Urban Public Transport by Riza Atiq Rahmat

Urban Public Transport Note for Urban Transport Class by Riza Atiq

Urban Public Transport Rail based transport

 Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)  Light Rail Transit (LRT)  People Rapid Mover (PRT)

MRT Speed – up to 100 km/hr 4 – 12 couches per train Couches 22m x 3.1 m Capacity – up to 80,000 passengers / hr / direction Acceleration / deceleration ≈ 1.2 m/s2 Rail – 1435mm gauge Headway ≥ 120 s Suitable for radial movement For high density and high plot ratio area. Feeder bus service is required Power supply: 750 V dc Sub-station: 3 – 5 km spacing

LRT

Speed – up to 40 km/hr 2 – 6 couches per train Capacity – up to 40,000 passengers / hr / direction Acceleration / deceleration ≈ 1.2 m/s2 Rail – 1000 or 1435mm gauge Headway ≥ 120 s Suitable for radial movement For high density and high plot ratio area. Feeder bus service is required Power supply: 750 V dc Sub-station: 3 – 5 km spacing

PRT

Speed – up to 30 km/hr 2 – 4 couches per train Capacity – up to 10,000 passengers / hr / direction Rail – 1000 gauge or monorail Headway ≥ 90 s Suitable for intra-city travel

Transit Capacity 3600 n S Cp = h Cp = Theoretical passenger line capacity n = vehicle per train S = Maximum passenger per vehicle h = headway in second

Operational design Actual passenger capacity

3600 α σ n S Cp = h α = guideway utilisation factor (0.6) σ = load factor (0.9) Example City Hall of KL needs to provide a transit line to meet peak hour demand of 12,000 passengers/hr. Required speed = 35 - 40 km/hr. Minimum headway = 120s maximum headway = 240s. Guideway utilisation factor = 0.6 and load factor = 0.9s. Station platform limit = 10 vehicles. Vehicle capacity = 130 passengers. 6

3600 α σ n S Cp = h 12,000 = 3600 x 0.6 x 0.9 x n x 130 / h n = 0.04748 h

n (veh/train) h (headway (s) 1 21.06 2 42.12 3 63.18 4 84.24 5 105.30 6 126.36 Possible 7 147.42 range 8 168.48 9 189.54 120 ≤ h ≤ 240 10 210.60

Bus Service

o Capacity = 12 - 240 passengers. o Flexible - Expansions and extentions can be introduced easily o Transit systems using buses are capable of carrying 2,400 to 15,000 passengers per hr per direction. o Volume of up to 30,000 passengers per hr per direction can be achieved with special bus lane, off-line stations and multiple boarding platform.

Bus travel pattern  Radial service - sub-urban to CBD (Shuttle buses)  Ring road service to link up various sub-centres (Stage buses)  Local travel service (Mini bus)  Special travel in the CBD (eg. tourism)  Travel service between activity centres (Shuttle of mini bus).

Example of Bus Service Guidelines Service pattern  Service major activity centres such as office buildings, school and hospital.  Provide 300 meters coverage where population density > 30. Serve at least 90% of the residents.  Space routes at about 0.75 km in urban area and 1.5 in sub-urban area.

Service Level  Service period : 6 am-12 pm  Headway: Peak: 5 minutes

Bus Stop CBD: 5 -7 stops / km, sub-urban: 1 - 3 stops /km

Passenger comfort Passenger shelter Route and destination sign Driver courtesy 10

Bus Station

Passenger waiting area Bus parking area

LRT station

Car Park

Bus Priority lane Bus Lane

φ1

φ 1A

φ2

Special Green Time for buses

φ 1B Bus Stop

Bus lane

Bus Operation Design Frequency, f = n / N n = Demand for service (passengers / hr) N = Maximum number of passengers per bus Usually the minimum headway is set in multiples of 7.5 or 10 minutes for the shake of coordination.

Example A bus service is planned between Bangi and Putrjaya, a distance of 20 km. The operating time is 45 minutes. Estimated demand is 500 passengers/hr. 45-seater buses will be used, which can accommodate 20 standees. Design basic system and determine the fleet size. Maximum headway is 30 minutes and the minimum terminal time is 5 minutes. Solution: Operating speed v = 60L/t = 60 x 20 / 45 = 26.67km/hr headway, h = 60(45 + 20)/500 = 7.8 min (adopt 7.5 min.) Cycle time, T = 2 (45 + 5) = 100 Fleet size, N = T / h = 100 / 7.5 = 14 vehicles Revised cycle time, T'= N x h = 14 x 7.5 = 105 min Revised terminal time = (T' - 2 travel time)/2 = (105 - 2 x 45)/2 = 7.5 minutes Commercial speed = 20 / (105 / 60 / 2) = 22.86 km/hr

Bus Rapid Transit

Capacity = up to 40,000 passengers / hr /direction The cheapest transit system [construction and operation] Implementation time from planning stage to operation stage < 3 years Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UZl1N6bTp_M

(Source: http://www.itdp.org/documents/Bus%20Rapid%20Transit%20Guide%20%20complete%20guide.pdf )

Bike-Sharing

Community Bike programmes organised mostly by local community groups or non-profit organisations Smart Bike programmmes implemented by government agencies, sometimes in a public-private partnership. (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_sharing_system )