SYSTEMS DESIGN PROJECT Workwear for janitors at National Institute of Deisgn, Gandhinagar campus. The idea of the project is to design and develop protective functional clothing for the janitors of the institute and improving and helping in designing solutions aimed at solving the current problems faced.
Project Brief
Comparitive field study
National Institute of Fashion Technology, Gandhinagar
DAIICT Gandhinagar
The waste management systems were studied in details in these colleges as they have a simlar environment.
Primary Reserach
IIM Ahmedabad
Primary Reserach Residential
Workstation Characteristics 1. Flooring
Academic
Cement Soil Grass Stairs Marble Mosaic
2. Environment Other
Canteen/ mess
Outdoor uncovered Outdoor covered Indoor enclosed Indoor uncovered
3. Lighting Outdoor natural Outdoor artificial Indoor natural Indoor artificial
Categorization of work
Primary Reserach Gardening
Intensive Cleaning Regular Cleaning
Collection and disposal Bathroom cleaning
A Janitor is responsible for maintaining sanitary conditions in common areas, such as lunchrooms, washrooms, meeting rooms, classroom, residential areas and offices. A Janitor will clean floors, clean surfaces, remove garbage, carry equipment, and perform general maintenance. Janitors may also stock supplies and operate vehicles.
Exposure to
Primary Reserach
Interaction with products Equipments / tools involved:
PHYSICAL
AFFECTED PART
LEVEL OF RISK
1. Dust/ Grime
skin/respiration/ eyes
High
2. Soil
skin/ hands/foot
Medium
3. Bacteria /germs
internal/skin
high
4. Insects
internal/skin /eyes
high
5. Sunlight
internal/skin/ head/ eyes high
6. Heat
physiological
high
7. Water
physiological/ skin/ in-
medium
8. Chemicals
internal/skin/ hands/ foor medium
9. E waste
internal/ hands/ foot
low
10. Paints /clay
hands/ skin/ foot
low
11. Fumes
internal/ respiratory
low
12. dry waste 13. wet waste 14. sharp objects 15.Fumes 16.pungent smell 17. Sharp objects
hand/ skin hand/ internal hands/ foot/ skin internal /respiratory respiratory
high high high low high high
hands/ skin/ foot/ eyes
18. electrical hazards internal/ phyisiological low 19. Slippery floor lower back/ankle/elbow/ high head 20. Heavy weights lower back/ hands/ high knees/ shoulder
1. Dustbins 2. Dust pans and brush 3. Shovel 4. Scissors 5. Screwdriver 6. Trash bags 7. Chemical hand Cleansers 8. Cleaning pads/ cloth 9. Spanner 10. Scrubber Machineries involved: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Wheel barrow/ Cart Vermi compost plant Commerial Paper shredder Mini trucks
Personal Protective Eqipments: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Uniforms Masks Glasses Boots Gloves Cap/ hat
Body storming
Primary Reserach
Body Postures & movements 46
47
Analysis
PHYSICAL DEMANDS
49 48 51 50
a) Forceful use of the neck/shoulder, elbow/wrist, and low back b) Repetitive motions of the neck/shoulder, elbow/wrist, low back, knee, and foot c) Awkward postures of the neck, neck/shoulder, elbow/wrist, low back, and knee d) Static postures of the low back and knee e) Contact stress in the knee g) Kneeling to clean low surfaces h) Pushing and pulling on hand tools i) Lifting, carrying, and lowering supplies
DIRECT RISK FACTORS: Excessive Force – Neck; shoulder; elbow/wrist; lower back Excessive Repetition – neck; shoulder; elbow/wrist; lower back; knee; foot Awkward Positions - neck; shoulder; elbow/wrist; lower back; knee Constant Stress – knee
INDIRECT RISK FACTORS: Duration - neck; shoulder; elbow/wrist; lower back; hip; foot Size & Shape - elbow/wrist; lower back Load Condition & Weight Distribution – lower back Container/tools/equipment handles - elbow/wrist Working Reaches – neck/shoulder; lower back Working Heights - neck/shoulder; lower back; hip
Physical Demands Neck
Walking
181
Sitting Standing
182
Climbing Balancing Kneeling/ Crouching
Shoulder
Manual Material Handling Pushing Pulling Lifting Lowering
lower body
Carrying
Analysis
Risk Factor Identification
Foot- Affected by:
Neck/Shoulder – Affected by:
Force Repetitive movements Constant Stress
Force: Force is the amount of physical effort required by the person
Eyes - Protection from:
Force Application (weight) – pushing; pulling; lifting Repetitive Movements (managerial) – lowering, carrying, lifting, pulling, pushing Awkward Positions (bad ergonomic design) (work practices) – lowering, stretching, lifting Working Reaches – stretching, pulling Working Heights - stretching, pulling Slips, Trips, Falls (environmental) – carrying, lowering, stretching
to do a task and/or maintain control of tools and equipment. The effort depends on the type of grip, object weight and dimensions, body posture, type of activity, surface of the object, temperature, vibration, duration of the task, and number of repetitions.
Repetition:
Repetition is defined as similar or the same motions performed repeatedly. The severity of risk depends on the frequency of repetition, speed of the movement or action, the number of muscle groups involved, and the required force. Repetition is influenced by machine or line pacing, incentive programs, piecework, and deadlines.
Static Postures: Static loading (sustained exertions) is physical effort (body postures) that is held, requiring muscle contraction for more than a short time.
Contact Stress:
Contact stress is the contact of the body with a hard surface or edge. Contact stress can also result when using a part of the body as a hammer or striking instrument.
Awkward Postures: Awkward postures occur when there is a deviation from a power working posture. Some examples of awkward postures typically include reaching behind, twisting, working overhead, and forward or backward bending.
Sunlight Dust Flying Particles Smoke, fumes Liquids, acids
Respiratory – Protection from: Dust Fumes Smoke, vapour Bacteria/germs
Head – Protection from: Sunlight Heat Rain
Skin – Protection from: Sunlight Sweating Water Dust, dirt, grime Decomposed waste
Analysis
Elbow/Wrists – Affected by: Excessive force (due to weights) – pushing, pulling, lifting, lowering Repetitive movements (time duration, flexibility, abrasion) - pushing, pulling, lifting, lowering, carrying Awkward positions (stretch, flexibility) – lowering, lifting, carrying Size and shape of objects – lifting, carrying, lowering Constant contact
Lower Back – Affected by: Excessive force Excessive repetition of movements Awkward Stress Slips, trips, falls
Knee – Affected by: Constant stress Awkward positions (couching, kneeling) Repetitive movement (bending) Used as support (for carrying weight) Balanced by knee
Analysis
Badly maintained equipments
Pungent shell
No accommodation
No storage maintenance
Stairs
Insufficient supervision
No colour coding
Slippery floor
Low Bonus
Gripping problems brooms
No appraisal
Construction
No holidays
No uniforms
Low moral
Hot &humid
No welfare plan and appraisals
Low cost for equipments
Frustration among workers
No recreation plan
Low life for products use cleaning
Blame game
Non sustainable materials to clean
Communication gap
No sewage system for drainage
No respect
Insufficient light Varying floor Soil pollution Air pollution
No employee facilities No awareness No training
Rusting issue
Valuable items in junk-yard
Lack of inspection
No advance equipments
No recycling
No proper Job descriptions
Open dustbins
No proper work atmosphere for workers
No inventory maintenances
Problem related to products No functional/protective wear
Common area hostel not clean
No follow up No proper recruitment criteria
No segregation
Dustbin not cleaned & washed
E-waste no solution
Low productivity
Pigeon nestling outside
Less availability of trained workshop
Psychological
Less full time workers
Inventory
Sharp objects
Management
Environment
Problem categorization
Stress & strain No promotion Family problems Insecurity of job
Problem Areas indentification
(based on interviews, obersvation, body storming, shadowing)
Ergonomics problem
Chance of accidents
Too much mechanical movements are involved
Joint pain Sunlight exposure
Carrying weight
Fungal infection
Waste carried on shoulder
No trash bags
Repetitive movement
Problems-collection & disposal
Too much strength required
Too many departments managed by agency
Too many stress point
Too many materials to clean no separate duster provided
Rapid movements Frequent prolonged effort
Loading unloading problems
Stooping or kneeling
No vehicles to take waste
Twisting the neck or body
No food
Squatting
Manual handling
Unaccessibility high
Non biodegradable waste
Carrying weight in stairs Restrictive clothing Vertical movements
No protective equipments No health check-ups Back pain Slipping issue
Health
Lockers area dirty
Postures
Organisational
Fall from height
Dust Exposure Allergies Prone to diseases Knee problems No gloves, no mask Harmful chemicals Bacterial infection Breathing problems Viral infection Cuts & wounds
Analysis
Prolonged exposer to water No hygiene
Analysis
In increasing of order importance
Protection
Storage
Psychological needs
Facilitate movement
Identification
CRITICALITY PYRAMID
Need to uplift their low self esteem Need to be appriciated for their work Indentification
Natural Environment Protection
Work Environment
Need for belongingness to their team Need for identity Need for motivatation , get rid of depression Need for modesty, cultural connotations Need for familiarity in clothing Need for ease of use and maintainance Need for appropriate size Need for comfort
Need to have loose garments Facilitate
Storage Personal belongings
IDENTIFYING THE NEED
- Cellphone - wallet/ loose money - Id card Utility items -Fabric for hand wiping -Gloves -Masks -Spanner -Tongs -Scrubber
movement
Extra space needed for stress areas in the body Stitching and finishing of the garment should withstand stress No unneccesary design features should be introduced Emphasis on unobstructive clothing Lightweight fabrics and trims to facilitate movement Simple clothing that can be easily worn, taken off , washed and stored.
Fabric Requirement Fastness – wash fastness (acrylic, glass/flax, wool/acetate/olefin/polyester), light fastness (nylon/silk – very little exposure to sunlight)
-Should make the user feel comfortable
Strength – to withstand stress (glass, nylon, polyester), flax (nylon, olefin, polyester)
- Should be easy to wear and maintain
Breathability – good
- Should be hassle free, no unneccesary details
Specific Gravity – fabric can warm without getting too heavy in winters (acrylic)
- Easy cooling off of sweat
Repellency – dust, water, soil
- Should be cost effective
No Pilling – due to abrasion collars/underside of sleeves/edges/cuffs. Hydrophobic fibers pill more (cotton, flax, silk)
- Should facilitate movement
Resiliency – does not wrinkle easily. Heavier fabrics are more resilient (wool, nylon, olefin, polyester)
- Should be able to withstand repeated washes - Should be in sync with the cultural factors
Abrasion Resistance – nylon (outerwear), cotton, nylon, olefin, polyester Hydrophilic fibers – skin comfort, static build up, less shrinkage, easy stain removal, water repellency, wrinkle recovery – chemicals used to achieve repellency act better – all natural animal, vegetable + rayon + acetate. Absorbency – flax, silk, wool, viscose rayon, cotton Elasticity – less seam stress, prevent bagginess, and hence obstruction at elbows and knees Flexibility – capability to bend easily, repeatedly, without breaking. Acetate (highly drapable), nylon. Thermo-plasticity – all manufactured non-cellulose – nylon, olefin, polyester, spandex. Wicking – ability to transfer moisture from one section to another. Cotton, olefin.
Design Parameters
Explorations details
Explorations details
Explorations flats
Explorations flats
Explorations flats
Explorations flats
Final prototype 1
Prototype flats menswear
Field testing of prototypes
Final garment 2
Prototype flats womenswear
womenswear/summerwear/flats
Field testing of prototypes