Architectural Productions Abanoub Reyad DS10 - 37 Degrees Portfolio May 2020
Contents Section 01 - Introduction & Brief Philosophy & Ethos 04
Section 05 - Developed Construction
Conceptual Section 72 Initial Construction 74 Extinction Rebellion 06 Initial Construction 76 Gum Arabic 08 Vacuuming 78 Al-Fashir, Darfur, Sudan 10 80 Afforestation 12 Alternative Construction Initial Construction 82 Concrete Industry 14 Arabian Influence 84 Physical Production 86 Digital & Physical 88 Gum City 16 Spatial Considerations 90 Construction 18 Construction 20 Gum Factory 22 Industrial Site 24 Community 26 Site Analysis 92 Community 28 Matrix Combination 94 Community 30 Initial Construction 96 Research Centre 32 Conceptual Ideas 98 Marketplace Section 34 Initial Ideas 100 Site Strategy 36 Function 102 Site Strategy 38 Site Analysis 104 Industrial Zone 40 Site Location 106 Gum Arabic Brick 42 Gum Arabic Production 108 Wattle & Daub 44 Sudanese Politics 110 Senegalia Senegal 112
Section 02 - Gum City
Section 06 - Initial Ideas
Section 03 - Time Based Matrix Vacuuming 46
Time Based Study 48 Time Based Matrix 50 Digital Representation 52 Individual Study 54 Individual Study 56
Section 04 - Design Principles Circle Packing 58
Grazing Methodology 60 Densities 62 3D Scanning 64 HDLT 66 MDMT 68 LDHT 70
Brief 02 02
Section 07 - Site
37ยบ 114 Dehydration 116 2D Into 3D 118 Parameters 120
Section 08 - Materiality Parameters 122 Matrix 124
Section 09 - Frictional Angles Matrix Exploration 126 Parameters 128 Parameters 130 Matrix 132 Circular Array 134 Circular Array Variation 01 136 Circular Array Variation 02 138 Circular Array 140 Linear Study 142 Attractor Variation 144 Attractor Variation 146 Exploration 148 Abstraction 150 The Zigzag 152 Zigzag 154 Random 156 Random 158
Section 10 - Lotus Algorithms Lotus Algorithms 160 Hole Arrangement 162 Hole Arrangement 164 Hole Arrangement 166 Pod Crease 168 Geometry 170 Lotus Dissection 172 Water Lily Family 174 About 176
Keywords Afforestation - the act or process of establishing a forest especially on land not previously forested Frictional Angles - a term that refers to the natural angle in which a granular material falls due to gravity. Gum Arabic - a natural adhesive found in Central Africa. HDLT - high-density structure low tree, refers to a later part of this document. LDHT - low-density structure high tree, refers to a later part of this document MDMT - medium-density structure medium tree, refers to a later part of this document Nelumbo Nucifera - also known as the lotus pod, this is the name of the chosen plant I studied. Senegalia Senegal - a tree from the acacia family which produces Gum Arabic. Time-Based Construction - referring to a construction technique where time can change the result of the outcome.
https://vimeo.com/user114451835 Link to my Animations but also found later in this document
Philosophy & Ethos
Kew Gardens Visit
DS10 As soon as all the briefs had been pitched by the given tutors I knew right away DS10 had to offer the most in terms of what I wanted to learn. Striking a balance between conceptual and realistic architecture is difficult, but it is one of the main driving forces within the unit. Alongside this, the subject of ‘biomimicry’ is one that has inspired many architectural masterpieces like the Eden Project in Cornwall. Nature has always been the king of the cradle to cradle effect which is a driving force within today's world of thinking sustainability. As architects, we promote sustainability, however often fail to deliver it, in a majority of cases this is often a result of the funding. Reading plays an essential role in learning and therefore used the following 6 books to assist with my designs and philosophies. Some books look at using ‘Lo-TEK’ technologies within countries that cannot afford alternative methods. I also used biomimicry books to learn more about how nature is designed and why looking into the parameters of plants and the effect it has on us. Our first venture was a trip to Kew Gardens where I chose a plant of my choice to study. After exploring I discovered the Nelumbo Nucifera, also known as the Lotus Pod. It is part of the Water Lily family. This plant brings discomfort to many individuals due to a cluster of holes triggering trypophobia. With this in mind, I wanted to explore and gather information as to why the holes in this plant are the way they are. This portfolio generally follows a counter chronological order however keep an eye out at the bottom left as some brief 01 components are intentionally included in this order to assist in understanding the process. Chosen Plant - Nelumbo Nucifera
Brief 01 04
Extinction Rebellion CLIMATE CHANGE As a unit, we decided to partake in the extinction rebellion. It is vital to voice our opinions and get heard because no amount of money will reverse the climate. With many scientists analysing data it is clear action must be taken now. Living selfishly in the past 150 years is all it has taken to destroy our planet.
Figure 01 - Public Contribution
Figure 02 - Social Media Encouragement
Figure 03 - Studio Workshop
Figure 04 - Studio Meeting
Using Yvonne’s design from the previous year we decided on a structure which uses recycled wood to encase a tree and show the public and government we need to protect every tree rather than cutting down millions of trees for developments. Overpopulation is the biggest problem the world faces, as it is difficult to keep up with the demand for; food, clothing, and water, etc. We must, therefore, design sustainably and think creatively to crack down on this issue.
Figure 05 - DS10 Teamwork
Brief 01 06
Figure 06 - Extinction Rebellion Structure
Gum Arabic BINDERS Gum Arabic is a natural adhesive found within the Senegalia Senegal tree which is a type of Acacia. Gum Arabic has multiple uses including being used as an adhesive for printers and DIY. This tree is found mainly in Sudan where they currently produce around 50% of the world’s Gum Arabic. I will replace the cement which is usually the binder in concrete and use Gum Arabic as a replacement I will experiment with the quantity required to find out the exact correct ingredients and quantities required to fulfil the role of cement.
Brief 01 08
Al-Fashir, Darfur, Sudan SITE Sudan is in political distress but despite their political stance, there is plenty of opportunities to grow and begin to create a stronger economy for itself. Sudan has an abundance of all the materials which I am set to use to create a mix that interrogates concrete. Sudan produces 50% of the world's Gum Arabic, they are encompassed with sand and have some of the best of the best clay making it an ideal place to locate my site. 70,000 Tonnes of Gum Arabic is produced annually but the current global demand is 100,000 tonnes, due to poverty and politics intervention Gum Arabic is not reaching its potential.
Brief 01 10
Afforestation MICRO & MACRO-CLIMATES “Afforestation is the process of planting trees, or sowing seeds, in a barren land devoid of any trees to create a forest. The term should not be confused with reforestation, which is the process of specifically planting native trees into a forest that has decreasing numbers of trees.” Matter of Trust. “It is the small things that matter.” The micro-climate of 1 square meter can be changed with plants and weeds. Therefore I want to use certain principles and mimic nature applying them on a large scale changing the macro-climate. Deserts take up approximately 33% of the Earth’s land. How could we make these areas assist in climate change as they are mostly redundant? How can we possibly grow plants in deserts and how would it be maintained well, these are some of the many hurdles I will consider when tackling this subject. The image on the right is an example of turning arid land to useful land using; livestock, biomimicry, community work, and nature together making a difference to the climate on a gargantuan scale.
Brief 01 12
Concrete Industry
How Concrete is Made
1
CEMENT
Excavation
Interrogating the concrete industry is essential as it is the material that is most damaging to our planet. Producing cement (which is the binder for concrete) requires a highly laborious process, this is because not only does the process of heating limestone turning into lime release carbon dioxide but the limestone itself releases carbon dioxide. For every 1 tonne of concrete produced 1 tonne of carbon dioxide is released back into the atmosphere.
How Cement is Made
2 Dump Truck
7 Million People Move To Cities
A material such as concrete can serve many purposes, the level of strength is difficult to achieve with alternatives to the cement which is where more research must be undertaken to find alternatives.
3
Every Month
4
Primary and Secondary Crushers
Sand/Clay/Limestone Proportioning Equipment
8 Clinker Cooler
7 Kiln
Concrete Is Responsible For 8% Of Global Warming
2
9 Proportioning Equipment & Finish Second Most Consumed Substance
Grinding Mill
6
After Water
Preheater Tower
10 Cement Storage
5 Grinding Mill
1 Tonne of Concrete Releases 1 Tonne of Carbon Dioxide
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Warehouse
6 Brief 02 14
12 Distribution Every 6 Seconds 19000 Bathtubs Worth of Concrete Is Poured
Gum City SITE OVERVIEW Gum City which is split into 2 significant zones, one side consisting of cones and the other side inverted cones. During the construction of the inverted cones mixture which is leftover from the inverted cones are used on the other site to produce the enclosed cones. Also, the parts of the site split private and public space. The inverted cones are for the public and education sector where markets stalls will create a new desert community within Sudan's surrounding villages. The cones, on the other hand, are an industrial zone where the production of Gum Arabic takes place.
Animation Link https://vimeo.com/420777627
Brief 02 16
Construction PROCESS
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2
3
Setting Out Plan
Industrial Vacuuming
Sunlight Openings
Engineers would place the setting out plans with rope to identify the size and positioning of the structure.
This is a industrial vacuum often used to transfer sand at beaches. A large industrial hoover sucks out from the setting out points which creates a shape according to frictional angles of the mix.
Creating natural voids enables a light source, wooden dowels which would later be taken out create openings.
After several construction variations, I have discovered a timebased method that uses the ground as a natural framework. This 6 step process requires little labor and is suitable for its location where a lack of resources is a big set back. - Setting Out Plan - Industrial Hoovering - Sunlight Openings - Pivot Irrigation - Mixture Excavation - Wood Excavation
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Brief 02 18
5
6
Pivot Irrigation
Excavation
Finishing
Pivot irrigation structures spray the mixture with salt water. The salt water is absorbed and acts as the binder for the gum arabic.
Once dried out by the sun the sand surrounding the structure is excavated resulting in a standing structure.
The wooden planks are removed and the structures are completed.
Construction STEP BY STEP Following the same principles, I attempted to create a structure in my back garden. As I am not on site I have used the bricks as a temporary framework. This process enables a fast turnaround in structures as the process requires minimal work. I tried my best to treat it as I would do in reality. One setback was not having the correct equipment due to Covid-19. Another setback was the climate, I required desert climates which are not and consistent, therefore I opted to use a heat gun instead.
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3
4
Set-up
Setting Out Plan
Markers
Vacuuming
I built a brick wall to act as a framework, this would naturally be the ground in the desert.
I had used coordinates and string to generate a grid, then the intersections of string would indicate where I should begin the next step.
Using the overlapping string I placed markers as to where I should begin the vacuuming process.
I vacuumed from the markers and sprayed the structure with salt-water to act as the binder for the mixture. I then used a heat gun at act as the sun to dry the structure.
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Brief 02 20
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6
7
8
Excavation
Removal
Scale
Final Piece
I begin removing the bricks, just as I would be digging up the area on site.
Gradually removing the falsework enables the little stress on the structure and is likely to hold its form.
Due to the scale of this model I was unable to properly excavate underneath. The model however, turned out as planned.
A segment of the structure.
Gum Factory
Axonometric Overview
SORTING ZONE The factory serves the purpose of sorting the gum arabic into different grades, these machines grind some of the Gum Arabic into different consistencies to match the current market need. The factory has some openings which enable the sunlight to penetrate and ventilates the space.
Gum Arabic Factory
Hanging Distribution Bay
Forest Central
Conveyor Belt
Grinding
Distribution
Separation
Loading
Breakout Space
Brief 02 22
Breakout Space
Grinding Mill 02 Grinding Mill 01
Industrial Site
Axonometric Overview
CENTRAL ZONE This is an overview of the industrial zone. The four zones are; an afforestation centre which is used to prepare the ground and stores gardening equipment for the Senegalia Senegal trees, the sorting zone is where most of the factory operations are treating the Gum Arabic ready for distribution, a research zone which looks further into Gum Arabic potential as well an insight into other natural adhesives and a distribution zone which is where the Gum is collected and sent. Industrial Overview
Animation Link https://vimeo.com/420781430 Animation Link https://vimeo.com/414343011 Animation Link https://vimeo.com/414212560
Conveyor Belt
Distribution
Afforestation Centre
Sorting
Loading
Distribution
Separation Hanging Breakout Space
Brief 02 24
Breakout Space
Drop-off
Community
Axonometric Overview
MARKETPLACE & EDUCATION CENTRE The site has 6 surrounding villages and a small city but each keeps to their own, this centre enables individuals from all villages to gather, sell, and assist with the production of Gum Arabic. In addition, a small education centre which educates the public about Gum Arabic’s potential and farming increasing awareness. Construction
Courses
Education
Seminars
Gum Arabic Community Planting
Brief 02 26
Workshops
Community
Axonometric Overview
MARKETPLACE The market place provides good shelter from the sun which creates bearable working conditions better. The market will not only sell Gum Arabic but also local produce to the locals maintaining a community relationship.
Market Overview
Gum Arabic
Market
Local Produce
Carpeting
Brief 02 28
Community
Axonometric Overview
SITE ACCESS The market stands are all underneath the structures and it is within proximity to one of the villages as a reservoir is located. This water source is essential within a desert environment. The villagers following a short commute can access the market which sells local produce and Gum Arabic.
Split Site
Scratching Breakout Space
Grow Bags
Afforestation Centre
Grazing
Planting Storage Breakout Space
Brief 02 30
Distribution Bay
Loading
Research Centre
Axonometric Overview
SITE SECTION The research centre is where essential research about Gum Arabic’s potential is carried out, similar tests to concrete would take place including, slump tests, water solution, compression, and water permeability. Other tree types would also be tested here to test other gum produced from these trees. Artificial lights grow the other trees as they Research Facility may not stand the desert heat.
Animation Link https://vimeo.com/420789842
Compression Testing
Research Centre
Testing Labs
Planting Storage Water Permeability
Brief 02 32
Slump Testing
Water Soluble
Marketplace Section SITE SECTION The marketplace has a clear circulation path which works in 2 axis. The grid formation enables light to pass through in limited amounts getting the right balance between seeing clearly and too much light from the desert sun.
Brief 02 34
Site Strategy PHASE 01 The site, will be constructed in phases due to the lack of Gum Arabic in the current market. The first phase will construct the factory and sorting zone enabling production to be completed and get underway. The research, distribution, and afforestation centre is to follow in expanding the site.
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Brief 02 36
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3
4
5
Site Circulation
Sorting
Afforestation Centre
Research Centre
Distribution Centre
Firstly the site must have good circulation throughout the site particularly within the sorting zone due to lots of distribution taking place here.
This is the first zone to be built as it means progress with the rest of the site can continue when the Gum Arabic has been harvested.
This centre is where all the gardening equipment is kept and where the workers look after the land.
Now the project is well underway the research zone can be constructed improving the process along the way.
The distribution centre is where storage for the Gum Arabic is alongside where things can be taken onto larger cities and exported throughout the world.
Site Strategy PHASE 02 Now that the production would have been completed after some time the community centre could be established. A setting out plan is laid out and a new land terrain is automatically generated due to the parameters of the 37ยบ fall. The structure is formed and excavated and the surrounding ground may be planted with the Senegalia Senegal.
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Brief 02 38
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3
4
5
Site Calculation
Contour
Construction
Zoning
Greenery
Using the radius of a circle and the parameters of the Nelumbo Nucifera a site grid is in place and the setting out plan.
Contours are variable with this land because the 37ยบ angle of the Gum Arabic mixture will vary the heights of the cone depending on the radius of the circle.
The markets and education centre is now constructed.
The site has been zoned with several green spaces and plenty of market stands to introduce a range of communities around Sudan to join.
The introduction of greenery around the site has been added to harvest more Gum Arabic.
Research Unit
Industrial Zone EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC A break up of the industrial zone shows four sections of what is happening within these areas. The circulation and water strategy are what connect the site. Gum Arabic Drying Structures
Research Centre
Storage Unit
Gum Arabic Production
Distribution
Animation Link https://vimeo.com/414212560
Water Irrigation Unit
Afforestation Centre
Afforestation Unit Circulation
Brief 02 40
Gum Arabic Brick CONCRETE TESTING Due to Covid-19, I was unable to complete a compression test, water permeability test, or the slump test, despite this I hope to complete this once university resumes in September. Using a mix of 10% Gum Arabic 23% Clay 7% water and 60% Sand I used a concrete test cube to create the brick. Following this, the mould was inserted into a kiln for 4 hours I was able to remove the cast and resulted in a brick which in texture was very similar to concrete and feels as hard as concrete. Once appropriate I will complete this test.
Brief 02 42
Gum Arabic Mix
Wattle & Daub
Wattle & Daub With Weaved Palm Leaves
TENSILE STRENGTH Wattle a term describing a group of acacias in Australia. As Gum Arabic derives from Acacia trees it only makes sense to try increasing the tensile strength of the Gum Arabic mix. One weakness of concrete is limited tensile strength due to concretes compressive strength.
Gum Arabic Mix
Gum Arabic Mix
With Covid-19 lingering and little notice I was unable to get to far with this as a discussion with my tutors and pete was hard to achieve. Therefore this was a middle ground. Wattle & Daub
Native Weaved Palm Leaves
Wattle & Daub With Fabric Lining
Wattle & Daub
Fabric Lining Palm Weaving
Layering
I weaved palm leaves to create a base for the wattle and daub. I also Put The gum mix is at the bottom and the wattle and daub can be seen here in the middle sticks in-between the weaves to create a stronger bond. layer. I will add another layer of the gum mix on top.
Top Layer
Trimming
Finished Result
The top layer of the gum mix added.
I trimmed all the edges of the palm ready to be dried.
The finished material with the wattle and daub integrated.
Gum Arabic Mix
Brief 02 44
Brief 02 46
Time Based Study Video Link https://vimeo.com/420802333
TIMELY FORM-FINDING It is essential to understand the way the sand falls according to the frictional angles. This experiment opened up new explorations of forms according to the order of pouring and sucking sand.
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Brief 02 48
Video Link https://vimeo.com/420791647
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3
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5
Setting Out
Straw Setting Out
Hoovering
Pouring
Finished Test
Using coordinates I generated from grasshopper I build a large sand box to contain 300 Litres of sand. I set string across and used overlapping points to start the radius of the circles.
Straws were used to draw a circle around on the sand to indicate the size of the cone after the hoovering process.
Sand hoovering begins from the location of the straws up till the edge of the radius.
Pouring sand using the hoovered up sand creates mounds. From this I learnt that this process is time-based because the order of pouring and sucking sand can lead to a variety of results.
These results has opened new doors for me and it taught me how sand would react when being sucked from a mound the frictional angles curve over the sand because the sand cannot stand in a cube formation.
Sectional Study
Time Based Matrix ORDER & POSITION
1
2 P S1
3S
Based on the previous experiment I learned that a matrix of pouring sand would be necessary to understand what forms can be achieved. The P here stands for Pouring and the S for Sucking, the number indicates a different outcome in form depending on the order of pouring or sucking sand.
3 P S4
2S
P 4
3 P
P 1
1 P S2
1S
4
S4
3S
P 4
P 2
2P
1P
On the right-hand side a sectional study to understand how these forms are depending on the matrix matching.
2
2P
1S
5
P - Pouring S- Sucking
S
P S
S
P
P
S
S S
S
S
P
P
P
2S
1S
3S
P
P
3S
S
6
P S
S
P
P P
3P
1P 2S
2P
1P 4P
Brief 02 50
2P
4P
3
S
1P
7
5P
Digital Representation
4+ Structured Typologies Single Typologies
TYPOLOGIES Now I have understood how the sand falls with the introduction of mounds, I was able to accurately model these forms and can begin to explore what spaces I have inside and around the structures. A range of typologies has been explored. Depending on the function the size and typology different spaces are chosen as different typologies offer different qualities.
2 Structured Typologies
3 Structured Typologies
Brief 02 52
Individual Study TIME SCALE
Digital Representation Physical Experiment
I have analysed this structure in more detail. This occurs when the sucking process applies after the pouring. I have looked into adding a gum brick wall at this stage to enable the structures to stand once excavated.
37ยบ 37ยบ
37ยบ
30ยบ Ordering Matrix
Sectional Diagram
1 P 2S
Brief 02 54
Individual Study TIME SCALE
Physical Experiment
Digital Representation
This sand structure occurs when the pouring is completed after the sucking process. Each of these forms has the potential to serve different purposes and obtain different functions.
37ยบ
Ordering Matrix
Sectional Diagram
S1
P2 P4
S3 Brief 02 56
Circle Packing SITE DENSITY I have looked into circle packing as this 2D study will give me an accurate 3D overview. I have looked into 3 different levels of density. Each circle identifies a different structure and how it intersects with one another. I began by looking into a medium density and study the space I would get with this applied to the site. High Density
Medium Density
Low Density
Brief 02 58
Level Change
Grazing Methodology
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6
Afforestation
Trees
Trees begin to grow and flourish changing the micro-climate initially.
Trees are planted within proximity, this forces the plants to fight for nutrients speeding up growth.
AFFORESTATION Vast amounts of preparation are required to grow a forest, misjudgement of this could lead to killing thousands of trees. I will look into how nature has been doing this naturally for millions of years and mimic this in the desert land. Savory Institute works to fight against desertification which is damaging 13 million hectares of land annually. 70% of the world’s grasslands are being degraded and founder Allan Savory claims to have cracked down onto why this is happening and resolve it. He uses Biomimicry which are systems designed based on biological entities. He makes the claim that using animals in large herds which are continuous; moving around, excreting, and dunging will fertilize and prepare the land for planting, soils begin to absorb the yearly rainfall and trap carbon underground. Arid land releases carbon, often the answer to this has been to burn and slash land to fertilize arid land, however for every hectare burnt the emissions released are the equivalent to 6000 cars. Each year more than 1 billion hectares are burnt. Allan continues by claiming he knows how to reverse climate change, however many scientists and researchers came out and analysed his research and found flaws with his claims as incorrect data was used. Nevertheless, he has used his grazing technique and produced some case studies which were highly successful including a desert in Mexico. Changing the climate must start from micro and eventually change the macro-climate. When 1m² of land is covered in plant litter the micro-climate has changed as the plants change the temperatures of the ground, applying this technique on a large scale changes the macro-climate. UN Headquarters. Climate Summit. 2014. Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss. Savory. A. How To Green The World’s Deserts and Reverse Climate Change. 2013. Ted Talks. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpTHi7O66pI Nordborg, M. (2016). Holistic management – a critical review of Allan Savory’s grazing method. Uppsala: SLU/EPOK – Centre for Organic Food & Farming & Chalmers.
Brief 01 60
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1
2
3
Site Selection
Grow Bags
Site Levelling
Firstly a potential site must be identified. This includes preparing the site, the ground needs to be cleared to provide the space and to analyse the ground type required.
Grow bags are essential for the life of a tree initially, this ensures the correct soils and grounding has been prepared to ensure a higher success rate.
The site chosen should be flattened to apply a grid system for the positioning of the trees.
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Livestock
Grid
For millions of years, livestock wandered the grounds where they eat, dung, and urinate. This fertilizes the land, therefore herding a large amount of livestock to fertilize land to mimic nature would be essential for the ground to be suitable for plantation.
The grid indicates the tree positioning.
Densities LARGE SCALE Applying what I had learned from circle packing I wanted to create a blending effect. The rule of thumb is, the closer to a village or city you are, the more structures present and fewer trees, the further out you walk into the desert there is a gradual shift from the structures and blends into a forest. Therefore applying all the densities together but making the densities apply better functionality.
6 Surrounding Villages
Density Principle
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LDHT 5 Desert
MDMT
HDLT
MDMT
HDLT
4 HDLT
HDLT MDMT
3 2
MDMT
HDLT
HDLT
Reservoir
1
Al-Fashir Capital Of Darfur
HDLT
HDLT HDLT
MDMT
HDLT
MDMT
HDLT - High Density Low Tree MDMT - Medium Density Medium Tree LDHT - Low Density High Tree
Brief 02 62
HDLT
3D Scanning
Model 01
Model 02
Model 03
3D Scan Underside
SPACIAL & TEXTURE STUDY After making some more gum structures I decided I wanted to understand it more so I 3D scanned the sand structures from home using photogrammetry. This study allowed me to begin to understand the texture of the material. I would have ideally made the model larger because the thickness of the material was unrealistic to show on a larger scale.
Sketch Section
Brief 02 64
HDLT
Plan
HIGH DENSITY I looked into the 3 densities and here is the High-Density Low Tree (HDLT). I am slowly beginning to understand how the site would look and see the spaces available.
HDLT HDLT
HDLT HDLT HDLT
HDLT HDLT
Brief 02 66
HDLT
MDMT
Plan
MEDIUM DENSITY The further afield into the desert the more the blend becomes significant, the structures reduce in numbers, and the number of trees increases.
MDMT
MDMT MDMT
MDMT
MDMT
Brief 02 68
MDMT
LDHT LOW DENSITY When going further away from MDMT into the desert the trees become thicker with the Gum Arabic trees (Senegalia Senegal) and the structures become less prominent as they are used for storage.
LDHT
Brief 02 70
Plan
LDHT
Brief 02 72
Initial Construction INITIAL FORMWORK
Video Link https://vimeo.com/414612226
As I initially began this project I researched gravity as a natural force to create unique sand structures. This method, however, requires plenty of preparation to enable the gravity effect to work, this is how the project was initially envisioned.
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Brief 02 74
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3
4
Site Flattening
Setting out plan
Compression & Excavation
Falsework
The site is flattened to enable a grid setting out plan.
The plan is overlaid on the ground and centre points are found.
Excavating and compressing the ground enables the preparation for the framework.
Formwork with trap doors have been set to be released once the mix was in position.
Initial Construction DRAINING & GRAVITY Including a trap door will enable the sand to drain as shown in the video above.
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Brief 02 76
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7
Mix Added
Draining
Resulting Structure
The gum mix has been inserted and walls have been added to enable workers to work with a manageable scale.
Setting the framework trapdoors drains the mix at 37ยบ. The mixture is sprayed and dried by the sun.
The area around the structure excavated and the cones grow acacia trees.
Vacuuming INDUSTRIAL VACUUMING As I was looking into using a natural force like gravity I found lots of frameworks was in place to make this work. For this reason, I have moved onto looking into a new method of construction which is vacuuming. This method of construction is what they use to transfer sand between beaches.
2 1 Site Flattening The chosen site is flattened
Video Link https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=QKv_Bj4l8Ss
Brief 02 78
Setting out plan To ensure things are completed with good access a specific order is chosen, otherwise, parts of the site become inaccessible to the workers.
3 Vacuuming The Vacuuming begins from the centre of each structure.
Alternative Construction
5 Excavation
INDUSTRIAL VACCUMING
The site is excavated to leave the structures standing.
The positioning of the structures enables light to penetrate through certain areas allowing limited light through.
4
Brief 02 80
4
Pivot Irrigation
Planting
Spraying the structure with salt-water and drying with the desert sun.
Planting in the centre enables some form of afforestation integrated within the structure.
Construction INDUSTRIAL VACUUMING Industrial vacuuming is usually used to transfer sand between beaches or to clean up on a large scale. I propose to use it for sucking out the sand in the desert and replace the sand with the Gum Arabic mixture.
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Brief 02 82
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3
4
5
Vacuuming
Setting out plan
Pivot Irrigation
Excavation
Hanging
Whilst the vacuum sucks up the mixture, it pours out the mixture elsewhere forming a mound..
To ensure things are completed with good access a specific order is chosen, otherwise, parts of the site become inaccessible to the workers.
An irrigation structure sprays the mixture allowing the binding process to begin.
Parts of the site are excavated to open up the walkways.
Hanging frames are added to the structures for later use of drying out Gum Arabic.
Arabian Influence CULTURE
Arabian Influence
The opportunity to add windows to the structures are possible by adding a piece of carved wood before the structure is sprayed, supposedly into an Islamic form to match the cultural background, this is then removed later leaving a hole through the structure. I would have ideally carried this out in reality however due to a lack of resources available due to COVID-19 it was not feasible.
Wood pieces pushed through the structure before solidification
Pattern setting out on plan
Brief 02 84
Digital Representation
Physical Production
Gum Arabic Model
GUM ARABIC SOLIDIFICATION Using the gravity technique I prepared to solidify the mixture. Using a mix of 8% gum 33% clay and 61% sand I drained the mixture and sprayed it with salt-water. I then scorched it and removed it. I used the torch to represent the sun's heat however, as it was too hot it burnt, nonetheless, the structure still came out successful.
Gum Arabic 8%, Clay 33% and Sand 61%
Scorching Gum Mixture
Brief 02 86
Gum Structure
Gum mixture is drained
Scorching gum mixture
Gum mixture is sprayed
Removing gum structure
Digital and Physical
3D Print Structures & Framework
Physical Model
FRAMEWORK This is how the framework would look if the gravity construction principle was used. The 3D scans gave me an insight into how the thick the sand was concerning the size of the structure.
3D Scan
Brief 02 88
Spatial Considerations PERSPECTIVE VIEWS In the initial design stages using the construction method illustrated above these are how the structures look. Long views and wide pathways pave the way for pedestrians to use the space.
Brief 02 90
Gravity Structures Solidified.
Site Analysis ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY Sudan can bring temperatures to 50ยบ in the summer, therefore it is important to create a shelter for individuals to be protected.
Brief 01 92
3.5 3
Matrix Combination
2 1 118º
3.5
3.5
3
NELUMBO NUCIFERA PARAMETERS After completing a matrix of sand draining with the whole arrangement being configured from the Nelumbo Nucifera, I used this to create a new combined structure.
3 2.5
11 Rings
50º 43º
11 Rings
50º
27º 27º
25º
135º 90º
43º
3.5
87º
27º
150º
123º 123º 123º
30º
2
135º 135º 90º
123º
70º
74º
74º 76º 76º
76º
120º 120º 120º
30º
150º 135º 90º
70º
34º 34º
1 3.5
1.5
1.83
1
3
120º
120º
120º 120º 120º
120º 150º 120º 120º 93º 93º
30º 30º
76º
3.5
3
150º
30º
32º
11 Rings
150º
150º 120º 105º 120º 120º 105º
150º 93º 120º
2
120º 120º 105º
115º 115º107º 107º 107º 115º
1
1
1.83
2.66
2.66
2.5 2
Brief 01 94
1.5
3.5
3.5
118º
2
2
1
1
128º
130º
135º
118º
135º 90º 120º 120º 120º 135º 120º 120º120º 135º 90º 120º 120º 120º 1120º 20º150º 120º 150º 120º 150º 120º 120 93º 12 º 120º 105º 93º117º 100º5 120º 120º150º 120º 120ºº 105º 105º 120º 93º93º 107º 115º 120º 107º 115º 107º 120º 117º 115º 120º 102º
3
118º
118º
118º
128º
90º
120º 120
º
Initial Construction 6 STEP PROCESS Taking an initial look into how this structure could be constructed. - Site Location - Excavation - Trap Door - Site Manipulation - Spraying
1
Site Selection Firstly a potential site must be identified. This includes preparing the site, the ground needs to be cleared to provide the space and to analyse the ground type required.
Brief 01 96
2
Excavation The ground has been cleared to provide a space for trap door.
3
Trap door A trap door has been inserted to allow the mixture to drain, it acts a swinging door which will open once the mixture is in place
4
Site Manipulation & Mixture I mix of the; clay, gum arabic, and sand. These ratios tend to be 65% sand 10% glue and 25% clay. Now the site is ready to be drained.
5
Spraying The site has now been drained and the spraying process begins. Salt water is sprayed over the structure and then becomes ready to be air-dried.
Conceptual Ideas SHELTER By producing an initial idea it is possible to begin to visualise how the material could look in reality. It also allows me to understand where the structure could be improved. I will need to consider a better way to get the structure to stand alongside studying the soft ground and how the structure would stand in these conditions. I am sceptical that this process would work because of the difficulty in what the structure is standing on and also having to move the structure. I will take these lessons learned and apply them in the next studies.
Brief 01 98
Initial Ideas PAVILION A Pavilion that would encourage the idea of the production of Gum Arabic. This would serve as a function of water collection during the wet season and collect water for a planting project.
Brief 01 100
Function CIRCULATION The production of gum arabic is going to be the main function on-site, helping Sudan reach the global demand for gum arabic through afforestation. Alongside this, it is important to give back to the community. Therefore looking at the needs of the locals I will also include community spaces.
1
1
Site Selection Firstly a potential site must be identified. This includes preparing the site, the ground needs to be cleared to provide the space and to analyse the ground type required.
Brief 01 102
2
3
Circulation
Voronoi Grid
Zoning
Using the functions of a workers courtyard, breakout spaces, and community space I have generated 3 various forms that could be designed to separate spaces and be a communal area for all of Al-Fashir.
The Voronoi grid is set across the land, the canopies have a radius to determine whether the next the point should be built. The grid also allows for future expansion.
The structure is now planned onsite before the construction starts. The structure is set in zones and phases to build it.
4
Developed structure This structure is a development to the initial idea, each tile is constructed individually on a larger scale to make the structure sturdier.
Initial Construction
Breakout Space
6 STEP PROCESS
Workers Courtyard
The construction of this structure requires me to think about how to build on soft surfaces. Therefore I looked into a construction method to solve this.
1
Community Gatherings
2
3
4
5
Excavation
Soft Ground
Trap door
Site Manipulation & Mixture
Spraying
The ground has been cleared to provide a space for trap door.
Working with the soft ground is difficult, therefore adding a foundation layer of logs onto compressed sand can assist in stabilizing the ground.
A trap door has been inserted to allow the mixture to drain, it acts a swinging door which will open once the mixture is in place.
I mix of the; clay, gum arabic, and sand. These ratios tend to be 65% sand 10% glue and 25% clay. Now the site is ready to be drained. Gravity will now commence from the underground tunnels.
The site has now been drained and the spraying process begins. Salt water is sprayed over the structure and then becomes ready to be air-dried. This process is the final step before the structure is required to be moved.
Brief 01 104
Sun Radiation LADYBUG ANALYSIS To test the effectiveness of the structure, I used ladybug to see whether the structure works well as a canopy. It is clear from the images that the structure is cool underneath whilst the top of the structure retains the heat.
Wind Rose
Sun Radiation
Sun Orientation & Path
Sun Orientation & Path
Sun Radiation - Plan View
Sun Radiation - Orthographic View
Sun Radiation
Sun Radiation - Elevation
Brief 01 106
Initial Marketplace Views COMMUNITY The community space will consist of a market where the locals sell gum arabic, to fruit and veg.
Brief 01 108
Initial Idea Views
Workers Courtyard
CANOPIES The community space will consist of a market where the locals sell gum arabic, to fruit and veg.
Market Place
Brief 01 110
Initial Site Overview AFFORESTATION Over the horizon the beginnings of the afforestation will begin taking shape.
Brief 01 112
Site Location AL FASHIR - WESTERN SUDAN Al Fashir, the capital of Darfur, this location is key in the success of Darfur war, here the locals managed to hold back the forces of the Janjaweed (Government hired gang). This location provides a great opportunity due to the climate. The site is located near a crater, a large reservoir, and has an abundance of Sand, Acacia, and clay all the ingredients used in the making of the Gum Arabic mix.
Brief 01 114
Gum Arabic Production 6 STEP PROCESS I have investigated the process of how Acacia is made, this natural adhesive goes through 6 rigorous steps to meet the global demand of the product.
2 Picking After the cuts and scratches the ‘Sa3makh’ also known as Gum Arabic is picked. After 3 years each tree can produce 2.5kg annually.
1 Cuts Cuts and scratches are made to release the gum. Similar to humans the gum is released as a natural way of healing itself.
- Cutting - Picking - Selection - Treatment - Distribution - Wholesale
5
Distribution The produce is sent off via land cruisers to be shipped to the ports and to local markets.
4 Treatment The Gum Arabic is now split depending on whether it is sold, raw or grounded. Most often it is ground and a special spray is used to produce fine granules.
6
Wholesale
3 Selection The Gum Arabic is then sorted and graded from 1 to 5.
Brief 01 116
Now the product is readily available in markets, enabling the locals to get their hands on the natural adhesive. On the other hand large cargo ships carry the remaining contents distributing it across the world.
Sudanese Politics
Libya Egypt Egypt
DARFUR Darfur, a civil war that began back in 2003. This was due to the Arabized individuals wanting to take over the country. The African tribes in Darfur have been trying to hold their ground and the Sudanese government has been accused of Genocide. The country is currently at a stalemate, Omar Al Bashir former president of 30 years is currently in hiding after the United Nations aim to send him to court over his actions. He used bandits and gangs also known as the Janjaweed to assist in the Genocide.
Blue for Sudan Recently to raise awareness against Sudan's government a viral trend to turn your profile picture blue was pictured globally. Members of the janjaweed were hired by the government to rid any peaceful protesters and even entered some people's houses by force and killing.
Niger
Somalia
Ethiopia Nigeria
Brief 01 118 Gabon
Habitat of the Senegalia Senegal
Senegalia Senegal GUM ARABIC Acacia is a substance found from trees mainly in Central Africa. This substance is commonly used in confectionery, gum and is used as a natural adhesive. The world is currently in need of 100,000 tonnes of Gum Arabic annually. Only 70,000 tonnes are currently being produced due to political reasons. Sudan produces over 50% of Gum Arabic.
Area required to fulfil current global demand: 192km² or 0.208% of London
There is a great opportunity as the material is sold on for 8 times the price to make, which leaves the potential for expansion and afforestation.
Grown in desert climates
Natural resin
Or 15.24 Borough’s of Westminster
2.5
Senegalia Senegal can produce up to 2.5kg per tree per year
30,000 kg missing from current demand
Brief 01 120
Size required to fulfil demand in Sudan 192km²
200
200ml of water required annually
37ยบ SAND, CLAY, ACACIA GLUE Using sand, clay, and gum arabic I am able to solidify sand successfully. After just using the gum arabic with the sand, the sand only holds form shortly and then it begins to melt when cooked. With the addition of the clay, the form begins to take shape and solidify successfully. The frictional angles of the sand mixed with the acacia and clay are changed due to the consistency of the mixture of materials. The frictional angle of the three elements amounts to 37ยบ. On the left shows, a high level of detail can be achieved when solidified.
1
Spread
2
Mixture
3
4
Release
Spray
The ratio between the material is 6 parts sand to 3 parts clay and 2 parts gum arabic.
Resulting Material After Cooling
5
Cook
6
Cool Mixing sand with clay and gum arabic. If I add sand and gum arabic without the clay it melts and drips therefore not holding its form. If I add sand and clay but no gum arabic there is not enough adhesive working to bond things together. I then spread and lay the material depending on the shape required. I then release the mixture through the holes. I spray the mixture with a mist of salt water this acts as a bonding agent to the 3-grain materials. I then cure it in a kiln I begin with a lower temperature and gradually increase the temperature to reduce cracking in the material. Lastly, I leave my mixture to cool before releasing it from the mould. 1. Mixture 2. Spread 3. Release 4. Spray 5. Cook 6. Cool
Brief 01 122
Dehydration CURING VARIABLES Trial and error were used to get the amount of time the material needed to set/dry. In oven temperatures the longer the material is left and deepening on the amount of water sprayed will have an effect on the overall form. This material can set with ease in some countries if left out in the desert sun.
Brief 01 124
37ยบ
37ยบ 37ยบ
Matrix Exploration USING 2D FOR 3D. Producing highly detailed and accurate forms from a granular element is a task that seems impossible, however with the help of gravity that level of detail can be achieved. I have drained sand through a range of patterns that were generated with the Lotus's parameters. Exploring how 2D forms can create a 3D form, using base plates and a smart box I designed a method to allow multiple organic forms to be created on one platform.
Video Link https://vimeo.com/414612226
Smart Box. This sophisticated box has been cleverly designed to enable the same box to be used with multiple patterns.
Brief 01 126
Parameters LOTUS HOLE MATRIX
35mm 10mm
After analysing the Lotus Pod I have discovered that on flower heads sized between 50 and 60mm have a golden ratio concerning the size of the holes. The outer hole and largest is always 3.5 times larger than the smallest hole, (3.5:1) ratio. The sand tends to drain towards not the centre of the circle but rather the edge which can result in subtle changes within the sands positioning.
26.25mm 7.5mm
10mm
17.5mm 5mm
8.75mm
Based on the evidential research I completed I have generated this average arrangement.The holes have been arrayed in a way that represents the average lotus pod head-sized between 50-60mm.
y 2.5mm
16.25mm
Gravity in Design Sand Pouring Using gravity I was experimenting with the gaps between the holes in order to find the golden ratio of the size of the gap in comparison to the hole size.When the holes are too close together then the result creates a small terrain that is less desirable. In the future, I will alter the size of the holes in order to generate different terrains.
Brief 01 128
22.5mm
28.75mm
35mm
41.25mm
Parameters LOTUS HOLE MATRIX Following the previous methods this time I decided to test out another variable. The distance between the holes is a variable that can have a big impact in 2D resulting in a different 3D form.
70mm
56.5mm
28mm
49.5mm
28mm
70mm
56.5mm
56.5mm 70mm
Brief 01 130
Matrix
Matrix 02 Sand Pouring Frictional angles of this sand is 30ยบ.This starts from the edge of the circle and not from the middle this is interesting as it means the sand drains from not the centre but the edge of the circle.
VORONOI STUDY Using Voronoi to produce the 2D forms will help me to establish the 3D. Using the parameters of the lotus pod these forms will be the basis of the study.
For this experiment, I wanted to test what would happen at different levels of sand. It has become apparent that despite the level of sand it will always drain at 30ยบ due to the frictional angles of sand.
30ยบ 30ยบ
Voronoi Matrix
Brief 01 132
Circular Array PARAMETERS Looking into the parameters of this form assists in understanding the resultant 3D form. The circles have an outer radius which is where the sand connects resulting in a spider-web like a form.
3 2.5
11 Rings
11 Rings
11 Rings
107º 73º
107º 73º
107º 73º
º 1073º 7
107º 73º
2
1.83
1
2
Brief 01 134
1.5
1.83
2.66
3.5
2.66
3.5
º 107 º 73
1
1.5
º 107 73º
1
07º º 1 º 107 º 73 73
º 107 º 147
107º 147º
º 107 º 73
107º 107º 73º 73º
Circular Array Variation 01 2D TO 3D STUDY A spider-web like a form is the result of the study of parameters above. To explore this form further I will introduce an attractor point and remove the central hole and try to create a column from the sand.
Voronoi Matrix
Brief 01 136
Circular Array Variation 02 2D TO 3D STUDY The first study includes a circular array with no hole in the centre. The circular array had an attractor point which means the holes on the left were larger than those on the right with the ratio 3.5:1. The result leaves me with a column-like structure in the centre providing an opportunity to use the 30ยบ angle to produce a column in a structure. The rest of the form provides a spiderweb-like shape which provides an even and consistent outcome. To explore this further I will use an attractor and apply it in a linear and polar arrayed manner.
Voronoi Matrix
Brief 01 138
75º
2
º 105
75º
75º
º 105
PARAMETERS
º 105
º 105
75º
75º
75º
To understand the translation between the 2D and the 3D forms it is essential to understand the importance of all the angles and distances.
Resulting Column
2.5
Circular Array
2.5
2
30º
1.5
3 3 2.5
11 Rings
11 Rings
11 Rings
2
2.5
1.5
3.5 Voronoi Radius
2
1
3.5
3 3.5
1
1
1.5
3.5
2.66 1.5
1.83
1
2
1.83
2.66 The black lines indicate the frictional angles of the sand. Depending on the positioning of the holes the shortest distance creates a curvature in the outcome.
3.5
2.5
1
2.5
3
1.83
11 s g Rin 3
1 2
1
Brief 01 140
3.5
3.5
3
1
1.5
2
1.5
3.5 Golden Ratio 3.5:1
2.66
3.5
Linear Study 2D TO 3D STUDY A slight variation of the form above but instead of using circles is the source of drainage. Joining the circles and eventually enabling the form to meet in the middle.
Voronoi Matrix
Brief 01 142
2.6
Attractor Variation
3.5
3
2.4
1.4
PARAMETERS
1
3.5
1
2.3
This variation is a cluster of holes that are intersecting using an attractor point making the maximum radius 3.5 to the ratio of 1.
2.4
3.3 3.3
30º
2.6
2.6 57º
3.5
3
2.4
1.4
1
3.5
35º
57º 3.5
3
2.4
1.4
1
30º 1
3.5
1
57º 35º 57º
2.3
57º
35º 57º
2.4
Brief 01 144
2.3
30º
35º
2.4
Attractor Variation 2D TO 3D STUDY I had used the parameters of the lotus plant to explore, how I could work with the distances between the holes, by draining sand through various sized distances I could observe more closely as to how the distance impacts the outcome of the overall form.
30ยบ
3.5 3 2.4
1.4
1
Voronoi Matrix
30ยบ 30ยบ Brief 01 146
30ยบ
Exploration PARAMETERS Taking the flower heads shaped between 5060mm and applying this pattern in a polar array arrangement. I have used an oval shape to experiment with the curvature in 3D.
Brief 01 148
Abstraction 2D TO 3D STUDY This form has really revealed an interesting outcome, the oval shapes have created various terrains along the landscape. Although the angle remains at 30ยบ the prominence of the curve is substantially different.
Voronoi Matrix
Brief 01 150
The Zigzag PARAMETERS The parameters for this form use a range of circular array forms however the offset array inside has been shifted centrally to produce a diamond-like formation.
50º 43º
50º
50º 43º
27º 27º
25º
50º
27º 27º
25º
150º
43º 87º
43º 87º
27º
123º 123º
123º 123º 123º
30º
123º
123º
30º
30º
30º 30º
32º 72º 73º
72º 73º 73º
78º
30º
34º 34º
Brief 01 152
3
2
1
150º 135º 135º 90º
76º 70º
74º
74º 76º 76º
76º
120º 120º 120º
30º
150º 135º 90º
70º
34º 34º
3.5
3
2
1
120º
120º
120º 120º 120º
30º 30º
32º
78º
150º 123º
30º
73º
3.5
135º 90º
27º
120º 150º 120º 120º 93º 93º 150º 120º 105º 120º 120º 105º
150º 93º 120º
120º 120º 105º
115º 115º107º 107º 107º 115º
Zigzag 2D TO 3D STUDY It is clear that the 2D Voronoi is not how it works in 3D. This is because Voronoi is usually controlled with a point and not a circle. In this study, it is evident that the slightest change of angle (due to the circles) can change a consistent shape and produce a different form.
Voronoi Matrix
Brief 01 154
Random PARAMETERS 118º 118º
The last sand form-finding experiment involved using Grasshopper to generate a random point cloud. This method will aid me to understand the laws further by producing something I would not usually think to design.
118º
118º
135º
118º 118º 130º 130º
135º 90º
118º 120º 122º
118º 118º
120º 120º 120º
118º 118º 90º 110º 150º 125º 125º 110º
135º 105º 140º 120º 105º 115º
118º 118º
118º 118º
92º 138º 130º 128º 128º 104º
112º 120º 128º
130º 123º 107º
120º 140º 100º
80º 142º 138º 142º 98º 120º120º 120º 120º
118º 118º
Brief 01 156
100º 130º 123º 150º 113º 110º 112º 138º 109º
120º 120º 120º
110º 125º 130º 125º 100º 130º
Random 2D TO 3D STUDY Using a lower level of sand before draining produces a more flat looking terrain.
Voronoi Matrix
Brief 01 158
Lotus Algorithms 3D SCANNING 3D scanning enables me to analyse the flower in more depth to try and understand more concerning the holes of the flower. Conducting a variety of scans to various flowers depending on the size and shape, I can analyse the consistencies and inconsistencies of the flowers and generate algorithmic entities.
Brief 01 160
Hole Arrangement FLOWERS WITH GRADIENT Having chosen to investigate flower heads which are sized between 50-60mm in diameter. A consistent pattern between the flower heads is noticed. All of the flower heads in this category have produced a gradient effect in the arrangement of the holes. The gradient effect occurs when the seeds are dropped into the water, the seeds can float away at variable distances.
FLOWER G: Arrangement: 10.7.1 Dimension: 52mm
FLOWER A: Arrangement: 8.6.1 Dimension: 50mm
Hole Diameter (in mm): 3,3,4,8,11,8,7,3.5,3,2.5
Hole Diameter (in mm): 3,4,6,12,6,4,3.5,2.5
Notes: Largest hole 12mm, Smallest hole 2.5mm. Sudden jump from hole number 4, the two figures beside seem to be symmetrical with a gradual small decline in size.
Notes: Largest hole 12mm, Smallest hole 2.5mm. Sudden jump from hole number 4, the two figures beside seem to be symmetrical with a gradual small decline in size. 6
7
5
Section A
50mm
8 1
4
FLOWER H: Arrangement: 10,6,1 Dimension: 53mm
8
7 6
3
10
9
9
1
57mm
1 5
Hole Diameter (in mm): 3.5,4,6,7,9,8,5,4,3
Hole Diameter (in mm): 4,4.5,4.75,5,5.5,8,10,5.5,4.5,4,4
2
7
2 4
11
8
10
53mm
FLOWER B: Arrangement: 11.6.1 Dimension: 57mm
2
3 6
3
4
5
Notes: Largest hole 10mm smallest 4mm. Gradual increase in hole size, until 7 where a jump in scale occurs.
Notes: Largest hole 12mm, Smallest hole 2.5mm. Sudden jump from hole number 4, the two figures beside seem to be symmetrical with a gradual small decline in size. 7 6
3D Printing Surface Analysis 8 9
A
10
52mm
6
1
50mm
2
1
5 4
3
5
2
4
FLOWER F: Arrangement: 9,5 Dimension: 57mm
B
FLOWER C: Arrangement: 9.6.1 Dimension: 52mm
8
7
3D printing this on a large scale enables me to investigate the surface of the flower. This study is in alignment with the first investigation. Seeing the intricacy of the surface and the arrangement of holes provides the opportunity to cast into the holes to understand the concave effect.
Hole Diameter (in mm): 3,5,6,7,11,7,5,3,3
3
Notes: Largest hole 12mm, Smallest hole 2.5mm. Sudden jump from hole number 4, the two figures beside seem to be symmetrical with a gradual small decline in size.
Hole Diameter (in mm): 4.5,4.5,5,6,9,12,9,6,4 Notes: Largest hole 12mm, Smallest hole 4mm. Sudden jump from hole number 4 to 5, the two figures beside seem to be symmetrical with a gradual small decline in size.
8
7
9
6
6
57mm
4
1 4
3
7
8
55mm
11
4
2
1
2
5
3
FLOWER D: Arrangement: 8.5 Dimension: 50mm Hole Diameter (in mm): 5,6,8.5,11,8.5,5,4,4
6
3
FLOWER E : Arrangement: 11.6.1 Dimension: 55mm Hole Diameter (in mm): 3,3,5,9,11,9,6,4,3,2.5,2.5 Notes: Largest hole 11mm, Smallest hole 2.5mm. More gradual increase in hole size throughout with little jump, again beside the large hole are two holes which seem to be symmetrical.
Brief 01 162
9
5
2
y
8
52mm
1
5
7
Notes: Largest hole 11mm, Smallest hole 4mm.The holes seem to have a slightly larger average. Beside the large hole are two holes which seem to be symmetrical.
On average the largest hole is 3.5 times bigger than the smallest hole. With this information, a study of arrayed hole matrix’s maybe an opportunity to analyse the potential of the form further.
Hole Arrangement
FLOWER A: Arrangement: 8.5 Circumference: 215mm Notes:The holes are consistently sized and a common pattern is illustrated
LARGE FLOWER HEADS A similar study was conducted with a different flower head circumference range. Any flower with a circumference of 200mm+ I had analysed. The first immediate observation which differs from the first investigation was the consistency in the size of the flower head holes.
Casting Exercise Hole Depth & Shape Analysis
FLOWER B: Arrangement: 8.5 FLOWER C: Arrangement: 9.4
Circumference: 220mm Notes:The holes are consistently sized and a common pattern is illustrated.
Circumference: 215mm Notes:The holes are more warped usually due to weather conditions.
To study the depth of the Hole I cast inside to result in a concave looking seed. Unfortunately due to the level of detail on the 3d print, it made it incredibly difficult to be left with the negative mould. However, three of the casts were successful and I was able to understand the shape of the void.
I attempted to understand the concave effect within the lotus, using balloons and casting techniques. The larger the hole the larger the depth of the hole was. As the flower dies the holes open up slowly to enable the seeds to germinate.
A
FLOWER E: Arrangement: 9.5
FLOWER F: Arrangement: 8.4
Circumference: 205mm Notes:The holes are consistently sized and a common pattern is illustrated
Circumference: 205mm Notes:The holes are more warped usually due to weather conditions.
Section A
FLOWER D: Arrangement: 8.4 Circumference: 225mm Notes:The holes are consistently sized and a common pattern is illustrated
Brief 01 164
Hole Arrangement
When X is much longer than Y a tapering effect is produced. Flowers with this head shape seem to also produce many but small seeds.
THE TAPER EFFECT
Concave Analysis
If X is considerably bigger than Y then the head of the flower begins to taper, also these tend to have symmetry running down the middle of the flower. After counting all the holes on all the flowers concerning which ‘ring’ the holes were in. The more holes on the outer rings lead to a higher possibility in a hole in the middle. An algorithm was also generated so I could see how many holes the average flower had.
Casting around the balloons with the average hole sizes provides me with the opportunity to see the relation between the depth and width of the holes. FLOWER B: 11.7.1
FLOWER A: 9.6.1
Circumference 190mm Notes: Largest hole 11mm Smallest hole 4mm.Tapering effect has started due to X being a considerable amount longer than Y.
Circumference 175mm Notes: Largest hole 12mm Smallest hole 3mm.Tapering effect has started due to X being a considerable amount longer than Y.
A
Nucifera Rhythmic Strategy 14
Number of Holes
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1
3
5
7
9
11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37
Outer ring
Inner Ring
Middle hole
FLOWER C: 11.7.1
FLOWER 1-38: When looking at a large group of these flowers consistencies are hard to notice but breaking the flowers down into logical groups produces some interesting results. The results show that the flowers with more outer holes are more likely to have a middle hole. Further to this it clearly shows that the more holes a flower in the outer ring the more likely for more holes in the other rings. Other evidence shows the number of holes does not determine the size of the holes.
Brief 01 166
Circumference 150mm Notes: Largest hole 11mm Smallest hole 4mm. Tapering effect has started due to X being a considerable amount longer than Y.
Largest hole depth - 50mm Smallest hole depth - 22mm
Pod Crease CONES The shape of the pod is like a ‘cone’. The observation made was the larger the head the more creases on the back of the pod had. Heads with a circumference of 180mm+ have more creases than the smaller heads.
Cone Form Finding Paper Stacking Section A
Paper is a cheap recyclable material which obtains many ideal properties for model-making. However it is not always ideal to use this material due to its lack of tensile qualities. Although when all the cones were intersecting the structure became rigid considering it was paper.
I looked into the opportunity the cone can present itself with, using a stacking technique I created various geometric forms.
This however does not have the level of intricacy I am looking for within the plant. After conducting the analysis I have come to the conclusion that I will continue design with a focus on the holes. Section B
Cone Profile
A
B
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The flowers with larger heads (180mm circumference) had heavily defined creases, on the other hand the smaller heads had a much smoother surface.
Geometry
Treatment
Mix & Repeat
GEOMETRIC ATTRIBUTES The petals of the Nelumbo Nucifera has a very uniform structure which allows the plant to open and close with simplicity. The plant begins to open as day approaches and closes by night to protect the pod. The petal structure shows overlap producing a cup like figure. Likewise the Leaf which is essential for the plants success, the Lotus has a leaf which sits on the surface of the water providing the plant with balance. The structure branches in a radial manner and gets more complex towards the end of the plant where the same repeated pattern occurs halfway up the branch.
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Resultant Hydrophobic Sand
Hydrophobic Leaves
Lotus Dissection
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LOTUS BREAKDOWN The lotus is broken up into several components, I will focus on the ‘Lotus pod’. The pod includes; - Cone Shaped Pod - A Dense Surface - Seed Pods - Seeds 2
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I began by creating a vase like surface, I analysed the proportions between the tom and bottom of the pod.
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The Seeds are then placed inside the pod's holes which fit snug until germination
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The pods have different levels of creasing depending on the size of the flower head, therefore I focused on one with less creases.
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From this cross section you can see the seeds are unable to fall out until the holes grow.
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Before studying the arrangement of holes I tried to anticipate the arrangement beforehand.
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Finished model of flower.
Segments Exploded
Water Lily Family NELUMBO NUCIFERA “LOTUS POD”
Nymphaea Nouchali referred to as the blue or star lotus, this is native to Eastern parts of Eastern Asia and is the national flower of Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Buddhists refer to this plant as one which resembles; virtue, discipline and purity.
The Nelumbo Nucifera is a plant which is grown in four different continents, Asia, Europe, Africa and America. This unique plant is part of the water lily family. The flower takes between 2 and 5 years to fully grow depending on the conditions. Each plant produces seeds from the lotus pod unlike any other water lily. 16% of individuals are unable to look at this plant due to phenomenon ‘trypophobia’. This is the fear of a cluster of holes, when individuals look at this plant it triggers this effect in them and often makes individuals turn away from it. However this plant has many useful features which are useful to our generation.
Stigma Disk Nuphar Pumila, this flower slightly more unique in that it has a star shaped stigma disc. This plant also has hairs on the underside of the leaves
The seed has several layers protect the seed from animals and harsh conditions.
Nelumbo Nucifera, this water lily also known as the Lotus Flower is the national flower of Vietnam and Thailand. This flower looses its petals early and the pod bearing lotus head continues to grow.
Red Dwarf Water Lily, the smallest of the family, but as all of the flowers above they open their petals by day and close by night.
Seed Sections
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About FLOWER ANALYSIS The Nelumbo Nucifera has a wide range of useful properties including; helping in the cure of Cancer, assisting with recovery, reducing blood pressure and has oils to help with the skin. This whole plant is also edible and is often eaten in Asia. The seeds are popped and eaten similarly to popcorn, the roots are used in stir-fries and soups.
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In Season The pods seeds are ready to be dropped.
Where the Plant Grows 1
Germination
Another amazing feature this plant obtains is, it has hydrophobic properties which allow the plant to stay clean even in dirty conditions.
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Growing The pod continues to grow after the flower dies.
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1300
Seeds have been known to live for
Natural Progression The seed is withered away by the water.
more than 1300 years
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Flowering Leaves provide stability and the flower is fertilised by a beetle
Natural Resin
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16% of individuals suffer from trypophobia a fear of a cluster of holes 3
Early Sprouting
Used in the battle against cancer
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200ml of Water required annually
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Foundations Growing downwards produces strong foundations.
Circle of Life The plant dies but stays standing leaving a “wooden like� texture.
Architectural Productions Abanoub Reyad DS10 - 37 Degrees Portfolio May 2020
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