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Prr i ma P mary 2 Textbook
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The 5E Model – Guided Inquiry
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The Let’s Do Science series is based on the Biological Sciences Curriculu Curriculum riculu Study (BSCS) 5E teaching and learning instructional model. The he 5E E model is centered on the idea that students understand science concepts oncepts pts best by using prior knowledge to pose questions and find answers rs through hrough guided inquiry. This hands-on approach, integrated with engineering ng g and design skills, sk s has students learn science by doing science. Teachers chers guide the llearning process and are able to assess student performance evaluating student mance ce by evalua explanations and the application of newly acquired quired d knowledge knowledg knowled and skills.
Engage
The Engage phase of the 5E model provides videss students with w the opportunity to demonstrate their prior knowledge and understanding of the topic or understand concept. Students are presented with which serves to h an n activity or question q motivate and engage students as they hey begin the llesson. Teachers identify and correct any misconceptions and d gather data dat from students which will guide informed teaching and learning. earning. ng Essential to stimulating and students is the use of mixed media d engaging gaging stude st such as colorful photos, illustrations found throughout the trations tions and diagrams d textbooks and activity books. Let’s Science also includes extensive bo boo t’s Do S digital resources such narrated videos, interactive lessons, virtual labs, h as narra nar id slideshows and more. re.
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Explore
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This phase encourages exploration of concepts and skills through gh handshan on activities and investigations. Students are encouraged to work togethe together red learning earn and apply various process skills while gaining concrete, shared ch students experiences. These experiences provide a foundation for which epts.. This studentstuden can refer to while building their knowledge of new concepts. centered phase comes before formal explanations and d definitions of tthe concept which are presented by the teacher.
Explain
This phase follows the exploration phase and iss more ore teacher-directed. teacherteache Students are initially encouraged to draw on their learning experiences and earning ex e oncept ept through explanations e demonstrate their understanding of the concept and he opportunity pportunity to t demonstrate discussion. After the students have had the their understanding of the concept, the formal e teacher cher then introduces in definitions and scientific explanations. also clarifies any s. The teacher eache al erged during the th Explore phase. misconceptions that may have emerged
Elaborate
In the Elaborate phase, students nts refine ne and consolidate co c their acquired knowledge and skills. Opportunities for students to further rtunities nities are provided pro apply their knowledge and skillss to new situations in order to broaden si and deepen their understanding rst ng g of the concept. Students may conduct additional investigations, share information and ideas, or apply their ns, sh shar orm knowledge and skillss to other ther disciplines. d disc
Evaluate
This final phase se includes cludes both formal form and informal assessments. These can include concept models, journals as well as more traditional cept maps, physical phys ummative ative assessm assess forms of summative assessment such as quizzes or writing assessments. e encouraged to review and reflect on their own learning, and Studentss are on theirr newly wly acquired knowledge, kn understanding and skills.
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Let’s Do Science Let’s Do Science is based on the United States Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). The series consists of full-color textbooks and full-color activity books for Grades K to 6.
Birds
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Birds are anim covered in feat legs and two w their wings to f
Let’s Do Science engages students with a highly visual al presentation of the disciplinary core ideas in the textbooks xtbooks books and places an emphasis on applying scientific knowledge nowledge ledge using NGSS practices through numerous scientific tific investigations. Let’s Do Science sees engineering ring ass an essential element of science education and tightly d as such is tight integrated into both the textbooks and activity ctivity books.
Birds ha shapes shape o bird to
The Let’s Do Science textbooks include e the following ffeatures:
Think Deeply
Topic-related questions for group discussion aimed at deepening students’ understanding of the topic.
d In the Field
apes o all shapes e plants of If you love and sizes,, you might want to be a rist. A horticulturist iss a horticulturist. in growing spec hat specializes scientist that us eople to use. plants for people
Horticulturists can also use their knowledge of plants and soil to help manage and protect natural areas like parklands or nature reserves. 30
l knowle know Horticulturists use their knowledge m im armers improve fa help farmers of o plantss to he eg ege vege v and vegetables ers and ffl wers flo uits,, flowers uits fruits the fruits, o ow grow gr g h y grow. they
Engineer It!
Goes beyond inquiry uiry by encouraging students udents to design, model and build olutions to to engineer solutions oblems. defined problems.
In the Field
Inspirational sc sciencerelated to ated professions p stir interest rest in sciencerelated careers.
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A Closer Look
Rainforest Layers
Tropical rainforests are the most diverse land habitats on Earth. They are warm all year round and lots of rain means lots of water for living things. There is another reason tropical rainforests are so diverse – layer 53 s. Tropical rainforests have four main layers – the forest floor, understory, canopy and emergent layer. Each layer forms a habit at for different types of plants and animals. You can think of a tropical rainforest as four habitats in one!
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A Closer Look
Invokes enthusiasm in science by presenting interesting topics beyond the syllabus.
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Amazing Fact! Interesting facts to bui build interest and enthusiasm. nthusiasm.
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Birds reproduce by laying eggs. Parents often care young when they for their you hatch from the eggs.
mals with a body thers. They have two wings. Many birds use fly.
Did You Kno Know?
ave beaks of all and sizes. The ps the help k helps of the beak . n d it needs get the food
Did You Know?
All birds have feathers and wings, but not all can fly. Flightless birds include penguins, emus, ostriches and cassowaries.
AB
Try This!
Activity 2.3
Optional ptio hands-on activities to be conducted activ in groups or at home.
What are the characteristics of birds?
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Science Words
volcano erupt magma lava earthquake tsunami
flood landslide thunderstorm wildfire hurricane
4. What process is show n in the
tornado weathering erosion deposition land reclamation
Review
1.
Which best describes the process when soil and rocks fall from mountains and hills. (a) Tsunami (b) Wildfire (c) Landslide
2. Which best describes the process when hot molten rock flows onto the Earth ’s surface? (a) Earthquake (b) Volcanic eruption (c) Thunderstorm 3. What can cause a tsunami? (a) Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions (b) Landslides (c) Hurricanes and torna does
5. Describe the differ ence betw etwe een en erosion and weatherin g. eros r ion
to label bel the picture.
deposition
AB Activity
Links students to the Let’s Do Science Activity Book at the appropriate juncture.
(b)
(a)
7. Desc scrib ribe e the difference betw een a landslide and weathering.
Discussion
8. List three processe s that chan cha ge the shape of the land rapidly.
Emergent Laye err
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picture?
(a) Erosion (b) Weathering (c) Deposition
6. Use the words in the box
Extra ra information to t build students’ dents’ knowledge know se of the cu base current topic.
9. List three process that change the shap e of the land slowl owly. y.
10. Describe two ways people can slow or preve nt changes to the sshape of the land.
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Canopy y
Topic-related questions and situations for class discussion to build a deeper understanding of topics.
Un rstory Unde
Review
Science Words
Forest Floor
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Topical questions at the end of each chapter for formative assessment.
Lists the essential science vocabulary covered in each chapter.
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Contents
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Unit 1 – Your Healthy Body You Body Systems Your Sta Staying Healthy Wh n You Get Sick When Rev ew Review
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Unit 2 – Plants nts and and d Animals Anim An mals Classifying Animals fy fyi Anima s The Needs eeds o of Plants Plant ant Partss How Anima Animals als H al Help p Plants Review eview view
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4 10 18 22
24 26 38 40 44 50
Unit 3 – Habitats
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Habitats and Diversity Land Habitats Water Habitats Review
Unit 4 – Earth Processes ocesses Rapid Changes C Ch ges es Slow w Changes Chan Chang g Human uman an Changes Change Chan Re ew Review
54 56 58 70 78
82 84 94 102 108
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Science Skills
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Scientists use special skills to learn earn about the world around them. hem. m
thes the Let’s look at how you can use these skills so you can be a scientist too. to
Observe
You observe ve when you yo gather information using tion about something so enses. You can ca observe how c your senses. ething hing looks, feels, sounds, smells something or tastes. es Wh senses are the What children using to observe? h
You can use different tools to observe things closely. You can use a hand th lens, binoculars or a telescope. l lens
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Re ga le du ca t Compare
You compare things when you observe and tell how things are e similar or different. How are the hen and chick similar? How w are they different?
Classify
When you compare ompare pare two or more things, gs, you can classify c clas them into o groups oups based bas on ways they hey y are similar similar.
Leaves in the Garden
How ha have the leaves been classified into gr groups?
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Measure
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You measure when you find nd the he size or amount of something.
ols to help you measure You can use tools u can n use a ruler ru to compare things. You asure e length. and measure
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n use a balance ba You can to compare and mea easur sure re r mass. mass measure
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Make a Model You can make a model to test or see how something works.
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You can make a model by drawing a picture. You can also make a model by using the things around you to make a smaller version on of o something to show how it works.
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Infer
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You infer when you make a guess uess about something based on what you know or what you observe. erve. e.
What at can you infer about cause of the out the c the leaf? holes in th
Wh can you infer What from observing the tracks in the sand?
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You communicate when you tell or show other people what you find out.
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Communicate
You can communicate communica mmunica ate at e by b making g charts, harts, drawing draw wiing win pictures about ures or writing ab about what hat you find out. o
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Science Investigations on
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Ask Questions
Before a science investigation, gation, on, ask questions about what you u would like lik to find out.
ction on Make a Prediction
A prediction is a guess uess about abo what you will observe erve e before you y make the observation. ation. n. What are so some things you would like to find out about in scienc science?
Wil a plant grow better Will W iinn su suns sunshine sunshin sunnnsh shhine i or darkness?
What do plantss need need to to live an andd ggrow? rrow? oow? w?
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A plant will grow better in sunlight.
Plan and Carry Out an Investigation
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Make a plan with steps that others can follow. List all the materials you will need.
Procedure
Materials
1. Measure the heights of the plants. 2. Put one plant near a window. Put the other plant in a dark cupboard. 3. Water and observe the plants every day for one week.
ttwo wo pplants lants
ruler spray bottle with water
Observe and Record Data Reco Rec D ngss you observe. obser obs Record the things e or draw the th things th You can write ve. You can u use charts you observe. es. and tables.
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Analyze and Interpret Data You analyze when you u look closely at recorded ed data.
You interpret when you understand d and nd explain what the data means. ans.
Make e a Conclusion Conclu and Communicate mmunicat munic municat Make conclusion ake e a conclu concl and it d communicate commu comm to others.
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Follow these safety rules when carrying out investigations.
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Science Safety
Wear safety gear.
Follow yourr teacher’s err’ instructions.
Keep your workspace clean.
BBee careful ca with sharp objects.
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Wash your hands ds after after every activity.y.
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Your Healthy Body
In this chapter you will ...
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• learn about the different parts inside your body.
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• describe how different parts inside your body help you in different ways.
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• list some ways you can keep your body fit and healthy.
Can n you name some different parts your body? arts inside yo does each part do? What do
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What things can you do to stay healthy?
Go Online!
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Access interactive content relating to this topic on the NGScience website. ngscience.com
W What foods do you eat to stay healthy? ea 3
Discover more about the things inside your body on the NGScience website. QuickCode: G6Q9
Your Body Systems Your body is made up of different fferent rent parts. The different parts help p your yo body in different ways.
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Go Online!
Your legs and nd feet help you to walk lk and run. ru run Your lps you to smell. nose helps Your earss help yo you to hear sounds unds ds around you.
There ar are different parts inside insid nsid your body too. These parts, such as your heart, lungs and bones, all work together to help your body work in different ways. AB
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Activity 1.1
Your Heart and Blood Vessels Try This! his!
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Your heart pumps blood throughout your body. Your blood travels to and from your heart through tubes called blood vessels. Your blood vessels branch out to all parts of your body.
blood vessels
heartt
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Gently place two fingers rs on the left side Use a of your neck. U stopwatch topwatch to time how times your heart many tim beats in 20 seconds. Multiply the number of Multip heart beats by three to hear your pulse rate. g y get p
There are two types of ves blood vessels – arteries veins Blood travels and veins. away from fro your heart in arteries. It travels back to hea in veins. your heart AB
Activity 1.2 5
nose mouth
When you breathe in, your mouth outh and nose take in air. The air moves down your windpipe and nd into your ds a special specia lungs. Your body needs part of air called oxygen. ygen.. Your lungs ygen lu take in oxygen from om the air and an pass our urr blood d Yo Y it to your blood. Your body makes kes a gas ga called carbon dioxide. The car on d carbo dioxide leaves carbon your body when you breathe out. bre
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Use a stopwatch to find out how many times you breathe in and out in one minute. Calculate how many times you breathe in and out in one hour. How many times do you breathe in and out in one day?
Your Nose, Mouth and Lungs Lu
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Try This!
AB
Activity 1.3
windpipe
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lungs
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Amazing Fact! If you unraveled aveled your yo s, your large intestines, ne would be b intestine ut 5 feet llong. Your about small intestine would be more than 20 feet long!
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Your Mouth, Stomach and Intestines In your mouth, your teeth and tongue work to break down the food you eat into small pieces. When you swallow, the food moves down your esophagus and into your stomach. In your stomach, the food breaks down further. The broken down food moves e to your intestines and into the es the bloodstream. Your body uses ergy, gy, broken down food for energy, growth and repair.
mouth
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esophagus
omach mach stomach
rge intestine ntestin large
small intes intestine AB
Activity 1.4
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Your bones help to protect important parts inside your body. Your ribs protect your heart and your skull protects your brain.
skull
Your Skeleton Use your right hand to gently squeeze your left wrist. What do you feel?
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Did You Know?
arm bones
rib cage spine hip bone
The ha hard parts you felt when you squeezed your whe wrist are bones. wr Your bones help to support your body and give your body its shape. All the bones in your body make up your skeleton.
leg boness AB
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Activity 1.5
Your Muscles Try This! his!
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Your muscles cover your bones. Muscles pull on your bones to help you to move about.
Lightly squeeze your abo left arm just above Flex your your elbow. Fl left eft arm and describe what you feel.
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The more The m ore e you move around and exercise, exe and the stronger your m cle will become. muscles What are some things you can do to strengthen your muscles? AB
Activity 1.6 Go Online! Discover more about your body’s amazing systems on the NGScience website. QuickCode: W6X5
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Staying Healthy
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Yo Your o body can do many different ifferent rent th our body things. To make sure your u need to is working properly, you ody by stayi stayin look after your body staying healthy.
What can you do d to keep p your body bod healthy?
W Wh ou keep your body healthy, it When you ca an keep ep doing all th can the things you do in a day. ay. If you don’t don stay healthy, your do dy may not work w body as it normally oes. You may get sick more often. does.
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Healthy Eating Try This! his!
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Eating healthy is important. Eating healthy food gives your body the energy it needs to function. Eating healthy food can also stop you from getting sick. If you do get sick, eating healthy food will help you to get well sooner.
Keep a healthy food diary. y. Give yourself yours a daily diet scor score. A high core will have ha lots of score fresh veg vegetables and fruits! Co Compare your score with your friends.
ting: g: Here are some tips on healthy eating:
Start the day with a healthy breakfast. akfast. Eat a good balance of all kinds food. ds of food Eat lots of fresh vegetables es and fruits. es fruits Drink lots of water. AB
Activities 1.7 – 1.8
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• • • •
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A Closer Look
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Healthy Food Pyramid
Different foods and drinks help your body in different ferent ways. way wa hea he When you eat a balanced diet, you eat a variety of healthy hings it need food. This helps your body to get all the things needs to p to keep you sstrong ong ng and healthy. h he give you energy and help
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Some foods, such as cereals, bread, pasta and potatoes, give you energy.
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F Food like meat, chicken, fish and milk help to keep your growing muscles and bones strong.
bless and fruits provide p ide Vegetables dy with the vitamins vi ns your body d nutrients it nee eep and needs to keep ou healthy as you yo grow. you
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A healthy eating pyramid is a diagram that shows y you how much of different foods you should include in your balanced diet. You should eat more foods from om ds from rom the bottom part of the pyramid and less foods the top of the pyramid.
Healthy y fats ats
Lean m meat, meat fish, eggs, s, nuts, milk, yogurt yog yogu gurt and cheese
Grains Grain
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Fruit, vegetables and legumes
Drinking ng lots of water and being active every day are also ng importantt when following a balanced diet. 13
Keep Fit and Active Doing lots of exercise keeps your body strong and d fit. Doing lots of exercise will help you oo sleep better too.
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To get daily exercise, y you pla a sport, could ride a bike, play un, or just ju play with walk and run, your friends. end Make a list of some things hing you can do to kee keep fit and active.
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The Great Outdoors
Regular exercise is a fun way to keep eep p fit and active. It’s even more fun when en you exercise in nature! In nature, you’ll get plenty off fresh n play ay your air and sunshine. You can ure hike or favorite sports, go for a nature mily and friends. frien go camping with family
Try This!
Make a ‘nature bracelet’ by wrapping a piece of sticky tape around your wrist. Go on a nature walk and collect small things to stick on your bracelet!
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Good Hygiene Keeping your body clean iss an important part of staying g healthy. tay clean is to The best way to stay take a bath or shower hower two times ti a day – once in the morning and morn ou sleep. When W again before you hower, use u soap to you bathe or shower, wash all parts your body. rts of you e some o Here are other ways to maintain aintain good hygiene: • • • •
rush yo Brush your teeth twice a day. cl Wear clean clothes. Use shampoo to wash your hair. Wash Was your hands after playing outside and before you eat. What are some other ways you can keep your body clean?
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Getting Enough Sleep Try This! his!
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It is important to get enough sleep. Each night, try to get about 10 to 12 hours of sleep.
When you are asleep, your body gets a chance to take a rest and get g ready for the next day. Just like eating ep healthy food and staying clean, sleep helps you to stay fit and healthy.
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u If you don’t get enough sleep,, you may not have much energy y the next day. You may feel grumpy y too. oo. How do you feel on days when you have not ot had enough sleep? e
Keep a sleep dia diary by recording rding the number nu of hours you sleep each night for one week. draw how you Write or d feel eac each morning.
Did You Know?
Scientists believe that dreaming helps you to store memories from the things you’ve learned during the day. People usually have about four or five dreams a night, but usually forget about them by the time they wake up.
AB Activities 1.9 – 1.10 17
When You Get Sick k
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Everybody gets sick from m time me to time. When you are sick, k, you ou might he or a sore have a fever, headache ough and sn sne throat. You might cough sneeze or feel sleepy. ou might be sick, s If you think you tell ht away. way. Your You parents a parent right might take e you ou to see a doctor. A nd out w doctor can find why you are nd help elp you tto get better. sick and
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Go Online!
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Find out more about ab d the flu on the colds and NGScience website. ence webs QuickCode: kCode: J4J5 J
Did D id You Know?
Colds and the Flu
A common way that people le e get sick is by catching a cold or the flu flu. You can get a cold or the he flu u when ses, get e et small germs, called viruses, inside your body.
Wh you get the flu, When you are contagious. This means you can cause other people to get sick too. That’s why it’s really important to stay home if you think you may have the flu.
e a cold or o the flu, When you have e a runny nose no and you may have a sore throat. at. You may cough c cou and sneeze too. o. If you think a cold nk you may have h or the to see a he e flu, it is important impor im octor and get lot doctor lots of rest.
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What Are Germs?
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A Closer Look
Germs are very tiny things that can cause you ou to get sick sic if they get inside your body. Germs are too see, o small to se see but there are some things you can do to keep them out o of your body.
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Germs can get on your hands when n you ou touch objects or n your our hands, they can get other people. Once germs are on ch your our mouth, mout mo inside your body when you touch nose or eyes.
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Germs can also spread from person n to person through the air when someone coughs or sneezes without covering their mouth and nose.
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Here are some things you can do to stop the spread of germs:
• Wash your hands with soap and d oing to o the water after playing outside, going bathroom and before you eat. at.
• Cover your nose and mouth outh uth when you yo sneeze or cough. • Stay at home and away way from other oth people if you are sick. ou are sick. s • Wear a face mask if you AB
Activity 1.11
Did You Know?
When you’re sick, a face mask is very useful at stopping the germs in your body from getting into the air. This can stop others from getting sick too.
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Science Words
heart blood vessels artery vein windpipe lungs
oxygen carbon dioxide esophagus stomach intestines bones
eleton skeleton muscles c cold flu ger germs
Review
1.
True or false. d around your body. (a) Your heart pumps blood yo skeleton. (b) All of your muscles make up your o take in oxygen from the air. (c) Your lungs help you to
2. List three body parts that he help to break down food. 3. How do your bones and skeleton help your body?
differenc between arteries and veins? 4. What is the difference mus 5. How do your muscles help your body?
6. Which desc describes a balanced diet? ( Eating mostly bread and pasta. (a) (b) Eating a variety of different healthy foods. (c) Ea Eating junk food and vegetables often.
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(b)
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(a)
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7. Write a sentence to tell how each child is keeping healthy.
(c)
(d)
(e) e)
(f)
8. List three things you can do to stop the spread of germs. ge 23
Plants and Animals
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What does a plant need to live and nd grow? How does it get the things it needs? ds?
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In this chapter you will ...
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• classify animals into groups based on observable characteristics. stic • list and describe plant needs, parts and functions.
• plan and conduct an investigation to determine iff plants need sunlight and water to grow.
• describe the role of animals in the processes of pollination and seed dispersal.
Go Online!
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Access interactive content relating to this topic on the NGScience website. ngscience.com
How H o do animals help plants reproduce? 25
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Classifying Animals Go Online! Learn about the different ways we can classify animals on the NGScience website. QuickCode: Z7N1
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There are many ny different ifferent kinds ki k of animals. Different animals have rentt animal different characteristics. aracteristics cteristics We can he character characte observe the characteristics of animals and classify into groups based ssify fy them in on how ow w they th are similar. s
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We can classify animals by looking ng g at their body parts and body w coverings. We can also look at how they move, where they live or how they reproduce. Reproduce uce means to make new young.
How could you classify assify these t animals into groups? o gr AB
Activity 2.1
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Mammals Mammals are animals th that have a body covered in n hair or o fur. Many mammals liv live on land. Some mammals mals live in water. All mammals have lungs ungs to get g the air they need. any land mammals use legs and Many feett to move mo about. Some, such as bats, have wings and can fly. b
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c Most mammals reproduce uc uce ce by b giving birth to live young. ng. They often care for the young oung g when they are born.
Amazing Fact! Platypuses are fascinating animals that are a little different from other mammals. They have a duck-like bill, a beaverlike tail and reproduce by y g eggs! gg laying
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AB Activity 2.2 2
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Birds Birds are animals with a body ve tw wo covered in feathers. They have two e legs and two wings. Many birds use their wings to fly.
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aks of o all al Birds have beaks T e shapes and sizes. The e beak k help he h ps the shape of the helps et the foo d it needs. n bird to get food
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Birds reproduce by laying eggs. Parents often care young when they for their yo hatch from the eggs.
AB A
Did You Know?
All birds have feathers and wings, but not all can fly. Flightless birds include penguins, emus, ostriches and cassowaries.
Activity 2.3 Ac A
Whatt are the cha characteristics charac ac birds? of bi ds?
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Reptiles a and d Am Amp Amphibians mp Reptiles are animals anima als with a body als covering ng of scales or hard plates. ost reptiles eptiles live liv on land. Some, such Most as alligators a and turtles, live in water. tiles reproduce r Reptiles by laying eggs. Th breathe air using lungs. The They
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Amphibians are animals that live both on land and in water. water They often have smooth, moist skin.
Most amphibians reproduce by er. The he e laying eggs that hatch in water. ow, the young have gills. As they grow, dults, the gills change into lungs. As adults, to land. young move from waterr onto AB Activity 2.4
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Fish
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Fish are animals imals l th that that live in water. ish have a b Most fish body covered in scales. They also have fins to help w them swim.
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Fish reproduce by laying eggs. They have gills to help them breathe. athe. Compare a fish with h a reptile that lives in water.. In what ways are they similar? milar? In what hey different? t ways are they AB
Think Deeply All fish live in water, but not all live in the ocean. Where are some other places you can find fish?
Activity 2.5
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Insects Amazing Fact!
Insects reproduce produce oduce by b laying eggs.
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Insects are the most diverse group of animals on Earth. More than one million different types have been named by scientists!
If you observe iinsects ects closely, close you will notice they all have legs and three ave six leg body parts.
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Insects come in all shapes and sizes. Some use their legs to move. Some insects also have wings and can fly.
Compare an ant and a u tell spider. How can you n insect? which animal is an AB
Activity 2.6
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Unlike animals, plants do not eat food. How do plantss get the food they need to live and grow?
The Needs of Plants
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A plant needs certain ain n things hin ngs from f o help help it to t live its surroundings to nt needs needs sunlight, and grow. A plant ent air, water and nutrie nutrients. What hat will happen ha to a plant not get the things if it does n it needs needs?
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Activity 2.7
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AB
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A plant takes in air, water and nutrients from its surroundings. It uses the energy from sunlight to change d. the air, water and nutrients into food.
How do the parts of a plant help it to get the things it needs to make food? ood?
Think Deeply In the ocean, almost no plants can be found deeper than 200 meters. y is this so? Why
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Plant Parts Roots, Stems and Leaves Leav Plants have different en n parts. parrt They have roots, a stem tem and leaves. Many plants also have flowers and fruits.
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Each part art helps the plant to live, an nd reproduce. ep pr grow and
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Point and name the plant parts. Tell how each part helps the plant.
The stem holds up the plant. It carries the water and nutrients to the leaves and other parts of the plant. The stem also carries food from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
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Roots help the plant to take in water and nutrients from the soil. They also hold the plant firmly in the ground.
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atch h Leaves take in air and catch the sunlight the plant needss to make food. How is the shape shap of the roots, stem and leaves lea heir functions? func suited to their
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Activity vity 2.8
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Flowers and Fruits uits
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Many plants have e flowers. owers. The Th flower is the plant partt that at makes mak make the seeds from which new will grow. w plants w
Amazing Fact! A Rafflesia plant produces flowers that can grow up to a meter wide. The flowers smell like a dead animal, which attracts flies and other insects.
Flowers contain sticky powder tain a stic stick called pollen pollen. make seeds, pollen e . To ma m needss to move fro from one part of a wer to anothe flower another. This process is called pollination. alled pollinat Wh are some ways pollen What can move from one flower ca to another?
AB
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Activity 2.9
When a flower begins to make seeds, it changes into a fruit fruit. Fruits help to protect the seeds. s.
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Some fruits, such as apples and d berries, are fleshy. Others, such h ass nuts, are dry and hard.
Along with protecting the e seeds, seeds eedss, s fruits can also help move ove the seeds se eed eeds ds to new places.
What are some ome ways fruits can move seeds ds to new places?
Try This! In small groups, make a list of some fruits you know. Classify the fruits as fleshy or dry.
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How Animals Help Plants Pollination Go Online! Observe the different ways animals help pollinate plants on the NGScience website. QuickCode: H7Z9
To make seeds, the pollen n usually needs to move from one flower his is done by to another. Often this animals. An animal that mov moves pollen from flowerr to flower flowe is called a pollinator. or
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Many flowers are br brightly colored or contain a sweet necta This helps to liquid called nectar. ct pollinator attract pollinators such as bees, butterflies, and birds. but utterflies, beetles be
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When a pollinator ollinator nator lands land or o feeds on a flower, to the wer,, pollen sticks st me of the p animal.l. Some pollen grains pol fall off when the pollinator moves to a n new w flower. flowe AB A Activity t 2.10
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A Closer Look
Hummingbirds Most plants with flowers are pollinated with the help e plant of insects, such as bees and beetles. Some plants have flowers that are long and thin. The pollen may b sit deep inside the flower and cannot be reached by mingbird insects. These flowers often attract hummingbirds.
Hummingbirds ds feed on o a sweet liquid produced flower, called nectar. d by the flow They use long,, thin bills to reach deep e their lon inside side the flower. flowe When feeding on the nectar, pollen stick to their bills.
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Hummingbirds feed up to 10 times per hour. In one day, they may eat as much as half their body weight in sugar!
Amazing Fact! Hummingbirds birds are c the only birds that can fly backwards. ckwards. Some S hummingbirds mingbird have flying even been spotted sp upside dow down.
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When a hummingbird moves to a new flower, some of the pollen fall off and pollination occurs.
Go Online! Find out more about these fascinating birds on the NGScience website. QuickCode: J7J1
Engineer It! Design and build a flower that a hummingbird may feed on. Develop a simple model that mimics the function of the hummingbird in pollinating the flower.
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Seed Dispersal rsall
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ve ways tto move Many plants have y from om the parent p seeds away plant. led seed dis This is called dispersal. spersal ersal help Seed dispersal helps plants grow in acess new places.
Go Online!
Observe the different ways plants disperse their seeds on the NGScience website. QuickCode: Y9N9
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ifferent rent plants plant plan can disperse their Different eds in d diffe seeds different ways. Some seeds re e light or o have shapes that help are th fl flo them float in the air. These seeds can be d dis dispersed by wind. Other seeds floa Th float float. fl They can be dispersed by water.
Animals can disperse seeds when they eat a fruit and drop it in a new place. Some animals eat the fruits and seeds. The seeds can pass e through the animal and are e. spread in the animal’s waste. Activity 2.11
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Many plants use animals to help disperse their seeds. Some plants have seeds with barbs. They stick to the fur of animals. The seeds drop off when the animals move from place to place.
Engineer It! Develop a model that mimics the function of an animal dispersing seeds. What animal did you mimic? How were the seeds dispersed?
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Science Words
insects roots stem leaves
flowers fruits pollination nation seed dispe dispersal
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mammals birds reptiles amphibians fish Review
1.
True or false. (a) All mammals live on land. (b) All birds have feathers. (c) All birds can fly.
2. Which animal group has a bod body covered in hair or fur? (a) Mammals (b) Fish (c) Reptiles (d) Birds nimal grou 3. Which animal group lays eggs and has lungs? (a) Fish eptiles (b) Reptiles (c) Mammals Mamma (d) Insect Insects
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4. Draw and complete a Venn diagram to compare reptiles and mammals. Reptiles
Mammals
5. Draw and complete a Venn diagram agram to compare birds and insects. Birds
Insects
6. List the needs eeds of plants. p pollinati 7. Whatt is pollination?
8. List st two animals a that help pollinate flowers.
9. Describe two ways animals help plants disperse seeds. escr 51
In the Field
If you love plants of all shapes and sizes, you might want to be a horticulturist. A horticulturist is a scientist that specializes in growing plants for people to use.
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Horticulturists use their knowledge e of plants to help farmers improve es the fruits, flowers and vegetables they grow.
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Horticulturists can also use their knowledge of plants and soil to help manage and protect natural areas like parklands or nature reserves.
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Habitats
Go Online!
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Access interactive content relating to this topic on the NGScience website. ngscience.com
Wha are some places What where living things live?
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What is diversity? How is the diversity sity of life different in different habitats??
In this chapter you will ...
• describe different plant and animal mal habitats.
rsity of d • compare and describe the diversity different habitats. e data on di • collect, record, and organize different types of rent habi plants and animals in different habitats.
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Habitats and Diversity There are many different kinds of habitats on Earth. A habitat is the place where a living thing lives. It provides the living thing with all the things it needs to survive. Some habitats, such as forests, deserts ch and grasslands, are on land. Others, such as lakes, rivers and the ocean, are in water.
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Habitats are different in many y ways. wa w s. ways s Some are warm and get lots off rain. Others are very hot and dry. y. Habitats can be big or small. mall. A home garden is a small mall habitat. The Sahara iss a almost desert habitat that is almost as big as the United tte ed States. es. es
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Diversity is the he number number of of different plants ants and and animals anima ani that live in habitat. Some nah hab abitat. bitatt. S om habitatss ssupport great diversity up pport orrt a g grea rsiity ng things. Othe Ot the can only ly y of living Others provide vide tthe he tthings he hin ing gs ffor a few kinds nd ds off pla plants They have plants and and animals. ani ave ve low llo ow diversity. diversity ity y. AB
Activity 3.1 57
Land Habitats A Home Garden A garden is a habitat usually made by people. Gardens are often small, but they can support a diversity of living things. People often plant many different kindss of plants in gardens. The great variety of plants also attracts many kinds of animals..
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Many kinds of insects, such ass bees, bees es, beetles and butterflies, live in a ob e home garden. There may also be e rabbits rabb bbits its snails and larger animals like and mice.
ndergroun Some animals also live u underground. AB Activity 3.2
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Temperate Forests orests
Go Online! Observe and compare the diversity of life in forests on the NGScience website. QuickCode: B5F1
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A temperate forest is a habitat that gets enough h rain and sunlight for many treess to grow. grow Grass, shrubs rns may als and ferns also cover the forest floor. ring fall, the th leaves on many trees During ange color co and fall to the ground. change The trees grow new leaves in spring.
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The many plants and trees in a temperate forest provide lots off food fo ood d and places for animals to live. There may be squirrels, raccoons, bears and deer. The hollows in trees es provide shelter for many types of birds. rds. AB Activity 3.3
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Tropical Rainforestss Tr T A tropical rainforest iss a habitat abita th d sunlight. sunlight that gets lots of rain and IIt is also warm all year ear round.
Amazing Fact!
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Tropical rainforests cover less than three percent of Earth’s surface, but are home to more than half of Earth’s land animals.
Rainforests are diverse R e the e most div di la land habitat on Earth. Ma Many kinds o nd animals live li in all of plants and p inforest. T parts of a rainforest. There are ta es of all shap shape and sizes. tall trees shapes T e are re shrubs, shrub ferns and There m sses sses. Mosses Mosse and other small mosses. plants lants ts grow o on rocks, tree trunks and logs.
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The great diversity of plants provide food and shelter for many animals. There are many d kinds of birds, snakes, frogs and insects. There are many kindss of large and small mammals too.
Why are rainforests such uc diverse habitats? AB Activity 3.4 4
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tio n eg al ed uc Deserts rts
A desert esert sert is a habitat hab that is dry and nd gets very little rainfall. Some hot. Others can deserts rts are very v be e hot dur duri the day and cold during during uring the th night.
Go Online!
Learn more about the diversity of life in deserts on the te. NGScience website. 5T7 QuickCode: L5T7
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Wit W With not much water, few plants and animals a can live in deserts. Desert plants can survive for a long De ttime without water.
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Some p plants have long rootss to o ta tak take ke in water from deep underground. groun round. nd. Others have roots that spread pread ad out o t to ore r over a large area. Some store me plants ntts st water in their stems.
Reptiles, such as snake snakes, lizards snak zarrd rds d and and e found und in d eserts. tortoises, can be deserts. Desert animals with ls can also surv ssurvive vive v ew ith little water. Many ny desert animals an ls gett plantts. t the water they plants. ey need by b eating e Why do some desert plants sharp, spiky leaves? have sha
AB Activity 3.5
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Tundra Go Online! What kinds of animals can survive in a harsh tundra habitat? Find out on the NGScience website. QuickCode: M3H8
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In a tundra habitat, t, itt is cold co all year round. There is very ver little little rain and it is often windy. Few trees Most plants ee grow gro in n tundras. t are grasses sses or or small sm shrubs. most of of the th year, the ground For most is c covered overed in snow or ice. During the w warmer arm months in spring and ssummer, u many shrubs produce colorful c olor wildflowers.
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Not many animals can survive in the cold and dry tundra habitat. During winter, many tundra animalss move underground to stay warm or move to warmer places. de e polar olar Some tundra animals include bears, reindeer, foxes and d hares. hares. AB Activity 3.6
Amazing Fact! The word tundra comes from the Finnish word tunturi, which means ‘treeless plain’.
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Savanna Go Online! Learn more about the diversity of life in an African savanna on the NGScience website. QuickCode: U1H6
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A savanna, also called a tropical ropical grassland, is a habitat that hat iiss hot and dry for most of of the the year. year. as of grasses grasses There are large areas and small shrubs. There Th here are scattered trees.
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Many animals that live in a ater savanna get the food and water they need by eating plants. When it rains, many animals are attracted to large waterholes that form in the ground. Savanna animals include elephants, giraffes, zebras, a re wildebeests and lions. There ar are also a variety of birds. AB Activity 3.7
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Water Habitats Ponds and Lakes
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Ponds and lakes are closed y plants live liv freshwater habitats. Many ng the water. wate in the land surrounding nd der tthe he water too. Plants live on and under ding g ponds pon have Many plants surrounding i sect and other flowers that attractt insects sm mal animals. small
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nd Many animals live in pond a and im mals ls lake habitats. Common animals i ds. include turtles, frogs and birds. u ch There may also be reptiles ssuch as lizards and snakes.
en ear, on A variety of animals live near, to oo. or under the water too. Activity 3.8 8
As a class, plan a field trip to a pond or lake in your area. Draw or take photographs of the plants and animals you spot.
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Try This!
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Stream Rivers and nd Streams Go Online! Observe and compare the diversity of life in freshwater habitats on the NGScience website. QuickCode: P8M8
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Like ponds nds and lake lakes, rivers and ms are also freshwater streams f itats. ts. The wa habitats. water in a river moves om one place plac to another. from With lots of water, many plants and nimals imals llive in and around rivers. animals
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Trees, large shrubs and grasses live around rivers rss ts and streams. Their roots he take in water from the wet soil.
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diver div y of You will find a diversity g in and ar animals living around eams, incl rivers and streams, including includ es, mammals mamma fish, reptiles, ds. and birds. AB Activity 3.9
Amazing Fact! The Amazon river dolphin is a special species of dolphin that live in the freshwater rivers and streams of the Amazon river.
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Wetlands ds an nd is is a habit h abit that A wetland habitat ded with wiith water wa for all is flooded ost o he y or m most off tthe year. Some etlands h ave fresh water and wetlands have ssome ome h ave ssalt water. have he a As tthe amount of water in a w wetland changes, the plants a nd animals animals tthat hat live live tthere here c an and can c hange ttoo. oo. change
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During the wet season, a wetland nd has many plants. There are grasses, shrubs and small trees. re ees.
Some plants may die if the the wetland dries up. They y grow grow back bac ck k when the water returns. urrns.
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A great variety of of animals animals live live in wetlands. There are here a re many many ects, fish, fish, amphibians, amphibians, types of insects, reptiles and d mammals. mammals.
What happen happens to the animals wetland when it dries up? in a wetla
AB Activity 3.10
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The Ocean
ion
In what ways are e ocean nt from fro habitats different ers? lakes and rivers? The ocean is a very very large large body of saltt water. are water. Oceans Oce Oc st habitat habitat on ha on Earth – the largest ver most most of mo of the t Earth’s they cover surface. ce. Go Online! Different animals live in different parts of the ocean. Find out more on the NGScience website. QuickCode: Y9B2
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cean habitats habitat can be different hab Ocean iin n many many ways. way Some are and sshallow hallow a n have warm water. O ther ocean oc Other habitats are deep a nd cold co all year round. and
Oceans are the habitat of a great diversity of animals.. ma als, Fish, like most ocean animals, ey y have gills to get the air they need from water.
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ike Some ocean animals, like urtles, rtless, s, dolphins, whales and tu turtles, have lungs. They come me to the e e in air. irr surface to breathe
AB
Activity 3.11
Why a are ocean habitats home to such a variety ho off animals? 77
Science Words
savanna pond lake wetland ocean
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habitat diversity temperate forest tropical rainforest desert tundra Review
1.
Which best describes a habitat? at? (a) A place that gets lots of rain. (b) The place where a living lives and gets all the ving thing liv vive. things it needs to survive. (c) The number of different living in an area. rent animals anim
d 2. Which best describess the diversity of a habitat? y of plants nts in an area. (a) The variety (b) The place where here a living thing lives and gets all the eeds to survive. s things it needs ber of different d (c) The number living things living in an area. 3. Why is diversity high in a tropical rainforest habitat? versity hi 4. Why is diversity low in a desert habitat?
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5. Copy and complete the table. Description
Diversity ersity
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Habitat
Tropical Rainforest
Temperate Forest Desert
Tundra
Savanna
Lake
ver River
Wetland
Ocean
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A Closer Look
Rainforest Layers Tropical rainforests are the most diverse land habitats abitats on ts of rain me Earth. They are warm all year round and lots means ther her reason lots of water for living things. There is another ers. s tropical rainforests are so diverse – layers. ers – the forest f Tropical rainforests have four main layers floor, ayer. understory, canopy and emergentt layer.
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ferent types typ Each layer forms a habitat for different an think of a of plants and animals. You can abitats in one! on tropical rainforest as four habitats
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Emergent mergent L Layer
Canopy
Understory
Forest Floor
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Earth Processes
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What processes change tthe e Earth? surface of the Go Online!
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Access interactive content relating to this topic on the NGScience website. ngscience.com
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In this chapter hapter you y will ...
• list and describe events that can change the surface of the Earth. • classify events that change the surface of the Earth as those occurring slowly slo or those occurring quickly. scribe and compare solutions designed to slow or prevent wind • describe or water from changing the shape of the land.
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Rapid Changes
ion
What events or processes sse change the surface of the Earth quickly?
Go Online! Watch how volcanoes, earthquakes and extreme weather can rapidly change the surface of the Earth on the NGScience website. QuickCode: J1L2
arth is always alw The surface of the Earth ocesses change ch changing. Some processes qu the surface of the Earth quickly. Such processes include v volcanic hquakes and extreme eruptions, earthquakes ents like flo weather events floods, tsunamis anes. and hurricanes.
Amazing Fact!
Wh is a volcano? How do What volcanoes change the surface vol of the Earth?
A vo volcano is an opening in the Earth’s surface that is caused when hot su molten rock, called magma, pushes u up from inside the Earth.
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One of the most destructive volcanic eruptions in history was the eruption of Krakatoa in Indonesia in 1883. The explosions were so d violent that they could be heard from almost 5,000 kilometers rs away!
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Volcanoes anoes
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A volcano erupts when the magma bursts through its opening and flows onto the Earth’s surface as lava.
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When the lava cools, it changes to solid rock. The formation of the solid d rocks changes the shape of the surface of the Earth.
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Earthquakes
Go Online! Discover what causes earthquakes on the NGScience website. QuickCode: J1Y6
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What causes an earthquake? quake? How do earthquakess change the surface of the Earth? The surface of the he Earth is made m up yers. s. An earth eart of different layers. earthquake g of the grou is the shaking ground that en the layers rub against occurs when er. each other.
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hquakes quakes occur occu all the time. Most Earthquakes o small to be felt. Others can are too e very ry large. They can cause rapid be changes hanges to the surface of the Earth.
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Large earthquakes can change ange the surface of the Earth th quickly. uic They can cause cracks cks in the e to o roads ground and damage roads, bridges and buildings. di ding
Try This! Draw Drawaapicture pictureof ofthe the Earth’s surface. Show Earth’s surface. Show how howthe thesurface surfaceof ofthe the Earth will change after Earth will change after an anearthquake. earthquake.
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Tsunamis Go Online! Learn about the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami on the NGScience website. QuickCode: A4F2
A tsunami is a very large e and nd ms in n the powerful wave that forms to land. and. It ocean and moves onto rface face of the can change the surface Earth quickly. used by Tsunamis are caused oce disturbancess on the ocea ocean h as an earthquake earthq earth floor, such canic ic explosi explosio The or a volcanic explosion. bance make makes waves that disturbance e towards la move land.
La Large tsunamis can cause widespread damage when they reach the shore. They can destroy homes, buildings and roads.
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Floods A flood is an overflow of water onto an area that is usually dry land. Floods can occur when an area gets much more rain than usual. Heavy rains can also cause rivers and lakes to overflow.
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eo Floods can change the shape off way y the land. They can wash away se e plants and trees and cause uildin ding ngs. damage to roads and bu buildings.
What are some causes of floods? How w can c a flood e surface surfac of change the the Earth??
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Landslides Landslides occur when soil and rocks fall from m mountains or hills. Landslides can be caused by earthquakes, volcanic activity, heavy rain and an nd floods. floods. The roots from plants and trees often hold ho old soil soil in place. People can cause landslides w when hen they they remove the plants and trees.
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Landslides cause quick changess tto o tthe he ssurface urfa of the Earth. They can also cause damage ed amage to t roads, bridges and houses.
Engineerr It!
Heavy rain can cause e ountains landslides on mountains sign two and hillsides. Design solutionss to help prevent dslides. the landslides.
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Thunderstorms and Wildfires A thunderstorm, or electrical storm, m is a storm with heavy rain and strong ong winds. Lightning can strike the ground, trees and buildings. Thunderstorms can damage age property prope and cause flooding. Sometimes metimes the res. A w lightning can start wildfires. wildfire is a large and uncontrolled cont d fire fi in nature. Wildfires can destroy large an des areas of plants and trees and also destroy housess and property. d pr ro
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Hurricanes and d Tornadoes Torna Amazing Fact! The winds of a tornado can reach speeds so fast that they throw cars and trucks hundreds of meters!
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A hurricane iss a very large larg storm that starts in and moves n the e ocean a onto land.. During large uring a hurricane, hu ocean wavess may w wash onto land. There are very stro strong winds, heavy rain and d flooding. flooding
A tornado is a rotating column of air that occurs on land, often during a thunderstorm. There are very strong winds.
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Hurricanes and tornadoes can cause the surface of the Earth to change quickly. They can uproot trees and destroy property.
How is a hurricane similar to o a tornado? How is it different? nt? AB Activities 4.1 – 4.2
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Slow Changes
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What processes change ge the surface of the Earth rth slowly over time?
The surface of the Earth arth is always alwa changing. Some changes nges occur occ very not see these changes slowly. We cannot he changes chan from day to day. The occur over many years. ars.
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Mountains Try This! his!
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Mountains are tall landforms that rise above the land around them. Many large mountains are formed when layers of the Earth push together. This makes the land where the layers meet rise upwards. Over millions of years, the rising of the land forms a mountain.
Take two sheets shee of paper them on a er and lie the table. Push th the sheets of paper together. togeth What observe? How do you ob sim iss this similar to how mount mountains form?
Amazing Fact!
Mount Everest is the highest point on Earth. It has a height of 8,849 m (29,032 ft). The mountain has been slowly forming over the past 60 million years!
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A Closer Look
How Mountains Form The Earth is made up of different layers. ing ng The outer layer is made up of large, moving pieces called tectonic plates. The tectonic plates are always moving. ving. g. ctonic plates Mountains can form where the tectonic co ollilis ision forces force meet and smash together. The collision ounta tai ain n.. the land upward forming a mountain.
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Some mountains are formed from volcanic eruptions.
Mountains can also be caused ause ed by by vol volcanic eruptions. During a volcanic eruption, can anic e ruptio rupt magma erupts and flows onto lo ows on nto to the th Earth’s untain ainss can n form when surface as lava. Mountains the lava cools into o solid olid rock. rock k.
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Weathering Weathering is one way y the surface of the Earth rth h changes slowly. Weathering ring g is the rock over time. tit breaking up off rock Weathering ng can ca an be be caused ca when water in aterr fillss the the gaps g n the th e w rocks. When water freezes into ice, ce, it expands. expan xpand nd This breaks the pieces. e rock rock ock into into p ie
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Plants can also cause weathering. Plant roots can grow into the cracks of rocks and break the rocks into smaller pieces.
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People and animals also cause weathering by stepping on rocks and soil.
How d does weathering change the surface of ch the Earth over time? th 99
Erosion and Deposition osi
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Erosion is the removal val of broken down rock,, soill and an sand from an area. ea. Erosion is i wa often caused by moving w water in streams, rivers vers and the ocean. It is also so caused by wind. Some e events, vents, such suc as floods d hurricanes, ricanes can cause and rosion on to happen hap erosion quickly.
also occurs over many Erosion als years. It c changes the surface of the Earth by forming rivers and canyons and shaping the he coastline.
How does erosion change the surface of the Earth over time? 1 00
Just as erosion changes the shape of the land by removing parts of the Earth, deposition changes the land by moving it to a new place. AB
Activity 4.3
Go Online! e!
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Broken down rocks, soil and sand that are removed by erosion are moved to new places. This process is called deposition.
Discover more about erosion on and how it Earth’s changes the E the surface on th NGScience website. NGScienc QuickCode: X9J8 QuickCo
Engineer It!
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In the coastal town of Broadbeach, wind and water are changing the shape of the land. Build a model of the town to show how erosion and weathering can change the shape of the land. Design a solution to help prevent the erosion.
Discu the ways in which Discuss weathering, erosion and we deposition are different. 1 01
ga le du ca t Human Changes hanges Changing ng Land
Think Deeply
How can clearing land to build a road have a positive effect on the environment? What are the negative effects?
1 02
People can change the surface of the Earth arth rth in many ways. We change ape of the th land when we clear the shape orests sts for woo wo forests wood, farms or to make cities. way y for cit citie W han the shape of the land We change whe we build structures such as when buildings, roads and bridges. build building
We change the shape of the e land when we dig mines to take ound. resources from under the ground.
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ke to to tthe he The changes people make ore ffloods, loods, Earth can also cause m more d deposition. deposition landslides, erosion and
How d do human changes increase the occurrence in off floods and erosion? 1 03
Amazing Fact! The tallest dam in the United States is the Oroville dam in California. It has a height of around 235 meters!
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Changing Water er People change water ater in many m ways. ange the shape of We drain or change lakes and riverss to use the water for rming or to transport, farming ce electricity produce electricity.
Go On Online!
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People can also change the shape of the land by creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds. This process is called land reclamation.
Explore xpl the different ways pe people change water on the NGScience website. QuickCode: Y5P9
Discuss the ways human man activities change the shape of the land. Do the e changes occur quickly or slowly?
1 05
Slowing and Preventing Changes hanges
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People try to o slow ow or prevent wind, and nd, water an a human activities ctivities from ing g the shape shap of changing the land. make and. d. We ma mak trails for hiking hiking ng to prevent pre pr we eathering athering and a erosion. weathering W e plantt trees tre to hold We so soil oil and and sand sa in place.
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People build structures to stop or slow the movement of water and d wind. Dikes and levees are barriers iers er. built by people to hold back water. This can help to slow and prevent revent e t weathering and erosion.
stron ng winds ng winds Windbreaks can slow strong from weathering rocks ck ks or moving movin sand and soil. Activity 4.4 .4
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Science Words
volcano erupt magma lava earthquake tsunami
flood landslide thunderstorm wildfire hurricane
tornado weathering ering osion erosion eposition deposition land and reclamation recla
Review
1.
Which best describes the process ocess wh when soil and rocks fall from mountains and hills? (a) Tsunami (b) Wildfire (c) Landslide
esc the process p 2. Which best describes when hot molten rock flows onto the Earth’s surface? (a) Earthquake ke c eruption (b) Volcanic derstorm (c) Thunderstorm 3. What can cause a tsunami? arthquakes and volcanic eruptions (a) Earthquakes (b) L ndslid Landslides (c)) Hurric Hurricanes and tornadoes
1 08
(a) Erosion (b) Weathering (c) Deposition
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4. What process is shown in the picture?
5. Describe the difference between n erosion and a weathering. bel the picture. p 6. Use the words in the box to label erosion
deposition on
(b)
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(a)
7. Describe the differenc difference between a landslide and weathering. ering.
8. List three processe processes that change the shape of the land rapidly. 9. List three pr process that change the shape of the slowly. land slow 10. Describe two ways people can slow or prevent changes scr to the shape of the land. 1 09
In the Field
A scientist who studies rocks and the processes es that shape the Earth is called a geologist.
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Geologists closely observe the Earth’s processes and the way they change the he sshape hap ape n to to help help lp of the land. They use what they learn elp p eople protect natural areas. They also help people ges to to th tthe he plan and prepare for rapid changes ns, earthquakes earthquak Earth such as volcanic eruptions, and hurricanes.
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Geologists often work outside, collecting d data ata about the Earth. They learn how the shape ape of of time. They They the land on Earth has changed over time. eE arth th w ill observe patterns to predict how the Earth will change in the future.
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