Invisible Infrastructure: Integrating Pollinators into Urban Sites by riosimagines

Invisible Infrastructure Integrating Pollinators into Urban Sites

Invisible Infrastructure

RESEARCH TEAM Elisa Read, Horticulture Specialist Jason Shinoda, Senior Project Designer Ruth Siegel, Project Director Brent Jacobsen, Studio Director Linpei Cheng, Landscape Intern Tamar Cotler, Landscape Designer Eliza Gutierrez-Dewar, GIS Specialist James Lively, Project Director Andrés Quinche, Landscape Designer Lu Yu, Landscape Designer ADVISORY COMMITTEE Naseema Asif, Studio Director Nate Cormier, Studio Director Peter Emerson, Studio Director Melanie Freeland, Studio Director Erin Gehle, Senior Director Greg Kochanowski, Studio Director Amanda Sigafoos, Director First published in 2020 by RIOS ©2020 Rios Clementi Hale Studios 3101 West Exposition Place Los Angeles, California 90018 www.rios.com All Rights Reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or stored in any manner without prior written permission of RIOS Book Design by Carissa Gerzeny Main text and captions are set in Graphik, designed by Christian Schwartz. Titles are set in Grafier, designed by Alex Slobzheninov.

Invisible Infrastructure

This research was funded by the RIOS Annual Research Initiative to investigate emerging ideas in design practice

Our Mission Introduction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

01. Why Pollinators?................................ 11 02. Designing for Pollinators.................. 17 Thinking like a Pollinator. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meet the Pollinators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design Principals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plant Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pollinator Seasonality. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pollinator Bloom Cycles.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18 20 22 24 28 30

03. Exploring Habitat Corridor Opportunities........................... 35 Why Study Corridors?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Why The Expo Corridor?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Connectivity Opportunities.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opportunities: RCH Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36 38 40 42

04. RIOS Expo Yard Applications..................................... 50 Expo Yard Landscape Lab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soil as Invisible Infrastructure.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soils Lab.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seed Mixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46 48 50 54 58

05. Pollinator Structures Design Competition................................. 65 Design Entries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 A Vision for Expo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 A Broader Vision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

06. RIOS Project Applications...... ........................... 87

M I SS I O N

“When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe.” John Muir

Incredibly, one of the most consequential wild urban interfaces in our built environment is nearly invisible. Nearly 75-95% of all flowering plants rely on the work of pollinators — including bees, bats, beetles, butterflies, flies, moths, and birds. Without pollinators, our agricultural economies, food supply, and surrounding habitats would collapse. Habitat fragmentation, pollution, chemical use, and climate change all contribute to diminishing populations of pollinators, due to loss of feeding and nesting habitats. As we holistically consider how our designs impact the built environment, we are mindful of this often invisible context and the opportunity for design to positively impact ecological health. We believe there is an urgent need to enhance, connect, and create the “hidden” infrastructure needed to support a robust urban ecology, which in turn, can satisfy an innate human need for a connection to the wildness and delight of nature in the city.

Bombus californicus (California Bumblebee) feeding on Callisteja affinis (Indian Paintbrush)

Why Pollinators?

LEFT: Papilio rutulus (Western Tiger Swallowtail) feeding on thistle

Studies by entomologists around the globe within the past decade have been pointing to an alarming trend â&#x20AC;&#x201D; insect populations, and in particular native bee populations, are in rapid decline. 1. T H R E AT E N E D AG R I C U LT U R A L SYST E M S

At least a third of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s total crop production is reliant on the work of pollinators. Insects serve as a key indicator of the health and biodiversity of our ecosystem. Mostly unnoticed by us, pollinators are working hard to sustain our ecosystems and food supply. Pollinators are responsible for the reproduction of up to 90% of all flowering plants in the world. Research suggests an estimated 40% of insect species are threatened with extinction in the next several decades.

University of California Santa Cruz farm rows is an organically certified test garden since 1990. Its practices align with regenerative agriculture.

The rooftop of the parking structure at ROW DTLA by RIOS features a garden that cascades down the building facade.

2. U R BA N EC O LO G I CA L H E A LT H

An increasingly urbanized world demands our cities to be active contributors to the restoration of habitat and natural systems. Today, more than half of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population lives in urban settings, and that proportion is projected to increase to more than two-thirds by 2050. Habitat fragmentation and monocultural planting practices have contributed to an oversimplification of ecological systems and a loss of biodiversity. Increased urbanization and sprawl have led to further habitat fragmentation within and surrounding cities. Coupled with regulations that limit urban planting palettes, these practices have contributed to an oversimplification of our urban ecological systems and a significant loss of biodiversity within our cities. The designed urban infrastructural landscape â&#x20AC;&#x201C; especially our streets, highways, rail corridors, parkways, front yards, and other interstitial spaces â&#x20AC;&#x201C; must be seen as multi-functional opportunities to pro-actively improve the ecological health of our cities.

The Park, a 7-acre office park in San Diegoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Sorrento Valley, creates a biophilic work/play campus environment.

3. B I O P H I L I A

A holistic biophilic design should consider the interconnected and symbiotic nature of ecological systems of which humans are a part. Environmental psychology studies show a tangible and measurable link between human exposure and access to nature, creating a generally positive impact on wellness, productivity, and creativity especially in workplaces and educational facilities. Increased ecological habitat would not only have a beneficial impact to the pollinator species and natural systems, but would have a cobenefit of improving mental health in our cities.

4. B U I L D I N G A N EC O LO GY

As designers and builders of our cities, we recognize the need to integrate the ecological needs of the natural world with the built environment has never been greater. The good news is that current development opportunities in our cities are awash with potential to re-establish habitat that has been disrupted through development. As landscape architects, architects, urban planners, and designers, we have the tools necessary to reverse the trend of habitat and biodiversity loss and to create â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;invisibleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; ecological infrastructures that contribute positively to the natural world. Fundamentally, we need to move beyond a distinction between nature and the city, urban and wild. The wild/ urban interface is not limited to the urban periphery â&#x20AC;&#x201C; it is inextricably woven throughout our built environments, and we can be active participants in its preservation and enhancement.

Designing for Pollinators

LEFT: "Green Billboard" by RIOS for IAC, West Hollywood, CA.

Pollinators have very specific but easily achievable requirements for attraction and survival. Designing for habitat should begin in the initial site analysis phase of design, identifying what ecological systems and habitats are interconnected with a project site. Once a project's context has been established, target species and habitat creation goals should be identified. The following pages outline general guidelines and resources for designing for pollinators at the site specific scale.

Thinking Like a Pollinator Food and habitat are required to sustain the life of pollinators. Creating pollinator habitats does not only mean planting the right species, it also requires creating similar conditions to those found in native habitats, especially near areas of food production. Many pollinators have an exceedingly wide-range of traveling potential, from a couple hundred feet to the ability to fly thousands of miles across continents. Identifying sites that can improve connectivity along habitat corridors can allow pollinators to migrate between areas for food sources. At the site-specific scale, choices that allow a more layered and unmanicured quality in the landscape provide the best conditions for pollinator species.

RIGHT: Fiery skipper (Hylephila phyleus) on Golden Dewdrop (Duranta erecta)

Meet the Pollinators BEES

Bees are well-documented pollinators of both natural and agricultural systems. While the ubiquitous European honeybee (Apis mellifera) is widely relied upon for mono cultural industrial scale agriculture, there are nearly 4,000 other species of native ground- and twig-nesting bees in the United States alone which are essential to maintaining the biodiversity of our local ecosystems, many of which are endangered. While useful, overreliance on the European honeybee has unfortunately contributed to the oversimplification and increased vulnerability of our ecosystems, and as such, more work needs to be done to support habitat for the thousands of other native bee species. BUTTERFLIES

A diverse group of butterflies are present in garden areas and woodland edges that provide bright flowers, water resources, and specific host plants. Wet mud areas provide butterflies with both the moisture and minerals they need to stay healthy. BEETLES Plants pollinated by beetles tend to be large, strong scented flowers with their sexual organs exposed. They are known to pollinate magnolia, sweetshrub, paw paw, and yellow pond lilies. However, they tend to damage plant parts through eating them, and therefore, beetles are not as efficient as other pollinators.

M OT H S

Moths also play a role in pollination. They are attracted to flowers that are strongly sweet smelling and open in late afternoon or night. Butterflies are typically active during the day, while moths are active at night. FLIES

Flies primarily pollinate small flowers that bloom under shade and in seasonally moist habitats. Plants pollinated by flies include the American pawpaw, dead horse arun lily, skunk cabbage, goldenrod, and members of the carrot family such as Queen Anneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lace. B I R DS

Hummingbirds are the primary birds that play a role in pollination in North America. Bright colored tubular flowers attract hummingbirds to gardens, especially those colored in red, orange, and pink. Pale colors like white and yellow are less attractive to them. BATS

Bats play an important role in pollination primarily in the American Southwest, where they feed on agave and cactus.

Design Principles A holistic biophilic design should consider the interconnected and symbiotic nature of ecological systems of which humans are a part. I D E N T I F Y TA RG E T S P EC I E S

P L A N T I N G RO U PS

Identify if specific pollinators will be your target species. Native plants are best for native pollinators because they often require specific plants for survival. Non-native plants can support populations of non-native pollinators (such as the European Honeybee), however these species can often outcompete native pollinators.

Grouping like-kinds of plants increases pollination efficiency. If a pollinator can visit the same type of flower repeatedly, it doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have to relearn how to enter the flower and transfer pollen to the same species, instead of squandering the pollen on unreceptive flowers. Think of plant groups as communities of interrelated compatible species.

C O N S I D E R L I F E S PA N

SO U RC E O RGA N I C STO C K

It is critical to provide for food sources and shelter for the entire lifespan of pollinator species, including the crucial larval stage. Choose host plants that will provide food sources for larvae, critical for butterflies and moths.

When possible, use only organically grown plants grown in chemical-free environments. Harmful pesticides used in commercial nurseries can be transferred to the planting site and can prove detrimental to the health of the target species.

P L A N FO R D I V E RS I T Y

E X P OS E D SO I L

Create a diverse selection of plants that will support a diverse habitat, paying careful attention to the availability of ample sources of pollen and nectar across the entire growing season.

Leave areas of soil uncovered to provide ground nesting insects easy access to underground tunnels. Avoid the use of mulch to allow direct access.

C R E AT E A CA N O PY

Canopy is important in securing the safety of the pollinator habitat. Incorporate different canopy layers in the landscape by planting trees, shrubs, and different-sized perennial plants. Planting in groups helps create a continuous canopy under which pollinators can move safely, protected from predators. E L I M I N AT E P E ST I C I D E S

One of the most crucial steps for ensuring sufficient food for pollinator species is minimizing or eliminating the use of pesticides. These chemicals create harmful environments for pollinators and can ruin an otherwise suitable pollinator habitat. D I STA N C E

Pollinators have an exceedingly wide-range of traveling potential, from a few hundred feet to crosscontinent travel. Connections among habitats protect native pollinators by allowing them to

move to better conditions or to avoid threats such as pesticide application. P ROV I D E S H E LT E R

Structures such as bee boxes encourage solitary, non-aggressive bees to nest on your property. P ROV I D E WAT E R

Clay puddles act as a breeding ground for many pollinators and are a key type of habitat. A healthy pollinator habitat also requires access to a water source. Natural and human-made water features such as running water, pools, ponds, and small containers of water provide drinking and bathing opportunities for pollinators. Ensure the water sources have a shallow or sloping side so the pollinators can easily approach the water without drowning.

Plant Selection Selecting appropriate plants for your site is critical. The following resources are a great place to start to design plant palettes for specific sites and specific pollinators: T H E P O L L I N ATO R PA RT N E RS H I P

20 1 8 C I T Y O F LOS A N G E L E S

pollinator.org

B I O D I V E RS I T Y R E P O RT

lacitysan.org C O M P R E H E N S I V E P L A N T L I STS FO R E V E RY U.S. EC O R EG I O N :

pollinator.org/guides

U S DA N AT U R A L R E SO U RC E S C O N S E RVAT I O N S E RV I C E

www.plants.usda.gov T H E X E RC E S SO C I E T Y FO R I N V E RT E B R AT E C O N S E RVAT I O N

T H E T H EO D O R E PAY N E

xerces.org

FO U N DAT I O N

theodorepayne.org T H E U R BA N W I L D L A N DS G RO U P

urbanwildlands.org

T H E L A DY B I R D FO U N DAT I O N

theladybirdfoundation.org T H E P O L L I N ATO R PAT H WAY P ROJ ECT

pollinatorpathway.com

RIGHT: Sample Planting Plan templates Following are sample planting plan templates for a native California Coastal Sage Scrub pollinator plant palette.

Full Sun/Part Shade

Full Sun

Typical 10'x10' planting template for expansive field condition application.

Typical 15'x5' planting template for narrow linear hedgerow condition application.

Achillea millefolium var. californica / Yarrow

Acmispon glaber / Deerweed

Achillea millefolium var. californica / Pink Yarrow

Delphinium cardinale / Scarlet Larkspur

Erigeron glaucus / Seaside Fleabane

Encelia californica / Bush Sunflower

Melica californica / California Melic

Epilobium canum / California Fuchsia

Monardella villosa / Coyote Mint

Eschsholzia californica / California Poppy

Monardella macrantha / Red Monardella

Monardella villosa / Red Monardella

Penstemon centranthifolius / Scarlet Bugler

Nassella pulchra / Purple NeedleGrass

Ranunculus californicus / California Buttercup

Salvia leucophylla / Purple Safe

Salvia pachyphylla / Blue sage Sisyrinchium bellum / Blue Eyed Grass Solidago velutina / Threenerve Goldenrod

Salvia spathacea / Hummingbird Sage Solidago velutina / Threenerve Goldenrod

Planting Key

Full Sun/Part Shade Botanical Name

Common Name

Water

Sun

Ever/Decid/Pere

Ht.

Erigeron glaucus

Seaside Fleabane

S/PS

Evergreen

1’

2’

Ranunculus californicus

California Buttercup

S/PS

Evergreen

1’

6”

Salvia pachyphylla

Blue sage

S/PS

Evergreen

2’

Sisyrinchium bellum

Blue Eyed Grass

S/PS

Summer semi-deciduous

1’

3’

Penstemon centranthifolius

Scarlet Bugler

S/PS

Summer deciduous

4’

1’

Achillea millefolium var. californica

Yarrow

S/PS

Evergreen

2’

1’

Achillea millefolium

Pink Yarrow

S/PS

Evergreen

2’

1’

Melica californica

California Melic

S/PS

Evergreen

1-4’

1’

Monardella villosa

Coyote Mint

S/PS

Summer semi-deciduous

2’

3’

Monardella macrantha

Red Monardella

S/PS

Evergreen

1’

2’

Solidago velutina

Threenerve Goldenrod

S/PS

Winter deciduous

3’

1’

Salvia spathacea

Hummingbird Sage

S/PS

Evergreen

1’

3’

Encelia californica

Bush Sunflower

S/PS

semi-summer deciduous

3’

4’

Eschscholzia californica

California Poppy

Summer deciduous

12-18”

1’

Nassella pulchra

Purple NeedleGrass

Evergreen

3.3’

1.5’

Acmispon glaber

Deerweed

Evergreen

3’

Delphinium cardinale

Scarlet Larkspur

S/PS

Summer deciduous

3-6’

1’

Salvia leucophylla

Purple Sage

Summer semi-deciduous

2-5’

5’

Monardella macrantha

Red Monardella

S/PS

Evergreen

1’

2’

Solidago velutina

Threenerve Goldenrod

S/PS

Winter deciduous

3’

1’

Epilobium canum

California Fuchsia

Winter Semi-deciduous

0.25-1.5’

2’

Full Sun

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUNE

JULY

AUG

SEPT

OCT

NOV

DEC

Pollinators Butterflies,Bees Bees Hummingbirds, bees, butterflies Butterflies Hummingbirds Bees, flies, beetles Bees, flies, beetles Butterflies Hummingbirds, butterflies Hummingbirds, butterflies Bees, beetles, butterflies

Hummingbirds, bees, butterflies Hummingbirds, bees, butterflies Bees, Butterflies Butterflies Beetles, bees Hummingbirds, bees Hummingbirds, bees, butterflies Hummingbirds, butterflies Bees, beetles, butterflies Hummingbirds, butterflies

SA M P L E P L A N T PA L E T T E S

The sample plant palettes on this page were developed for full sun/part shade and full sun conditions to support native California Coastal Sage Scrub pollinator habitat.

Januar y

Dece mbe r

Aquilegia formosa / Western Columbine Baccharis pilularis 'Twin Peaks'/ Dwarf Coyote Bush Carex obnupta / Coast Sedge Corethrogyne filaginifolia / California Aster delphinium cardinale / Scarlet Larkspur Deschampsia cespitosa / Tufted Hairgrass Diplacus aurantiacus / Orange Sticky Monkey Flower Epilobium canum / California Fuchsia Eschscholzia californica / California Poppy Heteromeles arbutifolia / Toyon Lupinus albifrons / Silver Lupine Mimulus aurantiacus / Bush Monkey Flower Monardella villosa / Coyote Mint Monardella macrantha / Red Monardella Origanum vulgare / Oregano paeonia californica / California Peony penstemon centranthifolius / Scarlet Bugler Potentilla glandulosa / Sticky Cinquefoil Rosmarinus officinalis / Rosemary Salvia leucophylla / Purple Sage Salvia spathacea / Hummingbird Sage silene laciniata / Cardinal Catchfly Sisyrinchium bellum / Blue Eyed Grass Solidago velutina / Threenerve Goldenrod

January

Feb ru ar

r be to

May

ber Novem

April

ber December vem No

rch Ma ne

August Se pte mb er

er tob

July

Sep tem be

July August

rch Ma

April

May

ne Ju

Fe br ua r

Pollinator Seasonality The calendar format of this diagram indicates color, bloom periods, and the type of pollinator attracted to each species in the palette. This diagram was created to help illustrate a plant palette developed for a proposed landscape supporting native California Coastal Sage Scrub pollinator habitat in San Francisco.

January

Decem ber

Janua ry

Fe br u

y ar

July

August S e pte mb er

r be to

e un

Ma y

mber Nove

April

ember December Nov er b cto

rch Ma

Sep tem be r

August

Feb rua ry

rch Ma

April May

Pollinator Bloom Cycles

Ju n

This diagram isolates the bloom periods of each pollinator species proposed for a native California Coastal Sage Scrub pollinator habitat landscape to highlight the colors and overlaps in bloom periods of the plant palette.

e Jul

Acmon blue butterfly (Plebejus acmon) on California Buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum)

Exploring Habitat Corridor Opportunities

LA Metro Expo Line at the RIOS Yard

Corridors enable connectivity within the built and natural environment. In ecological terms, a wildlife corridor is a linkage of wildlife habitat, often a sliver of vegetation, which allows movement between two or more larger areas of habitat. Natural corridors can include rivers, valleys, and canyons. Allowing for movement is critical for the maintenance of ecological processes and the continuation of viable wildlife populations.

Why study corridors? In urban areas, built corridors come in a range of forms â&#x20AC;&#x201D; streets, utility right of ways, and rail corridors â&#x20AC;&#x201D; providing critical infrastructure for cities such as transportation and energy. These existing linear urban infrastructure networks which criss-cross the metropolitan landscape pose as perfect opportunities to double-function as wildlife corridors linking fragmented habitats within and surrounding urban areas. Approximately 60 million acres of land in the United States is dedicated to utility right-of-ways and rail corridors, creating an enormous untapped land area potential for wildlife and pollinator habitat. This research focuses on a public transit corridor, the Expo Line, which transects a wide range of urban and natural conditions, including the historic Ballona Creek watershed. Future studies are planned to explore the potential for utilities and streetscapes as effective urban corridors.

Los Angeles River

Deervale/Stone Canyon Park

R eles Ang

Hollywood Reservoir

iver

Santa Monica Mountains

Runyon Canyon Park

Beverly Glen Park

Silverlake Reservoir

nic Ve

Mar Vista

Culver City

Normandie Ave.

Western Ave.

Arlington Ave. d. Blv aw

Olympic Blvd.

nsh

Pico Blvd. Venice Blvd. Washington Blvd.

. l vd

Fox Hills

Pico Union

USC

Obama Blvd.

Baldwin Hills

Baldwin Hills Scenic Overlook

k ee Cr

Playa del Rey

Exposition Blvd.

Crenshaw/ Leimert Park

Martin Luther King Blvd.

Natural History Museum/ Exposition Park

Vermont Harbor South LA I-110

a on all

Blvd

I-10

Inglewood Oil Field

l ve Cu

Marina del Rey

Downtown Los Angeles

Wilshire Blvd.

Jefferson d.

Blvd.

I-9

nte

Mid-City

Kenneth Hahn State Recreation Area

Washington

Vice

Western Ave.

Santa Monica

S an

C re

Cheviot Hills

Palms

Venice

Macarthur Park

Rancho Park

I-10

Larchmont Blvd

Highland Ave

l vd

La Brea Ave.

Fairfax Ave.

Crenshaw Blvd.

I -4

West L.A.

Robertson Blvd

La Cienega Blvd

West Hollywood

Vermont Ave.

Stone Canyon Reservoir

Los

Griffith Park

Coldwater Canyon / Franklin Canyon Parks

Westchester

0 0.5 1mi

2mi

Annotations RIOS

Data Sources: LA County Dept. of Regional Planning

Expo Line Expo Stops River/Creek

0 0.5 1mi

City Boundary Ballona Creek

Former Wetland Meadow

Open Spaces

Former Vernal Pool

2mi

Why the Expo Corridor? The Expo Line in Los Angeles is one of the newest transportation corridors in the city, providing mass transit and bike linkages between Downtown Los Angeles and Santa Monica. It is a case-study for corridor optimization related to increased urban density and growth of transportation infrastructure. Los Angeles, like other cities throughout the country, is investing millions of dollars into building out an effective light rail system that will bolster the effectiveness of the Expo Line and also create more transportation and potential wildlife corridors within the city.

Annotations RCH Studios Expo Line River/Creek

La Cienega Blvd

Open Spaces Residential Lots Educational Institutions Development Projects Underway (known as of 2019)

n Sa

c ni

l vd

Santa Monica

B lv

ek re

ic e

n Ve

na lo l a

Additionally, The Expo Line is experiencing a development pattern similar to other light rail lines across the country with increased development, density, and property values clustering around the new stations with the city. We see this as an important test case for how to leverage the connectivity the corridor provides while attempting to mitigate the intensification of urbanization these corridors produce.

Vermont Ave.

Normandie Ave.

Western Ave.

Arlington Ave.

Larchmont Blvd d.

Highland Ave

Fairfax Ave.

La Brea Ave.

10 1

Downtown Los Angeles

B lv

Wilshire Blvd.

Olympic Blvd.

nsh

Pico Blvd.

C re

Venice Blvd. Washington Blvd.

I-10

Baldwin Hills

Data Sources: LA County Dept. of Regional Planning

RIOS 110

0 0.5 1mi 39

2mi

Connectivity Opportunities As part of our research, we studied the opportunities inherent the Expo Line Corridor and its adjoining land uses to augment and enhance connectivity through overlay mapping and analysis. The results also provide an opportunity to consider how our current and future

- Annotations Legend - annotation in InDesign - Caption describing the map - Sources for the map RIOS

Expo Line

River/Creek

Vacant Properties

Distance to Open Space High: 3,000 ft

n Sa

a ic

La Cienega Blvd

Open Spaces

Pollinator Gap

Low: 0 ft

Santa Monica

l vd

nic Ve

n llo

ek re C a

project work could further connectivity in the area in a series of linked investigations and efforts to build pollinator infrastructure through different program and project types.

Vermont Ave.

Normandie Ave.

Western Ave.

Arlington Ave.

Larchmont Blvd

Highland Ave

La Brea Ave.

Fairfax Ave.

10 1

Wilshire Blvd. Olympic Blvd.

Downtown Los Angeles

Pico Blvd.

I-10

Pollinator Gap

C re

nsh

B lv

Venice Blvd. Washington Blvd.

Baldwin Hills

Data Sources: LA County Dept. of Regional Planning

RIOS

0.5 1mi

0 0.5 1mi 2mi 41

2mi

Opportunities: RIOS Projects As part of the research, the team studied the opportunities inherent to the Expo Line and its adjoining land uses in order to augment and enhance connectivity through overlay mapping and analysis. The results also provide an opportunity to consider how RIOSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; current

Annotations - Legend - annotation in InDesign - Caption describing the map - Sources for the map RIOS

Expo Line

River/Creek

Open Spaces

Vacant Properties

Distance to Open Space High: 3,000 ft

n Sa

a ic

Low: 0 ft

Pollinator Gap

13 19 10 11

Santa Monica

l vd

ek re C a

n llo

18 17

nic Ve

and future project work could further connectivity in the area by intentionally linking project investigations with efforts to build pollinator infrastructure via different program and project types.

01 South Grand Park

11 Ellison

02 South Park Highrise

12 Third Street Promenade

03 South Park BID

13 Bellwood

04 3101 West Exposition

14 Century Plaza

05 3450 West 43rd Street

15 Guthrie

06 SteelHouse

16 Milkhouse

07 9450 Jefferson

17 Bradmore

08 G+K HQ

18 Great 8

09 Santa Monica Airport

19 WSP

Downtown Los Angeles

10 METC

C re

nsh

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Pollinator Gap

16 Baldwin Hills

04 05 Data Sources: LA County Dept. of Regional Planning

RIOS

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4 RIOS Expo Yard Applications

LEFT: The Expo yard at RIOS

Expo Yard Landscape Lab Recognizing that our studio's location could actively contribute to improving ecological connectivity along the Expo Line corridor, we turned our attention to our own back yard. Our back yard along the rail tracks, a more or less a vacant patch of degraded soil, provided ample opportunity for exploration. We took advantage

of the yardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s derelict condition as an opportunity to create a living laboratory where we could test different ways to build the foundations for a healthy ecology for pollinators and other species which could be applied to urban, underutilized sites such as ours.

BELOW: RIOS Expo Yard

Soil as Invisible Infrastructure We began with soil. As the foundation of basic ecosystem function and plant survival, soils act as a growing medium, provides essential nutrients for plant life, and creates a habitat for billions of organisms. It also holds most of the antibiotics used to fight diseases and it filters and holds water, thereby regulating atmospheric temperature. Like all living organisms, soil is carbon based. By building healthy soil we capture CO2 carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, a new concept for the reversal of current global trends of atmospheric CO2 accumulation. Soil functions as another form of "invisible infrastructure" which is critical to the survival of our ecosystems. We were particularly interested in the intricate relationship between plant health, water conservation, and healthy soil. Healthy living soil is the result of a symbiotic relationship between plant roots, decaying organic matter, living microorganisms, mycorrhizae, fungi, and many other factors that we are just beginning to discover.

Our site consisted of compacted, bare ground depleted of organic matter. The only existing planting to speak of was a row of Dietes iridioides (Fortnight lily) lining the fence owned by LA Metro along the perimeter of our site. Following our city's Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance (MWELO) code, we performed a soils management report which focuses on reducing runoff and improving healthy plant growth. The report further confirmed that the soil had been depleted of organic matter and was low in fertility overall. In order to rebuild a healthy, living soil medium, we created three planting test beds, each with different soil treatments to explore which treatments would perform the best.

Soils Lab The prescribed treatment for the existing soil was to add organic matter and potassium sulfate, which are essential nutrients for plant growth. We amended three planting beds as follows: SO I L A

SO I L C

Received the soil lab per code prescribed treatment. Seed germination and water retention improved in comparison to the native untreated soil.

We added gypsum pellets, a standard practice for our native, clay-based soils. We were able to see that this increased drainage. The soil texture was less satisfying than soil bed B, but better than soil bed A. Plants, however, responded to grow more quickly after germination and before maturity.

SO I L B

We implemented a regenerative gardening practice by adding organic matter with worm castings creating an enhanced soil texture as well as softer and richer dark soil. Plants germinated more rapidly in this plot.

P L A N : E X P O YA R D SO I LS L A B T E ST P LOTS Degnan Boulevard

Pollinator Mix

Metro Expo Line

Species Rich Grass Mix

RIOS Office

Native Shrubs Untreated Soil

Soil foundation at RIOS' Expo yard

Seed Mixes Next came the consideration of what to plant. We set out to create two types of seed mixes: one for pollinators, and the second for flexible use. On the street-facing end of our site along Degnan Boulevard, we tested a mix designed to be a pollinator magnet, rich in plant diversity with flowering native and adapted perennials and annuals. On the inside of the yard, our aim was to test a flexible species rich grass mix which could be used for work and play, as an alternative to lawn. The seed mixes were designed to address the unique conditions of our site: soil composition, sun, and shade exposure with year-round interest, wildlife value, and emphasis on low water use and maintenance. The seed mixes included a base of grasses, often the base of hydroseed mixes. The grasses are fast-growing, lowwater, and provide soil retention serving as the backbone of the garden. G R ASS E S

Festuca idahoensis, Festuca microstachys, Festuca rubra molate, and Melica californica.

To this, we added annuals and perennials to attract pollinators, add seasonal interest, and respond to they varying sun and shade conditions on site. F L E X I B L E L AW N

Achillea millefolium, Linum lewisii, and Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. P O L L I N ATO R M E A D OW

Achillea millefolium, Acmispon americanus, Camissoniopsis cheiranthifolia, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Clarkia bottae, Eschscholzia californica, Helianthus annuus, Lasthenia californica, Lupinus microcarpus Ed Gedling, Mimulus aurantiacus aurantiacus, Nemophila menziesii, Oenothera elata hookerii, Penstemon spectabilis, and Pseudognaphalium canescent.

Over a full calendar year, we observed and documented the soil labâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s progress periodically. After the initial seed to plant establishment period, all three different soil beds in our species rich grass mix thrived at about the same rate, leading us to think that our experiment on soil had proven to be fruitless. We started to question what we were missing â&#x20AC;&#x201C; but realized that the answer had been invisible to us.

Though the plot lines we laid out to separate each soil treatment existed on the surface, they did not transfer underground. Beneath the surface, living organisms from microbes, bacteria, funghi, and mycorrhiza were acting as a network to transfer resources across the whole test area.

Flexible lawn lacked biodiversity which allowed invasive weeds to take hold.

We added sunflowers to the meadow mix because its tap root system helps break up heavy compacted soils. It provides pollinators food and pollen source during summer months, and adds an additional layer in the height of the meadow.

Our experiment resulted in greater diversity in the planting mix of the pollinator meadow plot. It's important to note we seeded this garden in February, which in our Mediterranean climate is very late in the growing season (Oct-April). We believe that this late start was the reason that only several species germinated. Lupine (Lupinus microcarpus Ed Gedling), California Poppy (Eschscholzia californica), and Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) were the most successful seeds in the mix. The results not only attracted more beneficial insects, but also had significantly less invasive weeds than the flexible lawn.

The prominent appropriating species that inhabited our garden where Spear Thistle (Cirsium vulgare) which is a host plant for Western Swallowtail butterflies.

The organic matter we received had a high PH level of 9.11. Our amendment was alkaline. This was reflected in yellowing of new leaves at the early germination stages of the Lupine (Lupinus microcarpus Ed Gedling) plants

Next Steps With a more informed understanding of the performance of the soil amendments and seed mixes we tested, we are currently designing a more extensive pollinator garden for our Expo Yard to be implemented during a future growing season. The key components of our garden are outlined: • Planting areas with both native and climate plants to provide sources for pollen and nectar throughout the year • Flexible gathering spaces for employees to access and work outdoors • A layered landscape with the addition of tree canopy and various height shrubs • A rain garden fed by condensation diverted from the AC units on our building roof, where water is allowed to seep into the soil and create small puddles and mud patches, which is an essential nesting material for mason bees • A new test plot for Hügelkultur mounds, which increase biodiversity within the soil, as well as patches of bare soil for ground nesting pollinators • Shelter and nesting structures for native pollinators designed and fabricated by RIOS employees

P L A N : F U T U R E E X P O YA R D L A N DSCA P E Degnan Boulevard

Pollinator Garden

Metro Expo Line

Flexible Event / Play / Gathering Space

RIOS Office

Deck

Hugelkultur Mound Rain Garden

Pollinator Structures Design Competition

LEFT: Pollinator Structures Design Competition Jury Review

Many native pollinators are solitary insects that do not live in colonies or hives and prefer warm, dry space to build nests and hibernate over winter. Pollinator structures provide shelter for beneficial insects that assist in pollination and help control and reduce populations of detrimental insects. These are especially important in areas that are lacking natural habitat opportunities for pollinator nesting. Designs for Bug Hotels, Bee Hotels, and other Pollinator Structures were solicited from designers at RIOS in an internal competition in February 2019. The design proposals were reviewed in a jury format in March 2019.

The following includes the review process and descriptions of the entries, which were subsequently fabricated as prototypes for future pollinator structures to be installed in the RIOS Expo Yard.

D E S I G N B R I E F PA R A M E T E RS

Create a Pollinators Structure at a minimum size of 2'x2'x1' to 3'x4'x1'

A DV I SO RS

Dr. Travis Longcore Ph.D., GISP, Associate Adjunct Professor, UCLA Institute of the Environment and Sustainability and Science Director of The Urban Wildlands Group

Lila Higgins Entomology advisor and Senior Manager, Community Science at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

Josiah Raison Cain Director of Innovation and Performance Ecology, Sherwood Design Engineers

Mark Rios Creative Director, RIOS

Pollinator Structures Design Competition Jury Review

B U G BA R N AC L E S BY TO M M Y E RS

The singular unit is designed to shelter one pollinator and to develop dynamic patterns through installation of multiple units, which in turn, strengthen the overall impact. The concept is inspired by the solitary nature of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;clientâ&#x20AC;? and the contradictory strength they find in their overall numbers. The minimal design would be affordable to produce, quick to deploy, simple to understand, and allow for infinite variation. The manufactured geometric wood form blurs the sense of propriety to both the natural world it serves and the urban world it resides within.

RIGHT: Bug Barnacles prototype installed at front entrance of RIOS.

T H E C O LO R F U L L E T T E R FO R M BY J O N B L AC K

The campaign seeks to create public awareness on the diversity of habitats and the importance of pollinators. The proposal is a large, colorful letter form of a capitol P in a serif font with a broad stroke mounted on a simple pole in the landscape. The backside is filled with an eggcrate composed of various sizes and configurations of cubbies to accommodate the various pollinator species. The 3D printed letterform would be painted in a bright array of colors derived from flowering plants; California Poppy, Lavender, Clover, for example. The letterforms would appear in random urban landscapes throughout the city with the intent to invoke curiosity. They would be accompanied by a small information sign with an explanation of their purpose of educating the general public about the pollinatorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dilemma and promoting action to remedy the situation.

T H E B I R DS & B E E S I N N BY M A Z YA R K A H A L I

The concept aims to provide a space for both large and small pollinators in a series of spaces that vary in size, access, and exposure to the elements. The inner core is conceived for species that thrive in enclosed environments, and the outer shell serves pollinators that thrive in environments with a higher degree of exposure to sunlight, wind, and other natural elements. The form of the structure is inspired from the shape of a birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s egg, while the plan of the partitions is inspired by the hexagonal shape of a bee hive, hence the name â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Bird and Bees Inn.â&#x20AC;?

T H E TOT E M BY J O N B L AC K A N D M I C H A E L TO D O R A N

The Totem is a stacked assembly of colorful volumetric forms. A variety of holes and chambers for each level provide a diversity of accommodation types and scales for different pollinators. The Totem draws inspiration from the mis-registered color printing in Sunday newspaper comics and the compositions of the Memphis Group of architects and designers in the early 1980s. The forms and bright colors invoke curiosity in passersby, establishing a recognizable brand identity for the pollinator structure and garden.

Design inspiration: Five Totems by Ettore Sottsass, 1998

T H E M I X BY H AO R A N L I U

MIX uses four types of modules made out of recycled bamboo pips that are cut into smaller sections for a variety of pollinators. The modules are constituted in a decorative way that can be either hung, wall mounted, or freestanding. The â&#x20AC;&#x153;doorsâ&#x20AC;? provide larger cells, allowing for increased protection from predators, gusty wind, rain, and direct sunlight.

T H E B LO U N G E BY T R E AT I YA Z DA N I

A functional and simple piece with a twist, The B Lounge is an installation that piques the curiosity of daily riders of the Expo line train. The B Lounge is an ellipsoid sculpture that exists solitarily â&#x20AC;&#x201D; like the type of bee it seeks to invite. This concept was inspired by patterns found in nature. Straight lines are rare occurrences in the natural environment. The lounge takes shapes and patterns found in organic forms to create a more comfortable home for bees in a man made object. Milled from a solid block of local, untreated wood with leaves inside from the same tree and various tunnel diameters, it accommodates different bee species to deposit pollen, and lay their eggs.

Design Inspiration Beans

Design Inspiration Cholla Wood

Material Inspiration Laminated Wood

Target Material Solitary Bees

Inspiration Patterns in Nature

Design Limitations Man-made Bee Habitats

A Vision for Expo Whether through continual experimentation and testing of soils and planting, or through the design of new types of pollinator structures, our studio aims to harness the tools of our multidisciplinary collaborative environment to continue to use the Expo Yard as a testing and exploration ground for finding new ways to create a robust urban ecology at the site-specific scale. By building soils, testing plant mixes, and installing our pollinator structure prototypes, we will be able to track and monitor what species our yard has attracted and measure the effectiveness of our tools for pollinator habitat creation as a model for building ecological health in the Crenshaw neighborhood, along the Expo Line, and beyond. Through this, we hope to reveal the invisible infrastructures that support habitat and to connect our employees and other passersby to the delight and complexity of nature hard at work in the middle of the city.

A Broader Vision The notion of pollinator health revealed through our research pushes us to find tangible ways to improve the ecological vibrancy of Los Angeles, and to consider how our current and future work can actively enhance ecological connectivity along the Expo Corridor and other ecological corridors throughout the Los Angeles metropolitan area. There is particular importance where ecological health and connectivity is lacking. Future opportunities for study and application include interlinking streetscapes, utility rightof-ways and other rail corridors with regional natural systems such as the historic Ballona Creek Watershed, Baldwin Hills, Santa Monica Mountains, Los Angeles River, and beyond. We envision, and are hopeful for, a future Los Angeles that actively contributes to the health of its surrounding natural systems, and where the wild and the urban are interwoven in new and unexpected ways to create moments of delight in the city.

RIOS Project Applications

LEFT: Pollinator garden at ROW DTLA 85

ROW DTLA LOS A N G E L E S, CA L I FO R N I A

ROW DTLA incorporates 100 years of Los Angeles history into an ambitious 21st-century commercial district linking downtown to L.A.â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s burgeoning arts district. Our design re-imagines the 30-acre campus, embracing its historic character through the use of industrial materials and raw utilitarian details, while transforming ROWâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s long rows of warehouse-style buildings into 1.3 million square feet of creative office space, unique retail stores, and space for the arts. A rooftop park appropriates a more recent addition, a 10-story 4,000-space parking garage. The walls of the garage are enveloped with greenery and the ground floor is laminated with retail that brings a pedestrian scale. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s emblematic of the landscape approach to the entire site, which encourages nature to gradually encroach on the old industrial site, harkening back to an even earlier, pre-industrial era.

IAC W E ST H O L LY WO O D, CA L I FO R N I A

This ordinary office building was transformed by the addition of a living billboard that announces its presence along Sunset Boulevard. The shape of the canopy and the arrangement of the California-native plants that occupy it appear as a extended cascade of the nearby Santa Monica Mountains. The living wall 12â&#x20AC;&#x2122; off the sidewalk literally carries the surrounding landscape up the side of the building over 3,000 square feet of structure. The planting pattern was considered extensively, altering in cadence in response to areas of least sun to most sun and also from driest to wettest, as the water moves down the green facade to the lowest point of the armature. The plant species are appropriate to each micro climate, creating dynamic urban ecology. An innovative irrigation system captures and re-purposes nearly 7,000 gallons of naturally occurring groundwater that previously had to be pumped out of the garage every month. The planted structure allows light to pass into the office building, while demarcating the entry experience and creating a canopy for the outdoor patio adjoining the lobby and ground-floor restaurant.

1 Hotel W E ST H O L LY WO O D, CA L I FO R N I A

1 Hotel is inspired by nature and their hotels are thoughtfully designed, from building materials to room furnishings and live green moments. Each detail is intended to bring the outdoors inside, creating a unique natural environment. RIOS designed the landscape improvements to this property to transform the site to meet the 1 Hotel brandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s goal for natural inspiration. Through an exuberance of planting, the design maximizes natures throughout the exterior and interior spaces and softening some of the existing cool-toned surfaces with warmer nature-based materials and colors. By infusing nature into the 1 Hotel Hollywood property, this new yet authentic sense of place provides travelers with a unique and quintessentially LA experience.

Center for Early Education W E ST H O L LY WO O D, CA L I FO R N I A

Long before humans and their automobiles paved over it, the Los Angeles basin was a wetland for the Santa Monica mountains. Our master plan for the Center for Early Education unearths the story of underground water flow and turns it into an opportunity to educate students about their environment. This West Hollywood primary school is inextricably linked to its ecology. It’s situated on La Cienega Blvd. (cienega means swamp in Spanish) and must pump out 4,000 gallons daily just to keep its subterranean garage from flooding. To connect students with the school’s unique place in the watershed, we borrowed 100 gallons from that underground flow and diverted it to a giant collection tank on display in the garage. Graphics throughout campus engage students by posing questions and suggesting experiments in fun and friendly ways. We greened unexpected, but highly visible surfaces like walls and stairs in this urban school. We carpeted the school’s front entrance in California coastal and exotic vegetation and suspended native plants in an innovative system of Woollypocket from the central staircase.

The Park SA N D I EG O, CA L I FO R N I A

The redesign of the significant outdoor park at the developmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s center promotes a biophilic work/play campus environment with the amplification of the site as a shared amenity, the renovation of an existing fitness center and studio, design of a grab-and-go farm stand cafĂŠ, and new sitewide branding and environmental graphics. The landscape builds on the existing forest-like character of the site to create a wandering, immersive experience which weaves through alternating areas of forest and meadow. The extensive mature tree canopy was protected and enhanced with the addition of new specimens. The new drought-tolerant plant palette takes cues from native vegetation types with diverse mixes of grasses and native groundcovers, perennials, and annuals to support biodiversity, habitat creation, and seasonality. New stormwater biofiltration basins filter runoff from site and create pockets of wetland-like spaces integrated with the topography of the site.

The Exchange SA N F R A N C I SC O, CA L I FO R N I A

The Exchange defines a new type of workplace by prioritizing public space for San Franciscoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Mission Bay neighborhood and for the complex itself through a series of active urban spaces located three dimensionally throughout the project. The building is expressed as four adjacent, yet interconnected structures filling the whole urban block. At the street level, The Exchange creates a fluid outdoor village with deep courtyards, bike plazas, and gardens activated by 15,000 square feet of retail and amenities. By articulating the building mass to be responsive to the site adjacencies and synchronizing the resulting spaces to the creation of public destinations, this development prioritizes public space as well as user experience with pocket parks and plazas that cater to the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tenants as well as passersby.

Ledge House B E L A I R, CA L I FO R N I A

Because it is situated on a steep slope in the terrain of Bel Air within Los Angeles, this homeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s central structure is organized around a 300-foot-long retaining wall that cleaves the house to the hillside, where a yellow garden traverses the hillside beneath. Nearly 100 different plants, each with yellow-hued flowers, leaves, or fruit, are planted with the primary goal of enjoying the garden at sunset, when the landscape is awash in the glow of the setting sun to brighten the already stunning yellow palette. Extensive research allowed us to identify a wide variety of plants for this result. The final landscape creates a sunny experience by tying together a complementary palette of shade plants, sun plants, species that grow in rocks, and species that thrive in moist or dry areas.

Atwater Hideaway LOS A N G E L E S, CA L I FO R N I A

The owners of this home wanted to create an interior world that would provide respite and contrast from the dynamic urban lifestyle of Los Angeles. The site of home, located on the edge of Atwater adjacent to a series of adaptive reuse warehouses and rail tracks, was chosen to embrace the urban nature of the city. The dwelling embraces the American dream by integrating a complete set of outdoor spaces as habitable rooms. The footprint of the 1500-sq.-ft. house includes only what is required to support daily life, while maximizing outdoor space and the generosity of Southern California living. The simple set of spaces focuses inward and frames all views to the garden courtyard. Seven full-grown trees were located to create a sense of depth and layered complexity with the distant tree line of the neighborhood. The emphasis is always on the exposure to the vibrant outdoor courtyard, which was hand-planted by the residents with wildflowers, edible berries, and grasses to reflect an intimacy and detail that marks each moment inside the home.

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