Rotterdam climate initiative evaluation

LARC 689B | Climate Change Planning, Design, and Communication | Winter 2017 Victoria Chanse | UMD College Park

Rotterdam Climate Initiative A case study evaluation

Anusree Nair, Ridhima Mehrotra, Sophie Rhoads

Case Study: Rotterdam, Netherlands

Anusree Nair, Ridhima Mehrotra, Sophie Rhoads

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Introduction The Netherlands is one of the world’s most successful examples of planning and design combining to combat rising seas and climate change. In a country where half of the land lies below sea level, Dutch ingenuity has insured both the very existence of the country and the creation of new lands for settlement in Europe’s most densely populated country. Rotterdam, the Netherlands’ second largest city and Europe’s largest port, is a global leader with one of the world’s most extensive climate plans as recognized by the Pulitzer Prize-winning Inside Climate News. Reckien calculated that “35% of European cities studied have no dedicated mitigation plan and 72% have no adaptation plan” (2013), putting Rotterdam ahead of the curve because it has plans for both. In December 2015, Rotterdam won the C40 award for the best adaptation planning and assessment.

About Rotterdam: Rotterdam - Europe’s largest ports city, is situated inland on one of the channels in the North Sea delta formed by the rivers Rhine and Meuse. A city of 1.3 million population, is one of the safest delta cities in the world. But unfortunately, it has a history of major flooding events. In 1993 Netherlands suffered a €100 million damage due to the flooding of River Meuse and most recent flooding happened in Aug 2006 (DELTA, 2016).

Rotterdam Climate Change Initiative: Rotterdam’s initiatives united leaders from various sectors (city and regional governments and the port authority) to create resilience through “connecting water with opportunities” (Adaptation Programme, 2013). Key elements in achieving a 100% climate proof Rotterdam include various climate adaptation strategies, responsible spatial development, respect for residents’ quality of

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Case Study: Rotterdam, Netherlands

Anusree Nair, Ridhima Mehrotra, Sophie Rhoads

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life and capitalizing on the economic opportunities that they present (2013). Rotterdam’s plans, articulated in the Rotterdam Programme on Sustainability and Climate Change 2015-2018 and Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, also align with larger initiatives at the Dutch and European Union levels. The Rotterdam Climate Initiative (RCI) was set up by the Rotterdam City Council, the Port of Rotterdam NV, the DCMR Rijnmond environmental department and Deltalinqs, with the aim to reduce CO2 emissions by 50%, climate proofing the region 100% by 2025 and improving its sustainability by measures to improve the air quality and limiting noise pollution (City of Rotterdam, 2015). It has also set a 2030 target to generate more renewable energy than the city’s current total consumption1.

National mandate: Ministry of infrastructure and environment, Netherlands, internationally and together with organizations like the Dutch Sustainable Growth Coalition, the C40 Cities Initiative and the Climate Proof City and Local Climate Ambassadors coalitions, has pledged to transform itself into a strong and sustainable country. They have targeted to avoid some of the harmful effects of climate change while investigating how to better utilize its positive effects through their Climate change planning mandate to be published tentatively by 2017, into a national adaptation strategy (Netherlands, 2013).

European Commission mandate: European commission has proposed a regulation of the European parliament and council on binding annual greenhouse gas emission reductions by Member States from 2021 to 2030 for a 1

Rotterdam Programme on Sustainability and Climate Change 2015-2018, http://www.rotterdamclimateinitiative.nl/documents/2016/ROT_Duurzaam_20152018_PlusProgrammaParijs_ENG_02_LR.pdf

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Case Study: Rotterdam, Netherlands

Anusree Nair, Ridhima Mehrotra, Sophie Rhoads

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

resilient Energy Union. It also targets to implement commitments under the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and European Parliament amending regulations.

The presence of National and European commission mandates has certainly pressurized Rotterdam to take drastic measures. This paper will focus on a few key criteria of Rotterdam’s plans, evaluate their efficacy and as needed, offer recommendations for further action based on contemporary plans from other cities.

Evaluative Criteria Preston et al. define climate adaptation as a process of social learning and notes that it is important to track the successes and failures of adaptation initiatives to develop a robust adaptive policy (2010). In their paper that establishes a methodology for evaluating local climate change action plans, Tang et al. note that “local climate change action planning is a complex process incorporating geographic, political, social and economic settings and is usually affected by many factors including jurisdiction framework, decision-makers’ values and experiences, information resources and awareness of alternatives” (2010). With that in mind, we narrowed down our list of criteria by which to evaluate Rotterdam’s plans based on key topics that are most relevant to the city.

1. Implementation Capacity: A plan can only be effective if an institution is able to carry out its implementation. A city’s capacity can be examined through its national and international mandates and political will (Tang, 2010). Although adaptation to sea-level rise is managed at the national level, Rotterdam has developed its own plans as well. Our evaluation will focus on Rotterdam’s municipal agenda and how it aligns with existing national and international goals.

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Case Study: Rotterdam, Netherlands

Anusree Nair, Ridhima Mehrotra, Sophie Rhoads

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Networking and Communication: The key to success for any climate change initiative is community participation and stakeholder engagement which together determine the city’s resilience. This active participation not only improves relationships between people but also encourages mutual involvement with the environment. It ensures building capacity, empowerment, encouraging collaboration and generating ownership (UN, 2015). The United Nations notes the importance of involving stakeholders across a variety of groups to encourage active involvement in the planning process (Guiding Principles, 2015). While evaluating the plan, Rotterdam's access as well as contribution to various tools and resources, knowledge learning and sharing would be determined on the basis of its local, national and international networks. The entire process would be evaluated for its transparency and constant public feedback.

3. Capital Wealth and Economic Development: The World Bank estimates that if they were implemented globally, resilience policies could save $100 billion per year (2017). For example, according to the Sustainable Innovation Forum, average global flood losses could increase to $52 billion by 2050 (2015). One potential response to rising sea level and climate change induced flooding could lie in the production of carbon-neutral, floating buildings which Rotterdam has already pioneered (Arup, 2014). Because economics is a crucial component in determining the scope and feasibility of climate change plans, successful cities will need to decide how to invest money to protect against the impact of climate change. Simultaneously, cities must analyze the cost effectiveness of any measures and take advantage of economic opportunities they provide.

Our evaluation will focus on how thoroughly Rotterdam’s plans address these issues.

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Case Study: Rotterdam, Netherlands

Anusree Nair, Ridhima Mehrotra, Sophie Rhoads

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Vulnerability: Assessing vulnerability to climate change impacts is important in making informed adaptation decisions. As per the IPCC, vulnerability is described as “The propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected” and “encompasses a variety of concepts and elements including sensitivity or susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity to cope and adapt” (2014).

According to the United Nations (2004) report vulnerability can be associated with the “physical impacts of climate change on geophysical systems, including floods, droughts, and sea level rise” or related to the socio-economic impacts that associates to communities and places that are affected by climate change impacts. Vulnerability assessment is an important first step in the development of adaptation and mitigation plans. As mentioned in the UCS 2015 report, socioeconomic vulnerability assessments “can help clarify which communities and places should be prioritized in national, state, and local efforts to build resilience to climate impacts”. In order to evaluate the Rotterdam climate action plan, we will consider whether the plan addresses current and future vulnerability to climate change impacts and whether a vulnerability assessment been done to identify susceptible populations.

5. Coastal Resilience: Rotterdam has a long tradition of “protecting itself against and living with water” and has been the deciding factor in shaping the development of “a modern and international port”. The basis of Rotterdam’s climate adaptation plan is that “Rotterdam continues to rely on current robust systems, which consist of storm surge barriers and dikes, of canals and lakes, outlets, sewers and pumping systems” at the same time adapting to make the city less vulnerable and resilient to climate change impacts (Rotterdam, 2013). Based on the literature review of the EPA Workbook for Developing Risk-Based Adaptation Plan (EPA 2014), given

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Case Study: Rotterdam, Netherlands

Anusree Nair, Ridhima Mehrotra, Sophie Rhoads

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Rotterdam’s concrete strategies for coastal resilience in the Rotterdam Climate Proof program we would like to evaluate its flexibility to adaptation as climate change is all about uncertainty.

6. Global Perspective: Cities occupy just two percent of land but account for up to 70% of all energy-related carbon dioxide emissions (UN-Habitat, 2015). “Dutch cities are the most ambitious aiming to be ‘carbon’, ‘climate’ or ‘energy neutral’ (100 % reduction target) by 2050 or earlier, though implementation strategies vary (Reckien et al., 2013). The RCI aims to reduce CO2 emissions by 50% by 2025. Rotterdam launched the Programme on Sustainability and Climate Change, which aims to make a healthy, green city running on clean energy by 2030. It also outlines strategies to be implemented within the period of 2015-2018. This criterion focuses on the programme’s greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory and its quantitative targets to reduce GHG emissions while examining its contribution to national and international reduction goals. It also reviews the extent of proposed urban emission reduction efforts and their cumulative contribution, other co-benefits to national and international reduction targets.

Evaluation A Selection of Key Goals and Indicators and their evaluation For the evaluation table on the following page, Rotterdam goals, policies and examples are mentioned in respect to the criteria and are evaluated simultaneously.

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2

3

4

-Climate Game for students; Right to Challenge Tools addressing the community Program; CityLab010 Program level have been developed and are -Opportunity Mapping, Feyenoord; Governance in progress. The tools on Lab Eur, Delfshaven corporation, Sharing through neighborhood level are open data Platform underdeveloped and wait for the -City level: 21st Century skills and young test of time. In December 2014, a leadership programs, expo 2025; International survey was conducted to gauge the Advisory Board and Resilience, City Makers Rotterdam public’s perception of Congress, We Society, The G1000 Citizen’s sustainability and to find out what summit. efforts they themselves make -International opportunities:100 Resilient Cities - towards achieving this goal. There pioneered by the Rockefeller Foundation, has been a consistent feedback Connecting Delta Cities (CDC), Clinton Climate from citizens on every action taken Initiative and C40 network, Rotterdam Centre for and with various stakeholders and Resilient Delta Cities (RDC) with DELTA city experts to scrutinize the details of app. 4 those actions.

Rotterdam addresses its networking in the following ways: -Self organization of Citizens: To engage and support community and private sector grassroots initiatives in the city. 2 -Neighborhood Oriented Governance. 4 -Rotterdam Network City: Networks of Government, Community, Institutions and Market to facilitate each other by cooperation and collaboration.4 -International tie ups and collaborations. 4

Networking and Communication

Rotterdam’s plans build upon efforts at the national and EU levels, despite the fact that the national government sets the tone for subsequent policies at the local level. Its initiatives enjoy both political will and civic support. In addition, Rotterdam’s plan advocates for lobbying and the acquisition of national and EU funds to assist with various city initiatives, including energy efficient housing.

Rotterdam is working on: -an adaptation strategy for Ho Chi Minh City and hosts dozens of international visitors to exchange knowledge.

-a pilot project with the national government to promote energy efficiency amongst small and medium sized businesses (SMEs).

-Rotterdam has outlined several policies for which it advocates on the European level, including biomass and a fair and function CO2 emissions trading system. 3

One of three main objectives from the RCI - “is presenting Rotterdam internationally as an innovative delta city”2.

- “Build up close bonds and maintain a dialogue with the central government and Brussels”3.

-Engaging foreign partners on sustainability topics.

Implementation Capacity

Evaluation

Rotterdam Policy/Program Indicators

Rotterdam Climate Change Initiative Strategies/Goals

Criteria

Case Study: Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Anusree Nair, Ridhima Mehrotra, Sophie Rhoads

Rotterdam Climate Proof Adaptation Programme, 2013 Rotterdam Programme on Sustainability and Climate Change 2015-2018 Rotterdam Resilience Strategy, 2017, Consultation Program

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Rotterdam Climate Change Initiative Strategies/Goals

Vulnerability

Rotterdam Policy/Program Indicators Evaluation

-Rotterdam has numerous green-blue It is estimated that over 3600 projects, including the Eendragtspolder jobs are related to climate district where water storage is change 2. There is even more combined with a rowing facility and potential to expand the number the floating pavilion in Rijnhaven. of employees in this sector as Rotterdam continues to -New port areas (Botlek, Europoort and implement its plan. While there - “The Port of Rotterdam remains the Maasvlakte) are constructed at high are clear goals for public safe and accessible.”2 elevations to protect against rising seas buildings and social housing, and lower the risk of flooding. the plans do not provide much -The Climate Adaptation Strategy detail about development and acknowledges that government -The City has built green playgrounds, developers, including zoning and the private sector are community gardens and community laws or government responsible for building resilient farms on unused plots and encouraging requirements for new buildings.

SMEs to improve energy efficiency in development (pervious surface their headquarters. 2 requirements, living architecture requirements and a graphic representation of growth management strategies).

Physical Vulnerability Vulnerability impacts: 2 Vulnerability assessments Assessment due to increase in Increase in rainfall: Many areas of address mainly the physical -rainfall (predicted flooding of Rotterdam built on low lying peat that impacts due to current and outer-dike Rotterdam in 2015 and is still settling and compacting, future climate changes with the 2100 (W+) 5 with a probability of increasing probability of flooding help of risk maps.

1 in 1,000 years), However, though the RCCAS is -drought (saltwater intrusion in Drought: Groundwater deficit, drying also based on two socio 2050 (W+ climate scenario), of subsoil leading to compacting and economic scenarios, in terms of -heat stress (risk map showing the settling, lower water tables, increased vulnerability assessment, not Urban Heat Island effect for 2050 saltwater intrusion, lower river levels much emphasis has been given with reference to vulnerable decrease navigable depths. in identifying the population population)6. most susceptible to climate Heat Stress: Urban Heat Island effect, change. the difference in temperature to be as high as 8°C.

Capital Wealth and - “Climate change adaptation will Economic Development create new, economic impulses in the city and strengthen the international image of Rotterdam as an ambitious and progressive delta city”2

Criteria

Case Study: Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Anusree Nair, Ridhima Mehrotra, Sophie Rhoads

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The Delta Programme uses the two extreme KNMI climate scenarios (G and W+) to determine the upper and lower limits for the rise in sea level and the normative river flow at Lobith. Based on the W+ scenario, the sea level will have risen by between 35 cm and 85 cm in 2100. Based on the G scenario, in 2100 the sea level will have risen by 15 cm to 35 cm. The G and W+ scenarios have been frequently used for analyzing flooding in the RCI. 6 Connecting Delta Cities Program, 2016

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-Rotterdam Centre for Resilient Delta Cities -Construction of the Waste2Chemicals plant.

-Paris Plus (Sustainability Program) -The Rotterdam Capture and Storage Demonstration Project (ROAD): to capture and store 1.1 million tonnes of CO2 per year -National Concrete Agreement: for sustainable procurement of materials purchased -Development of large solar parks -1 km2 sustainable roofscape city centre.

-Project Versnelling010: for energy, efficient housing

Rotterdam creates its footprint on a Global level in two ways: -By being a trendsetter for its delta technology and, -By contributing towards reducing emissions through its sustainable clean energy projects, although not a primary goal, to cater to both national and international climate objectives.

There is more ambitiousness to lead the world by turning to renewable energy sources and strengthening its economy. The budgets are in place but still require research on funding options4 to make many of these solutions viable.

Ongoing Projects 8:

- Turn Rotterdam into an inspiring example, bringing “global urban resilience revolution”. 4 - Adhere to Paris Climate agreement by intensely focusing on: wind, solar and biomass as a source of energy, generate 50 GWh of solar power by 2020; carbon capture and storage; Infrastructure Plan 9.

- Making Rotterdam a World Port City built on Clean and reliable energy; Reuse of industrial waste heat. 4 - Responding to COP21 climate commitments; Clean vehicle fleet. 3 - Development of clean-tech initiatives for the benefit of the bio-based and circular economy; generating more cross-border trade for Rotterdam-based businesses. 3

Global Perspective

Strategies 2: -Outer-dike flood protection -Inner-dike flood protection -Extreme Rainfall -Drought -High temperatures

Ongoing Projects: 7 The Rotterdam Climate Adaptation - Outer-dike flood protection: Key principle-Multi Strategy addresses all coastal Level flood protection e.g. Floating communities, resiliency measures in a way that it Differentiated structure for dry-proof construction is adaptable to future climate 20-40 years), Protective quay wall (65-90 years). changes as well. The flexibility of - Inner-dike flood protection: Optimizing the the plan is in the storm surge barriers, reinforcing primary dikes, interconnectedness of various addition of stretches of open water, e.g. measures, like the provision of Rotterdam dike reinforcement.

Blue Green Corridor or “The no - Extreme Rainfall: Capturing and retaining regrets measure”2, which provides rainwater where it falls and delaying drainage. adaptation not just to flooding or e.g. Benthemplein Water square extreme rainfall scenario but also - Drought: Increasing ‘space in the city’ by addresses consequences that may increasing infiltration capacity and capturing arise due to rise in temperature. water at the source, e.g. Blue Corridor - High temperatures: Increasing greenery in the city to reduce urban heat island effect.

Goals 2: -Water sensitive Rotterdam - a flood-proof city -Cyber proof water system -Adaptive waterfront development

Coastal Resilience

Evaluation

Rotterdam Policy/Program Indicators

Rotterdam Climate Change Initiative Strategies/Goals

Criteria

Case Study: Rotterdam, Netherlands

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Anusree Nair, Ridhima Mehrotra, Sophie Rhoads

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Case Study: Rotterdam, Netherlands

Anusree Nair, Ridhima Mehrotra, Sophie Rhoads

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion At present the climate initiative contains all the typical contents required for stand-alone, citylevel climate action plan. From an economic development perspective, Rotterdam’s plans capitalize on combining mitigation with economic and social benefits. Projects initiated by the city create not only beautiful and useful public areas, like the Benthemplein water square, but they also create blue-green jobs. Climate adaptation has been successful in promoting sustainable development and also in strengthening social ties. They benefit Rotterdam locally, but influence cities globally to wake up and combat climate change. They have inspired other nations by offering to share with them its scientific knowledge, robust solutions and inclusive and integrated policies through their healthy collaboration and networking. Rotterdam has also identified the importance of protecting its largest infrastructure to assure economic stability, which impacts not just the Netherlands but much of Europe. There is a strong emphasis on adaptation strategies and a focus on the port’s sustainable development and not just the city itself. Although being a precursor of change, most of the initiatives and economic development processes are at a nascent stage hence it is too early to say if they have emerged completely successful. However, it surely looks that they have a great capacity to be triumphant due to the attitude, engagement and enthusiasm of Rotterdam’s people and its forward-thinking ideas.

Recommendations In the future, Rotterdam must continue to be a global leader in climate change policy and should take an even larger active role in exchanging ideas with the international community. In 7

All adaptation strategies and online projects could be find here: http://www.rotterdamclimateinitiative.nl/uk/file/climate-adaptation/projects-climate-adaptation 8 All ongoing projects could be reached here: http://www.rotterdamclimateinitiative.nl/uk/city/ongoing-projects 9 PLUS Programme on Sustainability and Climate Change. Rotterdam Programme on Sustainability and Climate Change 2015-2018, Rotterdam.

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Case Study: Rotterdam, Netherlands

Anusree Nair, Ridhima Mehrotra, Sophie Rhoads

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

particular, Rotterdam and its businesses could share their expertise with countries seeking to adapt their economies to provide more blue-green jobs. Although the adaptation strategy plans were mostly focused on opportunities, it is also necessary to identify constraints to make better informed adaptation decisions. This focus on opportunities may be why the plans’ emphasis seemed more on future physical changes than on socio-economic changes. Rotterdam already has a strong monitoring system to record its progress and development on GHG reductions and sustainability programs with yearly publications in place. More research on evaluating plans reflecting comparative scenarios and policy analysis of different EU cities could be undertaken to better understand Rotterdam’s position on a global level.

Works Cited (in APA format) Arup. (2014, April). Cities Alive: Rethinking green infrastructure. Retrieved January 15, 2017 from http://publications.arup.com/~/media/Publications/Files/Publications/C/Cities_Alive_booklet.ashx

Birkmann, J., Garschagen, M., Kraas, F., & Quang, N. (2010). Adaptive urban governance: new challenges for the second generation of urban adaptation strategies to climate change.

Sustainability Science, 5(2), 185-206. doi:10.1007/s11625-010-0111-3 City of Rotterdam, Leene Communicatie, IN10, AECOM, & Leene Communicatie. (2016, May 19). Rotterdam Resilience Strategy. Rotterdam, Netherlands: City of Rotterdam. Retrieved January 14, 2017, from http://www.100resilientcities.org/blog/entry/rotterdams-resiliencestrategy#/-_/ City of Rotterdam. (2015). Making sustainability a way of life. Rotterdam Programme on Sustainability and Climate Change 2015-2018. Retrieved from

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Case Study: Rotterdam, Netherlands

Anusree Nair, Ridhima Mehrotra, Sophie Rhoads

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

http://www.rotterdamclimateinitiative.nl/documents/2015-enouder/Documenten/Rotterdam%20Programme%20on%20Sustainaibilty%20and%20Climate%20 Change%202015-2018.pdf DELTA. (2016, May). CONNECTING WATER WITH OPPORTUNITIES. Rotterdam Climate Initiative. Rotterdam: City of Rotterdam.

EPA. (2014). Being Prepared for Climate Change. EPA Office of Water. EPA. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/cre/being-prepared-climate-change-workbook-developing-risk-basedadaptation-plans European Commission. (2016). Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL. Brussels, Belgium. Retrieved from EUROPEAN Commision: https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2016/EN/1-2016-482-EN-F1-1.PDF Gallucci, M. (2013, June 20). 6 of the World's Most Extensive Climate Adaptation Plans.

Retrieved January 15, 2017, from https://insideclimatenews.org/news/20130620/6-worlds-mostextensive-climate-adaptation-plans IPCC 2014, Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability fifth assessment report, Retrieved January 20, 2017,from https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/ Netherlands, G. o. (2013). Climate Agenda: Resilient, Prosperous and Green. Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment.

Preston, Benjamin L and R. M. (2011, April). Climate adaptation planning in practice: an evaluation of adaptation plans from three developed nations. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 16(4), 407-438. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11027-010-9270-x 12 | LARC 689B | Climate Change Planning, Design, and Communication | Winter 2017

Case Study: Rotterdam, Netherlands

Anusree Nair, Ridhima Mehrotra, Sophie Rhoads

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Reckien. (2013). Climate change response in Europe: what’s the reality? Analysis of adaptation and mitigation plans from 200 urban areas in 11 countries. Rotterdam: Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 Resilient cities and climate adaptation startegies,Connecting Delta Cities, Retrieved January 22 2017, http://www.deltacities.com/documents/CDC_volume_3_Resilient_Cities_and_Climate_Adaptati on_Strategies.pdf Rotterdam Climate Proof Adaptation Programme. (2013). Retrieved January 15, 2017, from http://www.rotterdamclimateinitiative.nl/documents/2015-enouder/Documenten/ROTTERDAM%20CLIMATE%20PROOF%20ADAPTATION%20PROGR AMME%202013.pdf Rotterdam, C. o. (2015). Making sustainability a way of life. Rotterdam Programme on Sustainability and Climate Change 2015-2018. Retrieved from http://www.rotterdamclimateinitiative.nl/documents/2015-enouder/Documenten/Rotterdam%20Programme%20on%20Sustainaibilty%20and%20Climate%20 Change%202015-2018.pdf Rotterdam, C. o. (2016, June). PLUS Programme on Sustainability and Climate Change.

Rotterdam Programme on Sustainability and Climate Change 2015-2018 . Rotterdam, Netherlands. Retrieved January 10, 2017, from http://www.rotterdamclimateinitiative.nl/documents/2016/ROT_Duurzaam_20152018_PlusProgrammaParijs_ENG_02_LR.pdf

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Case Study: Rotterdam, Netherlands

Anusree Nair, Ridhima Mehrotra, Sophie Rhoads

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Sustainable Innovation Forum (2015, August 17). Sustainable Cities for Climate Action: An Infographic. Retrieved January 15, 2017 from http://www.cop21paris.org/knowledgecentre/infographics/sustainable-cities-for-climate-action-an-infographic UCS 2015, Surviving and Thriving in the Face of Rising Seas: Building Resilience for Communities on the Front Lines of Climate Change, Retrieved Jan 20,2017 from http://www.ucsusa.org/global-warming/prepare-impacts/communities-on-front-lines-of-climatechange-sea-level-rise#.WIUEnfkrLIU United Nations (2004) Living with risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives.

Geneva: United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. Retrieved January 17,2017, from http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/657 United Nations Human Settlement Programme (UN-Habitat). Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning (2015). Retrieved January 17, 2017 from http://unhabitat.org/books/guiding-principles-for-climate-city-planning-action/ World Bank Group. (2017). Unbreakable. Retrieved January 17, 2017, from https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/files/publication/Unbreakable_FullBook_Web-3.pdf Zhenghong Tang, S. D. (2010). Moving from agenda to action: evaluating local climate change action plans. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 53(1), 41-62. Retrieved January 17, 2017 from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09640560903399772

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