The Recluse Houses of Goa

L. A. Rodriguec

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-FIrE policy of Portuguese colonization in India, conceived II by Affonso de Albuquerque, was to supplement the scheme of mixed marriages by further marriages of

exclusive Portuguese blood, as the idea of miscegenation was rather bound by the circumstances of the time, that is, by the

absence of white women to marry with. Accordingly, it is reckoned that about 250 Portuguese women came to India in the first half of the XVI century ( r ). But, as the feminine emigration increased either due to ever growing shortage of men for husbands and the precarious economicai situation in Portugal or thanks to the attractive living in India, and in BrazTl, the court of Lisbon deemed it neceisarry to promote and organize the emigration of Portuguese women undir royal patronage ; with this purpose in view, in 1543 Dom Joao III established in Lisbon a recluse house named .. Recluse House of honourable orphan girls of the city of Lisbcn " ( Recolhimento das orfas honradas da cidade de Lisboa and entrusted ), it to the " Sodality of the Brothers of passion of our Lord Jesus christ " ( confraria- dos Irmios da paixdo de Nosso senhor Jesus cristo ); two more recruse houses of women were founded, one by namo " Recluss House of Alcagova " in the same city, and another one in the city of Oporto. These recluse houses were meant for collecting the " king's orphan-girls " 6rfas d'El-Rei as were designated the daughterJ of portuguese soldiers and sailors killed in the fight or otherwise in India, and ( I ) Adolfo Costa, Orfas d'El-Rei e as Mulheres portuguesag vindas & India durante o siculo xvl (Boletim do Instituto vasco da Gama, no.47, Nova Goa, 1940) p. 121.

2_ who therefore were under privileged tutelage of the king and whose maintenance, either in Portugal or in India, till marriage, was done on Public Treasury's account.

in short lapse of time, i. e. by the end of the XVI century, the number of Portuguese women in India, with no families of their own, comprising not only king's orphan So

girls but also other Portuguese-born damsels and ihose born in India as well as wives of absent husbands, had grown quite considerably. In the circnmstances, immorality and licentiousness among Portuguese in India, as an early consequence of their unexpected prosperity and unchecked luxury, as it happened also in other Portuguese and Spanish colonies in America, not only ruined almost all portuguese aristocratic families established in the East but also contributed to the downfall of the whole structure of the Empire. conjugal infidelity, adulteries, rapes and violations, which occurred almost every day, attested the level of morar decline. Therc were in Goa many instances in which the betrayed husband beheaded the adulteress; an unfaithful wife who had taken shelter of the confessional in a church was shot dead by the irate husband; even a bishop was injured by an ill aimed bultet from a dishonoured lover; in little over two years as many as 52 wives were killed by their husbands who in turn were murdered by lovers of the former. At such a juncture, both privatc institutions and the Government were forced to take stips in order to save the feminine morality ; since the inception of the immigration of king's orphan girls, the burden of their care in India was distributed among the .. Mercy House of Goa " ( Miseric6rdiaf de Goa ), the Senate of Goa and,the viceroy of India : the first one attended to their maintenance ; the second assisted the former to lodge thern with honest families, and seek suitable bridegrooms ; and the third gave them dowries, either in money or by bestowing to their husbands the captainship of a fortress or factory or any other Government post.

I{owever, in view of lack of sufficient accommodation for the growing uumber of women, the above arrangement could not

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work now satisfactorily. For this situation a threefold remedy was outlined : building a recluse house for lodging marriageable girls ; then founding a nunnery for those women who disired to profess in a convent by taking religious vows ; and thirdry establishing another recluse house for fallen women, that is, those females who had already slid into the path of sin and whose regeneration remained to be sought in seclusion.

Recluse House of our Lady of Serra ( Recolhimento da N_ Sra. da Serra ).

On various occasions the viceroys, the Sena-

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te and the Mercy House requested the king of portugal to build a recluse house for orphan girls in the city of Goa, which had been a lready recommended byroyal letters of March4, 1563 and March 7,1573.

In 1595 came to India Dom Fr. Aleixo de Menezes, an Augustinian friar, as Archbishop of Goa and primate of the East; he was a descendant of Affonso de Albuquerque's sister, Dona Constanga de Albuquerque, and enjoyed influence and. respect in Portugal ; besides he was endowed with great moral and mental predicates ; in India sometimes he substituted viceroys ; on June 22, t6LI he returned to Lisbon where he was appointed viceroy of Portugal under Spanish domination ( l5g0-1640 ), and died on May 3,16L7.

In 1598 he founded in Goa a recluse establishment for orphan girls, which having no house of its own was instailed tempo,rarily in the " Convent of Our Lady of Grace ", under the denomination of '. House of orphan girls ", and at tho same time an agreement was signed in october 1598 between: the Government and the " Mercy House of Goa ", by which the administration of the recluse house was entrusted to the

latter.

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the meantime a building started being constructed at Crucifix Street " near the " Mercy House " and the ., Church' " of Our Lady of Serra " at the expense of the Archbishop Menezes, which was completed in 1605 ; it was a spacioui house enough to accommodate comfortably between 100 and 150.,

4_ irpnuo girls besides

managerial staff, servants and slaves. The recluse house, that was called " House of orphan girls was renamed as o'Recluse House of Our Lady of Serra as a homage to the memory of Affonso de Albuquerque, who had built a chapel in 1513 1z) in honour of Our Lady of Serra who had saved his ship o' Our Lady of Serra in the straits of Malacca ; Albuquerque was buried in this chapel, from where

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his mortal remains were transported to the church of the " Convent of Grace ", Lisbon, in 1566. ( 3) The inaugural function of the Recluse House was held on July 2,1606 by transferring therein the recluse women from the Convent of Our Lady of Grace ; it was a solemn ceremony during which, after the High Mass, the Archbishop Primate, Dom Fr. Aleixo de Menezes preached an eloquent sermon, being present Viceroy Dom Martim Affonso de Castro, the nobility, clergy and a large number of people. Before returning to Portugal the Archbishop drew up the statute for the institution, by which the entire administration was assigned to the " Mercy House Or in l5l2 or in 1514.

(3) The above chapel of Serra was demolished in 18ll but its frontispiece, in which there was a statue of Albuquerque, was pulled down in 1842, and the statue along with four granite pillars of the chapel were carried to Panjim, wherc at the 'o Square of Seven Windows " in front of the Artillery Station, presently Police Station, a monument was erected for the Conqueror of Goa, the foundation of which being laid on February 17, 1843 and inaugurated on October 29,1847 ; the above mentioned statue was placed in the centre of the monument, after being adapted suitably by the Goan sculptor Ragunath Zho; from this date the place was denominated " Affonso dc Albuquerque's Square"; on the night of December 1911962, the first anniversary of Goa's liberation by Indian army, the statue was pulled down and broken into pieces by jubilant mob in a dclirium of political liberty; today this square is kqown as o'Azad Maidan ". Another statue of Albuquerque, which was erected at Gaspar Dias beach in 1943, just 18 years before the end of Portuguese rule in India, was removed by thc Goa Government on November 3, L969, and kept in the Archaological Museum at Old Goa, and on its tall pedestal, which was preservedo rcsts today a symbolic statuc of Hindu-Christian amrty.

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of Goa " thus ceasing Senate's obligations towards orphan girls ; the respective concordat between the Government and the Mercy House was signed on September 13,1610 and confirmed later on by the Royal Letter of March 15,1634. The Mercy House discharged,its functions to the full satisfaction of kings, viceroys, governors, nobles and the general public" So the number of requests for admission in the Recluse House generally exceeded its capacity. However inspite of the express clause of the Statute that no woman of bad conduct should be admitted in the recluse house, still there were instances in which, in the absence of Archbishop Menezes, a viceroy or governor of India forced the Mercy House to admit women of bad repute (mulher de nrim fama) ; in view of such occurrences the Archbishop, who then was the viceroy in Lisbon under the Spanish rule, issued an ordinance dated the 18th March, 1615 advising the provisor and brothers of the .. Mercy House of Goa " to see that only women of good character are accepted in the recluse house, and instructed the viceroy of India ,and the Archbishop of Goa, Dom Fr. Christopher to extend all their co-operation in the matter.

In course of time Portugal went on losing rapidly her influence in the East, mainly in Malacca, Ceylon, India and Persian Gulf, and it had adverse effect on the capital of the Portuguese Empire, thus causing financial difficulties also to the " Mercy House of Gsa " ; this circumstance compelled the pious institution to take restrictive measures, such as that, when the official number of twenty orphan girls supported by the king was filled up, any further orphan seeking admission in the recluse house had to pay 100 xerafins ( +; per year ; the king paid 1000 xerafins yearly for 20 orphans ; besitles the numbei :and the amount of dowries for marriage of orphan girls were also reduced.

In 1835, when Religious Orderffiotshed in Goa, the building of the " Recluse House of orfilady of Serra ?' became

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uninhabitable as it was getting ruined; consequently in 1836 it was transferred to the convent of St. Augustin on the mount Rosary, which was founded in 1572; and again in 1841, as the above convent required expensive repairs, the recluse house was changed to the Carmelite convent at Chimbel, of Carmel Third order instituted in Goa in 1750; finally in July 1924, as Chimbel became a place fully infected by malaria, the .. Recluse House of Our Lady of Serra " was transferred to Panjim on the hill named " Conception " presently known as .. Aitinho ", whefe it still exists absolutely reduced and changed notionly in number and category of recluses but also in the very nature and aim of the institution ; it accommodates a very limited number of poor women of Portuguese descent ; in 1952 there were lodged 20 women and 30 girls (s) ; in 1970 the number of recluses did not exceed 24; and today, 1973, there may be about a dozen of them.

Monastery of Saint Monica.- The viceroys of India, the provisors of the Mercy House and the Senate of Goa had been

requesting insistently the king's permission for founding a monastery of nuns in Goa ; for this purpose persistent petitions were made by them from 1593 and continued tilt 1596. But the Spanish Court of Portugal regarded that monastic institutions of nuns would be detrimental to the interest of white colonization in India where the nuhber of males was much higher than that of females, and consequently turned down all the time the above requests, as also the same was done in the colonization of Brazil in respect of monasteries at Bahia and Pernambuco. A royal letter dated March I,t594 gives the following denial to the Senate of Goa : However praiseworthy may be your purpose ol writing me that the establishment of a monastery of nuns in the city of Goa will be a service of God and o'

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Jos6 da silva Pereira, Assisftncia Pfiblica no Estado ila India

de de Goa, Tip. Xaveriana, Pilar, 1952) p. 9.

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mine, nevertheless, since such an establishment is liable to many disadvantages, and permission for a recluse house of damsels will perhaps cause adverse occasions because of 'nature of the land, andthe liberty the soldiers enjoy, I am of opinion that it is not advisable to have such a monastery, as already I have ordered to write in the letters of past years ; and this matter having been dealt with since long, it has been ever regarded as inconvenient.

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And, as the viceroy of India insisted in the matter informing that there were many PortugUese women in India who honestly wished to seclude themselves in Religion, and that great evils could be avoided by establishing a nunnery in Goa, ihe Spanish King in Lisbon gave rather a haughty reply by his letter dated FebruarY 18,1595 : of the monastery for nuns being sufficiently studied, and there being reasons for not granting the same, I have ordered to advise you by last year's mail that it would do no service either to God or to me. So I advise you once again that there is nothing else to add on this matter." (7,

" ... after the question

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letter dated from Aranjuez, March 8, 1f96, the king repeated the refusal : Again by

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" And as far as the monastery of nuns is concer-

ned, which you wish to build in that city for seclusion of the daughters of my servants and its citizens for some reasons of God's service and mine, Ihave ordered to advise you by last two years' mails that no such monastery should be founded in India because of

( 6 ) Archivo Portuguez Oriental, Fasciculo Rivara. 1861 ) P. 431.

(7) Ibidem, P.485.

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8 many disadvantages it offers, and I maintain the same advice. And also I advise to inform accordingly Dona Inicia Florim though her zeal towards monastical work was commendable.l' 1a 1 Simultaneously the Council of the Senate continued to insist on the royal consent for a monstery of nuns, and addressed a letter to the king in 1595 :

" Even though we admit that Your Majesty may

have strong reasons a-eainst the estabtrishment of a monastery of nuns in India, the contention of this city to have one is not less justified and the same is approved by responsible and expert persons, quite acquainted with the customs and conditions of the land, including the Archbishop Primate of Goa. If Your Majesty feels that such an institution is not advisable because Goa is a land of wars, full of soldiers, and surrounded by infidels, and because in future or at present it may require finances out ol your revenues either for its maintenance or for construction of its building, may we inlorm Your Majesty that, as regards the formor point, by God's grace our soldiery is not so wicked nor licentious to imagine they will dare to violate a monastery of nuns, more so in this city and in presence of their viceroy and the High Court, and that, ever since this State is established, no hoqtrable and noble woman has been involved in any suth extraordinary case, but rather, as orphan girls come here from the kingdom in order to get married, so also other noble girls, accompanied or not with their mothers, face dangerous voyages with a view to devoting themselves to the service of God in this land ; and the construc-

tionof thebuildingand the maintenance ofthe institution will be carried out so that very little may

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Opus

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Fasc.

I, Liv. I (NovaGoa,

Cunha Rivara, 1857 p. 111-

_9 Your Majesty's treasury ; and So, by delivering honest women and orphan maids from occasions of danger, and augmsnting the faith, not only Our Lord will be served better in these regions, but also the proposed monastery will be one of the greatest of the world ". ( , ) be spent from

Notwithstanding the persistent requests of the viceroy of India, Mercy House and Senate of Goa, the Spanish kings of Portugal were wise enough not to yield to them. But all of a sudden, after a few years, King Philip III changed his attituCe and authorized in 1599 the foundrtion of a nunnery in Grr ; this was probably thanks to the influential man that was Dom Fr. Aleixo de Menezes, Archbishcp Primate of Goa, who, as his opinion carried great weight in the Royal Court, seems having come to India with discretionary powrrs. Accordingly foundations of the edifice were laid on July 2, 1606 on the " Holy Mount " to the north of the ccnveni of St. Augustin, which place was known as " Island of Fire " for b:ing occupied by harlots who were expelled, but later b:ing n:.mod as .,Holy Mount " or 'o Sacred Mount " or even ,oMcunt Sion " b;cause of many temples built on it. For th: purpose of construction of the monastery, the archbishop had to incur heavy exp3nses &S, besides the cost of the building arnrunting to 201 thousand cruzados 1 to ), he had to acquire three streots and buy 42 residential houses worth abour six thousanc xerafins each. The building was completed in 1627, but alre4dy in 1605, when som.- rooms became ready, twenty on- nuffi:re lodged in the ,,Recluse House of Our Lady of Serra ", entered the nsw premises, Dona

Filipa Ferreira bring appcinted by the archbishop the first prioress of the monastery under the name of Soror Filipa da Trindade. This grandiose three storeyed edifice had accommo-

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Op. cit., Fasc. I.

PartII (Nova Goa, CunhaRivara, lg76) pp.

x7-18.

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10dation for hundred nuns who were governed by the rule of

Augustinians. The monastery was approved by-pontifical breve of Fop. paul V dated November 27, 16!3, and confirmed by gavc bull of Pope Gregory XV dated March 10,1622; the king it his Royal placei by letters of January 24,1629 and December i+,tOzl, und ut..pied its patronage (padroado) by Royal Oidinance of March 26, L636, granting a fund of eight thousand of cruzados, thereupon it being dinominated as Royal Convent St. Monica. The viceroy or moia, count of Linhares in his letter of January 4, 1630 has stated that the Monastery of Saint Monica was the greatest of all the Portuguese monasteries except that of Odivelas.

In the xvII century when the monastely was founded, it admitted exclusively *hit. women for nunhood' and native women were employed for clerical work and as servants ; but later early in tbe XVttt century the latter were admitted as lay were nuns without religious vows, and in the mid century they accepted as ooii..r and professed nuns wearing white veil whili white nuns wore black veil. Meanwhile there was an atand Bardez t.-pt mad. by General councils of llhas, Salcete the to have a convent of native nuns; so they represented matter to the kingby their letter dated January t5,1716 requestiog p.r.irsion for building a monastery for native women ; in! tiog, by his letter of February 10, 1?18, sought opinion of the Viclioy of India, Dom Luis de Menezes, Count of Ericeira g,lTlg replied that " in my opinion who in hiiletter of ianuary nuns ", itls not convenient at all to found a new convent of Goa by of ;;;;.ilar opinion was given also by the Senate the Royal its letter dated January 10, l7I9 ; consequentlyby letter of consent was denied for tne abovc monastery FebruarY 27,1720. (1r) very shortly the " Monastery of saint Monica " as well as of other convents of friars grew considerably both in number Arquivo Portuguts Oriental ( Bastor6' Braganga Pereira' L937 | pp. 246-247,247'248' 248-249' Tomo I. Vol. ill. parte tli. Doc. 88 and 89. ( 11

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religioners and in wealth. The religious orders had amassed huge fortunes in immovables and otherwise, by means of large patrimonies and dowries of their members, and also by neiitages and legacies they attracted by all means. consequently the State was poorer than the Religion not only economically but also in white population ; obviously the portuguese society in India recorded a sensible decay both in economical conditions and in numerical strength. Such a situation invited reactions from the Senate and the viceroys ; the former alleged that " in a few years in the whole State there would be no, estate but that owned by this Convent ,' ; ar.d Viceroy Joio, Saldanha da Gama complained to the king by his letter of January 30, 1730 in the following terms: " Since I am left with no soldiers, I think of arming monks to defend the fortresses of these islands " (rr). But the superiors of religious orders had become too powerful to care the local authorities ; already they had disregarded the royal order of Dom philip III who had determined that the numbsr of nuns of the monart.ry should not exceed 100, its annual income shourd not be over eight thousand cruzados and the nun's dowry should not go beyond one thousand xerafins. So the institution of the nunnery proved to be detrimental not only to the growth of the white community but also to the colonial policy in general, and so it became undesirable to the same category of people who had pleaded for it earnestly with the Spanish swereigns of Portugal ; they ultimately realized that the attitude or tn. latter againsr monasteries of nuns in colonies was a result of their correct foresighr in the interest of colonization.

On thc Christmas night, December 24,1636, beforo matins, a dreadful fire had set ablaze the monastery and destroyed a part of it ; the nuns were lodged in the neighbouring college of st. Augustin for about two years, during which thJ monastery w a s restored by its administrator Fr. Diogo de sant'Ana"

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Germano corrcia, Hist6ria da colonizap6o portuguesa na India, (Lisboa, Ag6ncia Geral do Ultramar, l95l ), Vol. III. p. 57.

12and the recluses retui'ned to their house. In March 1739, on occasion of the Maratha invasion they were tfuansferred to the palace of Mormugao from where they.game back in May of the same year. In 1804 it still lodged ffiprofessed nuns out of of black veil ( *hit" *oit.o ) and 19 of white wnom 42 ffi 4 veil ( natives ), novices and 5 pupils, but in 1827 it had only 30 nuns. In 1835 Religious Orders were abolished in India and at this time there were in Goa 248 friars belonging to eight orders ; but the " Monastery of St. Monica " was not closed though fresh admissions of novices were terminatbd. In 1844 the nuns of St. Monica acquired the convent of St. Joao de Deus for residence of their chaplain and confessors ; in 1855 the number of nuns was reduced to 7 and thereaftter to 4 ; from i859 to 1873 the prioreps or the monastery was Soror Josepha do Corag?io de Jesus, who was the aunt of Viscount of Bucelas and of First Baron of Cumbarjua ; she died in 1873 at the age of about 90 years on her fifth tenure of priorship.

And on March 20, 1885 expired the last nun of the monastery, named Soror Maria do Espirito Santo, who was the daughter of Aires Jos6 Gomes, from Cavelossim, taluka of Salcete.

By Royal Ordinance of December 29, 1873 the Monastery Monica along with its estate was ceded to the archdiocese St. of of Goa under whose prelate it is administered till presently.

ary Magdalene (Recolhimento Magdalena) 1610 Archbishop Dom -In Fr. Aleixo de Menezes founded a recluse house for fallEn women at " Rua das Convertidas " Ilear St. Paul's College in a large house, and named it as " Recluse House of Saint Mary M-agdalene "othe administration of which was entrusted to the " Mercy House of Goa " by agreement of September 13, 1610, Before sailing back for Portugal, the Archbishop framed the Statute for the Recluse House dated February 23, 1611, which laid down inter alia that the above establishment would admit exclusively white women of bad life and never a native. A passage or two of Chapter I of the said statute are Recluse House of Saint M

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" Since the purposB-.of this house beine instituted

is not other'than lodgiry$fbad [fe, who -were living in vice and sin under devil's rule, or, on account of misfortunes occurred to their honour and reputation, were in danger of salvation, they may in the seclusion regain grace of God, do penance of their sins and order their life according to the law of God,,.."( tr ) .. No native woman however demoralized she may be shall be admitted in r,his house, but only white women ; in case of there being many seeking admission, first preference will be given to the most honourable ones and then to the younger and pretty ones who are more liable to dangers and for whom the remedy of the house is easier." 1 tr I The provisor and brothers of the .. Mercy House of Goa put forth their best efforts for the welfare of the recluses both temporal and spiritual. Many of women from the .,Recluse House of St. Mary Magdalene were sent to other Portuguese territories, such as Ceylon, Malacca, Angola and Brazil, in care of the respective " Mercy House where they were disposed of in marriage. As said earlier the .. Mercy House of Goa for reasons already explained, found itself in financial difficulties, and then many private benefactors came forward in aid of recluse houses; and then a praxis developed that the provisor of the 'o Mercy House and not seldom even its brothers made up materially its deficiencies.

From the " Rua das Convertidas the ,. Recluse House of St. Mary Magdalene', was transf erred in 1705 to the " Crucifix Street in a house built by the Mercy House near the " Recluse House of Our Lady of Serra'r in 1836, as the above house was in decrepit condition, the recluse house was changed to the Convent of St. Augustin, where it remained for

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( 13 ) Josd F. Fareira Martins, Hist6ria da Misefic,rdia de Goa, vol.

(Nova Goa,Imprensa Nacional, l9l4) p, 125, (

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Ibidem.

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14--r:rrougtr fiveyears,andinl84litwasagaintransferredtotheCarmelite ttris transference was provisional convent at chimbei. *ur-.*p."tel to be built, it lasted for about a as a new house

century,whentherecluseswere,transferredtothe.oRecluse since then was known as ii"*. "r Serra,, at paniim, which l' R.clur. House of Serra and Magdalene' " of Our Lady of Serra " and Magdalene " were adminis-Goa ihe 'o Recluse gou,. of St' Mary "' the Monastery of St' tered by the " frn.t"V ffouse. of management- ; the former Monica " was governed by;' its own " endured but the two lasted as long as the Mtt"y House extrinsic causes' such il;;;;-;roirn.A"o*iog to intrinsic and from the part of the.administration, as lack of necessary irrtJr.rt situation' decline oitt t recluses and tight financial While the

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BIBTIOGRAPHY Archivo Portttguez

t.

18s7 -7

)

6)

Arquivo Portugu6s Rangel, 1937 )

Orietial-ed'

by J' H' da Cunha Rivara (Nova Goa'

Orietilal-ed' by A' B'

de Braganga Pereira

(Bastori'

Correia,Dr.AlbertoCarlosGermanodaSilva.HistariadaColonizagdo Ag0ncia Geral do Ultramar' 1948-58 )' Portuguesa na Inclia ( Lisboa' 6 vol.

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as Mulheres'Portuguesas vindas h India Costa, Adolfo, Orfas d'El-Rei e do Instituto Vasco da Gama, No' 47, durante o seculo XI4 (Boletim Nova Goa, 1940)

Martins,Jos6F.Ferreira,Hist|riadaMisericordiadeGoa(NovaGoa' ;il;.t* Nacional, 3 vol'' 1910' 1912' 1914 ) Portuguesa (Lisboa' lmprensa Nacional' Mendes, A. Lopes, A lndia 7.

8.

1886) 2 vol. iutOuotra, Padre M. 2 vol. 1925, 1926)

J

h' cuu'itl

de,

Hist6ria de Goa (Nova Goa' Coelho'

SilvaPereira,Jos6da,Assistancia-PiblicanoEstadodalndia(Cidade 1952)' Je Gou, TiP' Xaveriana, Pilar'