technology for air farming in Kuwait. This initiative aims to bolster food security by producing healthy, high-quality agricultural products with minimal water.

• Government officials are focussing on learning

from other nations who have more mature food security measures in place. Acting Director-General of the Public Authority for Agriculture Affairs and Fish Resources, Meshaal Al-Qurayfa, met with the Ambassador of Italy to the country, Carlo Balducci, about enhancing food security. The focus was on improving the agricultural climate in Kuwait and developing plant, animal and fish production.

Saudi Arabia • Saudi Arabia’s state agriculture fund

pledged to invest in future share offerings by Brazilian meat giant BRF. Although a final settlement is expected to be signed by the end of the year the Saudi Agricultural and Livestock Investment Co. (Salic) pledged to subscribe to 250 million shares. Marfrig Global Foods, another Brazilian protein heavyweight and BRF’s largest shareholder made the same commitment. Set up in the early 2010’s to achieve a food security strategy by providing food products and stabilising prices, Salic forms part of the Saudi Kingdom overall Vision 2030 to reduce the country’s food imports. This also contributes towards diversifying the country’s economy from oil.

news & updates

Bahrain • The Ministry of Industry and Commerce signed an agreement to

lease an industrial plot in Salman Industrial City for the Bahrain Sugar Refinery. This is one of the industries that support the objectives of the industrial sector strategy (2022-26), as the Bahrain Sugar Refinery is key to the food industry in the region. It is expected to increase exports and contribution of the industrial sector to the GDP.

Qatar • There has been an 82% self-sufficiency increase

in date production in the region. This is due to support from the Agricultural Affairs Department of the Ministry of Municipality. Support to local farmers in the form of fertilisers, pollination and services for preparing the lands to improve the quality of local dates have been prioritised. The Ministry also organises festivals for fresh and dried dates, enabling farmers to speak directly to consumers, eliminating middlemen.

The UAE • Fish Farms LLC, which includes

a hatchery, cage farms and Recirculating Aquaculture Systems facilities in Dubai, has been applauded for its effort in the local aquaculture industry. In just the past year alone, the company produced 6 million fingerlings of assorted species, and sold roughly 2,500 tonnes of farmed fish. Much of this production was European seabream grown in cages in the Gulf of Oman and Indian Ocean. The company has proved local producers can effect change in producing high quality and sustainable seafood in the UAE.

• According to Food Navigator, the UAE

implemented new corporate taxation in June this year. This aims to advance global competitiveness, including the transformation of the food and beverage industry to boost local food security. Businesses with profits in excess of AED 375,000 are subject to 9% corporate taxation.

Oman

• Government has signed

agreements to boost wheat production in the Dhofar region. This is part of initiatives to support the agricultural sector. • In South Al Batinah, a contract was signed to establish a honey bee museum. The contract provides for the setting up of an exhibition, museum and honey bee institute. Trees will also be planted to provide a sustainable habitat for honey bees. • Government officials are enabling a soil enrichment project in the Wilayat of Barka area. It seeks to help with environmental pollution by collecting harmful palm waste and using it to make alternative products. • Around 50,000 palm trees of different varieties will be planted in the Al Buraimi Governorate. All of the initiatives aim to bolster food security in the region, with the investment from officials showing support for innovative ideas around food security.

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SYSTEMATIC BARRIERS IMPACT FOOD SECURITY

Increasing food prices and stagnant incomes have been identified as major obstacles to achieving food security. About one in six, or 15.9 per cent, of households in Canada experience food insecurity. Report by the conversation

conomic barriers like food prices are not the only obstacles to food security. Our study, published by Food Secure Canada, outlines that systemic barriers like colonialism, racism and other systems of injustice are among the root causes of food insecurity in Canada. According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, food security requires economic, physical and social access to food. Economic access involves factors such as income, poverty and food affordability. Physical access is related to infrastructure and facilities like roads and transportation. Social access focuses on ensuring people have access to all the necessary resources within society for nutritious and culturally appropriate foods. Food insecurity happens if any of these paths fail. The interlinked barriers to food security Our research reveals three major barriers to accessing food:

• •

affordability

•

systemic forms of discrimination like colonialism and racism.

policies that perpetuate wealth and income disparity, and

The findings demonstrate that those living with a low income demand longterm solutions that comprehensively address all forms of food access. Our study identified affordability as the main barrier to food access. The Consumer Price Index shows that food prices have increased by 10.4 per cent in 2022. Similarly, Canada’s Food Price Report in 2023 indicates that food prices remain a major concern for Canadians, increasingly putting

pressure on household food security. Income inequality in Canada has increased over the past 20 years. The Canada Emergency Response Benefit (CERB) is a policy targeted at reducing the effects of job disruption during the pandemic. For many food activists, CERB is an example of how a basic income measure can address income inequality. Recent statistics, however, show that it was ineffective in improving food security for those receiving the benefit.

This suggests that future policies need to better address income disparities. Policies also need to address why certain groups — like Indigenous Peoples living off reserves, recent immigrants and people with disabilities — are consistently among those who are living with low incomes compared to other groups. Discrimination, racism and colonialism Various systems of discrimination such as racism and colonialism furthermore impact access to food. The highest

news & updates percentage of individuals living in food-insecure households in Canada are Indigenous Peoples (30.7 per cent), Arab/West Asian (27.6 per cent) and Black (22.4 per cent). Our study also highlights that racism and colonialism significantly shape the relationship that Black, Indigenous and people of colour have with food. A study participant stated that: “Colonialism has an ongoing impact on how we view food, portions, and our relationships with food that needs to be challenged in order to move towards sustainable consumption.” Historic and ongoing colonialism has separated Indigenous Peoples from their land and food systems. This created significant barriers to accessing foods integral to Indigenous health and well-being. Indigenous communities also face challenges in maintaining practices like hunting and fishing, which are necessary for obtaining culturally appropriate food. In addition, our study found that community initiatives led by Indigenous, Black and people of colour face barriers to receiving grants and funding due to the eurocentric structures and processes included in the application and reporting processes. This limits the number of culturally or heritage-specific programmes that organisations can offer to their communities.

will require elected officials and industry leaders to make significant institutional changes. As proposed in this Food and Agriculture Organisation report, inclusivity and accounting for structural inequalities is required for tackling food insecurity. Our study argues that any solution must be done in a democratic, just and inclusive manner. These approaches should consider Indigenous traditional knowledge and address racism, colonialism and other systems of discrimination. Achieving food security requires Canadians to focus on the underlying causes of food insecurity, not only saving money at the grocery store check-out counter.

About the authors:

Farzaneh Barak Research scientist, School of Human Nutrition, McGill University

Monika Korzun McCain Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow at Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University Republished from theconversation.com

A road map towards food security for all A drop in food prices might immediately address the lack of economic access to food but will not address the root causes of food insecurity. Addressing systemic barriers is vital to ensure economic, physical and social access to food for all people, at all times. These three types of food access are interconnected. Participants in our study highlighted some initiatives that are a step in the right direction. For instance, in 2021 the City of Toronto approved the Toronto Black Food Sovereignty Plan. This is a community-led, five-year program focused on addressing and creating long-term solutions to food insecurity among Black Torontonians. One participant described its significance: “(The plan) aims to champion the right of people of African descent to healthy and culturally-appropriate food, produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems and build their own institutions to advance community capacity and resilience for food access.” Simply identifying systemic barriers to food security is not enough to create change. Long-term solutions

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STATE OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN THE WORLD If trends remain as they are, the Sustainable Development Goal of ending hunger by 2030 will not be reached.

ver 122 million more people are facing hunger in the world since 2019 due to the pandemic and repeated weather shocks and conflicts, including the war in Ukraine, according to the latest State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) report published jointly by five United Nations specialised agencies. If trends remain as they are, the Sustainable Development Goal of ending hunger by 2030 will not be reached, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the World Food Programme (WFP) warn.

A wake-up call for the fight against hunger The 2023 edition of the report reveals that between 691 and 783 million people faced hunger in 2022, with a mid-range of 735 million. This represents an increase of 122 million people compared to 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic.

While global hunger numbers have stalled between 2021 and 2022, there are many places in the world facing deepening food crises. Progress in hunger reduction was observed in Asia and Latin America, but hunger was still on the rise in Western Asia, the Caribbean and throughout all subregions of Africa in 2022. Africa remains the worst-affected region with one in five people facing hunger on the continent, more than twice the global average. “There are rays of hope, some regions are on track to achieve some 2030 nutrition targets. But overall, we need an intense and immediate global effort to rescue the Sustainable Development Goals. We must build resilience against the crises and shocks that drive food insecurity-from conflict to climate, said UN Secretary-General António Guterres through a video message during the launch of the report at the UN Headquarters in New York. The heads of the five UN agencies, FAO Director-General QU Dongyu; IFAD President Alvaro Lario; UNICEF Executive Director Catherine Russell; WFP’s Executive Director Cindy McCain; and WHO Director-General

Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus writes in the report’s Foreword: “No doubt, achieving the Sustainable Development Goal target of Zero Hunger by 2030 poses a daunting challenge. Indeed, it is projected that almost 600 million people will still be facing hunger in 2030. The major drivers of food insecurity and malnutrition are our “new normal”, and we have no option but to redouble our efforts to transform agrifood systems and leverage them towards reaching the Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG 2) targets.”

Beyond hunger The food security and nutrition situation remained grim in 2022. The report finds that approximately 29.6 percent of the global population, equivalent to 2.4 billion people, did not have consistent access to food, as measured by the prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity. Among them, around 900 million individuals faced severe food insecurity. Meanwhile, the capacity of people to access healthy diets has deteriorated across the world: more than 3.1 billion people in the world – or 42

news & updates percent – were unable to afford a healthy diet in 2021. This represents an overall increase of 134 million people compared to 2019. Millions of children under five continue to suffer from malnutrition in 2022, 148 million children under five years of age (22.3 percent) were stunted, 45 million (6.8 percent) were wasted, and 37 million (5.6 percent) were overweight. Progress has been seen in exclusive breastfeeding with 48 percent of infants under 6-months of age benefiting from this practice, close to the 2025 target. However, more concerted efforts will be required to meet the 2030 malnutrition targets.

New evidence: Urbanisation is driving changes in agrifood systems The report also looks at increased urbanisation as a ‘megatrend’ affecting how and what people eat. With almost seven in ten people projected to live in cities by 2050, governments and others working to tackle hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition must seek to understand these urbanisation trends and account for them in their policymaking. In particular, the simple rural and urban divide concept is no longer sufficient to understand the ways in which urbanisation is shaping agrifood

systems. A more complex rural-urban continuum perspective is needed considering both the degree of connectivity that people have and types of connections that exist between urban and rural areas. For the first time, this evolution is documented systematically across eleven countries. The report illustrates that food purchases are significant not only among urban households but also across the rural-urban continuum, including those residing far from urban centres. The new findings also show how consumption of highly processed foods is also increasing in peri-urban and rural areas of some countries. Unfortunately, spatial inequalities remain. Food insecurity affects more people living in rural areas. Moderate or severe food insecurity affected 33 percent of adults living in rural areas and 26 percent in urban areas. Children’s malnutrition also displays urban and rural specificities; the prevalence of child stunting is higher in rural areas (35.8 percent) than in

urban areas (22.4 percent). Wasting is higher in rural areas (10.5 percent) than in urban areas (7.7 percent), while overweight is slightly more prevalent in urban areas (5.4 percent) compared to rural areas (3.5 percent). The report recommends that to effectively promote food security and nutrition, policy interventions, actions and investments must be guided by a comprehensive understanding of the complex and changing relationship between the rural-urban continuum and agrifood systems.

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UNPACKING SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS The UN estimates that 780 million people have experienced hunger and that it impacts one in ten globally.

sustainable food system delivers food security and nutrition for all. This encompasses everything from the processing, packaging and the transporting of food to consumers. Currently, these systems are not efficient or sustainable, and in 2022, about 9.2 per cent of the world’s population was facing chronic hunger, equivalent to about 735 million people – 122 million more than in 2019. In addition, unsustainable practices are one of the main contributors to the climate crisis – they account for a third of greenhouse gas emissions and 70 per cent of the usage of the world’s freshwater. There are three key indicators of whether a food system is sustainable or not:

• Economic sustainability – it is profitable throughout

• Social sustainability– it has broadbased benefits for society

• Environmental sustainability – it has a positive or neutral impact on the natural environment

“Broken food systems are not inevitable. They are the result of choices we have made. There is more than enough food in the world to go around. More than enough money to fund efficient and sustainable food systems to feed the world, while supporting decent work for those who grow the food we eat.” Secretary General, Antonio Guterres said in his remarks to the UN Food Systems Summit +2 Stocktaking Moment.

A stressed global food system SDG 2, ‘Zero Hunger’ aims to end hunger and all forms of malnutrition

by 2030. The UN estimates that 780 million people have experienced hunger and that it impacts one in ten globally. The world is not on track to achieve this goal and 660 million people may still face hunger by 2030.

is a growing demand for all three. Agriculture is the largest consumer of the world’s freshwater resources, and more than one-quarter of the energy used globally is expended on food production and supply.

Today, the world is facing a food emergency. Together, conflict, economic shocks, climate extremes and soaring fertiliser prices have created a food crisis of unprecedented proportions. Food inflation is impacting everyone around the world, and it is an opposing force to the economic gains made after Covid, which had led to improved access to food.

What can we do about the global food crisis?

Alongside being a source of nutrition, food systems are a source of employment across the world such as in agriculture, forestry and fishing The majority of rural poor – nearly two thirds – work in small-scale agriculture, where poverty rates are more than four times higher than among nonagricultural workers.

The triple threat of overconsumption, unsustainable practices and malnutrition Overconsumption is a key issue in food shortages, and wealthier countries are the biggest contributors to the problem. According to UNICEF , if everybody in the world consumed resources at the rate people in the United States, Canada or Luxembourg do, we would require the equivalent of more than five earths to satisfy their needs.

Water, Food and Energy Water, food and energy form a nexus at the heart of sustainable development. With a growing population, there

As outlined in the 2023 SDG Progress Report we need urgent coordinated action, and policy solutions are imperative to address entrenched inequalities, transform food systems, invest in sustainable agricultural practices, and reduce and mitigate the impact of conflict and the pandemic on global nutrition and food security. In July 2023, the UN Food Systems Summit + 2 Stocktaking Moment took place, with the purpose of reviewing progress made from the 2021 Food Systems Summit. The UN SecretaryGeneral, António Gueterres noted in his keynote speech: “Over 100 countries have submitted voluntary progress reports on food systems transformation. Countries are taking decisive steps to reflect this priority in national and sub-national laws, policies and programming”. The Secretary General’s report on UN Food Systems explains that in order to bring the Sustainable Development Goals back from the brink, our Food Systems’ transformation play a vital role and their objectives must be integrated into global and national policy discussions, commitments and targets. Learn more about actions you can take to contribute to a more sustainable world: un.org/actnow.

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SIX SUSTAINABLE FOOD TRENDS TO KEEP AN EYE OUT FOR We detail six trends that are creating the most buzz around sustainable food practices

ith the global population reaching record highs (it currently sits at around 8.1 billion people) sustainable food trends are emerging as a vital part to ensure humans have healthier and more eco-friendly lives. Environmental trends around food sustainability initiatives and innovative methods adopted by producers and consumers to minimise waste and lower the negative impact on the environment has never been this important. We detail six trends that are creating the most buzz around sustainable food practises.

Plant-based proteins There’s a global increase in demand for meat alternatives and the emergence of plant based proteins have fast become the popular trend globally. Big brands like Beyond Meat and Impossible Foods have gained notoriety for their taste similarities to real meat products. At the same time, tempeh, beans and lentils are cementing themselves as alternatives to non-processed plant-based proteins which have similar nutritional values without the criticism of being “highly processed.”

Insect protein In an effort to combat the impact of mass animal farming for the purposes of human consumption, insects like crickets and mealworms are considered a nutrient-rich protein source. These alternative sources of protein are considered another way to feed the growing global population.

Aquaponics and hydroponics Using systems to combine fish farming with soilless plant cultivation, recycling water and nutrients results in a sustainable way of producing both plant and animal food products. The lack of space for farming and the increased demand for healthy and organic produce has resulted in these methods being adopted fairly easily as a way to ensure sustainable food practises are met.

Regenerative agriculture Through the use of techniques like crop rotation, reduced tilling and organic fertilisation, the aim of regenerative agriculture is to restore soil health, biodiversity and the ecosystem balance. A core principle

behind this trend is to work with nature instead of against it.

Algae-based products Sustainable alternatives to fish-derived omega 3 supplements and proteinrich ingredients in food products is growing. Algae, including the likes of spirulina and chlorella, are two of the alternatives that have entered the mainstream market.

Edible packaging The idea behind the introduction of edible packaging is an alternative to combat plastic waste. Edible films and coatings made from seaweed and soy continue to emerge in the food industry. This biodegradable packaging results in reducing waste with health benefits added to the consumption of the wrapping.

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he implications of our daily food choices not only affect our physical and mental well-being but also has an impact on food security. Food waste and bad lifestyle choices all play a part in food security and how we decide what we are going to eat. Deciding to be more conscious about what we consume and the greater impact thereof is investigated below.

HOW PROPORTIONAL EATING CONTRIBUTES TO FOOD SECURITY The adoption of the proportional eating method can have a positive impact on food security.

So, what is proportional eating? Proportional eating can be defined as having three meals in a day with a 3:2:1 proportion. The concept of a 3:2:1 portion of eating meals involves filling half of your plate with carbs, 35% with protein and the rest with plant-based foods. The age-old eating plan involves the inclusion of grains, pulses and vegetables into your diet. It does not cut out a food group and ensures that carbs, often considered a ‘weight-devil’ in eating plans, is more than catered for. When considering the impact of proportional eating on food security, the links between dietary behaviours and food security must be established. Food security is defined as the “availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or the ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways.” According to the World Health Organization (WHO) access, intake and uptake to sufficient amounts of safe and nutricious food is “key to

sustaining life and promoting good health.” The WHO reports that much of food consumed globally contains too little whole plant food and too much added sugars, salt, saturated fats and trans-fatty acids. The WHO also reports that food production patterns and consumption contribute to climate and ecosystem changes. Added to the fact that a third of food produced for human consumption is wasted, food safety is constantly evolving. The ability to follow a diet of proportional eating allows for control of over consumption and diet variety. This style of eating encourages the consumption of whole grains and plant-based foods over fast foods and foods that contain added sugar and salt. The Global Food Security Index report released in 2020 named Bahrain amongst the top 50 food secure nations in the world. In a study published on Frontiers in Public Health entitled The Bahraini food based dietary guidelines: a holistic perspective to health and wellbeing there is low fruit and vegetable intake and excessive consumption of processed meats and sugary drinks in Bahrain. The adoption of the proportional eating method can therefore have a positive impact on food security.

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HOW TO BUILD YOUR OWN

ROOFTOP GARDEN The GCC is filled with high-rise apartment blocks and gorgeous buildings with amazing views, so why not take advantage of this?

ccess to fresh food for people living in cities can be difficult. Enter the growing trend of rooftop agriculture. Rooftop agriculture is a type of urban agriculture which sees food grown on the top of buildings. The benefits of this include reducing extreme heat during summer, decreasing urban poverty, promoting socialisation and easing the budget in general. But how do you even get started?

Here’s our how-to guide to growing food on your roof 1. Planning If you’re going to go in big, with massive pots and water systems, ensure that the roof can handle the load. It may seem like a basic requirement, but having your garden come crashing down into your lounge will be unpleasant.

2. Drainage There needs to be adequate drainage from the roof garden to prevent water accumulation.

3. Planters

straight from the environment.

Building your own planters has never been this easy. Use simple buckets with drainage holes or DIY custom raised beds for a more sophisticated look.

7. Cut out the chemicals

4. Have you checked the weather? Weather conditions on a roof can be extreme, so choose plants you know can survive in very hot, dry and windy conditions. Some ideas: tomatoes, cabbage, spinach, lettuce, green peppers, spring onion and eggplants have shown that they can withstand the elements and grow successfully on roofs.

5. Block the wind If you’ve got an area with a lot of wind, make sure there is a shade cloth or trellis to help protect your garden

Try to use only animal and plant derived fertilisers. This means that you’ll cut out any chemical use, making your haul of food truly organic.

8. Can it It’s likely there won’t be a source of water on the roof. So, get yourself a watering can. If this is going to be a burden, and depending on the size of your garden, you can also consider setting up a water system.

9. It’ll take time You’ll need a lot of it. Growing your own food supply is tough enough, never mind on a roof. Enough care for your plants and figuring out weather patterns will help your food supply flourish.

6. Water: waste not Here’s your chance to be water-wise. Plan for the collection and storage of rainwater. These eco-friendly ideas will help you support your food garden

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Food delivery apps have revolutionised the food sector By Nazley Oman E-commerce continues to transform the food & beverages industry in the GCC, consumer confidence remains relatively high as online food buying, and mobile e-commerce provides new ways to shop for and buy food and services.

-commerce and delivery apps have transformed the food industry by changing the way people order and consume food, which has had a massive effect on the restaurant landscape. The convenience of ordering food from your smartphone or computer has gained immense popularity over the past decade. The global rise of e-commerce and delivery apps gained popularity in the mid-2000s with the launch of Grubhub in 2004 and UberEATS in 2014. In the GCC, apps such as Talabat, Zomato, Deliveroo, TMDone and Careem NOW dominate the local landscape. Growth of the sector A recent report ongoing study by Infinium Global Research indicates that the value of the market in 2022 was over US$ 3 billion and it is expected to reach more than US$ 9 billion in 2028 with a CAGR of approximately 19% during the forecast period.

E-commerce continues to transform the food & beverages industry in GCC, consumer confidence remains relatively high as online food buying, and mobile e-commerce provides new ways to shop for and buy food and services. However, the high cost of supply chain and logistics is affecting the growth of the market. Moreover, the emergence of digitisation and advanced online services provides growth opportunities for the online food delivery market in the GCC. The impact Restaurants: E-commerce and delivery apps have affected the food industry in several ways. Restaurants have had to shift their focus to takeout and delivery, leading to changes in menu items and packaging. Many restaurants have also had to invest in new technology, such as online ordering systems and specialised packaging for delivery orders, to keep up with the demand.

Consumer habits: Consumers have become accustomed to the convenience of ordering food online, leading to increased demand for delivery and takeout options. Modern customers have come to expect maximum convenience and minimum human interaction. Furthermore, research suggests that consumers are more likely to make unhealthy decisions when ordering food, than if they prepared food at home. The environment: The increase in food delivery has led to more packaging waste, with single-use plastics, paper and cardboard being a major contributor. Additionally, delivery drivers’ carbon footprint has become a concern, as the number of cars and motorcycles on the road delivering food has increased. In conclusion, e-commerce and delivery apps have transformed the food industry, leading to changes in how restaurants operate and how consumers order food. While the convenience of online ordering has been a game-changer for many, it has also led to environmental concerns. As the industry continues to grow, it will be essential to address these concerns to ensure a sustainable future for the food industry.

water

EFFECTIVE WAYS TO REDUCE WATER CONSUMPTION IN THE GCC With all GCC nations classified as having "acute scarcity” of water, according to the UN, finding solutions to reduce water usage is paramount.

t is important to find effective ways to reduce water consumption because water scarcity is a major issue in the GCC region. With limited freshwater resources and increasing populations, finding sustainable solutions is crucial to ensure a stable water supply for both present and future generations. The Middle East Institute in 2009, urged the GCC to take immediate action, saying with the exception of Oman, all GCC nations were classified as having "acute scarcity” of water, according to the UN at the time. This suggested that the yearly renewable water capacity of these countries is less than 500 m3 per capita. In April 2023, a new World Bank report, titled ‘The Economics of Water Scarcity in MENA: Institutional Solutions’, noted that by the end of this decade, the amount of water available per capita annually will fall below the absolute water scarcity threshold of 500 m3 per person, per year. Reducing water consumption can also lead to significant cost savings and help mitigate the environmental impact of excessive water usage. Here are seven effective methods that can be used to help reduce water consumption in the GCC:

1. Raise awareness through education campaigns

5. Invest in desalination and wastewater treatment plants

Educate the public about the importance of water conservation and provide practical tips on how to conserve water in daily life.

Increase the production of fresh water through desalination and reuse treated wastewater for nonpotable purposes, reducing the strain on freshwater resources. This can help meet the growing demand for water while also reducing reliance on traditional sources.

2. Implement water-efficient technologies Encourage the use of low-flow faucets, showerheads, and toilets to minimise water waste without compromising on functionality.

6. Implementing strict rules to govern water usage

Adopting advanced irrigation techniques like drip irrigation or soil moisture sensors can significantly reduce water usage in landscaping and agriculture.

Implementing strict rules to govern water usage in public spaces and commercial buildings, such as hotels and malls, can help reduce water consumption. Additionally, implementing penalties or fines for excessive water usage can further incentivise individuals and businesses to conserve water.

4. Encourage rainwater harvesting

7. Invest in advanced technologies to assist

Promote the installation of rainwater collection systems to capture and store rainwater for various uses, such as watering plants or flushing toilets, reducing the reliance on freshwater sources.

Investing in advanced technologies, such as smart meters and other innovative gadgets that can accurately measure and monitor water usage in households and businesses.

3. Promote smart irrigation systems

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water

BAHRAIN’S INNOVATIONS IN WATER MANAGEMENT FOR A RESILIENT FUTURE Dr Walid Al-Zubari, Professor of Water Resources Management, Arabian Gulf University, Coordinator of the Water Resources Management Program, College of Graduate Studies Coordinator of the UN Water Learning Centre for the Arab Region at the Arabian Gulf University speaks to Bahrain Food Monitor about nature’s precious resource - water.

From a risk-based perspective, the main challenge facing the water sector is securing domestic water supplies during emergencies.

How did you end up working with water in Bahrain/GCC? I had a BSc. Geology in 1980 from Alexandria University. At that time there were no universities in Bahrain and the majority of high schools’ graduates with good grades were given scholarships to study abroad in the universities of the Arab countries like Egypt, Kuwait, Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon. After graduating from Alexandria University with high grades, I worked at the Bahrain National Oil Company (BANOCO) for three years as a petroleum geologist.

water

During that time, the Arabian Gulf University was a project established in the early 1980s and funded by the six GCC countries to serve a number of objectives, the political one is to be a symbol of unity among the GCC countries and to have GCC nationals studying under one roof, and the developmental objective to address major challenging issues facing the GCC countries, such as water, food, energy, and environment through the provision of unique non-traditional academic program in these topics. I applied and after passing the interview and some exams, I was employed as a graduate assistant, but was asked to change my specialisation from petroleum to water, which was given a priority among the university academic programs. i.e., this foresight of the university founding fathers is the reason why I ended up working in water in the GCC countries! In 1984 I was awarded a scholarship by the Arabian Gulf University to obtain my masters and PhD degrees. I obtained my MSc degree in 1987 in the field of groundwater mathematical modeling from Ohio University and then my PhD degree in 1990 in the same field from Colorado State University, and then joined AGU in 1990 as an assistant professor in water resources, and I am still with the university. What has your research shown you about water security in Bahrain/GCC? It should be noted that water security, like energy, food, health

and environmental securities are unconventional security issues. While conventional security generally refers to protecting states, groups and individuals from military threats and with defined responsible institutions for dealing with these threats, these unconventional security issues have no similar clarity of definition nor clear institutions to deal with them. As an important input in national socio-economic development and its political role between riparian countries, the term “water security” has a wide range of perspectives and meanings, and spans many issues. It varies from one country to another, from one spatial scale to another (city, country, group of countries), and even from institution to another within a given country. For example, for a downstream country of a shared river basin - such as Syria, Iraq and Egypt water security is referred to in the context of securing water rights in the river basin. For some countries, the term is associated with protecting domestic water supply from adversarial actions (e.g., perspective of USA homeland Security). In the GCC countries, the term water security is repeatedly indicated when referring to securing domestic water supply during emergencies. In some countries, such as Canada, water security is meant not only to ensure water supplies to humans and economic activities,

but also for ecosystem health. However, there is a consensus now that water security has five key dimensions that we need to look at seriously when evaluating its level in a given country, i.e., at the national level. These are: 1) Household water security (access to water supply and sanitation and hygiene) 2) Economic water security (water productivity in consuming sectors) 3) Urban water security (urban supply and wastewater treatment coverage and flood damage) 4) Environmental water security (externalities from water system) 5) Resilience to water-related disasters and emergencies.

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water And in general, there are two approaches to addressing water security: 1) Developmental Approach (normal long-term conditions), which seeks to improve water security over time through a combination of policies, reforms, and investment projects; it advocates improvement of governance and management, establishing strong institutional and societal capacities, and investments in R&D and technology and 2) Risk-based Approach (emergency conditions), which seeks to manage risks and reduce vulnerability to waterrelated disasters and emergencies. These two approaches, the developmental approach under normal conditions, and the risk-based approach under emergency conditions are complementary and need to be pursued simultaneously. i.e., if a water management system is efficient (e.g., high water awareness and low losses), its resilience in the face of emergencies will be significantly higher than a system that is inefficient. In the past decades, the majority of the GCC countries have focused their efforts on the latter by increasing their resilience in the face of water emergencies. However, recently, the developmental approach has been gaining momentum in many countries. The overall challenge to water security in the GCC countries is the continuous increase in water scarcity (measured in per capita renewable freshwater resources which is about 80 m3/capita/year, which is way below the “absolute water poverty” line of 500 m3/capita/yr compared to a global average of 6,000), due to increasing population and continuous depletion and quality deterioration of the region’s groundwater resources on one hand, and on the other the

increasing financial, economic and environmental costs associated with the reliance on non-conventional water resources such as desalination to compensate for the water shortage to meet the rapidly increasing sectoral water requirements. Furthermore, the vulnerability of the water sector to climate change in the GCC countries is considered to be high and climate change is expected to act as an additional stress factor on the already heavily stressed water sector in these countries. These challenges are expected to grow with time if current external and internal driving forces of the water sector continue in the future. External driving forces include rapid population and urbanisation growth rates, prevailing general subsidy systems, anticipated impacts of climate change, increasing food demands, while internal driving forces include general low water efficiencies in both supply and use, inadequate recycling and limited reuse. From a risk-based perspective, the

main challenge facing the water sector is securing domestic water supplies during emergencies. The domestic water supply systems in the GCC countries depend heavily on desalination plants, ranging from 100% in UAE to about 75% in Saudi Arabia, with an overall regional dependency of about 85%. The majority of the desalination plants feed water is from the Arabian Gulf (except for Oman and western Saudi Arabia). Desalination plants are highly vulnerable and at risk to a number of threats that might occur in the closed Arabian Gulf seawater from various activities. These activities can be land-based or marine-based, natural or man-made, intentional or accidental. These include maritime pollution (e.g., oil spills, chemical spills, and red tide), maritime contamination (e.g., nuclear and wastewater), natural disasters (e.g., hurricane, seawater flooding), actual combat (e.g., targeting desalination facilities). Other risks to the municipal water supply system are power outages, hacking of the ICT and SCADA system, and intentional contamination of the drinking water supply system. Now, all the GCC countries have emergency preparedness plans and early warning systems for any event that could occur in their water supply system. These include alternative water sources, underground and above ground storage systems. What is the state of water in Bahrain? What is available for consumption and what is available for crops? Bahrain’s water resources consist of desalination (55% of total water supply), groundwater (36%) and treated wastewater (9%). In general, the water authority policy is that desalination is to be dedicated to fulfill domestic/ drinking water requirements and to be complemented by groundwater when needed, while the groundwater and treated wastewater is to be used

water to meet the requirements of the agricultural sector and landscaping. In terms of use, the drinking water supply takes up 60% of these resources, coming mainly from desalination, the agricultural sector about 33%, mainly from groundwater complemented by treated wastewater and the industrial sector uses about 7% from groundwater. Bahrain is situated in one of the most water-stressed regions of the world with an extremely poor endowment of water resources. It has one of the lowest per capita renewable freshwater shares in the world that continue to decline rapidly due to population growth. Its per capita renewable freshwater resources, principally groundwater flowing from the up-gradient areas in Saudi Arabia, is among the lowest in the world at about 70 m3/yr (compared to the global average of 6,000 m3/yr/ capita). We are considerably below the absolute water poverty line of 500 m3/yr, where at this level, lack of water as a resource constrains development, negatively affecting living standards, health, and the environment. Yet, despite these dry conditions Bahrain has done well in the provision of drinking water supply to its population by relying heavily on desalination. This is made possible by the relative abundance of Bahrain’s energy and financial resources. Currently, a safe affordable and stable domestic water supply has been established in Bahrain with a 100% coverage of its population (i.e., achieving the first target of the sixth Sustainable Development Goal, SDG 6.1). However, desalination is associated with substantial financial costs, exaggerated due to the provision of water supply at a subsidised price, and it is energyintensive impacting Bahrain economy. In addition, desalination has many environmental externalities and impacts on the surrounding marine and air environment. To address these issues, the water authorities have implemented programs to enhance the water use and supply efficiency as well as enhancing the energy efficiency in desalination through legislative (e.g., building laws and water saving devices standards), economic (tariff revision), and socio-political tools (awareness and education). Moreover, they have moved to desalination technologies that are less energy-intensive and have lower environmental impacts (membrane technology). To fulfill the requirements of agricultural water demands in the past decades, Bahrain has relied heavily on groundwater resources, leading to their over-exploitation beyond

their replenishment rates (i.e., rates of extracting water exceeded the rates of their natural recharge flowing from coastal Saudi Arabia), leading to their quality degradation due to saltwater intrusion. To address this issue, the water authorities have implemented many programs to enhance the efficiency of water use in the agricultural sector, reduced groundwater use in the domestic sector, and enhanced the reuse of treated wastewater in the agricultural sector. These efforts have resulted in considerable recovery of groundwater in the past 10 years. Moreover, artificial groundwater recharge using surplus treated wastewater is being investigated to enhance the storage of groundwater.

lost opportunity under Bahrain’s water scarcity conditions. Currently, there are plans to maximise the use of the treated wastewater in the National Afforestation Strategy, in the agricultural sector and for groundwater recharge. How does desalination work and is it a viable option for Bahrain? Currently, there is no bulk source of water in the GCC countries that can be relied on to meet the drinking water supply other than desalination. The GCC now owns about 45% of the total global desalination capacity and their water supply depends almost 100% on this source, and it is expected to continue. Desalination capacity in the region is expected to increase in the coming five years by more than 35%, with an estimated investment of 100 billion US$. So, I think Bahrain, as well as all the GCC countries, will be friends with desalination for a long time. However, having said that, I think from a strategic point of view, with the inevitable and increasing dependence on desalination technologies in the future, the GCC countries must localise these technologies in the region to increase its added value to their economies, ensure desalination sustainability and reduce its economic and environmental costs, and enhance their water security. What is the best way forward for water conservation in the region?

The last challenge Bahrain is facing is in the wastewater sector. Despite the accelerated urbanisation growth, Bahrain has provided commendable sanitation services and has achieved almost 98% of sanitation coverage (i.e., almost achieving the second target of the sixth Sustainable Development Goal, SDG 6.2). however, Bahrain faces two management issues in this sector. The first is that its wastewater treatment capacities are overwhelmed by the generated wastewater volumes, leading to the discharge of untreated or partially treated wastewater into the sea thereby increasing pollution. This problem was alleviated partially by decentralisation policy to take the load off the central treatment station in Tubli, and by expanding the current facilities. The second issue is that despite the operation of modern treatment facilities with tertiary and advanced treatment capabilities, the potential reuse of the generated treated wastewater is not fully developed and most of this water is not used and is discharged to the sea after treatment, a major

At the outset, we need to realise that we are living in an area that is basically a desert with limited renewable freshwater. There are many things that we need to do to achieve an acceptable level of water sustainability. First we must shift our focus from ensuring “sustainability of supply” to ensuring “sustainability of consumption”, meaning that we need to move towards the approach of “demand management, efficiency and conservation”. This path can be facilitated by implementing water education and awareness programs to establish a water oriented society that value water in its daily use. The other tools that we need to implement are the legislative tools for water conservation standards in our buildings, and the economic tools by revising the tariff for better-targeted subsidies. The other areas that we need to work on is to invest in capacity building in the field of water resources management and applied research and development in the water sector to support policy making.

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water

AN INNOVATIVE BREAKTHROUGH IN WATER PRODUCTION

Yusuf Ahmed Alawi may have found a unique way to produce water using Bahrain’s humid climate.

magine generating water from the air by condensing it underground? That’s what Yusuf Ahmed Alawi, a MSC Renewable Energy Engineering graduate and mathematics teacher sought to achieve in his master’s thesis at the University of Bahrain. Alawi’s thesis has provided the groundwork for future experiments to take place. His experiment has not only shown that new ways of water production can be achieved, but also that there are alternative cost effective ways to produce an essential resource using basic tools. Alawi says water scarcity prompted him to investigate alternative methods to producing water in Bahrain. No prior research on this method of generating water has been done before in the Kingdom. Alawi said he used the simple principle that humid and warm atmospheric air that is available above level is sent underground. This is because on specific days of the year, there is a lower temperature underground, which could allow for it to reach the dew point. The dew point means that water shifts from gas to liquid. The project proved successful in that there were 69 days where the system produced 29 litres of water. It does not use any other cooling methods, relying solely on underground temperature. Because there is no other material required and no alternative energy needed, it is affordable and easy to implement. The environmental impact is also lower than traditional systems used. Alawi said the process would run on solar panels. The cooling method is simply the underground temperature, so not even a vapour condenser is required. Despite the success of the project and the clear sustainable objectives it achieves, because it only functioned for 69 days out of

water 365, the yield was not considered high. Alawi says that in other continents, where 29 litres of water may have a drastic impact on a community, such a system would be useful. At the same time, introducing scale to the current system he developed in Bahrain could impact more production. “If you scale it up - this is a 10 metre long system that goes underground, having a diameter of 1.5 metres in width - that’s considered a small system. So if you scale it up, yes, you would have way more yield. And it would contribute somehow.” The experiment shows how innovative projects are being developed and tested in the broader GCC area. Alawi references the increased focus on planting mangroves in Bahrain. Last year, 230,000 mangroves planted and this year the aim is to double that to 460,000, promoting the second phase of the Green Forever project. The aim of the project is to support the state’s plans, in conjunction with the public and private sectors, to implement projects and expand the green areas in the country. The campaign also aims to sustain the development of the agricultural sector in the Kingdom, highlight the aesthetic features of the country and restore its historic agricultural legacy.

Alawi also referenced the changes government has made, appointing ministers to focus on sustainability, making it easy for foreigners to work in the Kingdom and teaching students about sustainability. Alawi is a teacher at Nasser Vocational Training Centre (NVTC) and said that in his generation, many people were oblivious to issues around food safety, sustainability and food scarcity. Alawi, who is a qualified mechanical engineer said that the government has worked hard to ensure that kids learn about sustainability. He described how he used the game-based learning platform Kahoot to play an educational game with his students about food safety and the youngsters answered well. Alawi says that by having monitoring systems through government, it shows commitment to addressing the problems that communities face. He added that once there is monitoring, violations, like pollution, can be earmarked. “If you don’t monitor the violations that are occurring, then you won’t reach sustainability. Sustainability takes the measure, but also the continuous assessment of whether things are being followed or not. And if there are violations, you would be harsh about those types of things.”

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water

Desalination could give the Middle East water Desalination will continue to grow worldwide. If carefully implemented it can be a crucial tool to tackle water scarcity without damaging fragile marine ecosystems.

ore than 2 billion people live in “water stressed” countries. These are territories where more than 25% of the available freshwater resources are withdrawn for human use each year. Desalination - the process of removing salt from seawater - is increasingly being used to tackle water scarcity worldwide. Roughly 16,000 desalination plants now produce 35 trillion litres of freshwater annually. And Jordan, a country located north of the Red Sea, is planning a major desalination plant on the Gulf of Aqaba that will increase its desalination capacity from 4 billion to 350 billion litres each year. But desalination tends to be energy intensive and produces saline wastewater called brine. On its return to the sea, brine can damage marine ecosystems. Research suggests that desalination may be making some water bodies, including the Red Sea, the Arabian Gulf and the Mediterranean, saltier. We analysed whether current and future desalination plans present a threat to salinity levels in the Red Sea and the

Gulf of Aqaba. For both water bodies, the increase in salinity will likely be undetectable and less than natural seasonal variations, in which case it would not harm marine life. An important marine habitat The Red Sea is connected to the Indian Ocean at its southern end via a narrow and shallow strait. The Gulf of Aqaba branches off its northern end and is connected to the Indian Ocean only through the Red Sea. Neither water body has a freshwater inflow, so salinity levels are determined by evaporation and the inward and

outward flow of water from the Indian Ocean. Water entering the Red Sea flows north where it evaporates and cools, raising its salinity and density. At the head of the Red Sea, this more saline water sinks and flows southwards as a deeper water layer back to the Indian Ocean. Between where water enters the Red Sea and where salinity peaks at the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba, salinity rises naturally by 10% from roughly 36.8 to 40.6 practical salinity units (psu). One psu is equivalent to 1g of salt dissolved in 1000g of water. Marine life in the region has adapted to the natural salinity level of their location. Several Unesco Natural Heritage Sites are located in the northern Red Sea, including Sanganeb and Dungonab Bay and Mukkawar Island Marine National Parks. The national parks are home to coral reefs, seagrass beds, mudflats, mangroves and beaches. These habitats hold significant scientific and conservation value as they support a diverse range of marine species,

water including the endangered dugong. Most marine species can tolerate minor variations in salinity, but they cannot withstand significant and sustained change. Research reveals that rates of photosynthesis and respiration in Stylophora pistillata, a species of Red Sea coral, falls by as much as 50% when salinity levels are raised from 38 psu to 40 psu. Most colonies of this coral will die if salinity is kept at this level for a sustained period. Making the sea even saltier Our research used scenario analysis. This is where a number of plausible future scenarios are modelled and their consequences explored. The most extreme scenario we developed involved high population growth, rapid economic development and falling desalination costs in the Middle East. Nearly 10 trillion litres of water could be desalinated on the Red Sea coast by 2050 and over 2.5 trillion litres along the Gulf of Aqaba in this case. A less extreme scenario assumed limited population growth and restrained household water

consumption. Nearly 2 trillion litres of water could be desalinated by the Red Sea and over 560 billion litres by the Gulf of Aqaba by 2050. For both scenarios, salinity in the Red Sea increased by less than 0.1%. This increase would be less than the natural seasonal variation in salinity levels and would likely be undetectable. The Gulf of Aqaba, however, is smaller and more isolated from the Indian Ocean. Salinity in the north of the Gulf therefore varies naturally between 40.2 psu and 40.75 psu. We found that the high growth scenario could increase salinity at the head of the Gulf by 0.5%, from approximately 40.6 psu to 40.8 psu. But even this increase is close to the maximum increase in salinity caused by natural variability. The medium growth scenario would instead produce a change less than natural seasonal variation and would again be undetectable. Tackling water scarcity in the Middle East Our research suggests that, if carefully managed, rising rates of desalination may not harm the region’s marine ecosystems. This is particularly

important as a considerable growth in desalination is likely to occur in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia plans to construct an entire new city in the country’s north west, called Neom, to accommodate 9 million people and water intensive sectors like agriculture by 2045. The city will depend on water desalinated from the Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba. Beyond the vicinity of each desalination plant, increased rates of desalination are unlikely to affect broader salinity levels in the region. But good plant design and strict environmental regulations will remain critical to avoid environmental harm. Plant outfalls, through which brine is channelled towards the sea, must ensure rapid dilution by dispersing brine into the Red Sea’s deeper water layer. Ocean currents can then carry the brine out to the Indian Ocean, where it will be further diluted. Desalination will continue to grow worldwide. If carefully implemented it can be a crucial tool to tackle water scarcity without damaging fragile marine ecosystems.

About the authors: Jonathan Chenoweth Senior Lecturer of Environment and Sustainability, University of Surrey

Raya A. Al-Masri Researcher in Resources Governance and Sustainability, University of Surrey

Published from theconversation.com

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water

Saudi Arabia bolsters water saving efforts The Saudi Arabian government has, in recent years, turned its attention to water rationalisation in the region with the aim of addressing the massive imbalance between the country’s water resources and water consumption rates. As one of the world’s driest countries, and also the world’s third largest per capita consumer of water after the United States and Canada, urgent measures to boost reserves while cutting consumption have been on the agenda for some time.

Here we look at the state of water conservation in Saudi Arabia and what measures are being taken to safeguard the future of water in the region.

Qatrah droplet programme The Saudi Arabian government launched a programme specially aimed at reducing consumption and driving up water reserves. Saudi Arabia has turned to desalination to make up for its lack of surface water and this project attempts to find the balance between water production and consumption through exploring different means. Between 2022 and 2030, the population of Saudi Arabia is expected to grow from 34.8 million to over 40 million. The country has relied

on desalinated water since the 1950s to ensure that the population has access to a reliable source of potable water. Much of the groundwater, which has less than 40 percent of the country’s water resources, is used for agricultural purposes. The increase in population will have an impact on wastewater generation in the region, leading to a 50% increase in wastewater generation compared to 2018. These statistics have made water safety a priority in Saudi Arabia.

water Funding The Saudi Arabian Government’s 2022 budget for the water sector, which falls under Economic Resources, is $14.4 billion, a 34.4 percent decrease from 2021. This reduction in funding does not mean there is a shift in government priorities but instead it aligns with the government’s objectives for increasing the private sector’s contribution to this water.

Saudi Arabia’s National Water Strategy aims to ensure continuous access to adequate quantities of safe water under normal operations and during emergency situations. This includes enhancing water demand management across all uses: delivering cost-effective and high-quality water and wastewater services, safeguarding and optimising the use of water resources and preserving the local environment for society, ensuring the water sector competitiveness through the promotion of effective governance, private sector participation, localisation of capabilities and innovation.

Mission statement The programme aims to reduce the country’s daily per capita consumption rate from 263 litres to

150 by 2030. The key ways this will be done include:

• Promoting water sustainability in agriculture

• Smarter water management and metering

• Educating the population on the

importance of water conservation

• Supporting efficiency gains in water desalination through technological innovation

Future water security The government is making strong strides towards ensuring a water safe future for citizens. At the same time, there is a clear understanding that desalination is not enough because of its costs and other environmental concerns. Co-operations between citizens, government, authorities, businesses and international partners is of utmost importance. Despite the risk of water supply, the Saudi population is unaware of these problems. Almost 97% of Saudi Arabia’s population has access to potable water and the cost is low because of a history of government subsidisation. If Saudi Arabians are ultimately responsible for curbing consumption, wasteful habits can be reduced.

A sustainable path There are three areas of focus when considering water safety in Saudi Arabia.

Water Transmission: Saudi Arabia can lose up to 40 percent of its transmitted water on any given day. This means there are opportunities for water efficiency and monitoring solutions such as radar beams, audio devices, and helium gas to monitor leaks in the networks.

Desalinisation: Based on existing urban water demand and committed water supply, new urban desalination plants are required to overcome a water shortage of 4.5 million m3/day.

Wastewater Treatment: SWPC plans to build 14 sewage treatment facilities and expand 11 existing facilities to deliver a cumulative treatment capacity of 2.4 million m3/day by 2031. To further reduce leakage and waste, Saudi Arabia aims to reuse over 90 percent of its water by 2040 (currently 65 percent) by transforming its existing and planned wastewater treatment assets into source water suppliers across most industrial sectors.

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fishing

Dubai’s Fish Farm works its magic Fish Farm LLC has set up three facilities: a caged farming facility in Dibba, a hatchery in Umm al-Quwain and an inland farming facility in Jebel Ali.

ack in 2013 HH Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed, Crown Prince of Dubai, realised that the United Arab Emirates had to become less dependent on seafood imports and create food safety measures to selfsustain the territory. Enter Fish Farm LLC. Bader bin Mubarak, who has extensive knowledge and experience with different marine industries was appointed CEO. His goal was to farm marine finfish and build a local aquaculture industry in the region. With its headquarters in Dubai, nine years on, Fish Farm LLC has a state of the art hatchery, cage farms and recirculating aquaculture centre. Fish Farm has set up three facilities: a caged farming facility in Dibba, a hatchery in Umm al-Quwain and an inland farming facility in Jebel Ali. In 2022 the company produced 6 million fingerlings of different species and sold 2,500 tonnes of farmed fish. This statistic is significantly important because when Fish Farm LLC was established in 2013, only 8% of the seafood consumed in the UAE was caught locally. Atlantic salmon, in particular, was earmarked as a priority. This was because 11,000 tonnes was consumed locally per annum. But 100% of this was flown in from Norway, Chile, Scotland and Ireland. Add transport costs, taxes and the footprint on the environment and the cost was high. The company’s aquaculture manager, Nigel Lewis, focussed on salmon, kingfish and seabass. Lewis said that when he started with the company in 2016 there was a lot of trial and error.

By 2017, the company had a production capacity of 2 million kgs. They have now moved to a space where they can produce 2.5-4.0 kilograms of salmon from egg in just over 22 months. He said they focussed on temperature, water quality and feed to ensure the best quality reaches consumers. To test the quality, some of the first batches of locally produced salmon were sent to a local chef who was hesitant about using farmed fish. He said the chef was impressed with the quality and they knew they had done well. After internal growth, Fish Farm LLC was ready to expand and it signed a public-private partnership to manage and operate facilities with the Ministry (MOCCAE). These operations started in 2022 and the hatchery is expected to

be fully operational in a few years. So, why buy local? It saves on energy consumption, has greater nutritional value, promotes sustainability and is more economical. Fish Farm has shown that local can be better and using innovative methods, quality, taste and future food security can all be achieved. The company has certainly achieved its goal to become a global leader in aquaculture and now has become a handguide for countries across the Middle East and North Africa on how to develop their aquaculture. Scaling down on imports and finding ways to produce locally produced food goods illustrates the commitment to future proof food security.

fishing

Facilities Cage Farming in Dibba Al-Fujairah Dibba Al-Fujairah, situated on the Gulf of Oman is a prime location for cage culture. The cage farms are situated 4.5 km from the sea in an optimal location. The perfect currents ensure excellent water flow and perfectly clean water for the fish to swim in. Since 2013 Fish Farms have never used any chemicals or antibiotics to treat fish.

Hatchery-Reared Fish: Hatchery in Umm al-Quwain The hatchery in Umm al-Quwain rears marine life in an artificially controlled environment to provide nutritious and delicious fish for consumption. This facility is used for the collection of adult fish, spawning, egg incubation and rearing. The fish and eggs are handled expertly and safely and are provided with the necessary nutrition and environment to breed and a clean facility which helps in providing fresh and tasty fish for consumption.

Inland Farming at Jebel Ali After carefully selecting the site for the inland fish farm, a facility at Jebel Ali was established. A closed containment system, the fish breed in a controlled environment, which ensures that the nutritional value, quality and taste of the marine life are optimal. By recycling water at regular intervals, the risk of diseases is almost eradicated, providing the consumers with healthy and delicious seafood.

FAST FACTS Facilities: The largest fish farm in the UAE Technology: Uses the latest in aquaculture technology made by AKVA Recycle: Follows the highest method the recycling process

Photos for illustrative purposes only.

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fishing

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT

Oman’s thriving fishing industry The Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations reports that Oman’s environmental advantage provides a high potential for the development of aquaculture.

Oman has 3,165 km of pristine coastline that spills into the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean, the sea of Oman and the entrance to the Arabian Gulf. A key sector of Oman’s economy is the country’s robust fishing industry. The nation is endowed with an abundance of marine resources that support a wide variety of fish species thanks to its extensive coastline. The industry is renowned for its conventional fishing techniques as well as for using cutting-edge technologies and environmentally friendly procedures to maintain its longterm viability.

Vision 2040 According to The World Bank, fishery and aquaculture are among the most ancient and important sectors of Oman economy, with deep cultural and social significance. Due to that importance, there is a vision on paper to see the industry be the best it can be. In December 2015, The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Wealth collaborated with the World Bank over a two-year period in the development of a Fisheries and Aquaculture Vision 2040 (the vision), a programme of work that involved extensive stakeholder engagement. The Fisheries and Aquaculture Vision 2040 is therefore an important and timely contribution to the Oman fisheries sector. There is a goal to create a “profitable world class sector that is ecologically sustainable and a net contributor to Oman’s economy”. Some of the steps set to achieve the vision include the following: fisheries status defined; fisheries management units set; stakeholder management agreed; sustainable fish supplied and creating a world class profitable and environmentally sustainable fisheries sector.

fishing Strategy in action? The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAFW) is the responsible management authority in the Sultanate of Oman. In order to ensure responsible fishing, it employs precautionary management and conservation measures. According to Middle East Business Intelligence (Meed) some of the reasons for Oman’s thriving fishing industry is owed to the government’s strategy that saw partnerships between the public and private sectors prioritised. Additionally, the investments poured into the construction of new fishing ports in the sultanate is a massive element that contributed toward the industry’s steady growth.

Commitment to improvement and quality control The Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations reports that Oman’s environmental advantage provides a high potential for the development of aquaculture. There is a strong commitment from the government to develop this sector in a competitive and sustainable manner that is in harmony with the social, economic, cultural and historic values of the country. One of the top reasons for the

flourishing industry is the commitment to improve processes and systems such as the quality of the catches. Following the creation of the Fisheries Quality Control Centre, not only has the quality of the catches improved, but marketing operations have been streamlined across the country and exports are now better regulated in terms of handling procedures and food safety, particularly with regard to a number of high valued fish. Fishery training centers have been established in Al Khabourah and Salalah, data and statistics on the fishing industry have been upgraded and new fishing harbours have been built and equipped with modern facilities. Today there are fishing harbours along the entire Omani coast. The fishing practice is mainly artisanal and is active year-round. Important fisheries exist for demersal, benthic and pelagic species.

Fisheries Development Oman The TradeArabia News Service reported that the Fisheries Development Oman (FDO) recently highlighted Oman’s flourishing fishing industry, innovative capabilities and lucrative investment opportunities at the Saudi International Marine Exhibition and Conference (SIMEC). The event, held at the Dhahran Expo in Saudi Arabia, provides an excellent forum for the FDO to demonstrate advanced technological capabilities

in seafood processing. This has established the organisation as a regional leader, providing Oman with a competitive advantage and exceptional prospects for international companies seeking to tap into the thriving seafood market in the GCC region. Talking about SIMEC, a senior spokesperson of FDO explained the importance of attending the event and putting in the spotlight how Oman’s fishing industry is flourishing. "FDO is privileged to be a platinum sponsor of SIMEC, a gathering that unites all marine fisheries and aquaculture sectors in one location. This event presents unparalleled networking opportunities with critical stakeholders and decision-makers.” “It offers an excellent platform for importers and exporters of live, refrigerated, and frozen seafood products to engage in fruitful trade discussions and establish valuable business agreements. We anticipate a positive and impactful participation that will demonstrate Oman’s vast investment potential,” said the spokesperson. The FDO delegation’s purpose is to promote Oman’s expanding fisheries sector and highlight the lucrative investment opportunities it provides. This includes an emphasis on aquaculture, commercial fishing, fishing post management, and the provision of value-added products and services.

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fishing

Supporting the establishment of more no-catch zones to allow fish populations and their ecosystems to recover should be a priority for governments.

s more and more attention looms in on the global collapse of marine ecosystems, including fisheries, because of overfishing, wasteful fishing practices and overconsumption, the question is what can companies and consumers do to impact change? From education to showing support for organisations which promote the protection of the world’s oceans, here’s how real change can occur.

because of trawling. Government supported this by buying old fishing vessels used for trawling and supporting those affected by the reduced amount of fish caught. This means there are ways to help the industry survive with less damaging methods than trawling.

Less than three percent of the ocean is considered “highly protected” with less than one percent protected from any kind of fishing. Supporting the establishment of more no-catch zones to allow fish populations and their ecosystems to recover should be a priority for governments. The Marine Conservation Institute drives initiatives to enact change to ensure that this number is increased tenfold. Donations towards their services can be made on their website.

Educate yourself and those around you about overfishing. Understanding what is happening to our marine life and the severe damage humans are causing is something everyone needs to be aware of. There are multiple campaigns and organisations you can follow, support, donate to and read about to help do your bit towards more sustainable oceans. Some of these include:

Calls for the global banning of trawling remains high as the vast negative implications are hard to mitigate. Massive nets are dragged through the ocean, scooping up every animal and ecosystem in its path. Although there are initiatives to reduce by-catch, these measures aren’t enough. In 2012, the Chinese government imposed a trawling ban in Hong Kong waters after fish stocks faced imminent collapse

• Sea Shepherd Conservation Society • Environment Defense Fund • World Wildlife Fund The work also lies with you as a consumer. Making smarter and more informed choices to only eat sustainable seafood will help contribute towards the overall marine welfare. As a quick guide to being a more conscious consumer, here’s how you can get started:

Avoid big fish:

Marlin, tuna and shark have been overfished for years. Don’t add to the body count for the sake of “trying something different.”

Opt for wild, not farmed:

Big fish farming nets in the ocean result in tons of waste being poured onto the seafood floor, spreading disease to wild stock and creating conflict with the natural ecosystem. Seals, whales and sharks often end up being affected by the nets as they try to break through them to get food.

Sustainable choices:

There’s nothing wrong with asking the restaurant when you’re out for dinner whether the fish they are serving is sustainable. Your needs create the economy and your choices are the ultimate currency.

fishing

THE IMPACT OF SHRIMPING ON FISHERIES Shrimp trawls also result in the mortality of non-commercial fish species, which alters the marine food ecosystem.

he annual six-month ban on the catching, trading and selling of shrimp in Bahrain ran from February 1 to July 31 this year. It was implemented by the Agriculture Ministry with the aim of preserving marine wealth that ultimately contributes to the protection of the broader fish stock ecosystem and the development of the shrimping industry. According to a study published by the Food and Agriculture Organisation entitled ‘Bahrain shrimp industry and the environment,’ results from the first shrimp survey found that there were more than 90 fish species in the shrimp haul by catch. Shrimp trawls also result in the mortality of non-commercial fish species, which alters the marine food ecosystem. These trawls reduce fish abundance, which not only affect the ecosystem, but the general supply of shrimp. In an article published on the International Collective in Support of Fish workers, fishermen (and by extension fisheries) said that

while the idea to replenish stock via a ban appeared positive in principle, significant drops in shrimp stocks continued because of illegal fishing. Fishermen’s Protection Society President, Jassim Al Jeran, was quoted saying that many fishermen aren’t able to cover their daily expenses as a result of the small hauls. He called on stricter enforcement of the regulations which are meant to help stocks across Bahraini waters. Instead, because of the illegal shrimping, there aren’t enough shrimp to reproduce, resulting in operators who follow the law being affected. Lack of implementation resulted in the creation of a special committee back in 1997, which saw an increase in surveillance and control efforts during future shrimp ban periods. There are, however, signs of progress. In March this year, the Ministry of Works, Municipalities Affairs and Urban Planning released a statement claiming

it had seized over 1,100kg of illegally captured shrimp. Last year, His Majesty Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa asked for urgent action to be taken to address the difficulties faced by Bahraini fishermen. Director of Fisheries Section at the Ministry of Housing and Agriculture, Jassem Al Qaseer said Bahrain has always had “reservations” about the length of the fishing ban because of the small fleet of boats manned by Bahrainis. He said Bahrain had appealed for a shorter ban but have faced pressure from the broader GCC as some shrimp areas are shared with Saudi Arabia. The financial impact on fisheries, and by extension, fisherman was also put forward as a reason to minimise the time the ban goes on for in the Kingdom. The international pressure and lack of law enforcement of the ban may mean that legitimate fisheries and their staff come out worse.

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aquaculture, aquaponics and hydroponics

HOW THIS LOCAL BAHRAINI FARM IS DIVERSIFYING FOR SUCCESS Bahrain Line Aquaponics Center is a proudly Bahraini Aquaponics Center. It also produces honey. We chat to the manager to learn more.

quaponics is a farming method that promotes the collaboration between plants and fish and can come in many sizes. Over the years, Bahrain Line Aquaponics Center has faced many hardships and near collapse. Fadhel Bin Radhi, manager, laughs when he speaks to us about everything the company has gone through. He said they have been through rough times, experiencing severe power problems that caused factories to shut down and losing all produce. But through determination, experimenting with new production methods, and deciding not to give up, they have made it. The hatcheries, plants and bees all work hand in hand in a carefully managed aquaponics system. Bin Radhi said that each ecosystem relies on the other for success. In terms of aquaculture, the company has two hatcheries. Through trial and error, focussing on local produce and

growing algae, the two hatcheries have slowly seen success. He said they battle parasites and billowing algae, challenges they’ve had to find solutions for as work progresses. In terms of the bees, Bin Radhi says that on the bee farm, they are able to use their skills to not only produce honey, but also other products from bees. He said they started with 15 hives and they now they have over 1000. He brought the hives over from Egypt and started on a small scale to determine the success of the market in Bahrain. The focus on the bee farming arm of the business is about educating people on the benefits of various bee products. Some of the products that the company sells is Royal Jelly. The company promotes the use of honey, proudly telling people about its benefits which include its rich

aquaculture, aquaponics and hydroponics

nutrient density and antioxidants. Honey with royal jelly is another best seller and it promotes boosting the immune system, improving digestion and enhancing energy and mental clarity. Honey is long known for its skin health benefits and is known to help improve collagen levels and provide antioxidants to the skin. Bin Radhi says there are only about 200 beekeepers in Bahrain and supporting farmers needs to be heightened. On social media, it is clear that education on the role of bees and aquaponics plays a major role in what the company is trying to do. From hosting education days to illustrating videos of what the hatcheries look like, Aquaponics Bahrain is focussed on normalising food sources to members of the public. Residents in Bahrain are able to order directly from the provider, promoting the idea of from farm to table. Giving followers of their account a number of ways to contact to make orders and allowed direct access to farmers. But the lack of support remains one of the biggest threats. Radhi spoke about how there was no company in Bahrain that produced fingerlings. He said that while there was a government centre, there is not enough focus on arming local farmers with the knowledge and equipment needed to do the job right. As the farm manager, Bin Radhi said that farmers must turn their attention to food security. This will allow farmers to utilise their skills and produce goods for their community. Three years after undergoing fundamental shifts and almost losing everything, this small scale difference is making a big difference in the Kingdom. From its sustainable footprint to promoting local produce and impacting food security, the idea that from farm to table is easily attainable via social media channels has proved successful for Aquaponics Bahrain. But perhaps most importantly is the ability to share information and change attitudes towards local farmers.

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aquaculture, aquaponics and hydroponics

INSIDE SAUDI ARABIA’S GROWING

HYDROPONICS MARKET

Vertical farming facilities in Saudi Arabia have seen an increase in the use of hydroponics systems because of the arid and semi-arid environmental conditions in the region

audi Arabia’s Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture committed $27-million to develop localised vertical-farming initiatives to help develop sustainable food development. This investment has been allocated with a view to not only maintain current farming outputs, but also help to increase future food quality and production. Vertical farming facilities in Saudi Arabia have seen an increase in the use of hydroponics systems because of the arid and semi-arid environmental conditions in the region. The aim is to ensure that growing food requirements in the Kingdom are met. Hydroponics is the science of growing plants with limited amounts of soil and water. The benefits include developing fibrous roots for improved nutrient absorption, which not only reduces the risk of roots rotting, but also the promotion of mature plants

at a faster rate. The use of recycled water in hydroponics systems is simple, but costly. The investment by authorities will ensure that annual maintenance requirements and water quality standards are met. This method of farming also largely reduces the use of pesticides and herbicides. Hydroponic companies in Saudi Arabia are also faced with the additional challenge of delivering produce from farm to table. The cost of transporting produce to areas that are far from its place of origin is high, with officials explaining that the business of hydroponics is more than just growing crops and produce. Turki Alduhayan, CEO of Green Man, an agribusiness in Riyadh, says Saudi Arabia has put strong development behind hydroponics resulting in growth in the industry and a reduction of company costs. Speaking about the quality of produce, Alduhayan said that produce from hydroponics farms are better. “If you buy cherry tomatoes

from a hydroponics farm they will stay fresh longer than you would normally expect of such a fruit.” The quality of produce, use of less harmful products, enabling citizens to produce sustainable food products and being environmentally conscious is resulting in this innovative farming method becoming increasingly more valuable. Bearing in mind the population growth and expected food volume increases, hydroponics is the better bet when it comes to future generations in countries with arid and semi-arid climates. The funds made available to promote growth in the Kingdom also decreases the reliance on imported produce. The benefits of hydroponics farming and the drive from authorities to promote sustainable farming solutions and invest in these practises continues to see a marked increase in the hydroponics market, making fresh, organic and locally made produce a currency of choice.

acquaculture, aquaponics and hydroponics

Vertical farming on the rise in Kuwait Tower Farms in a climate controlled environment save up to 95% water in comparison to conventional farming

ncreased investment from government and private companies has resulted in a focus on efforts to use sustainable farming methods to produce fresh food products in Kuwait. In 2020, the first commercial indoor vertical farm was opened in Kuwait. The large-scale facility, which can grow 250 variants of greens and herbs using sustainable technology paved the way for future implementation of similar methods. Vertical farming uses up to 90% less water, 60% less fertiliser and zero pesticides when compared to traditional farming. The increase in investment has not only created business opportunities within the farming market in Kuwait but has also changed the food landscape. Many of Kuwait’s restaurants used to import greens and herbs from Europe, but with these new sustainable ways of farming, the local farming supply chain has been upscaled to save costs and minimise logistics. Technology

growth in vertical farms also increased post the coronavirus pandemic when questions around food security were raised. These initiatives mean that countries are less reliant on imported foods and the use of this kind of technology ensures that produce can be grown year round with minimal labour costs. These initiatives all play into New Kuwait 2035 goals which aim to foster local innovation economy and job creation. Last year, Agrotonomy Corp, a company which specialises in Tower Farms, set up a aeroponic Tower Farm in a fully climate controlled greenhouse in the middle of the desert in Kuwait. From fan walls to CO2 regulators, advice on how to operate a Tower Farm was provided. This meant that when the heat reached 52°C outside during the summer of 2022, the temperature inside the greenhouse remained around 25°C with humidity levels ranging between 65%-75%.

Tower Farms in a climate controlled environment save up to 95% water in comparison to conventional farming and the space saving factor is important for farmers who want to utilise areas as much as they can to make sure they get their money’s worth. This means that there should be less costs involved when building and operating a greenhouse. Overall, the idea that less space also contributes to a smaller energy footprint when compared to growing the same amount of crops in a bigger space, means that Tower Farms show that they are a more sustainable way of farming. Kuwait is paving the way to not only introduce widescale use of sustainable farming methods but is also becoming less dependent on other countries for its food supply. As the use and implementation of vertical farms and Tower Farms increase, fresher and homemade produce is becoming more trendy amongst locals and restaurant owners.

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manufacturing and logistics

COMBATING WASTE MANAGEMENT Landfills are the last option in the waste management hierarchy. Academically there’s a hierarchy for integrated solid waste management, this hierarchy is well known globally as a sustainable model.

ood security relies on not only producing enough food to supply people with the right quantity, but also the right quality. The impact of waste management on food security is tremendous, with the United Nations reporting that globally, 13% of food is lost between harvest and retail, while 17% is lost in households and food service. Food systems cannot be resilient if they are not sustainable and the impact of landfills, the conduits to food waste, needs to be interrogated. We spoke with Dr. Sumaya Yusuf Hasan, Chairperson of the Department of Natural Resources and Environment,

College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University to understand food waste, sustainability and the future of food sustainability to us. Her extensive research into the field of environmental engineering makes her an expert in landfills and how it impacts the environment. How do landfills affect the food security cycle? Firstly, food security is defined as a situation that exists when all people at all times have access to sufficient safe and nutritious food, nutritious food that meets their dietary needs. When

speaking about landfills, we refer to the dumping place of the undesired products i.e. waste. So, when speaking about landfills, we also speak about the impact of dumping food. There’s also food loss to consider, which is losing food before it reaches the consumers (pre-harvest food) and then food waste that reaches consumers and the remaining that goes to landfills. There are some sustainable practices around this so that we can manage food waste. In Bahrain there is mixed food waste in one landfill. It is the only landfill of municipal solid waste and that landfill reached its lifetime a few

manufacturing and logistics years ago. So there is no more place to dump. This means we have to find sustainable alternatives. Food waste is still a valuable resource and it affects, directly or indirectly, food security. For example, food availability will be less when you are dumping food despite the supplier and supply chain. How do landfills affect the environment? There are many kinds of landfills, with the most common ones being municipal solid waste landfills and the hazardous waste landfills. The possible impact on the environment from these landfills post dumping is easy to see. The majority of our waste is organic or biodegradable. It goes into a natural process of anaerobic digestion. Under anaerobic conditions, there is no oxygen. There will be microbes which naturally exist to do aerobic digestion. This produces the most potent of greenhouse gases, methane. This gas is flammable, combustible and very harmful to health. On the other hand, if you go to the hazardous waste landfills for example, along with greenhouse gases and the air quality impact, we also have the possible impact on groundwater and aquifers. If these landfills are very close to

water resources there is a high risk and possibility of polluting these water resources. Do these landfills affect nearby farms? The pollutants can reach the food chain through air, water and soil. There should be a very strong monitoring system and the landfill areas should detect immediately any leakage. How does one reduce landfills? Landfills are the last option in the waste management hierarchy. Academically there’s a hierarchy for integrated solid waste management, this hierarchy is well known globally as a sustainable model. It starts with a sustainable approach to deal with waste as a resource, not as waste. So, in this case, you have to prevent producing this waste to avoid using the landfill right from the beginning. You do this by raising awareness and having a culture that supports the prevention and reduction of waste generation as a priority. Then you introduce the principle of reusing products and not throwing things away. Recycling is key to sustainable actions for reducing waste.

Dr. Sumaya Yusuf Hasan

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manufacturing and logistics

What are the challenges in adopting these methods? Firstly, it’s political. We have a strategy a national strategy, with regulations supported and legislations and policies. With the political framework, it should be supporting the adoption of an integrated solid waste management approach or system. Then we need to have public awareness towards the importance of these practices in the country. If you believe that these technologies are supporting a very sustainable approach in the country, you will collaborate towards exceeding goals. We need to focus on the education system. We have to raise generations with these principles and introduce these principles inside the curriculums from the preschool stage. So they know the importance of recycling, what the environment is, how we

can deal with resources around us, how to conserve these resources, what sustainability is. Then we need financial support. We need governmental support so that we have the resources for sustainable financing for green projects. Technology is also key here as it should be tested in more than one environment. Like in Dubai, they do simulations. They are trying composting waste to energy. Go Green Initiative for sustainable lifestyle Hasan represents West Asia in a Go Green Initiative in partnership with the United Nations. The group is working on understanding sustainable lifestyles through interrogating regional food waste and raising awareness. “Promoting sustainable choices to societies and being part of food waste working groups, we

developed campaigns that will be published.” Much of the awareness is around waste reduction and world food loss. Hassan said it was an honour to work with the UN and represent West Asia, describing the results as yielding good initiatives around the GCC. She adds “We need to strengthen collaborations between all sectors, including academia and industries and public-private partnerships, towards achieving food security and sustainability in general. And support and introduce the scientific research role in the development (of this industry).” The GCC governments have started to adopt sustainable strategies at all levels and provide support towards Sustainable Development Goals, and are putting food security on the top of the goals priorities she concludes.

manufacturing and logistics

WILL CLIMATE LABELS BECOME MAINSTREAM? Climate labels communicate the environmental impact of products on consumers, with the aim to help them make better and more sustainable decisions.

ith global temperatures soaring and extreme weather events becoming more frequent, food companies are moving towards arming consumers to make more environmentally friendly choices. The introduction of climate labels is just one way brands are able to be transparent about the sustainability of ingredients used in their products, helping to educate consumers about the impact of their food habits and choices. Here’s what you need to know about climate labels and their potential impact.

What is a climate label?

Food is a major source of environmental harm and understanding how ingredients impact the planet can help inform consumers on their choices. These labels communicate the environmental impact of products on consumers, with the aim to help them make better and more sustainable decisions.

Studies reveal positive changes

In a study conducted at Johns Hopkins and published on the Jama Network in 2022 titled ‘Effect of Climate Change Impact Menu Labels on Fast Food Ordering Choices Among US Adults’, results showed a positive impact of climate labels being used. The randomised clinical trial conducted in the United States showed that 23% of participants in the high-climate impact label ordered a sustainable meal compared with the control group. This suggests that climate impact menu

labels could be an effective strategy to promote sustainable food choices. Another study conducted at the University of Bristol in 2022 showed that 84% of participants opted for alternative options when presented with climate-labelled menu versions. This signals that once consumers are alerted to the impact of their choices, positive decisions are more likely.

Brands buy-in

Some companies, like Meatless Farms have a traffic light labelling system. The label takes into account the product’s emissions, water usage, pollution and biodiversity impact. The companies CEO Morten Toft Bech said he hoped the labels would help customers be more informed about how their weekly shopping can impact the environment.

Slow change

The decision to menu label can be an

effective strategy to encourage food choices in a fast food setting said Julia Wolfson, a public health expert at Johns Hopkins University. Wolfson was the study lead author for the study published on the Jama Network. She said there can also be additional impacts to the menu labels on the consumer. “An undeserved health halo conferred to unhealthy menu items could encourage their overconsumption. So we have to look for labelling strategies that create ‘win-wins’ for promoting both more sustainable and healthy choices.” Although some companies have started including these climate labels on products, a broader and more mainstream implementation is yet to occur. But, with the results showing positive wins for the environment, government support and big brand buy-in is key to turning climate labels into accepted policy.

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manufacturing and logistics

The longevity of Halwa in Bahrain Showaiter Delights continues an age old tradition in Bahrain. We speak to owner Abdullah Showaiter about how he keeps this tradition alive.

hether you are sitting down for some afternoon tea or are having an after-dinner treat, Halwa has become entrenched in the traditional way of eating in Bahrain. In Arabic, the world Halwa means ‘sweet confection.’ The popular dessert in Arab countries is usually served in large earthenware bowls of varying sizes with coffee. In Bahrain, Abdullah Showaiter has become synonymous for his company called Showaiter Delights. The company is different from other Halwa companies as it focusses on ensuring that Halwa is not only considered a souvenir for tourists, but aims to ensure that it is considered a food source for locals. Showaiter says that with this company,

which began in 2019, he wanted to ensure that Halwa is represented as a main food option for Bahrainis. Illustrating his experience in the market, Showaiter said that he has several other companies dealing in confectionary but he wanted to focus on a project that served the local community. Like pickles, dates, gravies and spices, Showaiter says he considers Halwa part of the local Bahraini identity. He said it is important to focus on producing local goods as its historical importance remains relevant today. “This is standard. Making Halwa has been done for generations and it must remain.” But of course, the impact of globalisation has had an impact on Halwa production. Showaiter insists

that local producers can use global influencers to their advantage. “Having a twist to items can be positive. Mixing it with other flavours, adds to new trends while still keeping an identity clear.” In a published paper entitled ‘traditional plant-based food and beverages in Bahrain’ researchers pointed out that the traditional style of eating in Bahrain is to sit on the floor with family members. During this time, people eat, share stories and enjoy each-other’s company. It is during that time that Halwa is also consumed, adding to the rich cultural history of the Kingdom. The researchers reported that the Halwa industry extends two centuries

manufacturing and logistics and was traditionally produced in Manama. According to the paper, daily consumption of the traditional sweet delicacy can reach up to 500g on special occasions. “The preparation method includes mixing corn flour with sugar, rose water, and saffron followed by cooking on low heat to a make a thick jelly like mixture and adding the rest of the ingredients to enhance its sensory quality.” In terms of food security, producing local is a priority and because the products used to make Halwa are easily accessible, the shop owner says that the focus must remain on ensuring that raw materials are available in abundance. Food security aims to establish that locally made food products are given priority over imported goods. In this case, Showaiter is ensuring that his company is creating a sustainable food footprint, but is also contributing towards the legacy and cultural importance of Halwa in Bahrain. Still, challenges remain. Showaiter says that for the most part Halwa is made using a manual process, which is very time-consuming. While there is a definite need to use innovative technologies and production, the push for this has been lacking. He said that there have been some efforts to use automation but the end result and quality of the product was not great. This has meant that the manual (and laboursome) process has continued. Despite the fact that the process is long and the business is going into a new direction by focussing on locals and reviving the daily consumption of Halwa, Showaiter says that the best part of his job is to ensure longevity of a key identity of Bahrain. “It is a priority option for tourists. But we need more support than that. Halwa is more than just a souvenir. It is food. It is a food source and it is important that we get the support we need.” It is this positive attitude and determination to make a difference that has made Showaiter a well-known businessman and leader in the confectionary industry.

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manufacturing and logistics

HELPFUL SOLUTIONS FOR WASTE

Food waste and loss is a pressing issue that Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries need to address to ensure food security and sustainability. A significant and worrisome amount of food is being discarded at various stages of the supply chain.

ccording to a new report released by the World Government Summit, in partnership with global management consultancy, Oliver Wyman, titled ‘Food Loss & Waste: GCC Solutions for a Global Challenge’ the importance of collaboration between government and the private sector in reducing food loss and waste. It also demonstrates how accelerating progress towards achieving Target 12.3 of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals can be achieved. The report was officially launched at WGS2023, which took place in Dubai in February 2023, under the patronage of His Majesty Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai. According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), the number of people facing chronic food deprivation reached 828 million in 2021, and the situation is only expected to get worse in the future. The world population is expected to exceed 9.77 billion by 2050, putting extra strain on global food value chains. As a result, food loss and waste are seen as critical components of food security; the FAO estimates that one-third of the world’s current food output is wasted or lost each year. Experts believe that eliminating world hunger would be attainable by attaining zero food loss and waste, which will alter our

planet. In another paper, titled ‘Food Waste in the Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council: A Systematic Review’ the authors found that food waste also represents a considerable loss of money for all food supply chain actors, including producers and consumers. This translates into lost investment and income for producers and higher prices and food-related expenses for consumers. The World Government Summit and Oliver Wyman’s research focuses on the GCC countries because, among other things, their hot and dry weather and strong reliance on food imports make them particularly vulnerable to the issue of food loss and waste. It emphasises the importance of government in tackling food and waste issues, as well as the role of the private sector, which is expanding but remains limited in comparison to governments. According to a report on Arab News, Daniel Soloman, founder of the UAE-based grocery delivery firm HeroGo, has attributed big disposable incomes and luxurious lifestyles in the GCC and numerous other Middle Eastern and North African nations as some of the factors that lead to excessive food purchases, which may contribute to food waste. Mohamed Yousef Al Sharhan, Deputy Managing Director of the World Government Summit Organisation,

manufacturing and logistics

said that the World Government Summit is a global platform for governments and the private sector to enhance awareness on food security, waste, and supply chains, which in turn affect the economy, environment and society, since food security is associated with economic stability that allows communities to have the resources to lead a better future. The research sheds light on the many methods that regional governments are taking to address the issue, which include the efforts planned and executed by Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Qatar.

Some of the solutions for the countries include the following:

• Saudi Arabia aims to halve food loss

•

and waste by 2030, in line with its commitment to the UN’s SDG goals. Other notable initiatives include the National Program to Reduce Food Loss and Waste, which aims to raise awareness on the topic across the country, as well as increasing private-sector participation. The UAE has developed an ambitious food security strategy, which is intended to position it as the leading nation on the Global Food Security Index (GFSI) by 2051. The strategy comprises five programs, one of which is dedicated to reducing food loss and waste, in line with UN SDG 12.3. Qatar has developed a food security strategy that tackles food loss and waste, and it has also committed to the UN SDG 12.3. The country has plans to launch a comprehensive and integrated program to address the topic, starting with a national baseline study.

Sabri Hamade, author and partner at Oliver Wyman, said: “The governments in the GCC have dealt with the issue with urgency, and the initiatives that were launched continued to steadily gain traction. Furthermore,

these public sector interventions are increasingly supported by input from the private sector and society. Food loss and waste has social, environmental, and economic impacts, therefore, working collaboratively to find and implement solutions now is paramount to the security, prosperity, and equity of our world’s future.” By implementing efficient storage and distribution systems, as well as promoting consumer awareness and education, these countries can significantly reduce the amount of food that goes to waste. Additionally, collaborating with farmers and implementing innovative technologies can help optimise production processes and minimise post-harvest losses. Finally, promoting awareness and education among consumers about the importance of reducing food waste can play a vital role in changing behaviours and habits.

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manufacturing and logistics

THE RISE OF AGRITECH IN THE GCC As the region continues to invest in sustainable food production and reduce dependency on imports, agritech will play a pivotal role in reshaping agriculture.

n an article published by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), the GCC’s dependence on food imports was emphasised, with up to 85% of the region’s food needs being sourced from abroad. This heavy reliance on external sources made the GCC countries vulnerable to global supply chain disruptions, geopolitical tensions, and fluctuating commodity prices. Agritech: A Sustainable Solution to Food Security Agritech, often referred to as the future of agriculture, encompasses a wide range of technologies and innovations aimed at optimising

farming processes, conserving resources, and increasing yields. Precision agriculture, hydroponics, aquaponics, vertical farming, and AI-driven analytics are some of the key components driving this agritech revolution. Precision agriculture, as highlighted in a recent research article from the Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, leverages advanced sensors, drones, and GPS technology to monitor soil conditions, moisture levels, and crop health in realtime. This data allows farmers to make informed decisions regarding irrigation, fertilisation, and pest control. In the water-scarce GCC

region, such precision is essential to maximise resource efficiency. Vertical Farming Vertical farming, an innovative approach to agriculture, is gaining traction in the GCC. In a report by Gulf Business, it was revealed that the controlled environment of vertical farms allows for year-round production of crops like leafy greens, herbs, and strawberries. By stacking crops in vertical layers and carefully regulating temperature, humidity, and light, vertical farms reduce water consumption while increasing productivity.

manufacturing and logistics Hydroponics and aquaponics, as discussed in an article by Arabian Business, represent another waterefficient method embraced by GCC farmers. Hydroponics involves growing plants without soil, instead using a nutrient-rich water solution. Aquaponics combines hydroponics with fish farming, where fish waste serves as fertiliser for plants. These methods require significantly less water compared to traditional soil-based farming, making them well-suited to the water-scarce GCC environment. AI and Data Analytics Artificial intelligence (AI) and data analytics are pivotal in modernising agriculture in the GCC. An article in Forbes Middle East highlighted how AI-driven platforms can analyse vast amounts of data collected from sensors, satellites, and drones. These insights help farmers monitor crop health, detect diseases early, and optimise yields. With real-time data at their disposal, GCC farmers can make informed decisions, reduce crop loss, and enhance overall productivity. Challenges on the Path to Agritech Adoption While the potential of agritech in the GCC is undeniable, several challenges must be addressed: 1. Technical Expertise: The implementation of agritech solutions requires specialised technical knowledge. In a report by Gulf News, the need for a skilled workforce in the region was emphasised. Developing this expertise through training programs and educational initiatives is crucial to the successful adoption of agritech.

published by Bloomberg, it was stressed that standards related to data privacy, environmental sustainability, and food safety must be established and enforced to facilitate agritech adoption.

in research and development is accelerating, resulting in groundbreaking technologies designed specifically for arid climates.

4. Sustainable Practices: Ensuring that agritech aligns with sustainable farming practices is paramount. An article in The National highlighted the importance of safeguarding the environment while securing food production. Agritech solutions should minimise environmental impact and contribute to long-term food security.

The future of agritech in the GCC is promising. As the region continues to invest in sustainable food production and reduce dependency on imports, agritech will play a pivotal role in reshaping agriculture. With advancements in precision agriculture, vertical farming, hydroponics, aquaponics, and AIdriven analytics, the GCC is poised to become a hub for innovative and sustainable farming practices.

5. Access to Capital: Start-ups and companies in the agritech sector require access to capital for research, development, and scaling up operations. Government Initiatives and Private Sector Engagement GCC governments are taking proactive measures to promote agritech. In a report by Al Jazeera, it was revealed that Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 includes plans to transform its agricultural sector through technology and innovation. Similarly, the UAE has launched the “Agritech Ecosystem” initiative to foster innovation and investment in the agritech sector, as reported by The National. Private sector engagement is also on the rise, with local and international companies partnering to develop agritech solutions tailored to the GCC’s unique challenges. According to an article in Zawya, investment

The Bright Future of Agritech in the GCC

Moreover, agritech will contribute to economic diversification, job creation, and environmental conservation, aligning with the GCC countries’ broader goals of achieving food security, sustainability, and technological leadership. The agritech revolution in the GCC is not just a response to challenges but also an opportunity to revolutionise agriculture in the region. With the right investments, policies, and partnerships, the GCC can achieve its food security goals, reduce environmental impact, and pave the way for a more sustainable and resilient agricultural sector. The journey has begun, and the future of farming in the GCC looks promising.

2. High Initial Investment: Agritech adoption often involves significant upfront costs. According to a study in the International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, investment in technology, infrastructure, and research can be a barrier for some farmers. Collaboration between governments and the private sector is essential to make these investments more accessible. 3. Regulatory Frameworks: Clear and supportive regulatory frameworks are vital for the successful integration of agritech. In an article

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agriculture

DO N A L S EI

Tariq Abed Ghazwan, from Al Abed Farm, says that thousands of years ago, Bahrain had an abundance of natural pools and through the years these pools have lost their supply. This supply has also impacted the ability of date palms to flourish.

Phoenix dactylifera, widely known as the date palm, has longstanding historic roots with the Kingdom of Bahrain. Date palms and Bahrain’s heritage are intrinsically linked, so much so that it is safe to say that dates have played a critical role in the economy, social life and history of the kingdom. But urbanisation, modernisation and global changes not only changed the society but also the date palm industry. These changes have resulted in massive declines of the date palm industry, impacting the livelihoods of farmers, the economy, food safety and a unique heritage that links the dates with Bahrain.

What led to the decline? In a published research paper entitled ‘Date palm status and perspective in Bahrain,’ the authors demonstrate how investment, interest and the discovery of oil impacted the cultivation of dates, reducing the number of date palm trees significantly in the region. The decline of natural resources also had an impact on supply, with water scarcity and a reduction of natural springs playing a big part. Tariq Abed Ghazwan, date palm farmer says that thousands of years ago, Bahrain had an abundance of natural pools and through the years these pools have lost their supply. This supply has also impacted the ability of date palms to flourish. Tariq says he has “lived”

through the decline, witnessing through his own eyes how people looked after date palms “physically and spiritually” but with the discovery of petrol (oil) it changed the trajectory of the Bahrain he knew.

Benefits of date palms Of course, the date palm is known for its dates, the juicy fruit that is consumed around the world. But there are numerous other uses of date palms that are likely less widely known. Tariq says that dates have multiple uses. He says that some dates are good enough for human consumption while others are used for animal feeds. At the same time, palm trees were used historically to make furniture, key chains and baskets. Not only can the date feed humans and be used as animal feed, the benefits of planting dates has a positive effect on the surrounding ecosystem. Researchers have found that date palms integrate and unite various parts of the ecosystem, as it acts as a stable entity.

Steps to revive the industry Officials in Bahrain are working on

agriculture closer relationships with other countries in the region to foster development and growth of the date palm industry. In 2021 Bahrain announced plans to open bids for a new date factory that would process 5,000 tonnes of dates annually. The current production is around 13,000 tonnes a year and the hopes were that the new facility would increase that yield. There has also been a marked increase to plant 6,000 palm trees annually. Tariq says that while the efforts are admirable, there is some work to be done. He said more co-operation between farmers and government officials should occur. Citing the example of noticing that dates from date palms planted along the highway were cut-off before they were ready illustrated that perhaps community involvement could help with government plans.

Threats remain Despite renewed interest and investment, threats continue to plague the date palm industry. Tariq says the urbanisation, water scarcity, solar energy, soil quality and international competition are all critical factors, it is also about education and changing a culture. “How people acquire that knowledge and it be channelled into a culture is what is important.” Tariq adds that coming up with plans and strategies is only effective if they are implemented properly. And those changes have to be seen at ground levels. For the changes to be sustainable, they have to be carried out over long periods of time. Tariq has applauded government’s efforts to ensure that the island of a million palm trees lives up to its name, but says that there is much work to be done. Tariq says that everyone has a role to play in making sure that the date palm industry is revived and that food security is achieved in Bahrain. It is not only up to government to educate, but for people to be more informed and educate themselves. Looking to each other, the Kingdom can be paradise.

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agriculture and farming

SAUDI’S POULTRY INDUSTRY SHOWS PROMISE The Kingdom is expected to meet 80 percent of its poultry demands by 2025, increasing self-sufficiency in line with Vision 2030’s goal of achieving food security.

audi Arabia hosted the second Middle East Poultry Expo in May under the patronage of the Minister of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Abdulrahman Al-Fadli. Over 200 firms from 37 countries, as well as experts in the poultry, feed, and animal health sectors, attended the three-day expo at the Riyadh International Convention and Exhibition Centre. The expo is the most prominent event in the Kingdom and the region for the poultry industry, showcased the latest innovations, solutions and technologies in the field of poultry breeding and production, animal health and the feed industry. Its goal is to increase investment prospects in the poultry business and to create a perfect platform for connecting local investors with international suppliers and specialists, thereby accomplishing the national food security agenda. According to the Middle East Poultry Expo, the six goals of the expo developed by the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture were represented through increasing the number of licenses and expanding investment operations to increase local production to meet the

increasing demand, achieving selfsufficiency, increasing the size of the macro economy and attracting new investors, creating job opportunities for national cadres, empowering women cadres in support services in the sector, and achieving rural development. The Saudi poultry sector is one of the largest and fastest-growing in the region. The Kingdom is expected to meet 80 percent of its own poultry demands by 2025, increasing selfsufficiency in line with Vision 2030’s goal of achieving food security. According to Research and Markets, the Saudi Arabia poultry market was valued at USD $ 17.328 billion for the current year and is projected to register a CAGR of 4.11% over the next five years. In their paper, titled ‘Saudi Arabia Poultry Market Size & Share Analysis - Growth Trends & Forecasts (2023 - 2028)’, increasing disposable incomes, a greater proportion of the working population, and a growing demand for animal-based diets are the key reasons driving the country’s development in processed and poultry meat consumption. The growing number of food outlets drives market expansion even more.

There is also significant government support for the industry, led by the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture (MEWA) through loans and projects, raising the percentage of investment in the industry in cooperation with the private sector. In the report titled, ‘Saudi Arabia Drastically Reduces Poultry Imports’, analysts suggest that SFDA’s decision to ban Brazilian imports could have been a non-tariff trade barrier that was intended to protect the growing local poultry producers from competitively priced imports. MEWA, according to Poultry World, encouraged local producers to significantly increase production. This is part of the Kingdom’s goals to reduce its reliance on oil and diversify its economy, as well as its Saudi Vision 2030 goal. Additionally, under Vision 2030, the Saudi government encourages foreign companies to invest in the Saudi market, especially in poultry farms. In return, Saudi Arabia offers 100% ownership to “local” producers and access to the direct productionbased subsidy that is also offered to local poultry farmers.

agriculture and farming

What you need to know about THE GLOBAL EGG SHORTAGE

Around the world, farmers have had to cull their chicken stocks in response to a single bird testing positive for bird flu.

hether your enjoy a scrambled egg breakfast or include eggs in your baking, you’ve no doubt noticed the massive price increase of eggs at your local grocery. No, it’s not the shop owner driving up prices, but instead is as a result of a global egg shortage. We investigate why there is a shortage, when it’s likely to ease and what you can do instead of spending a fortune on eggs.

The shortage The continued egg shortage has made headlines for much of 2022 and 2023. Rising food prices because of an increase in global inflation has also impacted the already constricted supply to drive up the prices of eggs. The basic concept of supply and demand, in conjunction with inflation, has resulted in soaring prices many cannot afford.

resulted in egg supplies dropping and an increase in prices that began in 2022 and have continued in 2023. Around the world, farmers have had to cull their chicken stocks in response to a single bird testing positive for bird flu. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), 67 countries reported outbreaks of the H5N1 avian flu in 2022. This resulted in the loss of at least 131 million domestic poultry. Another 14 countries were added to the list of impacted nations in 2023.

Egg alternatives? Although there are positive signs that the global outbreak is starting to slow down, consumers have been warned that the surge in prices aren’t likely to decrease fast any time soon. This has led to many seeking plant-based egg substitutes.

But why is there a shortage?

Here are some simple ideas that can help bakers. One of the following options can replace a single egg:

The main culprit behind the egg shortage can be attributed to a major outbreak of avian flu. The outbreak

• 3 tablespoons aquafaba (liquid from canned chickpeas)

• 1 tablespoon ground flaxseed + 3 tablespoons water

• 1 tablespoon chia seeds + 3 tablespoons water

• 1/4 cup unsweetened applesauce or mashed banana

• 2 tablespoons water, 2 teaspoons baking powder, 1 teaspoon vegan cooking oil

If you’re looking for an alternative to scrambled eggs or something that replaces eggs as a full meal, there are popular alternatives around. Popular brands including Just Egg, Simply Eggless and Follow Your Heart are some of the more well-known plant based alternatives that promote the idea of a similar taste and texture to the real deal. At the same time, using these alternatives can be your contribution to using sustainable food methods to enable food safety.

The good news

According to reports from Insider magazine, data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Price Index in the US found that egg prices had fallen seeing a trend towards a decrease in prices.

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food security

EAT LOCAL

Bahraini cuisine offers a delightful blend of flavors influenced by Persian, Indian, and Arabian culinary traditions. And, by choosing locally sourced ingredients, cooking local contributes significantly to food security and the food economy of Bahrain.

Baba Ganoush

made by pureeing eggplant with herbs (Bahrain) Aanddishspices to create a unique dip or spread - the Ingredients:

Bahraini version of Baba Ganoush. This recipe was shared by The Foreign Fork.

2 eggplants, roasted

Method:

2 tsp chopped garlic

• Heat oven to 350 F. Roast eggplants for about 45-50 minutes or until the skin

2 tbsp parsley, chopped 2 tbsp lemon juice 2 tbsp olive oil, plus more for serving ¾ tsp kosher salt ¼ tsp cumin ¼ tsp paprika

begins to wrinkle and turn black but is not burning.

• Remove eggplants from the oven and allow to cool. Peel the skin away from the eggplant.

• Chop the eggplant and put into a blender with the remaining ingredients. Blend until combined, adding seasonings to taste.

• Pour baba ganoush into a serving bowl and drizzle generously with olive oil. • Serve as a dip or a spread with vegetables, sandwiches, etc.

food security

Meat-free MeatBahraini kebab I Love Arabic Food shared its recipe of how to make delicious and meat-free Bahraini kebab in easy and simple steps.

Ingredients: 2 1/2 cups chickpea flour 1 teaspoon baking powder 1 egg 3 green onions, finely chopped 1 onion 1 tomato, finely chopped 1 1/2 tablespoons chopped leek 1/3 cup chopped parsley 1 teaspoon cumin 1 teaspoon paprika 1/4 teaspoon turmeric 1/2 teaspoon salt water, as needed oil for frying, as needed

Method: • In a bowl, mix the flour, salt and baking powder. • Add the onions, tomatoes, leeks, parsley and green onions, then season with cumin, paprika and turmeric.

• Stir the ingredients until they overlap, then pour in the water gradually until you get a soft dough.

• Add the eggs to the mixture and mix well. • Cover the bowl and leave it aside until the mixture relaxes. • In a saucepan over medium heat, heat the oil and pour in one • •

tablespoon of kebab dough. Turn the kebabs over to the other side until they are browned on both sides. Repeat the previous step until the quantity is finished. Serve hot.

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food security

Spinach Stew This Lebanese spinach stew (sabanekh) by Every Little Crumb is one of the best things you’ll ever eat! Ingredients: Meat: 1 Kg of beef is made by cooking it with onion and garlic, and is seasoned with seven spices (or all spice), salt and pepper. Spinach: You can use fresh or frozen spinach for this. 2 kg or 5 pounds of fresh spinach will do for this recipe, and you’d have to wash and prep it.

Method: • In a large pot over medium high heat, add the olive oil. Once hot, • •

Broth: A 1/2 cup of chicken or veggie broth will give it a nice stew consistency.

•

Lemon juice: The juice of 1 lemon which gives lots of nice tangy flavor to the stew.

•

Salt and pepper: season to taste. Chickpeas: This is completely optional, but you can take a can of chickpeas, drain and rinse thoroughly then add them to the stew. This gives some extra texture, flavor and protein. They just need to warm through with the spinach.

•

add the diced onions and cook for 3-4 minutes until softened, stirring continuously. Add the crushed cloves of garlic, and cook for a further minute or so, then add the ground beef. Cook for a minute, breaking apart any clumps of meat with a wooden spoon, then add all the spices. Continue cooking for a good 6-8 minutes until beef is all cooked through and brown with no pink bits remaining. Keep stirring and breaking apart clumps of meat- you can even use a potato masher to break the meat apart a little. If desired, drain any extra fat. Taste the mince and adjust for seasoning. Add the frozen packs of spinach directly into the pan with the cooked beef along with the broth. Let the spinach soften in the heat, and then keep it on the heat on a medium simmer till it’s completely cooked through. If it isn’t saucy enough, add extra broth. If you find that the spinach releases enough liquid you don’t need to add any extra. Add the drained chickpeas and cook for a couple minutes more. Squeeze a lemon into the spinach, taste the spinach, and season with any extra salt or pepper if you think it needs it. Enjoy hot, over vermicelli or plain rice.

food security

Chicken Machboos Dubbed the national dish of Bahrain, this Chicken Machboos recipe from The Daring Gourmet will delight your tastebuds. Ingredients: 2 large onions, diced 3 tablespoons ghee or unsalted butter 1 tablespoon baharat (see recipe below) 1 teaspoon turmeric 2 tablespoons oil A combination of chicken thighs, legs and breasts (about 3 pounds) 1 hot green chili pepper (e.g., jalapeno), seeded and diced 1 tablespoon fresh ginger, minced 5 large cloves or garlic, thinly sliced 2 large roma tomatoes, diced (or 1 (14 oz) can diced tomatoes, juices drained) 2-3 dried limes (loomi), several holes punched throughout each one 5 green cardamom pods ⅛ teaspoon ground cloves 1 stick cinnamon (about 2 inches long) 2½ teaspoons salt 2½ cups chicken stock 2 cups basmati rice (soaked for at least 15 minutes, then rinsed and drained) 3 tablespoons fresh cilantro, chopped

Method: 2 tablespoons fresh parsley, chopped rosewater for sprinkling (optional, but recommended) For the Homemade Baharat: 1 tablespoon black peppercorns 1 tablespoon cumin seeds 2 teaspoons coriander seeds 1 cinnamon stick (about 2 inches long) 1 teaspoon whole cloves ¼ teaspoon green cardamom seeds 1 tablespoon paprika powder ¼ teaspoon ground nutmeg For the Baharat: Set the paprika and nutmeg powders aside. Place all remaining ingredients (whole seeds, cinnamon stick and cloves) in a small frying pan and dry roast over medium-high heat, tossing regularly to prevent scorching, for 3-4 minutes or until very fragrant. Transfer to a spice or coffee grinder and let cool. Add the paprika and nutmeg and grind all the ingredients to a fine powder. Store leftover baharat in an airtight jar.

• Heat the oil in a large Dutch oven

• • • •

•

over medium-high heat and fry the chicken pieces on both sides until the skin is brown and crispy. Transfer the chicken to a plate and leave the remaining oil in the Dutch oven. Add the ghee (or butter), reduce the heat to medium, and fry the onions until starting to brown, about 10-12 minutes. Add the ginger, garlic, and green chilli pepper and saute for another 2 minutes. Add the baharat and turmeric and cook for another minute. Return the chicken pieces to the Dutch oven along with the tomatoes, dried limes, cardamom pods, cinnamon, ground cloves and salt. Add the chicken stock and stir to combine. Bring it to a boil, reduce the heat to low, cover and simmer for one hour. Add the cilantro, parsley and drained rice and stir to combine. Return it to a boil, reduce the heat to low, cover, and simmer for another 15-20 minutes until the rice is done and has absorbed the liquid. Transfer the chicken and rice to a serving dish (either leave the chicken pieces tossed in with the rice, or place the chicken on top of the rice), and sprinkle with 1-2 tablespoons of rosewater (optional). Serve with a green salad and yogurt raita.

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contacts COMPANY

CONTACT

A Latif K Al Aujan Group

17250620

Akram Seafood Trading W.L.L

33361689

Al Abed Farm

34424733

Al Fares Spices

17783009

Al Ghalia Farm

33065070

Al Muharraq Pickle Factory

36577776

Al Safar Food Co. W.L.L

17382777

Al Zaeem Butchery

36544399

Alamin Gardens

17732220

Aldeebil Fish Factory

39600510

Alhallay Dry Fish Factory

39212225

Almadhoob Livestock & Poultry Garden

39467460

Arabian Gulf University

17239999

Areej Dairies

17799930

Arla Foods W.L.L

17464555

Atlas Fish Company Bahrain

17703866

Atlas Fish Company W.L.L

17703866

Awal Dairy Shop

17598598

Awal Factory For Frizzing And Packing Fish Company WLL

17226588

Bahrain Agricultural Foods Storage and Security (Bafco)

17650515

Bahrain Agriculture Foods Storage & Security

17650515

Bahrain Dalla For Food Factory Co.

17345947

Bahrain Food Bank

33499499

Bahrain Food Monitor

32005409

Bahrain Line Aquaponics Center

36699495

Bahrain Livestock BSC

17224662

Bahrain Meat House

33551020

Blue Ocean Fish Factory W.L.L

39932999

Blue Swimming Crab Factory For Preserving Fish

33323995

BMMI Head Office

17739444

CupCream

39974704

Dar Aqua Farm

38386035

Dar Rose Agriculture And Trading

17790929

Delmon Fish

80007788

Delmon Poultry Company

17608266

Fareed Alkhajah Food Factory

17728588

Fine Foods

17727300

contacts COMPANY

CONTACT

Fish Farm LLC

97148839999

Food Corp WLL

32142253

General Poultry Company

17607617

Hussain Farm

33533222

Intercol

17228855

James Fisher and Sons plc

966138813839

Jannaty - Bahrain Food Industries CO

17008940

Jarada Fish

33660384

Jassim Agriculture & Veterinary (Agrovet)

13614444/17599000

Jelly Fish Factory W.L.L

39777647

Kanoo Agriculture Centre WLL

17400559

Manama Food Industry

17675752

Marina International Fisheries

17534925

MENA Center for Investment

39158369

Middle East Food Trading Co. WLL

17738008

Middle East Food Trading Company W.L.L

17738008

Ministry of Agriculture

17987000

Miyar Factory for Food

33746150

Mondelez Bahrain Biscuits WLL

17165555

National Fish Co. Ltd.

39684362

Niad

17171620

Penninsula Farm

32010971

Pleasant Home Nursery

36273205

Roots and Shoots

39006292

Safeway Food Industries Co. W.L.L

33334584

Sajam Group Industries

17765220

Shell Fisheries

17786110

Showaiter Delights

39069363

Sitra Meat Co & Factory Spc

17732252

Sitra Meat Factory. W.L.L

17732252

Starfish W.L.L

33017200

Swiss Food Specialities(Bahrain) W.L.L.

17244011

Tasneem Development Agriculture Co WLL Titanic Company

36997992 39672367

Trafco Logistics W.L.L.

17478460

Universal Food Factory

17456330

University of Bahrain

17438888 menacentre.org

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