Glimpses of the Konkani Language at the Turn of the 16th Century - Vol 12

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Corresponding Member oi ttre

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XII Standarilization of the Konkani Language s

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we have studied in the article no. V of this series, a uniform language was spoken by all the Konkani people in the l6th. and 17th.

centuries, and which may be called the Old Standard Konkani. llowever, in the course of time, in virtue of multiple causes, viz' geographical, social, and specially political, the Konkani speech was split into a number of dialects and sub.dialects, spread not only in Goa, but also in the extensive areas to its South and North, and thus the uniformity was broken.

For the simplification of the study, a shorter sketch of the above dialects may be attempted, by using sorne common or similar features in order to extend tbeir geographical boundaries, and thus reduce the nrtmber of regions and the respective dialects, and compare the latter to the Old Konkani. For such a purpose, I have been using a pretty good number of Konkani vocabularies and dictionaries and other studies, rvhich I possess, namely : seven sets of different rrranuscript Konkani vocabularies, compiled in Goa by the Portuguese Jesuit

and Franciscan missionaries in the l6th. and 17th. centuries; Fr. I\{affei's dictionaries compiled in Mangalore and printed in 1883 (Maffei, 1844-1899. was an Italian Jesuit) ; Mgr.Dalgado's dictionaries.publislred in 1893 and i905 ( Dalgado was a Goan ) ; linguistic survey studies, conducted by A. M. Ghatage, Deccan College, Poona, viz' " Kcnkani of South Kanara ", 1963 ; " Iionkani of Konkan", 1868; " Gawdi of Goa ",1972; " Kudrli", 1965; '' Marathi of Kasargod ", 1970. And I myself am a Konkani speaker, born and I

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aSouth Goa for 2l years, and residing in North Goa for last over 5C just years. Accordingly I propose to comprise all the present Konkani dialects i1 fou. regions: South of Goa, South Goa, North Goa and North of Goa' The division of Goa into South and North is performed with reference to the tiver Zuari, since some marked common orsimilar featUres characterize the of Goa speecbes to the South and to the North of this river. As fcr South Goa the of North purpose; and for the serve may adialect of South Kanara be workable' will dissrict Kudali dialect of Ratnagiri So I will place linearly specimen vocables picked up from the old Konkani, South Kanara, South Goa, North Goa and I(udal, and establish among a possthem a phonological and morphological comparison, rvith a view to see language' Konhani of the ibility of finding out a way for the standardization can for which I think that the granlmar structure and the number of spealrers constitute the main criterion' bred

in

Comparison

of phonemes

Silent vowels of the final syllnble of vocables

A).

Silent

o

1. old l{onkani - oddoicho ; South Kanara - od.l'ddecho ; South Goa '* half' oddecho ; North Goa - oddez; Kudal - oddich' :- Two and 2-OK-{J6v35s,umaso;SK-omaso;SG-omaso;NG-o:nrs; New Moon K - omvaxa' OK - Angonno ; SK - angonno; SG - angoniro; NG - angcnn ; 3.

K-kholla. --yard +. OI(._ Ango; SK -aogo; SG -ango; NG - ang; K -' - bodv 5. OK-Aidonno; SK-aidano; SG-aidonno; NG-aidonn; Kaidan. - pot 6. OK-Iltoro; SK-ut'toro; SG-s1'1311'1 ; NG-ut'tor; K--

North

tldoko; SK - ud'dako; SG - udok'r; NG - udok; K OK panny, pany.

- watcr 8 OK- Konnongo ; SK - konnongo; SG - honoongo; NG -konngy; K Potato - Sweet -. OK g.

Kopalo; SK - kopallo; SG - kopolo; NG - kopal; K kopall. -forehead

7.

l0.OK-Komollo;SK-l<omollo;SG-lio'nollot,NG-komoll; K-komoll. -lotus 11. OK - Kaliingo ; SK - I<olingoddo; SG - liallingo ; NG - kalling; K - kallingori. - water meloo

12. OK-- Kdukonno; SK'_kankonno; SG - kankonno;.NG-kankonn; - lrakann. -bangle 13. OK - Kanoso; SK - kanoso ; SG - kankonno; NG - kanos ; K- kanus -file 14. OK - Kagodo,kagoto; - SK-kagodo(letter); SG - kagoto; NGkagod; K -. paper. karonn,.

15. - OK - Karonno ; SK -karonno; SG - karonno ; NG K-.-cause K

karann;

16. OK- Kunkoddo; SK-kunkpddo (cock) kunkodd

i

K

,17. OK

-. -

cock or hen

; SG -ku,nkoddo;

NG-

SK-kullaro;'SG -kullaro; NG-kullar; K-' - Kullaro;' 18. OK-Khaddo; SK-khaddo; SG-khaddo; NG-khadd; K-. wife's parent's hoLse

beird

19. OK -

Gadclovo; SK

-

gadd'ddovb

;

SG

-

gaddovo

;

NG

gadhov;

-

11-gadhav.

-ass 20, OK - Giranno, grahanno ; SK - grohonno ; SG - giranno ; NG girann; K-.

-eclip"s 21. OK - Goddo; SK goddo; SG goddo; NG godd ; K gvadd.

-

-

jaggery

22.

ghoro; SG

;

-

gbor - ghor; K 23. OK-Ghantto; SK-gbantto; SG-ghantto; NG-ghantt; K-.

OI(

-- Ghoro;

SK

lrouse

-

-

-

-

ghoro

NG

bell

2+. OK - Chako, chokro : SK chak, cholir; K-chak. -wheel

- chokro;

SG

-

chako, chokro.; NG

-

25. OK-Chitollo; SK-chit'tolo; SG-chitoilo; NG -chitoll; K -. deer - 26.

OK- Cbibodrlo; SK-chib'borldo; SG i NG -chibodd; X-chhibudd. -

melon

-cbibocldo

27. OK-Chilo; SK -chilo; SG-; NG-; K-.-bag 28. OK-Chincho; SK-chincho; SG-chincho (tamarind tr*u); NG

-

chinch ( tamarind tree and fruit ) ; K

chhioch.

tamarind

29. OK - Jibo; SK- jibo; SG--jibo; NG- jidh; .K- jip. -toosrre 30. OK--Jevonno; SK- jevonno; SG-jevonno; NG-jevonn; K-

- meal 31. OK-Zhaddo; SK-zbaddo; SG-zhaddo; NG-zhaCd; K-. plant i 32, OK-Tonno; SK-tcnno; SG-tonno; NG -tooo; K -. -gras$

Jhcvonn.

433. OK- Tollo; SK - tollo; SG - r'ollo; NG -totl; K-toll' bottom, sole 3+. OK-Tako; SK-tako; SG-iako; NG-tak; K-tak'-butter milk

35. OK-Tano; SK-tano; SG-tano; NG-tan; K-tan'-thirst 36. OK - Teriko; SK - tarikho; SG - tarikho; NG - tarikh ; K tarik. - date 37. OK-Tupo; SK-tupo; SG-tupo; NG-tup; K-tup' -ghee 38. OK-Telo; SK-telo; SG-telo; NG-tel; K-tel'-oil 39. OK - Tonddo; SK - tonddo; SG - tonddo ; NG - toodd; K tvandd. - mouth 40. OK - Dokhinno; SK - dokxinno; SG - dokxinno ; NG - dokxinn i K-dokxin.-South 4l.oK_Dukho;SK-duk'kho;SG_dukho;NG_dukh.iK-duk.

42. OK-Dudoi SK-dudoi SG-dudhoi NG-dudhi K-dud'milk

+3. OK - Deullo; SK - devollo; SG - deullo i NG - devull; K devul.

- temPle ++. OK-Duroi SK-dhuroi SG-duro; NG-duri I(-'-far +5. OK -Doniparo; SK- dhomparo; SG-demparo; NG-donpar; K -donpar. - nooo 46.OK-Nokhetro;SK-nokxetro;SG-nolrhetro;NG-nokhetr"' nekhetr; K-.-star 47. OK-Nonnondo i SK-nonnodo I SG-nonnondoi NG-nonnond I husband's sister K - nonand. +8. OK - Ncrk'konddo i SK - noroko ; SG - vemkonddo ; NG -- vemK-norok'-hell -kondd;

+9.oK-Nakhutto,nakhoiSK_nankutto;SG_nakhutto;NG-_

nakhutt; K-nak.-nail

NG Naringo, sonariogo ; SK - naringo ; SG - sonaringo ; sonaring; K-.-orange 51. OK - Nattoko; SK - nattoko; SG - nattoko; NG - nattok ; Knattok. - drama K-nak'52. OK-Nakho; SK-nanliol SG-nako; NG-nakl

50.

OK

nose

53. OK -' Nuksano; SK I( -. - loss

nuksano; SG

-

nuksano; NG

-nuksan;

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si

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It t: $,

il l; l

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I

h ,i(

54. OK - Porobo ; SK - porobo; SG - porobo ; NG - porobo ; K -.

- feast 55. OK-Pochhimo; SK -poxchimo;SG - poxchimo; NG-poxchim K-pochh'chhim.-West 56. OK- Pakho; SK SG - pakho; NG-pakh; K-. -feather, 57. OK-Pano; SK -pano; SG-pano; NG-pan; K -pan. -leaf 58. OK-Papo; SK-papo; SG -papo;NG -pap; K-pap. -sin 59. OK - Pavlo; SK pavulo; SG - pa*'lo ;'NG . panvol, pavl ; K -

footstep

60. OK-Pittho; SK-pitto; SG -pitto;NG-pitt; K -.-flour 61. OK-Pilo; SK-pilo;SG -pilo; NG-pili K-. - young one 62. OK-Pisoi SK -piso ; SG-; NG- ; K - . -feather 63. OK-Punovo; SK-pun'novo; SG-punovo; NG-punovi Kpunov.-Full Moon 64. OK-Postoko i SK -pustoko; SG-pustoko; NG-pustok; K-. book

s

--

!rl

East

i

.i i,

t,

ll 4 tt il

-pako;

wing

65. OK-Purvo; SK-purvoi

SG

-

purvo; NG

-purvi K--purv.-

66. OK - Pezoi SK - pezo ; SG - pezo i NG - pez; K - pech. - csngy 67. OK-Pottol SK-pottoi SG-potto; NG-potti K-pvatt.belly, stomach

68.

OK -Foddnnoi

fonn'nny.

SK-fonn'nnol SG-foddnno; NG-foddnn; K -

seasoning with spices

69. OK-Follo! SK-follo; SG -follot NG-folli K-foll.-fruit 70. OK - Popiso, popuso i SK -fup'puso; SG -popiso; NG - popis I K-fopis.-lung 71. OK- Fuloi SK -fulo; SG-fulot NG-ful i K-ful.-flower 72. OK-Badamo; SK -bodamo; SG- badamo; NG-badam; K bodam.

- almond OK 73.

- Bondiroi SK - bondiro i SG - bondiro; NG - bondor, bondir i I(-.-port 7+. OK-Bolloi SK -bolol SG-bollol NG-brcll; K -.-strenght 75. OK-BagoiSK - bago ; SG-bago ; NG-bagi K:bak. - garden 76. OK-Bailo; SK-bailoi SG-bailo; NG -baiii K-bail.-wife 77. OK-Balloi SK-ballo; SG-balloi NG-ball; K-.- child 78. OK - Bikhonddo ; SK - bik'konddo ; SG - bikonddo; NG - bikonn i r' jack fruit seed K-. ,'

6K- '79, OK-Betoi SK-beto i SG-beto; NG-beti

catte

K-bvatt'80. OK-Botto; SK-botto; SG-bottoi NG-botti finger

81. OK Bhangaro i SK - bbangaro I SG - bhangaro; NG - bhaogar i K-. - gold K-bhat'* 82. OK- Bhato; SK- bhato; SG-bhato; NG-bhat; paddy

83. OK- Bhavozo; SK- bbavozo; SG- bhavozo; NG-

bhavoz;

K-.- brother's wife 8+.OK-Bhuko;SK-bhuko;SG-bhuko;NG-bhuk;K-bhulr' - hunger 85. OK-Bhuto; SK-bhuto; SG-bbuto; NG-bhut; K-bhut'ghost K 86. OK - Moidhano j Sf - moidano; S;G - moidaoo - NG moidan ; - moidan. Plain 87. QK - Moronno ; SK - morbono; SG - moronno; NG - moronu i K-moronn. -death 88. OK- I\Iozoro ; SKmanjar.

maz'zoio; SG

- iat

-

m^zoro;

NG-

mazori

K-

89.OK-Makoddo;SK-mankodo;SG'-'makoddo;NG-makoCd;

T-;r::Tt^p"

; sK-nrapo I sG-mapi NG-map ; K-map'

-

measure

91. OK-Malloi SK-malloi SG-mallo.l NG-malll K -mall' -

garland

92, OK-IvIaso; SK-manso; SG-masoi NG-masi K -

mas'

-

meat

g). OK-Mittho; SK-mittoi SG-mitto; NG-mitti K-mitt' salt

- g+. OK SG -ITusollo; SK-musollo; musall. -'Pestle 95. OK Muto

-

i

SK

-

muto

i

SG

musollo

;

NG -musoll;

K-

- muto; NG: slsl; K- '

- urine 96. OK- Mulloi SKr-mutlo; SG-mulloi'NG-mulll K-mull' - root 97. OK-Moddo; SK-moddo; SG-moddo; NG-modd; K-' - storm, cloud 98. OK-Yudeo; SK-vu<l'dho; SG-vud'dho; NG -vud'dh; K-' - war

-7

99. OK-Rogoto,rogtoi SK-rogoto; SG-rogoto; NG-rogoti K- blood t00. OK-Rajeoi 5X-rajeo; SG-rajeoi NG-raj,rajeq.; K-. kingdom

-rano; NG-rani K-ran. L02. OK-Rinnoi SK-rinno; SG-rinnoi NGrinn; K-. -dcbt 103. OK-Logno; SK-lognoi SG-logno; NG-logni K-'login - marringe 104. OK - Losunno; SK - losunno ; SG - losunno; NG -'losunn; 'K-losun.

-garlic 105. OK- Karafulo; SK r lovongo; SG-karptulo; NG - karaful, lovoog; K- lovong. - clove NG - loz'z; K-- lach.

106. OK - Lazo ; SK lazo ; SG -lozo; shame '107: OK-Lalloi SK-lallo; SG-lallo; NG-lall; K-.

-saliva 108. OK -- Lokhonddo ; SK - lokhonddo ; SG lokhonddo ; NG lokhondd ; K - lokandd - iron 109. OK-Yozroi SK-vozroi SG-vozro; NG-voz,; K--. l0l. OK-Ranoi SK-ranol

SG

forest

t

d iamond

ll0. OK vorokho; SK-voroso; SG-voroso; -Voroso,voruso, voros; K-voras.

..

NG-

-vcar ll1. OK-Vostro; SK-vostoro; SG-vostro; NG-vostr: K-- clotb ll2. OK-Votoi SK-voto; SG-r'otoi NG-vot: K-. -sun"hine ll3. OK-Vadollo; SK-vadollo; SG-va'lollo; NG-vrdoll; Kvadall.

- storm 'll+. OK-Xestro; SK-xostro; SG-sostro; NG-sostr; KweaDon

'

.l

ll5. OK-Xingo; SK-xingoi'SG-xingoi NG -xingi K-xiog.

- horn ll6. OK-Xiddoi SK-Xiddoi SG-Xiddoi NG:rid4-K-.

-sail ll7. OK ' Xetoi SK - xeto; SG'- xeto: NG-xet; K-xat. -field I 18. OK Sakoro, sakhoro ; SK i SG -eakoro ; NG - sakor ; - sak'khor a .K-sakar-- sugar I19. OK - Singesonoo, sihasonno ; SK -- sivasonno ; SG sihrsonnr i NG . sihasonn ; I( - throne ' ' ' tz}. OK-Supoi -. SK-supoi SGsupo; Nc-sup; K..sup. winnowing scuttlo : -

8-121.

OK-Sukho; SK-sukho; SG-sukhoi NG-sukhi K

happiness

122.

123.

OK-Sutol SK-suto; suto; NG-suti K-sut' -thread OK-Suno-; SK-sunoi SG-suno; NG-sunoi NG-sun'-

daughter'in-law

l2+. OK - Hantullnno, hanturno ; SK - hantullnno i SG - hanturno l NG-hanturn; K-. - bed NG-hadd; K-hadd' 125. OK-Haddo; SK--haddo; SG-haddoi fs6s

-l2tr. OK-Humo; SK-hurnol SG-humo; NG-uml K-' -sweat tz7. OK-Hokolo; SG-hok'kolo; SG-hokolo; NG-hokol; Kvhokal. - bride b

)

Silent u

l. OK-Opmanu; SK- opmanu; Sc-opmanu; NG-opmao; K -. - insult 2. OK-Obheasu; SK-obeasu (habit); SG-obheasu; NGobheas; K-obheas' - SundaY K-aitvar' 3. OK-Aitaru; SK-aitarui SG-aitaru; NG-aitari - Sunday +.OK-Uddidu;SK-udclidu;SG-uddidu;NG-uddid;Kuddit. - black gram NG-upasi K 5. OK-Upvasu,upasu; SK-upasu; SG-upasui fast - upas. SK-unduru; SG-undiru; NG-undir; KOK-Undiru; 6. hundir.

- mouse NG-upchari 7. OK- Upcharu; SK-upcharu; SG-upcharu ; K -. - treatment SK-uvarul SG-uvarul NG-uvari K-hovr' 8 OK-Uvaru; - flood K-' 9. OK-Koirui SK-koiru; SG-koiru; NG-koir; rubbish

NG-l<apusl K-kapus' 10. Kapusu; SK-kap'pusu; SG-kapusu; : cotton NG - kallok i 11. OK - Kalloku; SK - kalloku ; SG - kalloku ; K - kallok.- darkness SG - kantthu ; NG - kantth' 12. OK - Kantthu ; SK - kantthu; edge K -katt. -

,.9 Nc-kumbar; 13. OK-Kumbaru ; SK-kumbaru ; SG -kumbaru ; f,(-kumar. - potter 1+. OK Kurttu; SK-kurttu;SG-kurttu; NG--kurttiK-.

-' loins, waist

15. OK-Kollundiru ; SK--kollunduru ; SG--kollundiru ; NG -kullun. dir; K -. -_rat 16. OK-Kopu;SK-kopu iSG-kopu;NG kop;KJ; kop.-anger 17. OK-Khazuru; SK -khoz'zla; SG:khazuru; NG-khazuri -K-kbazur. - date SK-khorzu i SG- khorozui NG-khorozi 18. OK-Khorozai K

-. -

itch

19. OK- Khonnu; SK-'khonnu; SG-khonnu; NG-khonn; K-hbonn.

-

20. OK

-

game

21.

OK

.komfor

drawer

-I(hellu;

-

SK

- khellu;

Korn?oru ; SK

i K - kopor.-

-khop

SG

-kheilu i NG - khell ; K- khell.

'poru

;

SG

-

komporu

i NG -

kompor,

elbow

22. OK- Goroddu, goruddu; SK - goruddu; SG - goruddu; NG - gorudd. - eagle .OKn. Galu; SK-galu; SG-galu; NG-gal; K -gal.-cheek 2+. OK-Ghugumu ; SK-gug'gumu; Sc-gugumu; NG-gugum ; K-.-owl 25. OK-Ghuttu ; SK-gutt'ttu ; SG-gutthu ;. NG -gutth;.lK-. -

.gorudd ; K

i

secret

26. OK - Gudduguddu ; SK - guddguddu ; SG .godC, goddgoddo ; K -. - thunder

-

goddgoddu I NG

-

godd-

.27. OK--Goboru; SK-gob'boru; SG-goboru; NG-gobor; K-.

- ashOK--Gondu; SK-gondu SG-gondu; IrIG 28.

I -gond; K-gond.-

.

gum

29. OK-Ghaui SK-ghaiu; SG-ghaui NG-Shai ; K-.-- wound 30. OK--Ghuddu; SK -ghuddu; SG-guddhui NG-guddh; K-.

"-- poultry pen 31. OK Chondromu, chondru ; SK-- chondru ; SG - chondrimu, chon.31u ; NG --- chondr, chondrim ; K-. mooo 32. OK- Chikolui SK-chik'kolu; SG-chikolu; NG-chikoli K.rchik'koll.- mud K NG 33. OK = Zolmu; SK - jonmu; SG -zolmu i -zolm; -. -birth o

103+. OK-Jiu; SK- jivui SG- jiui Nc-jiv; 35. Chamaru; SK - chambaru; SG - chamaru;

K- jiv'-life NG - chamar ; K -

shoemaker

chamar.

NG - cham36. OK - Chamkillu, SK - chamkollu, SG - chamkillu' kull, K -. -wart NG - chor; K-chor.

37. OK- Choru; SK- choru; SG- choru; - thief 38.OK-Taodullu;SK-tandullu;SG-tandullu;NG-tandull; K - tandul.- rice fever 39. OK-Tapul SK-tapu; SG-tapu; NG-tap, K-tap'40.OK-TiruiSK-tiruiSG-tiru;NG-tiriK-tir'-shore'aim K -till'- sesame 41. OK - Tillu; SK-titlui SG - tillu; NG - till; K - ' round' NG-dont; SG dontu; +2. OK- Dontu; SK - <lontu;worm +3. OK-Dantu; SK - dantu; SG- dantui NG-dantl K-dat' tooth 4+. OK-Disu, SK-clisu; SG-disu; NG-dis, K-dis' -dav+5. OK- Dukankaru; SK-dukandaru I SG-dukankaru i NG -dukankar ! K-dukanvalo. -shopkeeper, liqrror vendor 46. OK- Dexu; SK-dexul SG -dexu; NG-dex;K-' -couatry -+7. OK - Deu i SK- Devu; SG-Deu i NG-Deu ; K - Dev'-God +8.OK-DeruiSK-deru;SG-deru;NG-deriK-'-husband's brother

+g.OK-DevilutulSK-devdutu;SG-devdutu;NG-devdut;K- angel 50. OK - Dhunvoru, dhunkottu ; SK - dhuvoru i SG - dhunvoru' dhunsmoke dhunkott ; K-dhukott' kottu i NG -NG-noll,nou; -dhunvor, K-noll' 51. OK - Nollui SK - nollu; SG- nollui tap ' K 52. OK Nangoru i SK - nangoru; SG - nangoru; NG urngor; nangor.

-

-

plough

53. OK - Narlu, narollo ; SK - narlu i SG - narlu, nalu; NG - narl, nal l: K-nal.-cocoanut 5+. OK-Nagu iSK - nagu;SG-nagu;NG - nag; K-nag'- cobra '

55.OK--Nivedu;SK-nividiu;SG-;NG-;K-noeod'-offering 56. OK-- Potoogu ; SK -

potong.

-

kite, butterflY

57. OK-Pormollu; K _. - perfumo

potongu ; SG

SK-

-

potoogu ; NG

-

potoug ;

pormollu; SG-pormollui I'IG}

K

-

-pormolll

58. OK-Porvotu; SK-porvotu; SG-porvotu; NG-porvot i K-.

-

mountain

59. OK-Pau,pao; SK-paiui SG-paeom; NG-paim; K-pai.-

leg

60. OK-Pausu;SK-pavsu i SG-pauso i NG-

pausi

K-pavs.-

tain

61. OK-Pettu i SK-pett'ttu; SG-pettu; NG-petti K-.-blow 62. OK - Ponnosu; SK-fonnosu; SG-ponnosu; NG-ponnos; Kjack-ftuit {onnos.

63. OK- Fatoru; SK-fat'toru; SG-fatoru i NG fator; tr(-fator.

-- stone 6+, OK - Feunu ; SK - fennu i SG - fennu; NG - fenn, fenno ; K fes. foam 65. OK-Fou i SK-fovu; SG- fou; NG-fov i K-fov.-flattened rice

66. OK-Boilu; SK -boilu; SG-boilu i NG - boili K- boil. - bull 67. OK-Bannu; SK-bannu;SG - bannu; NG bann-; K- bann. ;arro\'t' 68. OK- Bikunnu; SK-bik'kunnu ; SG-bikunnu; NG-bhikunn ; K-bhekunn.-br:g 69. OK- Budhuvaru ; SK Budvaru ; SG - Budhvaru; NG - Budhvar i K - Fudvar.- Wednesday 70, OK - Brestaru, Birestaru, Brespotivaru ; SK Brastaru ; SG - Brestaru ; NG Brestar, Birestar i K- Brestovar. Thursday 7t. OK-Bhottu; SK-bhatt'ttu; SG-bhottu; NG; bhotti Kbhott.

- priest 72. OK-Bhaui SK-bhavu; SG-bhaut NG-bhau ibhavi K-.brother

73, OK - Dhornikampu; SK bhukompu; SG - dhornikampu, bhukam- dhornikamp, bhukarnp; K -. - earthquake 7+. OK - Mongllaru, Mongollvaru ; SK - Mongllaru ; SG Mongllaru, Mungllaru ; NG - Mongllar, Mungllar ; K-Mongollvar.

- Tuesday 75. OK - Mannusu,monuxu i SK- monuxu i SG-monisu;NG- monis i K mannus. -- man 76, OK - Maddu, maddo ; SK - maddearuku ; SG - maddu; NG - madd l K - madd. cocoanut tree 77. OK - l\4onnttopu, mattou ; SK - mannttovu ; SG - monddopu, mattou; IIIG - monddop, mattou; K - monnddop, mattov. - pandal pu ; NG

12

---';

78. OK - Mamu; SK uncle

mama.

maternal

-

mamu I SG

-

mamu ; NG

-

mam' mama; K

-

K-'79. OK-Maum;SK-manvum; SG; maum; NG'-manvi

father-in-law

80. OK-Nlugo; SIi-mugui SG-mugu; NG-mug; K-muk' pulse

-

81. OK-Musui SK-mus'u; SG-musui NG-musi K- ' -flv 82. OK-Morui SK; moro; SG -moru- NG; K-mor' -peacock 83. OK-Rosui SK-rosu- SG-ros; NG-rosi K-ros' -juice 8+. OK-Rakhesu; SK-rakxosu; SG-rakhesu; Nc-rakhos' K-rakos. -giant K-' 85. OK-Rnol SK-Raiu; SG-Rai,Rau; NG-Rai,Rav; king

KSG - rumalu ; NG - rumal; - Rumalu; SK-rumalu ; rumal. - handkerchief Nc-rukh;K-' - tree 87. OK-Rukhu; SK-ruku; SG-rukhu, 88. OK-Rogu; SK-rogu; SG-rogu. NG -rog;K-' -discase 89. OK - Vokilu ; SK - r'okilu; SG - vokilu, NG - vokil ; K lawyer 90. OK-Vontthu; SK-vottu; SG-ontthu; NG-ontth; K-vott' 86.

-

OK

lip

91. OK-Vagu; SK -vagu; SG- vaau; NG-vag' K-vak' - tiger 92. OK-Varu; SK-varu; SG-varu; NC-var;K-var' -day 93. OK-Vicharu; SK-vicharu; SG-vicharu; NG; vichar; K-' idea -g+, OK-Vellu; SK-vellu; SG-vellu NG-vell ; K-vogot' time

95. OK-Veaparu; SK-veaparu ; SG - veaparu, veparu ; NG- veapar' vepar; K-eaPar. -trade 96. OK-Xokunu; SK-xokunu; SG-xokunu; NG-xokun; K-' omen OK-Xonkhu; SK-xonkhu; SG-xonthu'; NC-xonkh; K97.

xonk.

- conch SK-xobilu; Sc-xobdq-; NG-xobd; K-' OK-Xobdu; 98.

word

99. OK-Xonvaru; xonvar,

-

SaturdaY

SK -xanvaru; SG

-

xoovaru; NG

-

xonvar;

K-'

-13

100. OK-Xrapu ; SK- xapu; SG- xirapu; xrapu; NG-xirap,xrap

i.

K-sorap.-curse i0l. OK - Xukrapu ; SK - Xukraru; SG - Xukraru ; NG - Xukrar; K Suk'kurval. ---: Friday 102. OK-Somudru, somsndru; .SK -somudru; SG - somudru; NG .- somudr'; K - somudor. -: Sâ&#x201A;Źzt 103. OK-Soitanu! SK- Soitanu; SG-soitanul NG -Soitan; K- Satan NG-sorop; K-sap.

104. OK-Soropu; SK-soropu; SG-soropu;

--

snake

105. OK -

Sin'hu

;

lion

SK

- siov'vu;

SG

- sinvu; NG - sinv, K

106. OK-Sukanau ; SK - sukannu ; SG-sukannem ; NG- suka-

nnem;

K-.

-rubber 107. OK- Sutaru; SK- sutaru; SG-sutaru; NG-sutar, K-sutar

-

carpenter

108. OK-Somaru; SK-Somaru; SG-Somaru; NG-Soma.; KSomar.

-

Monday

lC9. OK-sonaru; SK-son'naru; SG-sonaru; NG-sonar; KsoDar.- goldsmith:

110. OK-Hansu; SK-honvsu ; SG- hansu; NG -hans ; K duck

111. OK-Hatui SK-hatu; SG-hatu; NG-hati K-hat. -hand ll2. OK -Haru; SK-haru; SG haru; NG - har i K - har. _.

113. OK-Hingu; SK-hingui SG-hingui NG-hingi K-hing.

- asafoetida 114. OK-Horetu; SK-horetu; SG-horetu; NG-horet; K- - bridegroom ll5. OK-Yellu; SK-yellu; SG-yellu; NG-ellu; K-yelchy(f )- cardamgm necklace

c

)

Sitrent

i

1. OK-Aji; SK-ajii SG-aji; NG -azi K'-ach.

2. OK- Arthi i SK=arti i SG - arthi; Nc;artbi;

lamp for worship

-today K

-arot. -

3. OK-Katori; SK-ketri; SG-.katori; NG-kator; K-kotri.â&#x201A;Źcissors

ii

t

I

t {

A :

I

14+,, OK-Kambolli; SK-kambolli; Sc-kambolli; NGK-kamollam.-blanket

kamboll

NG -kail; K- kail.

- kaili i 6. OK-Kali; SK-kali; SG-kalii NG-kal; K-kal.-yesterday 7. OK-Kuraddi ; SK- lturaddi; SG-kuraddi; NG-kuradd; - axe -kuradd.

SK-kelli; SG-kelli; NG-kelli; K-kell.OK-Kelli; 8.

5. OK -Kaili frying pan

;

SK

-

kaili

i

SG

pbntain tree

9. OK -Kothombori; SK- kotombori; SG-kothbiri ; NG-konfir.

K-kodbir. - coriandcr 10. OK-Khanni, khonni; SK- khanni, khonni; SG- khouni; NGhhonn; K-.-mine 11. OK-Khanki; SK-khanki; SG-khanki; NG-khauk; Kkhok. -cough

12.OK-Gantthi; SK-gantti; SG-gantthi; NG-gantth; K-.

13. OK-Ghotti(adj) ; SK-ghott'tti ; SG-ghotti i NG- ghott; K- strong t+. OK-Ghali (verb); SK-ghali; Sc-ghali; NG-ghal; K-.

- put 15. OK-Ghanxi (verb)i SK--ghaxi; SG-ghanxii NG-gbansi rub K -ghas16. OK-Chonchi; SK-chonchi; SG-chonchi; NG-chonch; Kbeak 17. OK-Tori; SK-tori; SG-tori; NG-tor; K-. -vet i8. OK-Dukhi; SK-duki; SG-dukhi; NG-dukhi K-duk. knot

pain

19. OK-Devi; SK-Devii

-

SG-Devi; NG-Devi; K-Deyi.

Goddess

20,

OK

K

-

Nathileari

;

SK

-

noleari; SG - na zaleai; NG

- na zaleat ;

-. - otherwise 2I. OK-Natii SK-natii SG-sx1i; NG"-nati K-natru.

grand daughter

22. OK-Nisonni; SK-nisonnii SG-nisonnii NG-nisonn; K- ladder 23. OK-Poirii SK-poirii SG-poirii NG-poiri K-porvacheyesterday dis.

- day before nixan.

.

_15 2+. OK-Ghonni; SK-pattgonni; SG-ghonni; NG- vaghonny K-.-centipede 25. OK- Pinji ( verb) ; SK - pindi; SG -pinji ; NG -piaz; K * pich. tear 26. OK-Patthoi (verb); SK-pottoii SG-patthoi; NG - pattboi; K-pattoi.-send 27. OK-Penddi; SK-penddi -SG-penddi ;NG-pendd; K-peno - oilcake love 28. OK- Proti, priti; SK-priti; SG - priti;NG-priti;K-.29. OK-Fotti; SK-fott'tti; SG-fotti ; NG-fotr ; -.- lie, false 30. OK - Fatti i SK-fatti;SG-fatti; NG-fatt; K- patt.-back 31. OK-Funki i SK-funki ; SG-funki;NG- funkiK-fuk. -blow32. oK- Budhi ; SK - bud'dhi ; SG - budhi ; NG - budh; K-. wisdom

33. OK-Bhoinni; SK-bhoiani; SG bhoinni;NG-bhoinn; K- sister OK 3+.

- Bhitori; SK-bhit'tori; SG-bhitori; NG-bhitor; K-bhitor.

- in, inside 35. OK-Mhonnsori; SK- monsori;SG -mhonnsori;NG -mhonnsor i K tilt -. 36. OK-llqiri;SK-mag'geri;SG - magiri;NG - magiri K-mogeafterwards 37. OK-Mukhari; SK- mukhari ; SG - mukhari;NG -mukhar ; K - - in front 38. OK-Murti;SK - murti; SG- murti; NG-murti; K-. - image, idol 39. OK SK- muxtti ; SG-mutthi;NG -mutth i K-mutt.

-Mutthi ; fist +0. OK-Vati i SK-mennvati, mennbot'ti ; S9-vati ; NG-vati K - vat, mennvat. qpndle +1. OK- Mhoxi, mhoixi i SK-mhoxi; SG mhoxi i NG mhos i K-mhos. - she-buffalo 42, OK - Ratri,rati i SK-rati ; SG-rati;NG- ratiK-rat.

-night +3. OK- Ruchii SK-ruchi ; SG-ruchi iNG rat. ;K -nighL -.rat ++, OK- Vonnoti i SK-vonnoti i{G-vonnoti; NG-vonnot; Kbhint.

- wall +5. OK-Voirii SK-voiri; SG-voiri; NG-voir; K-vor.bhoin.

ovcr up

16

--

+6. OK- Vori I SK- vari i SG-vori i NG-vori; K- '- like creeper 47. OK -Vali i SK-vali i SG-vali; NG-vali K K-'hun:iditv NG-xelti 48. OK-Xelli i SK-xelli; SG-xelli i 49.oK_Sali]SK_sali;SG-saliiNG-sallK-sal._.bark'skiu NG- saronn i 50. OK-Sarnni, saronni; SK-sallnni ; SG- sarnni;

i;

#'i"fr",,"di

kund.

-

_

uoiroai ;

sc

NG-houo. i K -houodi ;

-

hot'ti

tumeric

52. OK elephant

; sK

-

Hosti ;

SK-

hosti; SG

;

- ho'.

K-hot'ti' -hot'ti ; i SG-hunsanni ; NG--

NG

53. OK - Hunsauni, hunanni i SK- hunsanni hunsann;K-hun.*beat K-.

5+. OK - Chuki ; - SK - chuki ; SG - chuki ; NG-chuk i

fault

Theforegeingexamplesshowamplythatthesilentvowelso,uar'diofthe finalsyllableoftheoldKonkanivocables,havebeenpreservedinthedialects ofSouthKanaraandSouthGoa.andare]ostinthedialectsofNorthGoaand Kudal,anclhence,onthisaspect,thewhojei\IodernKonkanimaybedivided North Konkani' into only two rvide speeches: South Konkani and Theabovesilentvowelofthefinalsyllablehelpssolvemanygrammar problems,sucbaswhengivingemphasisoraddingparticleschand'itothe i " and "xet' xetoch' xetoi i final syllable, V. g. " xet, xeto! I dant' dantu! ! '', and without which the abovc. dantuch, dantui ] chuk, chukich, chuki dant,

twooperationsarephoneticallyimpossiblewithconsonants.Thereforein NorthGoa,whereagreatnutnberofvocablesendinconsonant,asaresult vocal chords are trapped of the fall of thesilent vowel ofthe final syllable,the oot u to perform the said two operations, and, as such, a silent whilst trying

areirrespectivelyaddedtothefinalconsonant,withnosufficientjustification donoi i donuch' donui "' while " v. g. " don,dono !, donu! " or don'donoch' " don " is in the South Konkani, rvhere the vorvel of the f inal syllable o[ donii "' silent l, one says confidently " doni ! ' donich' also The said final silent vowet, along with the siem of the'vocables' speech' frame morphological rules for many parts of the helps

Thefinalvowelmaybelong'shortorsilent'v'g'inwardslikebodcly' lif i, v ati resPectivelY'

-t7 Comparison of Morphemes

Formation of plural of nouns

1.

a) l K-

ii

II x

I

Masculine nouns

OK-

Uvaru, o

lonJdo, e.

;

flood

5K

-

uvaru,

o'i

SG

-

uvarui o

;

NG --- uvar, ar

i

2.

OK-Narlu, o i SK-nalu, o; SG - nal,lu, o i NG--narl, arl i 'I( narl, narla. cocoanut '3.- OK -kensu,o i SK-kesu,o ; SG-kensu,o i NG -kens,ensi f( -. - hair 4. OK- Deu,6u; SK - Devu, o i': SG-Deu,6u ! NG -Dev,6vi K-Dev,6v. -God 5. OK-Choru,oi SK - choru,oi SG-choru,oi NG-chor,ori K chor, or. - thief 6.-OK-Yellu, oi 5(-yellu, yellol SG-yellfi,fi; NG_ellfi,fi; X - yellchi, ieo. - cardamom 7. OK-Sutaru,oi SK-sutaru,oi SG-sutaru,o; NG-sutar, ari K - mest, ta. carpeDter 8. OK- Khellu, oi SK-klrellu, o; SG -khellu, oi NG-kbell, ell; K-.-game g. OK- ftogu, o; SK - rogu, o; SG-rogu,o; NG-rog, ogi K-. disease 10. OK-Monnu,oi SK-monnu,oi SG-monnui oi NG-monn, onn ; K -. -- maund t l. OK-- Bokoddu, o ; SK - bok'koddu, o; SG - bokddo, e i NG bokddo, e; K-.he-goar ,12. OK-Fatoru, o; SK -tot'toru, o; SG-fatoru, o; NG -fator, ori K -.

- stone OK 13.

- Gainddollu, o i SK - goinrlullo, om i SG -.gainddollu, o; NG gainddoll, oll; K-. earthworm l+. OK-Gulobu,o; SK jgulado,orni SG-gulabu,o; NG-gulab, ab i K - gulap, gulba.

- rose 15. OK-Bikunnu,o; SK-bik;kunnu, o: SG-bikunnu, o; NG.bikunn, unn; K -bhekunn, a. - bug 3

I

I

18-

I

I

16. OK-Ilatu, o; SK-hatu, o; SG-hatu,oi NG-hat,ati K -hat' i.

-

- hand t7. OK-Disu,o; SK-disu,o;

SG

-disu, o; NG-dis'!slK-dis,is'

day

18. OK-

K

-

Vootthu,

voit, ott.

-

oi SK4vott.u, o;

SG 4ontthu,

o; NG-61rtth, tth;

liP

19. OK-Boilu, o i SK-boilu, o; SG-boilu, o; NG-boil, oil; Kboil, oil. -.bull 20. OK-Veaparu, o; SK-veaparu' oi SG -veaparu'o; NG-vcaper'.

ar;K-yapar,ar.-trade 2L. OK-Kalloku. o; SK-kalloku, oi SG -kalloku, oi NG-kallok' ok i K - kaltok, ok. - derkness 22. OK - Komporu, oi SK-khop'poru, oi SG -komporu, oi NG -or' - elbow kompor, or i K -koPor, 23. OK-Dhunvoru' o; SK -dhunvoru, oi SG-dhunvoru,oi NG dhunvor, ori K-dhukott, ott. - smoke 2+. OK - Chikolu, oi SK - cbik'kolu,oi SG-chikolu,o i NG-chikol,' oli K -chik'koll, oll. - mud 25. OK-Vagu, o; SK-vagur o; SG-vagu' o; NG-v49, ag i K vak, ak.

- tiger ei SG-cholo, e; NG-cholo, e; K" 26. OK-Cholo, e; SK-chol'lo,

-. boy 27. OK-Sonso, ei SK-soso, ei SG -sonso' e i NG -sonso' el K soso' e.

- hare SG--bacho,el NG-bacho, e i: ei SK 28. OK-Bacho,

-bhach'cho,e;

sister's son -bacho, 29. OK- Azo,ie; SK- az'zo,ie; SG - azo,ie; NC+ - azo,ie" K - azo je.

- grandfather 30. OK-Rogy, y; SK-rogy, yl SG -rogy, y; NG-rogy,yi K-'- paticut

K

e.

b,)

Feminine

mouns

1. OK-Tullori, xeo(xy) ; SK-tulloxi, xeo;' SG-tulloxi, xeoi NGtullos, xy i K - tullos, xY. - basil 2. OK-Chonchi, "o(y); SK-chonchi, eoi SG -chonchi, eoi NG -' chonch, y; K-. - beak 3. OK-Randonni, "o(y); SK-randonui, ieo I SG-randonni, eoi: j i K -. - hearth NG -randonur

4. OK-Vonnoti, eo (y); SK-vonnoti, ieoi SG-vonn6ti, eoi NG_ y; K - bhit, t'ti. wall 5. OK-Gantthi, eo(V); SK -gantti, ieol SG-gaottbi, eo; NG_ gantth, y, K-.knot 5. OK-Rati,eo (v); SK-rati,t'tieo; SG -f?li, eo; NG-rat,yi K-.-nigbt 7. OK-Mhoixi, mhoxi, eo (y); SK mhoixeo; SG -mhoxi,eo, NG- mhos, xy ; K-mhos, xy - she -mhoxi, buffalo 8. OK-Bokddy, ieo; SK-bok'kddy, ieo; SG- bokddy, ieo ; NG_ bokddy, ieo; K- goat 9. OK-Bhajy, ieo; SK- bhajy, ieo; SG-bhajy, ieo; NG-bhajy, ieo; K - . vegetable 10, OK-By, ieo; SK -by, ieo; SG-by, ieo; NG-by, ieo; I( 'by, ieo, - seed ll. OK-Mallo,6; SK-mallo, 6 SG-mallo 6i; NG-mallo, 6; K_ vonnot,

mall,d.-garland 12, OK-Suno,6; SK-suno,d; SG-suno,6; NG_sun,n,n6; K_

sun, 6.

13.

-

daughter.in.law

-Jibo,6 ; SK - jibo, b, b6; SG- jibho, 6 ; NG _ jibh, 0; K _ - toDgue OK-Suo, sui,6, eo, SK-suvo, v'v6i SG-sui, eoi NG-sui, 6i !!.

-K OK

jip, be.

-

sui, eo.

-

needle

15. OK-Porobo,d; SKi porobo,6i SG-porobo,6; NG-porob,6i K-. -feast OK-Teriko, 6; SK-tarikho, 6; SG-tarikbo, 6; NG- tarikb, 6; 1-6.

K -. -

17.

date OK Ilhauozo, 6

- K-.

- bhavozo, 6; SG _ bhavozo, 6; NG - SK brother's wife 18. OK - Ghantto, 6; SK-ghantto, 6; SG-ghantto, 6; NG-ghantt, .- beli '6 ; K - ghontta, ieo.

-.

19. OK- Sango, di SK- sango, 6; SG saogo, O NG - sang, 6i K xeng, 6. bean 20. OK - Khullo, 6; SK-khullu, vd; SG-khullo, 6i NG-khull, 6i K - khvatt, khott6. - heel 21. OK-Porikhea,a; SK -porikxa,a; SG * porikxa,a; NG--pcrikxa, ai K -porikxa, eo. - test 22. OK-Sima,a; SK-sima,a; SG -simo,6; NG-sim,6i Ii -.

- boundary 23.

OK- U, uv6; SI( - uvo, 0 i SG - u, ur,6; NG -- u, uv6; K ..-. ouse bhavoz, 0 ;

I

'{ 3

ffi

1.

--c)

'

OK

-

Neuter nouns Xiddo,

am;

SK

-

xi<lcio, om

I

SG

-

xiddo, am

;

NG

i

xidd".

K-. -sail 2.: CK- Borldo, am I SK :boddo, om ; SG - boddo, am i NG - bodd' am, K-. - head 3. OK - Tonno;.am; SK'- toono, om; SG - tonno, am i NG: tonn,' am,K-.-grass 1. OK -Voroso, voruso,ami SK- voroso, am ; SG -voroso.am i NG - voros, am i K - vorasr am. - Year 5. OK - Vikho, visho, am ; SK - visho, om ; SG -- eikho, visho, am l K ik, am. poisou 6. OK-Mapo,ami SK-mapo, p'pom; SG-mapo'am; NG-F&P" am; K-map' am. - m?asure 7. OK -Supo, am; SK -supo' p'pom; SG -supo' am-NG -sup, am I K sup, am. - wignowing scuttle 8. OK - Suto, am; SK - Soto, t'tom ; SG - suto' am i NG -- sut, arq i' K-sut, am. - thread 9. OK - Bhuto, am I SK - bhuto, t'tcm ; SG.- bhuto, am i NG - bhut' am i K- bhut, am, - ghost ' 10. OK-Xeto, am; SK-xeto, t'tom; SG-xeto, am; NG-xet,am; finger K - *4t, am. 11. OK-Pitto,am; SK-pitto, tt'ttom; SG-pi'tto, arni NG-pitr ami K-.-flour L2, OK - Botto, am i SK - botto, tt'ttom ; SG - botto, am; NG - bottam ; K-!it41l, am. - finger 13. OK - Pakho, am ; SK - pako, k'kom ; SG - pakho, am i NG -pakh,am;K-. -feather 1+. OK-Rano,am; SK-rano,n'ootn ; SG-ranor am; NG -ran' am ;K.- ran, am. - forest 15. OK-Pano, am; SK-pano, n'nom - SG -pino' 'tm; NG - pan'' arn; K-Pan,am; -leaf 16. OK - Molo, am i SK - molo, I'lone SG - molo, am ; NG - mol'am;'K Price 17. OK-FuIo, am; SK-fulo, I'lom; SG-frrlo,am; NG-ftrl'am;' K - ful, am.

- flowef 18. OK - Pilo, am; SK - pilo, I'lom; SC - pilo, am ; NG - prl' am; K -.-- Young one orll'

.:

I

J

I I

I

2t 1:9. OK-Papo, am; SK-papo' p'pom; SG am.

papo,

-

am; NG -paq,

sin

20. OK-- Haddo, am ; SK - haddo, dd'ddom ; SG - haddo, am ; NG .hadd, am ; K- hadd, am.- bone 21. OK-\{ullo, am;SK-mullo,omt SG - mullo'am;NG- mull,am; K-mull, am.-,root feather 22.' OK - Piso, am; SK - piso, om : SG -; NG -; K NG-ghor,am; 23, OK - Gboro, am; SK-ghoro,om;SG -ghoro;am; K,?g'hor, am. house 24. OK - Ddrrkoro,.am ; SK - dduk 'kofq om i SG -dhukoro' am i NG dhukor, am i K dduk 'kar, ra - pig 25. OK - Chitollo, am ; SK - chit'tolo, om I SG - chitollo, am i NG -, chitall, am i K . :.

-. deer 26. OK - Gaddovo, am I SK - gadd'ddovo, om i SG - gaddovo, am i NG - gaddov, am i K -gaddav, va- donkey., .

27. OK - Mazoro, am i SK -maz'zoro, om; SG - mazoro, am i NG mazor, am; K - manjar, ra.

- cat 28. OK-Vokhodo, am I SK-vok'kodo, om; SG- vokhodo, ami NG medicine vokhot, am i K 29. OK-- Bondiro, am I SK- bondoro, om i SG- bondiro, am i NGbondir, am i K-bondir ; a.- polt 30, OK-Kankonoo, am i SK - kankonno, om; SG-kankono, am; NG am ; K-. bangle -kankonn, 31. OK - Makoddo, am ; SK - monkoddo, om ; SG - makoddo, am i NG monkey - makodd, am; K 32. OK - Nakhutto, am ; SK - nankutto, om ; SG -'nakhutto, am ; NG nalixy, ieo;K-nak, a.- nail .

l

33. OK - Kallingo, am ; SK - kolingoddo, om ; SG - kallingo, am ; NG kalling, am ; K - kolingonn, nna - rvater melon 3+. OK - Komollo, am ; SK komollo, om ; SG - komoilo, am: NG - lotus komoll, am; K komoll, am.

-

35. OK -

Musollo, am

musoll, am;

K-musall,

36. OK -

Paulo, am

;

;

-

SK

-

musollo, om

;

am.

- pestle SK pavulo, om, SG

-

SG

-

ili' '#. -';::::::- ; sK - tonddo, om ; sc face am i K -- tvanudd. tonndda.

38. OK - Nalcho, am; SK K- nak, a.- nose

nanlio, om ; SG

-

-

musollo, am

paulo,

;

NG"n ;

tonddo, a,n ; NG

nako, am

;

NG

-

-

NG

-

panvol, tondd,

nak, arn;

2239. OK-Logno, am; SK-logno, om; SG-logno, am; NG - logn, aml K- login, gna - marriage 40. OK - Vadollo, am ; SK - vadollo, am ; SG yadollo, am ; NG vadoll, am ; K - vadoll, am.- storm The dialects of South Kanara and of South Goa make the plural of nouns generally in the same manDer, aod almost the same as iu Old Konkoni; but the dialects of the North Kookgni, that is, that of North Goa and of Kudal, very often differ from each other, and from tbe Old Konkani.

However, in the Old Konkani, already in the 17th. century, feminine nouns in silent r', beside the popular plural in so, made also thc Marathi plurel in long

i, v. g. " tulloxi :

tullxeo, tullxy

". Io the Modern Konkani, South Kanara

form in eo, while the North Goa rnd plural Kudal followed the Marathi in long r, so that presently the South Konliani say i'toll".o " and the North Konkani say " tollxy ". and South Goa preserved the popular

II.

Stem of nouns

North Konkani have preserved, more or less, the same stem or oblique form of tbe nouns, as it was in the old Konkani. Thusall the Konkani dialects can bd brought together by this important common.

Both the Scuth

ele

ment, and pave lhe way for the standardization of the Konkani language.

a

l.

a-nd the

)

Masculine nouns

- Deu, va; SK God Dev, va.

- Deu, va ; NG - Deu, va; 2. OK-Bikunnu, ai SK-bik'kunou, al SG bikunnu, a, NG bikunn, a; K - bhekur,n, a. - . -' bug 3. OK-Hatu,a; SK-hatu,a; SG-hatu,a; NG-hat,a, Khat, i. - hand +. OK -- choru,ai SK-choru, a; SG-choru, ai NG-ch.or, ai K K

OK

'll''o"-l::1,, yellchy, ie.

-

"

-

Devu, va

;

SG

; sK-yelru, a; sc -y"uo,

cardamom

";

NG -errfi, va, K

6. OK-Cholo,eai SK-chol'lo,eal SG-cholo,ba; NG K-. - boy

-

cholo, ea,

t-

-23 7. OK -Souso, ea; SK-soso,ea' K soso, ea. - patient 8. OK- Rogy, ea ; SK - rogy, ea ; patient

9. OK-Monnu, a; SK-monno, a; K -. maund !

f l

i i

SG -sonsor SG

-

SG

rogy,

ea, NG-sonso, ea;

NG

-

ea

rogy, ea,

-moonu,a; NG-monn,

i

K a

i

10. OK-Disu,a; SK-disu,a; SG-disu,a; NG-dis,a; K-dis, a. - day tl. OK-Vontthu,a; SK-vottu, a; SG-ontthu. a; NG-ontth, al K vott, a. lip 12. OK-Boilu,a; SK-boilu,a; SG-boilu,a; NG-boil,a, Kboil, a. :- bull 13. OK-Veaparu, a; SK-veaparu'a;-SG:-veaparu, a; NG-veapar K eapar, a. trede 1+. OK-Kalloku, a; SK-kalloku, a; SG -kalloku, a; NG-kaltok, a, K-lrallok, a?.- darkness 15. OK-Mannusu,ai SK-manuxu,ai SG-mooisu' xa; NGmonis, xa ; K; mannus, a.

- man 16. OK - Komporu, a; SK - khop'pcru, a; SG - komp?ru, a ; NG konfor, a; K - kopor, a. elbow 17. OK- Dbunvoru,a; SK-dhunvoru,ai SG - dhunvoru, ai NGdhunvor, B, K - dhukott, a. - smoke 18. OK-Chikolu, a; SK-chik'kolu, a; SG- chikolu, a; NG - cbikol, a; K-chik'koll,a.-mud 19. OK - Bhacho, ea ; SK - bhach'cho, ea ; SG - bhacho, ea; NG bhacho, ea; K - bhacho, ea. - sister's son 20. OK - Azo, ea; SK - az'zo, ea; SG - azo, ea; NG - azo, ea; K AZQ] a4.

- grandfather SK-dantu,a; SG-dantu,a; NG'-dant,a; KOK-Dantu,a; 21. dat, i.

- tooth 22. OK-Narlu.a; SK-narlu,a; SG-nalu,a; NG-nal,a, Knal, arla.

- cocoanut 23. OK-Hostu, a; SK -hosty, ea;- SG-hot'ty, ia; NG- hot'ty, ea K hat'ty, i. elephant 2+. OK-Vagu, a; SK - vagu, a; SG-vagu, a; NG- vag,ai K-vakn ga.

- tiger

-l

I

Q{ --

b

)

Feminine nouns

1. OK-Gantthi, y, SK-ganoti, ie,. SG-gantthi, y, NG-ganttb, y, K-.-knot:.

2, OK -- Rati, y , SK - rati, t'ty , SG - rati, y ' NG - rat, y , K ;* ' - nigiit3. OK-Tulloxi, y;.SK -'tulloxi, ie, v i SG - tulloxi, y ; NG-tullos, r(y ; K-tullos, xy. -basil +. OK-Chonchi,yi SK-choncbi,ie,yi SG chonchi,yi NGchonch, y; K -. beak 5, OK- Ranclonni, y; SK- randonni, ie, y;-SG-randonni*y; NG'-: rardonn,y; K-. hearth 6. OK-Voopoti, y; SK- vonnoti, ie,y; SG--vooDoti,yi NGvonnot, y ; K-bhit, t'tY. -wall 7. OK-Mhoixi, mhoxi,yl SK - mhoxi, yi SGlmhoxi,vi NG she buffalo mhos, xy ; K - mhos, xY. 8. OK - Bokddy, ie i SK - bok'kddy, ie ; SG - bokddv, ie i NG -, bokcldy, is; K--. goat ;. oi(- Btrajy, ii"; SK- bhajy, iei SG-bhajv, iiei NG-bhajv,iiei K -, vegetable SK-by,iee; SG-bv, iee; NG:bv. iee; K-bv' OK-By,iiei 10. y. - seed ll. OK-Porobo, e; SK- porobo, e; SG -porobo, e; NG- porob, e;K -. feast 12. OK-Ghantto, e; SK-ghantto, e; SG-ghantto,e; NG - ghantt, ei K - ghontta, e, ie. - bell 13. OK-Jibo,e; SK-jibo,b'be; SG- jibho,e; NG-jiph,ei Kjip, be. - tongue 14. OK-Mallo, e; SK --mallo, e; SG-mallo, e; NG*mall, " ; K'mall, e.

- garland 15. OK-Suno,d; SK-suno,e; SG-suoo'e; NG-sun,n'ne; K sun, e. - daughter-in.law 16. OK - Suo, sui, e, ie ; SK -:suvo, v've ; SG -. sui, ie i NG - sui, ie .

K sui, e, ie. needle L7. OK - Teriko, e; ,SK * tarikho; \e; SG - tarikho, e ; NG - tarikh; e; ' I(-. date lB. OK - Bbavozo, " ; SK - bhavozo, e; SG - bhavozo, ei NG bhavoz, e ; K-. brother's wife :

::

,

!

25

19. OK - Sango,e; SK-sengo,e; SG--;sErngol"; NG-sapg,e; K-

xeng, e.

- bean 20. KO- kuilo,e; SK--khullu, ve I SG-khullo, ei NG-khull, e, K kvatt, khotte.

- beel 21, OK-Porikhea,ei SK-porikxa, ei SG-porikxa,ei NGporikxa, ei K - pcrikxa, a.

- test22.' OK- Sima e; SK - sima, SG-Xim6, ;. Nb-Sim, e; K";. " boundary 23. OK-IJ,uve; SK-rr\o,.; SG-o,rrrr"; NG-u,uve; K-.louse

c

i

I

I

I

t

i

I

)

Neuter nouns

1. OK-Mapo,a; SK-mapo,p'pa; SGmapo,ai NG-DBp,a; Ka. - fiap, - measure 2. OK-Suto,a; SK -suto, t'ta;'SG-suto,a; NG-sut.a; Ksut, a, thread 3. OK - Ddukoro, a; SK- dduk'koro, a ; SG - dhukoro, a ; NG dhukor, a ; K- dduk'kar,'".

- pig +. OK.- Boodiro, a; SK -bondoro, a i SG -bondiro,a; NG-bondir, a i K--. port 5. OK-Xiddo,a; SK zxiddo, a; SG- xiddo, a, NG-xiddo, a; K. - sail 6. OK-Boddo,a; SK-boddo,a; SG-boddoeai NG-bodd,a; K -. - head 7. OK -Tonno, a; SK- tonno, a; SG-tonbo, a; NG-tonn, a; Kr - - grass 8. OK-\'o!oso, voruso,a; SK-voroso,a; SG -voroso,a; NGvoros, a; K -.vorasr a. year g. OK- Vikho, visho,-a; SI( visho, a ; SG vikho, visho, a; NG vikh, vish; a; K ik, a. poisou 10. OK-Supo,a; SK-supo,p,pa; SG-supo,a; NC-sup,a; Ksup, a. .- winnowing scuttle 11. OK - Bhuto.a; SK -bhuto, t.'ta.; SG-bhuto, rli NG - bhut, ai K - bhut, a. - gbost 12, OK-Xeto, a; SK-xeto,t,ta; SG-xeto,a; Nc-xet,a; Kxat a. field 13. OK-Pitto, a; SK - pitro, tt'rta; SG- pitto, a; NG-pitt, a; K. - flour

14. OK-Botto,ai SK-botto, tt'tta, ; SG-botto,a; NG - bott' a ; K - bvatt, a. - finger 15. OK-Pakho,6; SK-pako,k'ka; SG-pakho, a; NG-pakh' ai K - . feather lC. OK-Rano, a; SK-rano' n'nai SG -rano'a; NG-ran' a; Kran,

forest

a.

17. OK-Pano, a; SK-pano. n'na;

pan, a.

-

SG

NG-pan' a; K-pano' a;

leaf

iS. OK-Molo, a; SK-rnolo' I'lai SG -molo, "; NG - mol' ai K-' price - OK-Fulo,a; SK-fulo, I'la; Sc-fulo,a; Nc-ful,ai K-ful'' 19. a.

-

flower

20. OK-Pilo, a; SK-pilo, I'la;

SG

ai K-pilo, a;NG -pil,

one

21, OK-Papo, a; SK-PaPo, P'pa; pap, a.

-

SG -PaPo,

' young

a; NG-PaP' a; K-

sin

22. OK-Tladdo, a; SK-haddo, dd'dda; SG - haddo, a; NG-hadd'-a i K-hadd, a. - bone 23. OK-Mullo, a; SK-mullo, ^; SG-muilo, a; NG-mull' a; Kmull, a. - root

2+. OK-Ghoro, a; SK-ghoro, a ; SG-ghoro, a; NG -ghor' a; Kghor, a.

house

25, OK-Chitollo, a; SK-chit'tolo, a;SG-chitollo, a; NG-chitoll'a;

K-.

deer

26. OK-Gaddovo, ai SK-gadtt'ddovo, a; Sc-gaddovo' a; NGgaddov, a i K- gaddav, a.

- donkeY iZ. OK- Mazoro,a;SK - maz'zoto,a; SG- mazoto, a;NG -mazot'ai' K

-

manjar, a.

-

cat

28. OK-Vokhodo, a; SK-vok'kodo,a; SG - vokhodo,a;NG-vokhot''

alK-.-medicine 29, OK - Kankonno, a; SK-kaukonno a; SG -kankonno' a;NG -kankonn, a; K-. - bangle 30. OK-Xfakoddo, a; SK-monkodCo, a; Sg-makoddo' a; NG-ma'' kodd, a; K-. monkey 31. OK-Nakhutto, a ; SK-4ankutto, a; SG-nakhutto' a; NG-nak'shy,ie;K-nak,a.-nail 32. OK - Kalliogo, a i SK - kolingoddo, a ; SG - kallingo, a ; NG - kalling' a I K -kolingonn, a. - water melon

27

-33. OK- Komollo, a; SK-komollo, a ; SG-komollo, a; NG-komoll, ai K-komoll, a.-lotus 3+. OK-Faulo,

aI

SK-pavulo, a; SG-paulo, a; NG-panvol, pavl,a i

K-.foot-step 35. OK-MuJollo, ai SK-musollo, a; SG-musollo,*; NG-musoll,ai K; musall, a. - pestle 36. OK-Tonddo, a; SK-tonddo, a; SG- tonddo, a; NG -tond, a i K tonndda.

- face -tvanndd, ,7. OK-Nakho,a; SK-nako,a; SG-nako,a; NG-nak, ai Knrk, a. nose 38. OK-Logno,ai SK-logno,ai SG-logno,a; NG-logn, ai K .- logi6, gna' marriage 39. OK- Vadollo, ai SK-vadollo, a i SG-vadollo, a ; NG - vadoll, aiK-vadall,a. -storm 40. OK - Khorem, ea ; SK -khorern, emr ea ; SG - khorem, ea ; NGthvaram, ea, - spade The stem is a very usefulelemeot for recognizing the gender of nouos. and formiog the cases of declension by adding to it the respective suffixes.

Therefore, a Konkaoi dictionary should give, besidesthe fioal syllable (with

its vowel, long, shortor'silent) of tle nominative case, the oblique f orm of the noun, as it was done in the vocabularies of the l6th. and l7th. ceoturies;

it

helps considerably understand the basic rules of the Konkani grammar.

III.

.i

t

f :

It

Pronouns

In all the diaiects of the Modern Konkani,

the pronouns inflect in the same maqner as in the old Konkani, except iri Kudali, where.some differenco has taken place

a

)

Personal ptorouns

1, OK Hanvo, mym, myam i SK ; SG - 6anvo i NG - hanv ---bavom K - -t,- myam.

I 2. OK - Tum; SK - tu i SG--tum ; NG-tum i K-tu ; K -tu, tya.

- you 3. OK - To, ty, tem; te, teo, tym ; SK - to, ry, tem i te, teo, tym ; SG ro, ty, tem; te, teo, tym t NG-to, ty, tem ; te,teo. tym ; K- to, ty, taor tam ; ter te or teo, ty or tym. - that, those

28-b

)

Demanstrative Pronouns

l. OK - Ho, hy, hem i he, heo, hym ; SK - ho, hy' hem i he, heo, hym i SG - ho, hy, heml he, heo, hym ; NG -ho, hy, hemi he, heo, hym; K yho, hy, yha or yham I yhe or he, yho or he, hy or hym' - this' these 2, OK - To, ty, tem I te, teo, tym ; SK - to, ty, tem ; te, teo' tym ; SG K-to' ty' - to,ty,tem; te,teo, tym; NG-to,ty, tem; te, teo,tym; ta or tam ; te, te or tec, ty or tym. - that, those c

)

Intenogative fronouns

l. OK-Konnu, i, o; o ; SK-konnu, i, o; o; SG -konnu, i, ol oi NG - konn; K- konn. - who 2. OK-kitemi SK - it'tem, kol'lem, koslem;SG-kitem;NG - kiteml K -konn. what

3. OK-kaii d

)

SK

- ; SK-kaii NG-kaii K-

kai.

-

what

Retative fronoutts

/.s, jy, jemi je, jeo, jvm; SKI-; SG - zo, iv, jemi je' jy,jym I je, jeo, jym; K -' jym; NG - rvho' that' which

1. OK-

jeon

-zo,

IV.

Ailiective

Adjectives in the Konkani language can be grouped in three classes I a) triform in the singularand in the ptural; b) triform in the singular and uniform in the plural i c ) uniform in the singular anl in the plural.

a

1. OK -

K-boro,

)

Trilorm in singular and in piural Boro, y, em i â&#x201A;Ź, eo' ym

;

SK

- idem;

SG

-

idem; NG

-

idem l:

good

y. a i e, e, Y. Volo, y, en:. etc. ; SK

vol'lo, Y, erli etc' i SG - volo, etc' i NG Y, ai e, a,Y.- wet -idem 3, OK-Thoddo,etc.; SK-idemi SG - iCem;NG - idemi K - thodCo, little y, a; e, e, Y. jy,jem, etc. ; SK - idem i SG - idem ; NG idem i K -OK Tazo, +, tazo, jy, zai ie, je, jY. - flesh

2.

OK.

; K-volo,

-'29 5. OK-Xello, etc.; SK-idem; SG-idem; NG-idem;K -xello,

a i e, e, y. - stale 6. OK - Kuslolo, etc. i SK - kuxil'lo, etc. ; SG - kuslolo, etc. idem; K - kusko, y, a; e, e, y. - rotten

i

y,

NG

7, OK-Suko, etc. ; SK-sukil'lo, etc. i SG-suko, etc. i NG-idemi K-suho, y, ai e, e. y.- dry 8. OK Kuruddo, etc. i SK --'kurddo, etc, i SG - idem ; NG - idem i K - .- -blind 9. OK - Hansto, etc. ; SK- hasro, etc. ; SG - hansto, etc. i NG - idem i K - . smiling 10. OK - Osolo, etc. ; SK -oslo, etc. I SG-osolo. etc. i NG-oslo, etc. i K-. - such 11. OK-Vankuddo, etc.i SK-vankddo, etc.; SG-vankuddo, etc,l NG - vankddo, etc. i K - . curved 12. OK - Guddugo, etc. i SK - gudd'ddo, etc. i SG - gidd'do, etc. i NG idem; K -. short, Iow 13. OK-Nillo. etc. i SK-idem; SG-idem; NG - idem; K--nillo, y, aie,e,y.- blue L+. OK-Khotto, etc. i SK-fott'tti ; SG -khotto, etc.; NG - idemi K - khatto, y, di @, e, y. - false 15, OK-Piso, etc. ; SK-idemt SG -idem; NG -idemt K-.- mad 16. OK Naguddo, etc. I SK - nagddo, etc. ,' SG - naguddo, etc. ; NG nagddo, etc. i K -. - nakel 17, OK-Dhovo, etc. i SK-dhoovo, etc. i SG -Chovo, - ddovllo, !, ? i e, â&#x201A;¬, y. - white

K

i

I a

1

i6

l

I

E

t

tI

i NG -idem;

lE. OK Yekttuko, etc ; SK - ; SG -- el<tto, etc ; NG - ekddo, etc i ektto, y, a or am e, e or ya, y or ym. - alone - OK-Piklolo, I SK- SG-piklolo, piko, etc ; NG-piko, etc i etci ; 19.

K pik'ko, y, a or am I e, e or ea' y or ym.

- ripe - OKDdavo, etc i SK-; SG-davo, etc i NG - idem ; K-davo, 2A, iy, vai ie, ie, iy, - left 21. OK-Novo,etc; SK-; SG-novo'etc; Nc-idem; K-novo, iy, ea ! ie. ie or eo, iy. -- new 22. OK - {.Izuvo, etc ; SK -; SG - uzuvo, etc i NG-- uzvo, etc ; I( uzvo, i.y, ea i ie, ie, iy.

- right 23, OK-Mottvc,etc; SK-; SG-mottvo,etc; Nc-idemi Kmottko, y, ea ; e, e, Y. - short SK-; SG-zuDo,etc; NG-iderni K-zuno OK-Zurao,etc; 2+. y. ea; e, e, - old

K (

etc.

3025. OI( - Ugddo, etc. i ughddo, etc. K

; SG -.ughtto, etc. ; NG nghtto, etc. i NG ugddo, y, ea i e, e, y. opeo

SK

i 26. OK-Motto,etc.i SK-; SG-mottho,€tc.l NG-idemi Kmottor y, ai e, €, Y. - fat, big 27. OK-Samkho,etc.i SK-; SG-samkho,etc.i NG-idem; Ksamko, y, x i €, €, y.

- straight 28. OK - Ghanniaro, etc. i SK - ; SG - ghanniaro, etc.; NG - idem l K - ghanerdo, !, di e, e, y, - dirty

ughtto,

b

)

-

Triform in singulal

and,

il,niform in flural,

1. OK - Vhoddu, i, o i oi SK -hoddu, i,oi o; SG - vhoddu, i, oi o; NG-vhoddi K -. big 2. OK-Sanu, i, o; o; SK-sanu, i, oi o; SG-sanu, i, oi o; NG-, sani K-nhan. - small 3. OK-I)attu,etc.i SKlid"*; SG-idemi NG-datt; K-.tbick

+. OK- Zodd!,etc.i SK-idem; SG-idem; NG -iodd,i K -zodd -

heavy

5. OK- Tikhu,etc;.-SK-tiku,etc.; SG -tiku, etc.iNG -tik; K tickott. - pungent 6. OK-GodCu, etc,l SK-idemi SG-idemi SG-idem; NGgoddi K-godd.

-loog 7. OK - Digu, dirgu, etc. ; SK - digu, etc. ; SG -. K - digh. '- long 8. OK-Nittu, etc.; SK-nitthu, etc.; SG-nittu, etc., NG -nitt, K straight Lambu, OK

etc.; SK - idem i SG - idem; NG - lamb; K 9. long - lamb. 10. OK- Sopuru, etc.; SK-idem ; SG -supuru' etc. i NG-supur ; K -. leao 11. OK-Hunn,etc.i SK-idem; SG-idem; NG-hun; K-hun.

- hot 12. OK - Rundu, etc.i SK-idem; SG-idem i NG-rund; K-rund.

- broad 13. OK-Thoru,etc.i SK -idem; SG-idemi NG-thori K !ig, fat

t+. OK'- barik.

-

Bariku, etc. i thiu

SK-idem; SG-bariku, etc. iNG-U"Jif.; K -

_31 c

)

Uniform in singular and, in' plural

1. OK-Allxyi SK-allxvi SG-allxv; NG-allxv; K-allxv' lazy 2. OK-Koddu; SK-idem; SG--idemi NG-idem; K-idem' idem. -- bitter 3, OK--Ghott; SK-gott'tti; SG--ghotti i NG-ghotti K-ghott' _- strong

4. OK-Lobhy. SK-idemi SG-idemi NG-ideml K-chiktto, greedY

lr47

f.-tQ,Y

patoll

; K -- patoll. thin

-

5. OK-Onollkhoto, ytem' etc; SK-i SG-onollkhv, NG -idem; K-anollki. -unknown 6. OK - Doeallc, i,o, o, SK-doeallfi (unif ); SG-doeallu, i,o, o, NG doeal) i K -. pious, kind 7. OK-Ranottu,i, o, o, SK - rnnttyi SG - ranottu, i, o, o, NGranotti K-.wild 8. OK-Jivontu,i,o, o, SK* jivonto(unif ); SG- jivontu,etci NG - jivont; K-. alive g. OK- Thonddu, etc, SK -thonddo (unif) ; SG-thonddu, etc i NG -- thondd; K - thond d.- cold 10. OK -'patollu, etcl SK-pot'tolo (unif ); SG-patoliu.etc, NG11. OK-Kurupu,etc; SK-kurupo(unif ); SG-kurupu,etc; NGkurupl K-. ugly 12. OK-Goribu' etc: SK-goribo(unif); SG - goribu,etci NG gorib; K-gorib.

-poor 13. OK- Bhoeankoru,etc; SK -bhoeonkoro(unif); SG -bhoeankoru i etc; NG-bhoeankor; K-. - frightful 1+. OK-Kholu, etc i SK-kholo (unif.); SG-kholu, etc I NG-khol l K* . deep 15. OK-Mou ; SK-movfi ; SG-mou; NG-mou; K-.- soft 16. OK - Khorkhoritu, etc I SK - khorkhory ; SG - khorkoritu, etc I NG K rough -khorkorit; -.

'17. OK-Mharogu, etc I SK-mharogo (unif.); SG -mharogu, etc i NG K-. costly -mharog; 18. OK-Kotthinnu, etc; SK-koffhino (unif.) ; SG -khotthinnu, etc.i NG - khotthinn ; K-. difficult 19. OK - Unchu, etc; SK- uncho (unif. ) ; SG - uncho, etc i NG - unch i K-unh.- high

32,

-

20. OK -

Pokollu, etc i SK

-

pok'kollo (unif.) ; SG

pokholl ; K -. hollow OKHuxaru, etc I SK-huxaro 21,.

K-. huxar; vigilant, clever

-

pokhollu i etc. NG

(unif.); SG-huxaru,

etc

;

NG

--

Rentarhs:

)

Adjectives, that are triform in singular and in plural, have their final syllables in o, y, em ; e, ea, ym, and are found both in the OId Konkani and in all the dialects of the Xlodern Konkani, but in Kudai the the final syllables a

little. u^4"r* ) Adjectives, that are triform in singular andnin plural, have their final ;yllables in silenc u., i, oi o, and are found in the OId Konkani and in the vary a b

the Xlodern South I(onkani, i. e. South Kanara and South Goa; these adjectives dropped the silent vorvel of their final syllables in North Goa and in Kudal, and consequently became uniform.

)

Adjectives, that are uniform in siogular and in plural, have their final slllables in long or silent vowels, and are found both in the Old Konkani and io all the dialects of the Modern Konkani. c

Thus, the Modern Soutb Konkani preserves, from the Old Konkani, adjectives of all the three groups, viz. triform in both the numbers, triform only io singular, and uniform in the two numbers, while the Modern North I(onkani has adjectives of only twr groups' viz. triform in both the numbers and uoiform

io the two numbers.

V. .Numerals The first cardinal nurneral is triform in the Old Konkani, as well as in the whole Modern South Konkani, and eveo in Kudal, and only in North Goa it is uniform. Tben, as in the Old Konkani' also in the South Konkani, the final syllable of the uniform carCinals has a vowel, either long or silent, but the North Konkani dropped the silent vorvel.

1. OK-Ieku,i,o; SK-eku,i,o; SG-eku,i,o; NG-ek,; Kek, eok, eak.

- one 2. OK-Donil SK-donr; SG-doni ; NG-doe; K-dcn. -two ll. oK-Tini; SK-tini; SG-tini; NG-tin; K-tin. -three +. OK-Cheari ; SK -cheari; SG -cheari ; NG-chear; K -chearl. four -

:*

_33 5. OK Pancho; SK pach. five

- pancho; SG - pancho;

- panch ; K 6, OK -So; SK-so; SG -so; NG-soi K-so. _six 7. OK-Sato; SK-sato; SG-sato; NG-sat; K-sat.

-seven 8. OK-Attho; SK-atto; SG-attho l NG-atth; K-att. _eight 9., OK-Novo; SK-nov'vo;nnov'vo; SG-novo; NG:-nov; K nov. - nine 10. OK-Dhai SK-dha;SG-dha; NG-dha; K-dha.

-ten ll OK-Ikrai SK-ikrai SG-ikra; NG.-ikra; K_okra.

NG

eleven

12, OK-Barai SK-barq; iG-bara; NG-bara_i K-bara._

twelve

13. OK-terai SK-terai thirteen

SG-tera; NG-tera; K_tera.

14. OK-Cbouda; SK-chovda; SG-chouda;. NG-chovda; Kchovda. - fourteen 15. OK-Poqra; SK-pondrai SG-pondrai NG-pondra; Kpondra.

- fifteen 16. OK- Solla; SIf solla i SG -solla; NG - solla ; K - solla. _ sixteen 17. OK - Sotra; SK-sotra; SG sotra i NG sotra ; K-sotra. seveDteen 18. OK-Otthra; SK*otthra. ottra; SG -otthra; NG-otthra; K_ ottra. eighteen 1.9. OK-Iknnniso; SK-ekonniso; SG- ikunniso; NG _ekunnis; K _ ekonnis. - nineteen 20. OK-Viso; SK-viso; SG'-visoi NG-vis; K-is.

-twenty 21. OK - Deddu, i, o I SK _- deddu, i, o; SG _ doddu, i, o; NG _ dedd; K - didd. oDe and balf 22. oK - t{. g. The fractionar numbdr rf is a triform adjective in the whole south Konkani as it was in the old Konkani, but it is uniform in the North Konkani.

I

VI. Vrrb

al l.

Korunk

present lensi

:- to do

I. OK-Koritam;SK -koritam; SG-kortam;NG-kortam; K_ kortoi.

- you do S.

s-)

3+

r-

II. OK - Korita ; SK - korta. you do III. OK - Korita ; SK does K-korta.

korita i

SG

K

Korita

;

SG

-

-

korta

;

NG

-

kortai, kortato

kortai, koita i

; NG -

korta

i

-he

koritati; SG - kortai, kortato ; NG OK - Koritatl ; SK kortanv, kortat ; K-korto. - we do II. OK - Koritati ; SK - koritati ; SG - kortai, kortato; NG - kortat ; K - kortat. - you do SG-kortai, kortato; NG-kortat i' III. OK- Koritati; SK

P.

I.

-koritati; K-kortat. - they do 2. Asunk - to be S. I. OK -Asom;SK-aso;SG- asami NG -asam;K-asoi.- I am' II. OK-Asoi SK-aso; SG-asa; NG-asai,asal K-asoi.you are

UI. OK- Asoi SK-aso; SG -asa; NG- asa; K -asa. -he is P. I. OKAsoti;-SK-asoti; SG-asai,asato; NG-asanv, asat;K aso, asov. we are

IL OK-Asotii SI(-asoti; SG-asai,asatoi NG-asati Kyou are asat.

III. OK - Asoti; SK-asoti ; SG-asai, asato; NG- asat i K- asot - they are

b) Intferatioe S. Il. OK- kori; SK - kori;

SG

do thou

Il.

-

kori;

OK

kora, korato Kora, korato; SK you do K NG-korat i -kora" -

P.

N. B. In the Modern diaiects, verbs

ha,r'e

NG-kori K-kor.; SG

-

kora, korato

;

korea

I

drifted from the Old Konkan

in different ways, both due to regional corruption and influence of the Mara-

thi language

c)

Negat'i've coniugation

Pobular Etymologyfringuistic process of ignorant massesTis responsible grammatically unjustifiable morphemes in the negative conjugation of for verbs, which, in the glorious past of the Konkani language, were repudiated' by the educated persons, but presently are followeC inadvertently by many'

\

\

35

-I

t

tt t

?

l I t

r

a good writer. As in all orher languages, also in Konkani, the negative form of verbs is made by means of adverbs of negation, and, as per structural divi. sion of the parts of speech, the adverb is an inJlexible word., which is insusceptible to irif]e,ct in any way, viz, in gender, number, person, etc. The negative flexionsffgiven in brackets in the following examples of the different Konkani dialects, are untenable.

I. OK - Korinam; SK - korinam ; SG - kornam; NG kornam i - korna. - I do not do II. OK - Korinam i SK korinam ; SG-kornam ; NG - kornam ( najm ) ; K - korna. - you do not do IIl. OK-Korinam ; SK - korinam; SG-kornam ; NG - kornam i I( korna. - he does not do P. I. OK-Korinam (nati); SK korinam(nati); SG -l<ornam (nanto); - (kornai).

NG (nanv, nant) ; K -kornarn - rve do not do II. OK --Korina (nati ); SK-korinam {nati) ; SG -Kornam (nanto, (nant ); K- (kornai). naim); NG -kornam -you do not do III. OK -Korinam (nati ); SK -korinam (nati)i SG-kornam (nanto naim ) ; NG ( nant) ; K-(kornai ) -kornam N. B. A few Konkani rvords, that function as adverbs, and inflect, are

S. .K

{ormally adjectives.

d) Passive

poice

The active and prssive voices hrd perfectly distinct forms in the old Konkani, which are faithfully preserved in South Goa, and enough distioction is maintained in Kanara ,' but in North Goa and Kudal the two forms are so mingled that total confusion prevails over the voices.

1.

OK

NG

-

Laxitam, lasotam ; SK

laxitam, lastam ; SG - laxitam, lasotam i ; K -. - to- burn, to be burnt 2. OK - Dollitam, dollotam; SK - doliitam. dolltam ; SG - dollitam, dollotam; NG - dolltam, dolltam ; K - dolltoi, dolltoi.

- to grind, to be ground

3.

-

lastam, lastam

OK - Bhajitam, bhazotam ; SK - bhajitam, bhaztam ; SG - bhajitam, bhazotam; NG bhaztam, bhaztam ; K - bhaztoi, bhaztoi. - to bake, to be baked

36-

VII. 1.

OK

Particles chi anil

i

donichi, donii ; SK - doni, donichi, donii ; SG NG - don, donuch or donoch, donui or donoi; Il

- Doni,

-.

donichi, donni; only two or also two

2.

OK

-

Utoro, utorochi, utoroi

utoro, utorochi, or also word

utoroi; NG -

i

SK

doni, two

- utoro, utorochi, utoroi ; SG i K -. - word, onlyurrr*{

utorr utoruch, utorui

OK .- Disu, disuchi, disui ; SK disui i NG- dis, disuch, disui i K

3.

- disu, disuchi, disui ; SG - disu, disuchi" -. day, only day oralso day

As it is seen earlier in the remarks for the " Comparison of morphemes ", particles the chi and r' are easily aff ixed in the Old Konkani and in the modern South Konkani, where the vocables end always in a vowel, but in the Norttl Konkani, where the final silent vowel has dropped, the above affixation poses problem, upon which unsatisfactory sclutions are forced.

VIII.

Vocabulary

The rich old Konkani has lost over 50o/o of its vocabulary, of which quite a good number of vocables are preserved either in Kaoaraor in Kulal i these vocables can be easily incorprrated in th: cemnrn v:cabulary for tho collectiveuse of the Kcnkani p:cpl:. And wh:never one is forceC to bcrrow words. from the extraneous languages, he should f irst mr,ke use of those of the Old

Konkani, which have become obsolete, not only because they are our own native vocables, but also because they have propriety and elegance.

a)1. OK-Ausfi; SK-avs0; SG-; NG -,I(-avas.-mother 2. OK-Kobu;SK-kob'bu;SG-; NG-; K-. sugarcane 3. OK-Razu; SK-kacho; SG -; NG; K -.-glass +. OK-Rhellony; SK killonny; SG-i NG- K-. -hicc'ough 5. OR -. Rempu;SK-kempo;-SG - ; NG -l K -. smalt, ruby 6. OK-Kokilla; SK-kokilla; SG-kogullo; NG-kogult; K-cuckoo

7. OK- Kopui SK-kopu ; SG - ; NG*- ; K- kop.8, OK-Kollusutto; SK-kolltoi SG -; NG-; K -.

anger spider

_37 9. OK-Khato; SK-khotoi SG-;

NG -; K-khor. -manure.OK-Kheasti; SK-kheasti; SG-khasti; NG-khasti K-. .10. punishment

ll. OKeclip

se

Grohanno ;

qK -grohonno;SG

-

giranno; NG -girann ;

K -.

12. OK- Gomotto; SK-gomtto i SG ; NG - ; li pretty -.

13. OK-Gondu; SK-gondui SG-; NG -; K gum l+. OK-Chandi; SK-chandi; SG-; NG-;K -goad.- chandi.-silver 15. OK-Changu; SK-chango; SG-- ; NG--i K --. good 16. OK--Ddukoroi SK--dduk'koroi SG-- dhukoro; NG -dhukorl

K-dduk'kor.- pig 17. OK- Tentu; SK-tett'ttu; SG - ; NG K-. pony.

-; 18. OK-Toraso; SK - rorazu; SG -; NG K balance -; -.OK-Tiro;.SK-tiru; SG-; 19.

NG-; K-. - shore 20. OK-Divosu; SK-divosu; SG-disu; NG-disu; K - dis.- day 21. OK - Drakho; SK - drakshu; SG -dakhu; NG -dakh; K-draksha,- grapes 22 OK-Dirgu, digu; SK - digo ; SG -; NG -; K - . lons 23. OK-Niteoi SK - niteo; SG ; NG--; K-. always 2+. OK-Nimbuvo; SK-nimbuvo; SG-limbo; NG-limbil K-. lemon

25. OI(-.Nivedu; SK--nividyu; SG -; NG -; K-neier.- offering 26, OK-Nhanvy; SK-nhavy; SG-; NG -; K-nhayi. - barber 27. OK-Pokhio; SK-pokshu; SG-; NG-i K-,bird 28. OK-Pogoddem; SK - pogdde; SG-; NG - I K -. dice 29. OK-Forisu; SK -porxu; SG-; NG-; K-. battle axe 30. OK- Pisol SK-piso; SG-; NG-; K -. feather 31. OK-Perunk; SK-perunk; SG-; NG-; K-. to sow 32. OK - Bodo i SK - bodd'ddo i SG -; NG -; K -. staff, cu:tgel 33. OK-Bapusu; SK -bap'puso; SG-bapui; NG- bapui; K - bapui.

- father 3+. OK-Bamonnu; SK - bam'munnu; SG-; NG-; K-. husband 35. OK - Budhibolloi SI(-bud'dhibolom; SG - i NG-i K-. chess 36. OK-Bolroddu; SK- bok'koddu; SG- bok,tdo; NG- bokdctoi K -. he - goat 37. OK-Bhavo; SI(rbhavot SG-; NG-; K-,-husband'selder brother

-,t

38.

OK mannusu ; SK _ monuxu ; - Mouuxu, monis-Kmannus.-mln.

39. OK * Mandduko ; SK mandduku; 40. OK-Maimi SK-maim; SG-;

-Iew

SG

_

monisu

;

NG

_

; K -. frog K-. mother.in-

41. OK-Mhantu ; SK-mhantu; SG-; NG_;-K_.elderlyman +2. OK-Yudeo; SK-yud'dho; SG__; NG_; K_. war 43. Of - Lazo; SK lazo ; SG lazo; NG _ K lach._shame -loz; 4+. OK- Loho; SK SG-; _; _.

NG K ;r;; -loha; 45. OK--Voiry; SK-voiry;SC_; NG_; K_uoiry. _eDerny 46. OK-Vasry; SK-vrsry; SG-; NG_; K_. kitchen 4.7. OK Vidonvo i. SK _vidova ; SG _; NG _ _. widow ;K ,48. OK-Vishoi SK-visho; SG_; NG_,K_. poiro"' +9. OK -Xokunu; SK xokunu; SG _ ; NG _ ; K :. ;;" 50. OK - Xiallem; SK -- xiallem; SG ; NG _; K_. tender cocoauut 51. OK - Soroddo; SK-serdo; SG -; NG-:-; k 52, OK-Sovorogu; SK-sovrogo; -SG_; NG_;-. "n"*"f",_cheap K_sosti.

53. OK-Sosaru; SK_sosaro; SG_; NG_;,K _. _cheap 54. OK-sutaru; SK-sutaru; SG -; K_.or";. _carpenter 55. OK - If oronno; SK horonno i SG Nd_; _; f _]'_ a*, - ; NG 56. OK-Hosti; SK-hosti; SG-hot,tii NG_pot,ti; i<lnot,t;.

- elephant Hatoddi i SK -6"1''oddi ; SG.- ; NG-hatodd; K- hatavddi.

1'r"3f* 58. OK - Ddomby i SK ddomby ; SG _ NG-;K-.-violence -' ; 59. OK Srushtti ; SK - srushtti i SG _ NG-; ; K-. nature b ) 60. OK ( shame ) ; Sf _ ; SG-okoloi R-ok'kol. _ -lOkoto wisdom 61. OK -.Udiam SK -; SG - ; NG _; K _ udia. _ to_morrow u1: sK; Sc-; NG-; K -ess 63; ":-W OK-Kirmem; SK -; SG_; NG_;-kovatt.

K_kirmea. _catarrb 6+. oK-Kutt; sK-; SG-; NG; K-kutt.

o* .::;r.

Krusu ;

.SK

_powder

-

kuris

;

SG

_kuris ; NG_;uris ; K

_

66. OK-Kharuko; SK_; SG_; K _kbaruk. ._ drydate 67. OK-Govoto; SK-; SG-; NG-; K_gfvot._-;;r,

kurus.

39

68. OK-Ghonnoto, SK-; SG-;NG-; K-gonn. -bag 69. OK-Ghagry; SK-i SG-; NG-i K-ghagor.- water pot 70. OK-Chattunk;SK-; SG - ; NG-; K-chattunk. - to lick TL OK- Zawk; SK-; SG- ; NG- ; K-zavk.-to so 72. OK- Zholly; SK-; SG-; NG -; K-zholly.- beggar's bag 73. OK-Jhilu; SK'- ; SG-; NG-; K-jhil. - son 7+. OK-Tiru i SK- ; SG-; NG- ; K-tir.- arrow 75. OK-Noddii SK -; SG-;NG- i K-nodd.- difficulty 76. OK -Nalu; SK - ; SG-; NG- ; K-nal.- horse shoe 77. OK-Poironno; SK-;SG-; NG-i K-poironn. - shirt 78. OK-Porisu; SK -; SG -; NG-iK - poris.-philosopher's stone 79. OK - Fonny; SK -; SG -; NG-fonny; K-fonny.- comb 80. OK - Burinzu; SK - ; SG-; NG - ; K -buruch. - tower 81. OK- Mudho; SK-;SG-; NG - ; K - mod.- honey 82. OK-Musombi; SK -; SG -; NG -; K-mosom. - season 83. OK-Yugtii SK-; SG-; NG-; K--yukti.-- ability 84. OK - Rokha; SK --; SG __; NG -- i K -- roka. -- ash 85. OK-Rando (widow) ; SK - randdo (widow); SG - randdo (widow), prostitute NG--'randd (widow) ; X -randd. 86. OK-Voru; SK-; SG-; NG-; K-vor.- blessing 87. OK--Vanoro; SK-;SG -; NG-; K-vanor. - monkey 88. OK-Vinna (.f), SK- ; SG--; NG - i K-vinno (m). - flute 89. OK-Sarto; SK-; SG--satto; NG -satt; K-sutta,- dried jack fruit

90. OK -Sullo'i SK - ; SG - ; NG-iK - sullo.- tusk 91. OK--Hojamu; SK--; SG-; NG--; K-hqiam. - barber 92. OK-Houry, hoiryi SK-; SG--; NG--; K-hovry.--room

N.B.

The above lists show that words of the OId Konkani, which have in Kanara or ir Kudal.

become obsolete generally in Goa,;are preserved either

*

*_r*' a\

The Old Konkani and the Modern South Konkani present a common grammar structure, on which justifiable rules can be framed fsr the different parts of speech,'.viz. for gender, number and case of nouns, pronouns and adjec-

40tives, for conjugation of verbs, and for inflexible words. But the features of the North Konkani are less suitable for devising grammar norms.

)

The North Goa is subdivided' into two or three markedly distinct sub-dialects, and therefore the number of South Konkani speakers is greater thun that of speakers of North Konkani dialects. b

)

The basic grammar structure and the numher of speakers seem to constitute a sound criterion for using the Old Konkani and the Modern South Konkani dialects as a platform for the standardization of the Konkani language. c

) In

and of great extent, by deterthe North, can be'brought iear"and together, to a mining the stem of the vocables, which has remainel generally unchanged d

the above process, all the Konkani dialects, of the South

all over the Modern Konkani, and it is the same as it was in the Old Konkani.