Let's Do Science K – Text Book B

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Kinde ergar rgarten Textbook

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The 5E Model – Guided Inquiry

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The Let’s Do Science series is based on the Biological Sciences Curriculu Curriculum riculu Study (BSCS) 5E teaching and learning instructional model. The he 5E E model is centered on the idea that students understand science concepts oncepts pts best by using prior knowledge to pose questions and find answers rs through hrough guided inquiry.

This hands-on approach, integrated with engineering ng g and design skills, sk s has students learn science by doing science. Teachers chers guide the llearning process and are able to assess student performance evaluating student mance ce by evalua explanations and the application of newly acquired quired d knowledge knowledg knowled and skills.

Engage

The Engage phase of the 5E model provides videss students with w the opportunity to demonstrate their prior knowledge and understanding of the topic or understand concept. Students are presented with which serves to h an n activity or question q motivate and engage students as they hey begin the llesson. Teachers identify and correct any misconceptions and d gather data dat from students which will guide informed teaching and learning. earning. ng Essential to stimulating and students is the use of mixed media d engaging gaging stude st such as colorful photos, illustrations found throughout the trations tions and diagrams d textbooks and activity books.

Let’s Science also includes extensive bo boo t’s Do S digital resources such narrated videos, interactive lessons, virtual labs, h as narra nar id slideshows and more. re.

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Explore

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This phase encourages exploration of concepts and skills through gh handshan on activities and investigations. Students are encouraged to work togethe together red learning earn and apply various process skills while gaining concrete, shared ch students experiences. These experiences provide a foundation for which epts.. This studentstuden can refer to while building their knowledge of new concepts. centered phase comes before formal explanations and d definitions of tthe concept are presented by the teacher.

Explain

This phase follows the exploration phase and iss more ore teacher-directed. teacherteache Students are initially encouraged to draw on their learning experiences and earning ex e oncept ept through explanations e demonstrate their understanding of the concept and he opportunity pportunity to t demonstrate discussion. After the students have had the their understanding of the concept, the formal e teacher cher then introduces in definitions and scientific explanations. also clarifies any s. The teacher eache al erged during the th Explore phase. misconceptions that may have emerged

Elaborate

In the Elaborate phase, students nts refine ne and consolidate co c their acquired knowledge and skills. Opportunities for students to further rtunities nities are provided pro apply their knowledge and skillss to new situations in order to broaden si and deepen their understanding rst ng g of the concept. Students may conduct additional investigations, share information and ideas, or apply their ns, sh shar orm knowledge and skillss to other ther disciplines. d disc

Evaluate

This final phase se includes cludes both formal form and informal assessments. These can include concept models, journals as well as more traditional cept maps, physical phys ummative ative assessm assess forms of summative assessment such as quizzes or writing assessments. e encouraged to review and reflect on their own learning, and Studentss are on theirr newly wly acquired knowledge, kn understanding and skills.

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Let’s Do Science

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Let’s Do Science is based on the United States Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). The series consists of full-color textbooks and full-color activity books for Grades K to 6.

Let’s Do Science engages students with a highly visual al presentation of the disciplinary core ideas in the textbooks xtbooks books and places an emphasis on applying scientific knowledge nowledge ledge using NGSS practices through numerous scientific tific investigations. Let’s Do Science sees engineering ring ass an essential element of science education and tightly d as such is tight integrated into both the textbooks and activity ctivity books.

The Let’s Do Science textbooks include e the following ffeatures:

Think Deeply

Topic-related questions for group discussion aimed at deepening students’ understanding of the topic.

Engineer It!

Goes beyond inquiry uiry by encouraging students udents to design, model and build olutions to to engineer solutions oblems. defined problems.

In the Field

Inspirational sc sciencerelated to ated professions p stir interest rest in sciencerelated careers.

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A Closer Look

Invokes enthusiasm in science by presenting interesting topics beyond the syllabus.

Amazing Fact!

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Interesting facts to bui build interest and enthusiasm. nthusiasm.

Did You Kno Know?

Extra ra information tto build students’ knowledge dents’ know se of the cu base current topic.

Try This!

Optional ptio hands-on activities to be conducted activ in groups or at home.

AB Activity

Links students to the Let’s Do Science Activity Book at the appropriate juncture.

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Discussion

Review

Topical questions at the end of each chapter for formative assessment.

Topic-related questions and situations for class discussion to build a deeper understanding of topics.

Science Words Lists the essential science vocabulary covered in each chapter.

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Contents 2

Natural Changes Human Changes Caring ffor the Environment nt Review

4 10 18 26

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Unit 6 – Changes to the Environment nt

Unit 7 – The Earth and nd the Sun S

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Our Sun Moo Earth and the Moon Review

32 42 44

Unit 8 – Weather Weathe and Seasons

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D Wea Weath Daily Weather Around the A th World Sea S Seasons We W Weather Forecasts Seve Weather S Severe Review R

50 55 56 62 64 78

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Unit 9 – Forces and Motion What Is a Force?

Using Forces How Things Move Forces in Nature Force and Movement Review

Unit 10 – Matter

ter Describing Matter er Grouping Matter g Matter Changing d Matter Matte Objects and of Matter tter Statess o Review

Unit 11 – Sound ound and a Light What Is I S Sou Sound?

What Is I L Light?

Rev w Review

84 92 94 98 100 112

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118 120 122 124 126 128

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134 140 150

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6

Changes to the Environment

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How do plants, animals and people change the environment? nt?

In this chapter er you y willl ...

• understand and d describe ways in which plants an chang and animals can change the environment.

• understand describe ways in which people d and des can change e the environment. envi • list and describe ways in which we can reduce d descri our impact on other living things and/or the environment. environme

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ca tio Go Online Online!

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Access interactive content relating to cont this his topic on the NGScience website.

NG ngscience.com

How c can we reduce our impact on the environment? im 3

Natural Changes

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Plant Changes

Everything surrounding ng a living mentt. thing is its environment.

Try This!

Walk around your schoolyard. Can you spot ways in which plants are changing the environment?

Draw pictures or make notes about what you observe.

Plants can cause e changes tto their environment.

What are re some som ways plantss can change ch environment? the environ

Tree ee roots oots ca cause changes when they ey break apart concrete.

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As trees grow, they can block sunlight, making the environment darker.

hanges ges the he When a tree falls, it changes environment too.

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Activities 6.1 – 6.2

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Animal Changes hanges What are some ways wa w animals can change ange the environment? e

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Animals nimals mals can change their environment environmen nvironme when they eat the around them. plants lants aro a

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A woodpecker causes changes when it uses its strong beak to break open tree trunks in search of insects.

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Beavers cause changes to the environment when they cut down trees and build dams.

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Squir Squirrels change their environment by collecting envi nuts from trees. They dig n holes to bury the nuts. h

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Animals can also change the he environment when they build ld their homes. Rabbits, mice and prairie dogs dig burrows. rows.

Digging burrows changes ges the environment.

Activities 6.3 – 6.4 4

Think Deeply Meerkats live in hot places. They dig burrows for protection against other animals. How else do burrows help meerkats?

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Human Changes People can change the environment when they get things thing they need from nature.

Try This!

Things we use and d take from fro nature are called resources. resourc Some resources use are air, ces we us water, soil and nd wood. woo

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Walk around your home or schoolyard.

Tell or draw the way people have changed the environment.

What are ssome ways people c change the environ environment?

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People change the environment onment citi when they build roadss and cities.

The changes that make at people p ent can affect the to the environment mals that tha live there. plants and animals

Think Deeply

What happens to plants and animals when people change their environment?

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Clearing Forests Cl C orests F Forests Fo are e cleared to make way for cities wa w ties or farmland.

Did You Know?

The clearing of forests is called deforestation.

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Forests rests are also a cleared for wood other resources. od and o Clearing forests causes a big change to the environment. chang

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What happens to forest plants and animals when a forest is cleared?

When forests are cleared d by people, the plants that live e there often die. Animals can also die or must move e to o new places.

Activity 6.5 5

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Changing hanging Our Water Polluti Pollution ollution llu occurs when people harmful things to the add h ha a environment. enviro ro o Harmful things added to our rivers, lakes and oceans cause water pollution.

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What are some ways people can cause water pollution?

Water pollution changes the environment. It harms the living things that live there. ay Some living things may not be able to survive r e in ater. ter. the polluted water.

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Changing Our ur Land People cause use la lland and d pollution po when they harmful ey y add har rm things to d. the land.

Littering and dumping wastes are ering a nd d ypes es o and pollution. types off lland

How can we reduce land pollution?

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Changing Our Air

Burning rubbish and smoke from cars and factories cttivities changes the air. These activities cause air pollution.

Go O Online!

Le Learn more about the ways people can change the environment on the NGScience website.

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ful to to living liliving Air pollution is harmful things, including people. eopl ple.

Activity 6.6

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H How can we reduce air pollution?

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Think Deeply How can you take your groceries home without using new plastic bags each time?

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Caring for the Environment

hat people peop peopl There are many wayss that can help the environment. nmen nment.

Reduce

Reduce means ns to o produce produc or use less.

We can help by p the environment env en reducing of waste ng the amount amo am we pr roduce oduce. oduce produce.

We can also reduce W the amount of water and electricity we use.

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Reuse

We can reduce waste by reusing ussing usi e an an old old ld things. Reuse means to use object again. n reused reus used to to These tires have been ent.t. make play equipment.

Activity 6.7

Take some old objects from home and reuse them to make something new.

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Engineer It!

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Recycle Try This!

Set up a ‘recycling station’ in your classroom.

See which class can recycle the most things.

We can help the he environment environm by recycling.

Recycle means an old eans to make m object into new. o something someth

Did You Know?

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You can also help protect the environment by buying things made from recycled materials. y ials.

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Almost all of the waste e we cycled. produce can be recycled.

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We can recycle cans, bottles, bo cardboard paper and cardboard.

How does reducing, re reusing using and an recycling help lp the environment?

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Activity 6.8 A

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Other Ways to Help the Environment Try This!

You can pick up trash. trrash. assh.

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Plan a clean-up day for a park or reserve near your school!

There are many wayss we we can ca ca an n help the environment. nt.

Keep to paths and trails.

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Walk W alk lk o orr ride a bicycle b icycle instead o off u using a car.

Turn off lights and taps when they ps whe are not being used.

Activity 6.9

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Did You Know?

Washing machines and dishwashers have settings that use less water.

What are some other ways we can care for the environment?

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A Closer Look

Electric Cars One way we can reduce pollution and protect the environment is by switching to electric cars.

Many cars are powered by es burning gasoline. This produces smoke which causes air pollution. lu ution.

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ed by ed by Electric cars are powered batteries. They do not produce produce uce any smoke.

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Like a toy car, when the batteries in an electric car are flat, they can be recharged.

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Science Words

air pollution reduce reuse recycle

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environment pollution water pollution land pollution Review

1. Which best describes an environment? ironmen (a) A change to a place. (b) The living things in a place. place (c) Everything surrounding ding a living livi thing.

2. Talk about two ways ys plants can change their environment.

3. Talk about two wo ways animals can change their environment. nment.

4. Talk about out what happens to living things when the environment. n people harm ha

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5. Choose a word to describe each picture. air pollution land pollution

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land clearing water pollution

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

6. Choose a word to descri describe each picture. recycle

(a)

reu reuse

reduce

(b)

(c)

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In the Field

If you u like lik ke living liiving th tthings hin and the ocean, you might ghtt want to be be a marine biologist!

A marine collects and analyzes ma ine biologist biol b data data about abo the ocean and the living things that there. hat live th 28

A marine biologist may work underwater, from a boat or in a science laboratory.

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The Earth and the Sun

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In this chapter apter you will ...

• be able to describe the Sun. stand how the Sun affects the Earth.

• understand • understand unde stand the t importance of the Sun to living things.

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How does the Sun cause use changes on Earth?

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Activity 7.1

Go Online!

Access interactive content relating to this topic on the NGScience website. ngscience.com

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Our Sun The Sun is a large ball of hot, glowing gas. The Sun n is a star. st sta There are many any ny stars in space. The Sun is the cl closest c star to Earth. rth.

Sun

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Earth is the planet we live on.

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Earth

How does the Sun ect the Earth?

Ear affect

Amazing Fact!

The Sun is so big that more than one million Earths could fit inside it!

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Did You Know?

Never look at the Sun directly. The light is so bright that it can damage your eyes.

During the day, the Sun iss the the largest and brightest object bject iin n the sky.

The Sun gives outt light. light. ItIt lights ligh d helps helps us us to t see. up the Earth and

What would daily life be like without the light from the Sun? 34

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The Sun also gives out heat.

It helps to keep all living things on Earth warm.

How d does the heat from tthe Sun help living things?

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The Heat from the Sun un The heat from the Sun warms warms all a parts of the Earth.

Try This!

Using a thermometer, design an experiment to show how sunlight warms water.

The heat from the Sun warms our oceans.

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The heat from the Sun keeps living things warm.

Engineer It! You have e learned learne fas that ice melts faster in sunlight. nlight. What Wh do to slow could you d the melting of ice in sunlight?

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The heat from the Sun warms the land and the air.

Try This!

Activities 7.2 – 7.3

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The heat from om the the Sun Sun also a warms the he non-living non on-l -livi ving tthings h around us. us.

Walk around your schoolyard and use your sense of touch to observe the temperature of things in sunlight and things in the shade.

What do you notice?

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The Light from the Sun The light from the Sun iss called sunlight.

Plants use energy e the e en nerrgy from sunlight to make mak ke the tth h food they need to and grow. o live live ive a nd g Without light from the Sun, ithout out the lig there ere would be no plants on Earth.

Why is sunlight important for living things?

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Animals need sunlight.

Many animals get the food they need by eating plants.

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Sunlight also helps many animals to see during the day.

Engineer It!

Think of your favorite pet. Design and build a shelter that will provide your pet with shade and keep it cool on a hot, sunny day.

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Sunlight can be damaging to your skin. Always wear Sun protection when outdoors on a unny day. sunny

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People need sunlight too.

Sunlight helps us to see.

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Did You Know?

How do you use sunlight unlight y? during the day?

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Without sunlight, we would not be able to get the food we need from plants and animals.

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Earth and the Moon Go Online!

Discover more about the Earth and the moon on the NGScience website.

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There are many planets in n space. space e on. It is Earth is the planet we live nown to the only planet that is known have living things.

Why does the Earth look blue from space?

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Try This!

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Observe the moon mo in the night ight sky at a different rent times of the month. What W changes or patterns see? do you se

What things can you see in the sky at night?

If you look into the sky on na clear night, you might see e the Earth’s moon.

Amazing Fact!

The moon appears bright in on appear the the light e night sky when w from rom the Sun Su shines on it.

Things are always moving in space.

The Earth moves in a pattern around the Sun. The moon moves in a pattern around the Earth!

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Science Words

Sun star Earth

planet heat light

Review

1. What is the Sun? (a) A star. (b) The Earth. (c) A planet.

2. True or false. (a) The Sun is much h bigger than the Earth. (b) The Sun is the planet we w live on.

3. List two things gs that the t Sun gives out.

4. How does es the light ligh from the Sun affect the Earth? (a) It keeps cool. eps the Earth E (b) It warms the Earth. (c) It lights up u the sky.

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5. How does the heat from the Sun affect the Earth? (a) It keeps the Earth cool. (b) It warms the Earth. (c) It lights up the sky.

6. How does the Sun help plants? (a) Plants use its light to make food. od. (b) It keeps plants cool. (c) It helps plants to see during day. g the day

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un helps people p 7. Describe two ways the Sun and animals.

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In the Field

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A climatologist is a specialized scientist.

Climatologists collect and study data from om iice, ce, ssoil, oil water and plants. They look for patterns about how rns a rn bout h the temperature of Earth is changing. ng .

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Climatologists look at how long-term long ng-term changes in temperature affect the and e environment environm living things.

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Weather and Seasons

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How does the weather change from day to day?

In this chapter er you y willl ...

• make observations tions abou about the weather, describe weather and weather patterns. atterns.

• list and describe scribe the four seasons.

• describe be severe weather. wea

• understand unde stand the th importance of weather forecasting to prepare for, fo and respond to, severe weather.

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Go Online!

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Access interactive nteracti content relating to t this topic opic on the th NGScience Science website. ngscience.com ngscience.c

How d does the weather ch change throughout the year?

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Daily Weather Go outside. Write three words to describe the weather.

Go Online!

Watch a video about different types of weather on the NGScience website.

QuickCode: E6Z3

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d the Weather is what the air and sky are like outside. han nge from fro om The weather can change day to day. fect the the things we Weather can affect w we w act. act wear and how

Hot and Cold

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Try This!

Sometimes times tthe e air a outside is hot.

What activities a do you do when tthe weather is hot?

Other times the air outside is cold.

What activities do you do when the weather is cold?

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In the Sky Sometimes the Sun n shines shines bright b in the sky during the e day. day. The T y. weather is sunny.

Sometimes S om clouds cover the sky and we cannot see the Sun. The and w weather is cloudy.

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Try This!

Go outside and observe the sky.

Draw the clouds you yo see. Do not look at the Sun. The light from the Sun n can damage age your eyes.

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Engineer It!

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Sometimes rain falls from the clouds.

On other days there may may nd. be a lot of wind.

Activities es 8.1 – 8.3

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It’s a rainy y day and an got your you forgot umbrella. rella. Design Desig something to t protect from the yourself fro rain. Draw a model to show your design.

Amazing Fact!

Wind doesn’t make sound until it blows against an object!

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When the weather is very y cold, co snow may fall from the e sky. sky ky.

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How does weather ather affect affec ou wear? the clothes you

Try Thi This!

Make a weather her journal. Draw a picture e and write a few words to describe desc the weather eathe each day for a week. k

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Activities 8.4 – 8.6

Around the World

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The weather can be different in different places.

Amazing ing Fact!

In some places, the weather is hot every day. Other places are very cold all year long.

The coldest dest recor recorded perature on o temperature h was measured me Earth Antarctica. The in Antarctica temperature was temperatu (–128 °F). −89 °C (–

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Some places get lots of rain.

In other places it may not rain ain all year.

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Seasons

Go Online!

These changes are nges a re called ca seasons. In In many many parts pa of the here are are four fo seasons – world, there spring, g, summer, summer fall and winter.

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Watch a video about the four seasons on the NGScience website.

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Have you ever noticed that that the the roughout weather changes throughout onths may may the year? Some months be hotter than others. hers. In In some som rain more mor ore often. o months it may rain

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As the weather changes in each season, the plants change too.

Animal behaviors also change.

H How do seasons change the environment?

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Spring Sprin D During spring, the weather warm. is w a Plants begin to grow.

Pl Animals have babies.

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Summer Summer comes after spring. g.

It is the hottest season.

There are many sunny y days. days.

Amazing Fact!

In summer, there are more hours of daylight than in other seasons.

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Fall Fall comes after summer. mer. The The ett c oole ler. weather begins to get cooler.

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Plant leaves change color ge c olor and an fall to the ground. nd.

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Winter Winter comes after fall.

It is the coldest season.

Some animals move to warmer places during winter.

Activities 8.7 – 8.8

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Many plants do not have leaves or flowers.

In what ways is winter different from summer? dif 61

Weather Forecasts ast Scientists use tools to o ther er observe how weather ns ns. moves in patterns.

This allows them em m to know ather her will be b like what the weather ming g days. in the coming

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How are weather forecasts useful to people?

Weather forecasts help people ple plan plan for for outdoor activities. They can n ttell ell us us when whe the weather will be hot orr cold. cold. They They can tell us when it will rain.

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Weather forecasts can can also also le llet et us know of severe weather.r.

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Severe Weather At times the weather can can be be rm people, people ple, dangerous. It can harm s. plants and animals.

Thunderstorms rms ms Go Online!

Watch a video about different kinds of severe weather on the NGScience website.

QuickCode: S6L8

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During a thunderstorm, nd derstorm errstorm m there are strong trron ng winds winds and n. heavy rain.

Lightning nin ng can can lillight ig up the sky. liig ightn htnin ng gm The lightning makes a sound called allled th tthunder. hund und de

Think Deeply Deep

A thunderst thunderstorm is also call called an electrica electrical storm.

Why is this so?

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It is important to stay inside during a thunderstorm.

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The strong winds, heavy rain and lightning during a thunderstorm can be dangerous to people.

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Hurricanes

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A hurricane is a very large rge storm n and nd that starts in the ocean moves on to land.

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ery strong Hurricanes have very vy rain. winds and heavy

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Hurricanes can cause floods and damage property.

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It is important to know when rsstorm a hurricane or thunderstorm is coming so we can stay safe.

W What can you do to stay safe during a hurricane? sa 67

Earthquakes and Tsunamis nam An earthquake is a shaking ng of of the ground caused when en n parts parts pa of the Earth rub together. herr.

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Most earthquakes are and are small small a do not cause many any changes. cha hange nge Sometimes, earthquakes arthquake kes can be big and cause ause damage dama to buildings and nd roads. roads. roa ds.

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uc ati on An earthquake in the he ocean ocea ea can cause a tsunami. mi. A tsunami na is erfu ful wave wave that can a large, powerful move from m the the ocean ocean to to land. mis c an c ause floods and Tsunamis can cause damage homes age h omes and an buildings.

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Other Extreme Weather athe Different places on Earth th have have different types of extreme reme me weather.

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In some places there ther ere may may for or many many days d be lots of rain for causing a flood. ood.

In oth otherr p places it may not rain for man many months causing a ma drought.

During a drought d rrou tthere here may not be enough water for living things. w wate

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Sometimes the weather may get much hotter than usual.

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This weather pattern, called a heatwave, can be harmful to people and animals.

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During a winter storm orm m it may ma y days. day Itt may ma snow for many o go go outdoors. outdo outd not be safe to AB

Activity vity 8.9

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Severe Weather ather her Warnings War Wa Severe weather ther can be dangerous. help s. Weather patterns p redict se sev scientistss predict severe weather before e it happens. happens happen How is k knowing about severe weather before it ha happens useful?

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Severe weather alerts tell people about severe weather.

Alerts can be sent to people through televisions, the radio or mobile phones.

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Activity 8.10

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Severe Weather ather Safety S Did You Know?

Your body loses water quickly during a heatwave. You should find ways to stay cool and drink lots of water.

Ways to be e prepared pre epare and stay safe during uring g severe ev ve weather: • Coverr doors ors and windows.

• Find and stay indoors. nd shelter sh he

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food, water and a • Have H flashlight nearby. flas

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Go Online!

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Learn other her ways wa to plan for severe her on the th weather NGScience website.

Science we QuickCode: C5J4

Try This!

• Go to cooling centers during heat waves.

• Evacuate coastal areas b before efore e a hurricane or tsunami.

Make a severe weather safety poster for your home. Stick it in a place for your family to see.

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A Closer Look

Tornadoes In some parts of the world, tornadoes ms. ms. can form during severe thunderstorms.

Tornadoes are long tubes of air that ha at loud d s. ds. reach from the ground to the clouds.

The air spins very fast and can cause ca e a lot of damage.

Tornadoes can destroy oy homes, hom homes mes, cars ca and landscapes.

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In places where tornadoes occur, special buildings called tornado shelters are built.

People can safely stay inside de these shelters as the tornado nado moves through their city. ty y.

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Science Words

rain wind snow seasons spring summer

fall winter nderstorm thunderstorm lightning htning under thunder hurrican hurricane

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weather hot cold sunny clouds cloudy

Review

1. What is weather? (a) A hot or cold day. he sky are a like outside. (b) What the air and the m. (c) A thunderstorm.

2. True or false. cha (a) Weather can change from day to day. af (b) Weatherr can affect the clothes we wear.

3. List four words y you can use to describe weather.

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4. Choose a word to describe each picture. winter

fall

spring

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summer

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

5. Which is the hottestt season? b) summer sum (a) winter (b) (c) fall (d) spr spring

6. Which season comes after summer? on come (a) winter (b) summer (c) fall (d) spring 7. List four our types of severe weather.

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In the Field

A meteorologist is a scientist that uses special ec cial al nd weather weathe equipment and tools to study weather and patterns. rms and Meteorologists are able to predict storms hurricanes and tell what the weather ther er will be like in the coming days.

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Meteorologists are very helpful. ful. The They ey sha share the things they observe and predict. us edict ct. This Thiis helps h prepare for weather each h day. day. They They also help us prepare for severe weather weat ather events. eve

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Forces and Motion

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What are pushes and pulls? s?

What can pushes and pulls ulls do?

In this chapter pter you will ...

• describe force. rce.

• distinguish ish between pushes and pulls.

• identify pushes and pulls in everyday life. ntify pushe forces in nature.

• identify i ntify for

• discover iscov how forces can affect motion.

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Go Online! e!

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Access interactiv interactive ent relatin content relating to this topic on the NGScience website. ngscience.com ngscien

How do forces forc ect motion? motio affect

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Activity 9.1 Act

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What Is a Force?

What things can you see in n the pictures?

How are the things moving? ng

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What causes them to move? move

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The things you see are moving because of forces.

A force is a push or a pull.l.

Which are pushes?

Which are pulls?

Try This!

Walk around your schoolyard at lunch time.

What things are moving?

What causes them to move?

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A push is when when you you ou press pr ng ga way from fro you. something away Ethan n iiss using using a push force.

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A pull is when you tug something closer to you.

eg a

Jordan is using a pull force.

What happens to the car when hen it is pushed d pulled? and

Try This!

Tie a piece of string to a toy car.

Pull on the string.

Push the car.

What do you observe?

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You use a push sh when you throw, hit or kick ck a ball.

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You use a push when you jump in the air.

What are some other er ways we use pushes? es??

How is the girl using a push force?

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You u use se a pull pull ull when w you drag climb a rope ag a sled, sled, c some or rake or rake som som leaves.

W What is causing the sled to move?

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Activity 9.2

Think Deeply When you pick up your schoolbag, do you use a push or a pull?

Go Online!

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Watch a video on pushes and pulls on the NGScience website.

QuickCode: Z4Z6

W What are some other times you use a pull? tim 91

ga le du ca t Using Forces orces

Every day y you ou use forces fo f to make things move ways. e in different diff diffe You u use se forces when you: • Brush h your y ur teeth. dressed.

• Get Get dress • Open Open or o close a door.

• Write, te draw or paint.

• Pick Pic up your schoolbag.

• Exercise Exerc and play.

Ex

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What forces do you use when you ride a bicycle?

What are some other ways ays you use forces in daily life?

Do you use pushes,, pulls both? ulls or bo rces do? d What do the forces AB

Try This!

Act out sweeping with a broom with a partner.

How does the broom move? Do you use pushes, pulls or both?

Activity 9.3

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le du ca tio How Things gs Move

Go Online!

Watch a video showing how things move on the NGScience website.

QuickCode: K8J8

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Forces make e things hings move mo in different ways. s.

When you bowl a bowling ball, it moves line. On oves ves in a straight str ng, you move m a swing, back and forth. th. On a ssee-saw, you move down. up and do d

Re ga le du A carousel moves round und nd and round.

Things can move slow ow w ve slowly slow slo wly or fast. You move alk. You when you walk. move fasterr when hen you run.

What hat other ways w can you tell how move? things m

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Activities 9.4 – 9.6 A

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ion

Think of all the ways forces move things in a playground. yground Which are pushes?

Which are pulls?

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Forces in Nature Forces in nature cause things to move.

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Wind is causing the sailboats ailboa ats to move.

Engineer er It!

Design and build uild your own sailboat ailboat that will move ove in water! wate er! r!

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Moving water pushes the kayak down the river. It pushes a surfer er along a wave.

Wind and moving water are forces in nature.

Amazing Fact!

A

Pe People can use the fforce of moving water and wind to make electricity!

What causes the e windmill windmil and leaves to move? ove?

AB

Activity 9.7

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du ca tio n Force a and Movement T movement The mo of an object is called its motion. cal calle Forces can start, stop and Forc F change the motion of an object. ch

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How does the movement of a ball change during a game of tennis?

Go Online!

Watch sports in action on the NGScience website. Describe how forces affect motion.

QuickCode: U4P4

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Start and Stop op

Amazing Fact!

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During a strongman competition, competitors use pushes and pulls to move a truck!

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When you pull ull on the string of a u start it moving. m balloon, you

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Re ga le du ca tio n When you use a push to throw a ball, it starts moving. ving.

A force can start an n object ec moving.

What force e does do se to the girl use oving on start moving her scooter? cooter?

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The push force of a kick causes es the football to start moving.

When the goalkeeper catches atches ches the ball, he uses a push force rce to stop the t moving ball.

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A force can stop p a moving movin object.

In what other sports do you use a push force to stop a ball?

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What are some examples op a where a force is used to stop moving object?

Are the forces pushess or pulls?

Engineer It! Find a sloped surface in your school. Roll a ball down the slope. With your friends, design something to stop the ball from moving.

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Fast and Slow Take a toy car and give it a ssoft ft harrd push. pu push. Try again using a hard e about o the he What do you notice motion of the car?? e things things move at Forces can make different speeds. e s. use a soft so push, the toy When you use car moves ove es slowly. owly y When you yo use us a hard push, the toy car car moves mo ov faster.

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How do hard and soft pushes affect the way a cyclist moves?

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Changing Direction An object moves in the e direction it is pushed or or pulled. pulle lled.

When you throw a basketball, baske basket etba it moves in the direction rection n you yo y an change chang change ge the push it. You can direction the moving e ball all is is mo mo by pushing g itit in in a different diff diff n. direction.

Forces the ces es can ca an change cha ch h direction irection cti n of of a moving object.

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c

How does the direction of a ball change during a basketball game?

Go Online!

Go to the NGScience website to watch the ways forces make a ball move during a game of basketball.

QuickCode: U3S4

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Speed Up and Slow Down Dow When the father pushes es the the he boy, he will go faster.

A force can cause se a moving movin object to speed d up. up.

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When the cyclist squeezes the brakes, the bicycle slows down.

A force can cause a moving object to slow down.

Activities 9.8 – 9.9 Go Onl Online!

ca t

AB

Obs Observe the different ways forces make wa things move on the NGScience website.

QuickCode: S7C8

Engineer It! As a class, design and build a maze for a ball. Think about how forces will guide the ball through the maze.

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Science Words

change direction speed up slow down

Re ga le du ca tio n

force push pull motion

Review

1. What is a force?

2. True or false. som (a) A pull is when you press something away. (b) A pull is when you tug something closer. som 3. Choose a word to label tthe type of force. pull

(a)

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push sh

(b)

4. Tell two ways you use a push force.

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5. Tell two ways you use a pull force.

6. Name an activity that uses pushes and pulls.

7. List two forces in nature.

h 8. What will happen when Blake pedals harder?

(a) He will slow down. wn. (b) He will stop. (c) He will speed eed up.

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9. What willl happen hap appen pen when whe w en Halle hits the ball?

(a)) The ball b will stop. (b) The T ball will change direction. (c) Th The ball will start moving.

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In the Field

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How much force does it take to push a spacecraft into space? This is one of the e challenges of an aerospace engineer! er! er!

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e

An aerospace engineer ee er researches, research designs and tests rockets that carry objects into space. at c ar r y o bj

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Matter

ca tio n

10

In this chapter you will ...

• describe and group the things around you.

• describe how matter can change.

• list the three states of matter and list examples mples of each. e

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Activity 10.1

ca tio

How can we observe and describe the world around us?

Go Online!

Access iinteractive conten content relating to this ttopic on the NGScience website.

NG ngscience.com ng

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Describing Matter The air you breathe, the water ater you drink and the toys you u play with are all matter.

Matter is what all things ar are made of. Even you ou are are e matter. m

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We can describe rib be matter ma att in many ways.

What are ssome examples of matter in your classroom?

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We can also describe matter by how it feels.

Try This This!

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We can describe matter by how it looks. We can describe the size, color and shape of matter.

At home, ome, use your y touch and senses of to describe sight to des favorite toy. your fav

How can you describe the matter in the bedroom?

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Activity 10.2

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Grouping Matter

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We can group the objects cts around re the he same. same us by the ways they are We can group things gs by color, color ow w they feel. feel shape, size or how

The objects ts are grouped byy color.

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Re ga le du ca tio n

We can also group things by their use or function.

The objects ects are ar groupedd by how theyy are used. used

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Activities 10.3 – 10.4

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Changing g Matter

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Matter can change. ange. n push, ush, h pullll and a twist clay You can to change ange its shape. shap sha ou can an fold and a cut paper into You shapes and sizes. different ferent sha Wh are some other What ways matter can change?

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When you put water in n a freezer, freeze it changes into ice.

Ice changes to water wa when it melts.

Activity 10.5

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AB

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Objects and Matter tter We use objects in different erent ntt ways. ways Different objects have ve different diffe eren ent functions.

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The matter we use make e to ma ak an atch its us object must m match use.

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How is the he matter ma in each tool matched to its use?

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The T he ttable ab is hard and strong.

The rug is soft and strong.

Engineer It!

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Glass windows allow us to see outside.

ati on

Design and nd build a bridge to move a toy rom one desk d car from to another. nother. th

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Activity 10.6

H How does matter help these objects to function? the 125

States of Matter Think Deeply What happens to an ice cream on a hot day? Why does this occur?

There are three states o off matter – solid, liquid and and gas. gas. ga s.

A solid is matter that th hat keeps keep keep ps its i shape. The park k bench is solid matter.

A liquid iss matter atter that tha flows and changes shape. The water ang ges shap ge in the llake liquid matter. ake ke is is liqu

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ca tio

Try This!

T

A gas is matter that floats ts freely. A gas spreads out.t The air we breathe iss a gas. ga AB

Blow air into a balloon. What happens to the size and shape p of the balloon?

Activity 10.7

Go Online!

Watch a video about the different states of matter on the NGScience website.

QuickCode: Q7U1

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Science Words

Review

liquid gas

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matter solid

1. True or false. (a) Matter is what all things are made of. o (b) People are not matter.

2. List three things around you that are matter.

3. Use two words to describe cribe each ea object.

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(a)

(c)

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((b)

d) (d)

(a))

(b)

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4. What makes each object suited suite to its use?

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(c)

5. List the e three sta states of matter.

6. Give one e example of each state of matter.

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In the Field

A material is what an object is made of.

A materials scientist is a special type of scientist that invents new types of materials. aterials aterials.

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du ca tio n

They invent materials erialss that can c be lighter, rder er than other ot stronger or harder materials.

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Sound and Light

n

11

Re ga le du

How do people use light? Where does the light come from?

In this chapter ha r you will ...

• describe how sound soun is made.

• describe how sounds soun can be different.

• list sources ources of light we use during the day and at night.

• list st some ways we use sound and light.

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uc ati on

Go Online! e!

Access interactiv interactive ent relatin content relating to this topic on the NGScience website. ngscience.com ngscienc

What thi things around make sound? us ma

How do people use sound?

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du ca tio n What Is S Sound?

Go Online!

things you can hear are The th sounds. Sound is a form of energy. so soun

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Try and guess the secret sounds on the NGScience website.

QuickCode: G4S2

Close ose your eyes and listen to the things you. What can hings ngs around ar aro you hear? y yo hea

What sounds can you hear around you? What is making the sounds?

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Stretch an elastic band over a cup.

Pluck the elastic band. What do you see? What do you hear?

When you pluck the elastic band, it moves back and forth very quickly – it vibrates.

on

What Makes Sounds?

When something vibrates, it makes sound.

Activities 11.1 – 11.3

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AB

How does a guitar make sound?

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Re ga le du ca t Describing g Sounds ounds

Engineer It!

Use materials to design a device that makes different sounds.

Sounds can n be loud or o soft. hammer mmer makes m A jackhammer a loud sound. ound.

When en you w whisper, you make a quiet soft ft or quie qu sound.

List some sounds you hear from day to day. Group them as loud or soft sounds.

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Sounds ca can be high or low. w.

hick k is a The chirp of a baby chick high sound.

ow sound. sou A moo of a cow is a low AB

Try This!

With your friends, talk about the different sounds animals make. Which animals make high sounds?

Which animals make low sounds?

Activity 11.4

137

du ca t Using Sound und

R

We use sound ound d in many man ma different ways. We make and an use sound lau when we talk, laugh, cry and sing.

138

du ca t

Things we use, like televisions, radios and computers, make sounds.

R

Sounds made by alarmss and sirens are used to alert rt people. eople.

W What are some other ways we use sound? wa 139

What Is Light?

Look out of a window w during uring the day. What do you ou see? hings outside outsid outsi You can see the things because of light.. Light is a form f of energy thatt helps lps us to see.

du c

During the day, ay, the light lig from the Sun helps ps us to see. s What are ssome things that help you to see at night?

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At night there is no Sun to light up the things around us.

People use light bulbs, flashlights and candles to help see at night.

Amazing Fact!

Sometimes the moon lights up the sky at night. The light from the moon comes from the Sun!

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Sources off Light ght Something that at gives gives o out light of its own is called of light. ed a source so Go Online!

Watch a video about sources of light on the NGScience website.

QuickCode: S7Z9

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Some sources of light are found in nature. re. The e Sun S is a source of ire and nd lightning are sources light. Fire of light ight too.

Activities 11.5 – 11.7

ga l

AB

ca t

Flashlights, light bulbs and televisions are sources of light made by people.

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Light and Shadows

Use a flashlight and your hand to make shadows of different shapes. See if your friends can make the same shaped shadows.

du ca t

Try This!

Sometimes an object can block light and make a shadow. a.

A shadow is a dark area.

Look at the e shape of o the hand and d the shape sha of the shadow. w. What do you notice?

AB

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Activity 11.

11.8

ati on

The shape of a shadow is similar to the shape of the object making the shadow.

le d

What things are causing the shadows in the photographs?

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Using Light

During the day, we use the e light from fro the Sun to help us see the e things around us.

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At night, we use lights up our ligh to light li d homes. home cities, streets and Go Online! ne!

Watch a video on the wayss we n the use light on ience website NGScience website. ckCode M2U9 2U QuickCode:

146

Cars have headlightss that help he drivers see at night.

Lights also help see underwater p us to se and underground. round.

ga le

You use light ght when whe you watch television, video games, use a on, play v computer uter or use a mobile phone.

W What are some other ways we use light? w

147

A Closer Look

Fireflies Some animals can make light of their own.

Fireflies are beetles that produce e light in their abdomens.

They use light to signal other err ls o th her fireflies. Their light also tells other aste te b ad!’. animals ‘Don’t eat me. I ta taste bad!’.

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Re

Because fireflies produce light of their own – they are a source of light.

See if you can find other animals that produce an light of their own.

149

Science Words

Review

low light source of light shadow

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sound vibrate loud soft high

1. True or false. (a) We can hear sounds. hen something somet (b) Sound is made when vibrates. descr 2. Write ‘loud’ or ‘soft’ to describe the sounds.

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(a)

(c)

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(b)

(d)

(b)

Re ga le du ca t

(a)

n

3. Write ‘high’ or ‘low’ to describe the sounds.

4. True or false. gy (a) Light is not a form of energy. e things around a (b) Light helps us to see the us. ht.

5. List two sources of light.

6. What forms when light is blocked by an object? blo sing the e shadows? sha 7. What is causing (a)

(b)

8. List three ways you use light.

151

In the Field

An orchestra is a group grou oup of of people pe p that play musical instrumentss ttogether og geth etth to make music.

It is important that play th hat they hat t pl at the right time and they don’t n’tt play play too to oo o loud or too soft.

A conductor ctor or is is a person perso who stands at the front off an n orchestra orches hestra and lets the musicians know w when when to o play pla lay their instrument. They wave ve ttheir heirr hands heir ha ands to tell the musicians how fast, ast, loud lou ud and an nd ssoft they should play.

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Re ga le du ca tio n © Blue Ring ng Media dia Pty Ltd ACN 161 590 59 496 2013 - 2021.

This publication ublication would not hav have been possible without the tireless effort of our production team.

Special ecial thanks to: Wang Hui Guan Matthew Cole, Daniel C Cole, W Joseph Halle Tayl Taylor-Pritchard, Sophie Taylor-Pritchard, Tejal Thakur, ph Anderson, Ande Varasinun Kanungnit Pookwanmuang, Saijit Lueangsrisuk n Matha Mathanattapat, K

Original Illustrations: ons: Natchanuch Nakapat, graphicsRF, Blue Ring Media and Interact Images Royalty-free images: Shutterstock, Adobe Stock