Ret Ke Shahar

AMAL.GAM2 Fest[val.]

s.17

: RET KE SHAHAR : CITIES OF SAND AN EXPLORATION IN AEOLIAN ARCHITECTURE

Taking the Pushkar Camel Fair as a case study, we aim to create a new annual livestock fair for the camel hearders of Rajasthan in which we ask ourselves: ‘What if we reject holding an event in the same place year after year, what if instead it is brought to the shifting sand dunes from which the very soul of the event originated? What would a festival look like without a fixed location, without a fixed form, and without fixed pathways to travel upon?’

In this new fair the traditional camel herders of Rajasthan will not only participate in the usual trade of camel stock, but will also participate in specific rituals that generate an iterative, layered, moving architecture that would provide an ever-evolving site for future fairs.

Using processes related to sand, wind and time the festival site will migrate with the sand dunes of the Thar. This will result in a site that is intimately related to, and entirely dependent upon, both camel culture and a slowly shifting and ever-changing environment.

By holding the fair in the same, established location every year the relationships that has been built over centuries between camel, herder and environment is slowly worn away. Releasing the fair’s architecture from a fixed location refocuses the true ideals of the fair as one of the bond between man and beast and the arduous journeys that both must take to continue thriving together.

// Journey

// Camel-Human Relationship

// Dune Navigation

The annual journey from the villages throughout western Rajastan consists of trekking the Thar desert, farmlands and villages along the route giving opportunities for herders to trade camel resources in exchange for temporary grazing for camels.

Rituals such as camel grooming, shearing and beautifying showcase the deep relationship between human and camel.

Loyalty, obediences and dedication to each other are key attributes of the realtionship demonstrated by the rituals.

Adaptation to the desert environment is also demonstrated in the wayfinding ritual in the desert. Physical and physiological traits of the camel influence the wayfinding approach.

Environmental condition such as wind and dune formations are also heavily influential.

Wenjie Cao, Rizal Ambotang, Adam Roggero

AMAL.GAM

CORE THEMES

~ PROJECT-RELEVANT CONCEPTS ~

// SUNNA NO ONNA WOMAN IN THE DUNES (1964) - Kôbô Abe What is life but an endless cycle of ritual. Woman in the Dunes deals with the choice between working against or with your environment. A man is tricked into collecting sand to be sold by a local village, sand which forever threatens to bury the house within which he is made to live by its constant accumulation. By the end of his ordeal the man’s perceptions of what it means to live his life are drastically changed.

// SEDIMENTATION Natural structures formed through the gradual layering of material and its solidification, often through compression. Sedimentary structures display their history through their layers, and their whole is made up of a rich history of parts spanning thousands of years. Through a gradual process of accumulation, millimeters at a time, sedimentary structures can grow to immense formations.

// EROSION AND DEPOSITION BY AEOLIAN TRANSPORT Countless sand particles travelling through the currents of fluid motion are shifted into complex natural formations that are constantly shifting and evolving. These particles move across a still landscape, accumulating into migrating dunefields that make permanent fixtures near impossible.

// CAMEL-HUMAN RELATIONSHIP OF THE RAIKA PEOPLE The Raika people of Rajasthan believe that they were chosen by Shiva, the Hindu god, to practice camel husbandry. This proud ethnic group live their entire lives with their camels and develop close relationships with the animals. They are able to identify individual camels by their physical appearance, and some are said to be able to identify camels by the footprints they leave in the sand.

Wenjie Cao, Rizal Ambotang, Adam Roggero

AMAL.GAM

CASE STUDY

~ HOLY CITY OF PUSHKAR ~

0

01

500m

1km

2km

02 (1) (1) (1

((7) (7 7)

DESERT DE D E ESE SE ER RT T JOURNEY JO OU URNEY RN R NE EY Y

EVALUATIONS E EV VAL ALUA UATI TION ONS

Depending which the Dep De pe end nd diin ing on on tthe he vvillage he illa il lag ge e ffrom rro o om mw wh hiicch tth he herders originate, major part herder he rd de errs or o rig rig igiin nat atte, e,, a m e ajor ajor aj or p ar t o ar off ttheir heir he ir jjourney ou o urn rney ney ey may place on Thar Desert. may ta ma ttake ake ep lla ace ce o n the the sa th ssands a and nds off tthe nd he h eT har D ha har De e ese sse errtt.

Pushkar the Att P A usshk hkar hkar ar tthe he h e ttraders rade rade ra derrss ttest esst tth e h he e ca ccamels ame mels ls tthey hey hey he are purchasing.

Traders check ar a re interested inte in inte terre esstted est ted ed iin np pu urrc ch ha asing sing. si ng g. Tr T rad ader ers rs cch he hec ec ck age and tth the he te tteeth ee etth o off tthe he h e ccamels amel am els tto o jjudge udg udg ud ge e tthe he a he ge a ge nd nd health off th the he h eal alth ho he ca ccamels. came am me ellss.

03

(2) (2 2) DESERT DESE DE SERT RT STOP STOP TOP TO Camels herders anywhere along Ca C am me els ls and and dh erd er de ers rs sstop to op an ny yw where herre he ea llo ong ng ttheir heiirr he path overnight. path pa th to to re rrest esstt o vve ern rniig ght ht.

(8) (8 8) TRADE T TR RAD ADE Trading done around Tr T rad adin adin ing iiss d one a on one ar ro ou un nd d tthe he h e ccampsite am a mps psiitte a ass herders move and he h erd der ers mo m ovve e ffrom rro om te ttent ent nt tto o te ttent ent nt ttesting esti es esti ting ng a nd d evaluating potential ev e val alua uati tin ing ng p otten o enti tiall ccamels. ame am ells. s.

04

((3) (3 3) VILLAGE AND V VI ILLLLAG AGE A AN ND FARMLAND ND FAR FA RM MLLA MLA AN ND D Herders and camel flocks will H He erd rde errs an a nd cca am me e ell floc ffl loc ocks ocks ks w illll cr il ccross cros ro osss fa ffarmlands a arm rrm mla mla land land nds villages.

Herders will provide with and an nd vvi ill lla ag ge ess. H He errd de errs w wi ill ll p rro ovi vide de ffarmers arrme a merrss w iitth and milk exchange for ffertilizer fe ert rtil iliz liz izer zer er a nd m nd ilk in il in e xc x ch ha ang nge ffo or te ttemporary em mp por orary arr y grazing g gr razin azing az ing fo in ffor or th ttheir he eiir ca ccamels. am me elss.

(9) ((9 9) CAMEL CA C AMEL ME M EL DECORATIONS DE D EC ECO CO ORA RAT TIION IO ON NS Camels are decorated with C Ca ame mels ls a rre ed ec e ccor orra o atted ed w iitth la ith llavish avi vissh h jjewellery, ewe ew ellle lery r y, colourful beads and other cco olo lou urrfu ful sa ssaddles, ad add dd dlle ess,, sstraps, trap tr aps, s, b ead ea dss a nd n do tth he err adornments.

The are paraded around a ad dor orn nm men enttss. T Th he ca ccamels ame mellss a rre e tthen he h en p pa arra ad de ed ar a rou ound nd tthe th he fe ffestival esstttiv iivva all ssite. ite. it e.

((4) (4 4) WALKING ROADS WALK W WA ALK LKIN ING ON ON R OAD OA DS S herders enter built up areas, As tthe As he h he errde e ders rs e nter nt er b uilltt u ui pa ar rea eas, eas, s, tthe he h e ccamels amel am els walk along built automobiles.

They w wa alk lk a llo ong ng rroadways oa o adw dway ays bu b uil ilt fo ffor or a au utomo tom to mo obi bille es. s. T he h ey along during overnight stops. ccamp ca am mp pa llo ong ng tthese hese he se rroads oads oa oads ds d uriin ur ng ov o verni errn e niigh ght sst top opss..

05 ((10) (1 10) 0) CAMEL C CAME CA AME MEL DANCING DAN DA NC C CIIN ING Camel dancing used means off de demonstratC Ca ame mel da d anc ncin ing iiss u sse ed as as a m ea e an nss o d em mo on nsstr sttrratatat ing deep and obedience by prize camels iin ng th ng tthe he d de eep ep ttrust r ust ru st a nd o nd be b edi diien en nce ce b y pr p rize izze cca ame mellss owners.

The dances are tto o iits tss o wne wn errss.. T he d he ancce an es ar a re do re don done ne e iin n fron ffront fr ro on nt of of ssmall ma m allll off p people. ccrowds cr row owds ds o pe eop ple le. le.

((5) (5 5) FEEDING THE CAMELS F FE EE ED DING IIN NG T TH HE C CA AME MELS MELS LS Carts are only goods but Ca C arrtts ar a re used used us ed tto o not no n ot o on nly ly ttransport rra an nsspo porrtt g oods oo ods ds b utt u also ass ffe feeding for the herd, a al lsso o sserve err ve e ve a eed eding iin ng tr ttroughs rou ough ough ghs ffo or th he ca ccamel am me el he h erd rd, rd, herders may use carts h he herd errd der ers m ers ma ay so ssometimes ome meti eti tim me es u us se th tthe he c ca art rts a ass sshelter he h helt elter lter lt er from hot during rest ffr rom om tthe he h he ot ssun ot un d un urin ur ing a rre ing esstt sstop. to op. p.

((11) (1 11) 1)

((6) (6 6) A AR ARRIVAL RRI RIV VA AL A AT TP PUSHKAR USH US HK KAR AR

PUSHKAR SHOWGROUNDS

06

07

08

09

10

11

Camel are means health C Ca amel me m el ra rraces acce es ar es a re a me m ean ans of of jjudging udg ud giing ng tthe he h he ea e a alt lth o lt off a ccamel amel am me ell but mainly used means entertain spectators and b bu ut are are m ar ma a ain inly in yu sed as se as a m eans ea ns tto o en e ntte errttai ert ain ssp pe eccta tato torss a nd n d visitor Pushkar ass cca camels are not normally known for vvi iisi sito si sito tor to to P ush us hk ka arr a am me els ls a rre en ot n ot orrm o ma alllly k kn no ow wn ffo or or running, especially over hard surfaces. rru un nn ning, ing, in g, e ssp peci ec e ciia all lly ov o ver er h arrd ssu a urrffa ac ces es.

On O na arrival r riivva rr all iin n Push Pu P Pushkar ussh hk ka ar h he herders errd de errs wi w will ill ill ll sset ett u e up p th the he ttents te en ntts th tthat hat at tthey he h ey brin b br bring rin ing wi witth with h tthem, he h em, em, m, tthe he h e ccamels am a me ells rest rest re st u un unsheltered nsh she ellte tere tere red w wi with ith th o only nlly th n tthe he m he mo most osstt p prized rizze rize ri ed or or vvulnerable ulln u ne era rabl ble le cca camels am me els ls h having avin av ing de d dedicated ed diicca atte ed te ttents ent nts se sset et up up ffor or tthem. or he h hem. em m..

Camels are adapted for survival in the desert. Their feet are soft and covered by a thick layer of fat in order to reduce the pressure on the sand. Because of this they are exceptionally stable on soft sand. However, with increased urban development, camels are made to walk on roads built for the modern automobile.

Wenjie Cao, Rizal Ambotang, Adam Roggero

CAMEL CA C AME MEL EL RACING RA R AC CIING ING NG

This photo shows the camel beauty contest and its show ground. The herders play a very small part in the rituals of pageantry and the focus is placed mainly on tourists. The festival is therefore no longer an honest part of the herder’s culture and they often leave after trading is finished and festivities begin.

The site of the camel fair is largely built for the massive influx of people that occurs once a year due to the festival. The showgrounds are empty and unused most of the year and huge structures like these Ferris wheels have been built to entertain visitors and tourists. The camels and their herders take no part in these activities.

AMAL.GAM

DUNE STUDY

~ MEGABARCHANOIDS OF THE THAR ~ PUSHKAR AND THE SAND DUNES OF RAJASTHAN DUNES

We propose the creation of new, decentralised festival locations that are more intimately related to the herders and camels of Rajasthan. These locations will be within the migrating sand dunes of the Thar Desert in the west where 20 meter tall dunefields slowly drift north-east across the sub-continent. The physics of these dunefileds were studied in order to incorporate them into the architecture’s design. The architecture is thus born from and lives within the bounds of this unique environment.

PUSHKAR

THE MEGABARCHANOID DUNEFIELD OF THE THAR

DUNE ALPHAMAP SIMULATIONS 533a7e da3b7e 975b7f d59480 96c581

0

5

10

15km

>_ 20 m >_ 15 m >_ 10 m >_ 05 m >_ 00 m 01

BARCHANOID DUNES

DUNE ALPHAMAP MOVEMENTS //_001

02

LONGITUDINAL DUNES

//_021

//_041

MEGABARCHANOID DUNES

03

//_061

//_081

//_101

//_121

//_141

//_161

DUNE MOVEMENT ANALYTICS

1. BARCHANOID DUNES

2. LONGITUDINAL DUNES

//_181

//_201

//_221

0

1000m

0

500m

//_241

3. MEGA-BARCHANOID DUNES

//_261

//_281

//_301

AVERAGE DUNE HEIGHT // 20 METERS AVERAGE MOVEMENT // 5 METERS PER YEAR

//_321

DUNE FENCES

0

10

25m

FENCE PLACEMENT

STAGE 1

STAGE 1

INJECTION

GROWTH

GROWTH SECOND FENCE

STAGE 2 STAGE 2 Dune fences are often used on beachfronts to develop dune barriers. They work by slowing wind velocity enough for sand deposition and can work in tandem with a constant wind to create consistently formed, man-made sand dunes.

Wenjie Cao, Rizal Ambotang, Adam Roggero

Following the placement of a dune fence a small amount of sand is deposited at the fence base before a dune begins to form behind the fence due to particle injection. The process can be repeated atop the new dune.

Dunes can be shaped through the angling of dune fences. A dune can be made wide or long depending on the length of the dune fence, allowing for the use of fences as design tools that utilise aeolian forces as a form generator.

AMAL.GAM

PROCESS

~ EMERGENT ARCHITECTURE ~ AN ARCHITECTURE FROM RITUAL

PUSHKAR CAMEL FAIR

0

50

100km

0

PROPOSAL

50

100km

0

DESERT TOWNS

5

10km

As herders and camels travel between the towns of the Thar, the addition of simple rituals begin the process of creating an architecture for a yearly camel fair that will grow layer by layer, an architecture that will move with the dunes and with the Raika people as their needs change. The camel herders will guide a process that is realised through the inter-relationship between human activity and natural processes.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CAMELS

PATHFINDING SIMULATIONS

LAYERING METHOD

LOOP //_025

(A) CAMEL FEET ARE WIDE AND FLAT FOR STABILITY ON SANDY TERRAIN

LOOP //_050

(B) CAMELS HAVE THREE EYELIDS TO PROTECT THEIR EYES FROM THE SAND

(4) The process continues and the structure moves forward. The older structures closer to the pathways slowly erode due to weathering and will eventually detach from the initial point of origin. Once this happens the structure becomes a part of the dunefiled and will march ever forward with the megabarachnoid dunes of the Thar.

LOOP //_075

PROGRESSION OF TIMIE

(C) CAMEL EARS ARE FILLED WITH HAIRS THAT PREVENT THE ENTRY OF SAND (3)

LOOP //_100

As the dunefield shifts so too does the pathway that herders travel upon. The area within which the construction process occurs is also altered as the leeward dunes move away from the paths.

This effectively extends the area fence setup and spraying so that the newer construction continues at the rate of the overall dune migration movement.

600

(D) CAMEL IN REST POSITION

(2)

LOOP //_125

The herders set up fences along the pathway that begins the dune growth process. The fences are arranged in a manner that will produce a suitable form behind them for constructing their architecture. The area behind the fences are sprayed with a layer of hardening solution as each herder passes the site.

(1)

LOOP //_150

160 600

(E)

Herders identify a suitable location for their future structure where there is room within the valleys of the dunefield. An algorithm simulates this here by identifying a large enough area on the lee side of a pathway that will remain clear over several years for initial construction.

CAMEL IN STANDING POSITION

LOOP //_175

190 3000

(F) CAMEL IN WALKING POSITION

YEAR 1

YEAR 2

YEAR 3

FENCE DESIGN fabric mesh timber stakes

4400mm

2300mm 4000mm 2900mm

> 400mm depth

The dune fences that are utilised to create the form are slowly buried under the accumulation of sand over time. As the fences are buried and the sand forms grow behind them more fences can be placed on top of the new form to continue growing the form.

Wenjie Cao, Rizal Ambotang, Adam Roggero

800mm

The fences are constructed from local resources mainly timber and woven net. Colourful flags attached to the top of the stake as an indicator to wind direction and target zone. The fences are of varying sizes but maxed out to the specifications above for practical purposes such as transportation and handling.

Retaining the role as a burden livestock, the camel is also used to carry the fences as they trek from the villages to the festival site.

AMAL.GAM

APPLICATION

~ IMAGINING A METHOD OF IMPLEMENTATION ~ SEDIMENTARY ARCHITECTURE To emulate the natural process of sedimentation, the layering technique couple with the biocementation of sand as solidification approach was chosen.

The biological activity is initiated within the target zone through augmentation of microbes onto the surface by means of spraying the bacteria solution to catalyse the precipitation of calcite and binds the sand together.

B. Pasteurii in Urea Medium

1. Untreated Sand

2. Sand and CaCO3

3. Biologically Cemented Sand

LAYERING OF BACTERIAL SOLUTION

AREA MAPS OF BACTERIAL SOLUTION LAYERING

Contour Lines

Softer layer

Contour Layers

Harder layer

Thinner spray

Thicker spray

Bacillus Pasteurii

WEEK 52

Ca2+ + HCO3- + OH-

Softer solidification, easier for wind to sculpt functional spaces

L45

Harder solidification, creates stronger structural layers that hold the form together

L43

CaCO3

+ H2O

WEEK 46

MICROBIAL -INDUCED CALCITE PRECIPITATION THROUGH UREA HYDROLYSIS

L41

Layer # 25

L39

WEEK 42

L37

habitation cave

WEEK 38

In an arid environment of the desert with little moisture and sparse vegetation there’s nothing to bind the sand together to maintain a structure.

The use of biocementation is a viable technique to bind together loose sand to create sustainable structure in the desert environment using the available resources of the biotope; camel urea, sand with introducing bacteria

L35

L33

WEEK 34 L30

B. Pasteurii was chosen because it has highly active urease enzyme which catalizes the reactions that produces precipitation of calcite.

The bacterial strain B. Pasteurii utilizes the high production of urease enzyme to convert camel urea to carbonate ions. Carbonate ions will then precipitate with supplied calcium onto the bacterial cell wall to produce calcium carbonate.

L28

WEEK 30 Soft L26

~ 2 weeks per layer

Hard

Nozzle height (from ground) 1.5m

SPRAY PACK DESIGN

0.7m

EROSION PROCESS Spray pack

Compressor + Mixer + nozzle array

C

Nozzle Array

Camel urea Tank

Adjustable height tank

Initial build-up consists of layers of cemented sandstone with varying hardness due to the intensity of the spraying process during the solidification. The solidified sandstone structures are exposed to weathering and an erosion of the form takes place.

To create an even layer of solidified sand, a simple spraying machine would include a nozzle array that sprays the solution onto the sand surface with even distribution. The control of the intensity of the spray is regulated by the spraying height. The higher the nozzle from the ground the less solution is being distributed, and vice versa.

The spraying machine is designed to be attached to the camel like a back pack typical of its traditional role as the beast of burden. With the typical number of camels (50,000 to 200,000) attending the festival it’s viable and practical approach.

When the layers are exposed to the aeolian environment, the softer layers exposed to the prevailing wind begins to weather.. Weathering process of deflation erode away the ground causing depression of ground surface. Abrasion process further carve away the softer surface of the structure to create caverns and natural arches.

Due to the weathering process , tiny cracks and openings will develop into bigger openings reducing the integrity of the harder surfaces. These holes and openings continue to erode over time and eventually some of the remaining arches and columns will flake and crumbles and destroyed over time.

DIGITAL PROCESS The project developed a form generation algorithm (the Game of Life) using the concept of cellular automaton to simulate growth. The form building technique combines the vernacular dune fencing method to provide overall control of the form as well as the initial ground alphamap to provide initial design of the structure.

The alpha map can represent the initial figure ground design which may include the major circulation and curation of major spaces such as the arena and the showground. The algorithm also simulates the erosion process of Aeolian abrasion and deflation to sculpt the spaces over time.

ALPHAMAP INPUT

POINT DENSITY GRADIENT

GROWTH ALGORITHM

VOXEL CONVERSION

SMOOTHING

A huge amount of flexibility was provided through the use of alphamap inputs that could be designed beforehand to achieve desired results.

The alphamap image was converted to a grid of points which varied in density depending on the alphamap value at each given point.

Taking the point density grid as a starting bed, a growth algorithm was applied that utilized Game of Life principles to assess the points and generate new layers below the starting grid. A looping process using anemone enabled us to control the layering.

The resulting point cloud was then converted to voxels which worked well with the regularities of the point grids. The voxels could be individually scaled in X, Y, and Z vectors which would affect the final outcome of the form.

Weaverbird was used to iteratively smoothen the voxel mesh into a form that effectively emulated a cavernous space that could grow depending on the number of layers added.

SPATIAL TYPOLOGIES

1. MAIN STREET

2. EVENT SPACE

3. HABITATION

4. SHOWGROUNDS

Camel parades

Camel pageantry and dancing Camel trading

Resting and casual trading Grooming

Grand parades Camel racing

2 camels side by side Room for spectators on either side

100 camels 200 spectators and herders

15 camels Up to 3 herders

300 camels 500 spectators and herders

10m

Wenjie Cao, Rizal Ambotang, Adam Roggero

1000sqm

AMAL.GAM

FORM AND FORMATIONS ~ SPATIAL ANALYSIS ~

Camel Trading

Day 1.

First Arrivals Groups of camels, herders, livestock and traders begin to appear from out of the desert and set up camp in outskirt of Pushkar town

Day 2.

Gathering

Day 3.

Further Gathering

Day 4.

Gathering Climax

Arrival continues Number of livestock including to grow rapidly. Camels are groomed and put up for display to purchasers.

Gathering of camels reached it climax. The camels population swell to 50,000 camels along with growing number of visitors.

More camels and livestock including brought in by herders throughout Rajasthan.

Some groups walks while others arrive with camels,,buses, trucks and bullock carts.

Trading is taking place.

Day 5.

Trading Peak Trading reached its peak among the herders and buyers. Some the camel herds are beginning to leave as they have concluded their business.

Trading

Trading

Herders Settlement

Herder Settlement

Show Ground

Trading

Herders Settlement

Herder Settlement

Day 5.

A Few Herders Leaving

Camel Show & Celebration

Trading reached its peak among the herders and buyers.

Some the camel herds are beginning to leave as they have concluded their business.

Day 6.

Markets and Preparation Various Markets for Camel Decoration and Celebration are set up for the preparation of camel shows and the increasing tourists.

Day 7-9 Preparation and Camel Shows

Day10.

Herders and Camels Leaving

Fairground is hosting various competition for the camel pageantry and livestock shows.

A craft fair is set up for visitors and tourists. Population of people swelled to 200,000.

HABITATION SPACE

Prototype 1 - Function Analysis

Prototype 1 - Alpha-map

Resting spaces require sufficiently large space to accommodate up to fifteen camels and there herders at a time. While the trading spaces are quite open and exposed, the habitation spaces in the site are characterised by multiple adjoining “rooms” interconnected to form a network of private spaces. They are assessable from the main street as well as some of the trading spaces.

The network of cavern rooms provide both the private resting spaces for herders and camels as well as ability for herders to socialize within this spaces.

Prototype 1 - Digital Outcome

Trading Resting

Prototype 6 - Function Analysis

Prototype 6 - Alpha-map

Prototype 6 - Digital Outcome TRADING AND RESTING SPACES The trading ritual requires two types of spaces; public and private spaces. The public space enables initial negotiation and display of camels. This space is usually found next to the main street. The completion of negotiation of a sale requires a more private space. This space is usually an adjoining “room” off the large cavern like space of the public trading space.

Prototype 8 - Function Analysis

Prototype 8 - Alpha-map

Prototype 8 - Digital Outcome

SPACES FOR CELEBRATION Event related spaces have the following distinct characteristics; large open air space to cater for large number of spectators Spectators are elevated from the ground to give expansive view of the space similar in character to a Roman forum. For the festival, three celebratory events was identified requiring such space; the procession, camel racing and camel dancing.

Final Design - Function Analysis

Wenjie Cao, Rizal Ambotang, Adam Roggero

Final Design - Alpha-map

AMAL.GAM

THE FINAL PROCESSION ~ POINT CLOUD REPRESENTATIONS ~

SPHERE COUNT: 145,738,632 VERTICES: 380,309 MESH FACES: 788,704 ----SHADER: RADIANCE SCALING SAMPLER: MONTE CARLO ----CAMERA ORIENTATION: NORTH WIND DIRECTION: NORTH EAST ----VIEW: OVERALL ---->_

SPHERE COUNT: 112,739,991 VERTICES: 272,836 MESH FACES: 518,007 ----SHADER: RADIANCE SCALING SAMPLER: MONTE CARLO ----CAMERA ORIENTATION: SOUTH WEST WIND DIRECTION: NORTH EAST ----VIEW: ROADWAY ---->_

SPHERE COUNT: 85,122,815 VERTICES: 216,982 MESH FACES: 448,023 ----SHADER: RADIANCE SCALING SAMPLER: MONTE CARLO ----CAMERA ORIENTATION: WEST WIND DIRECTION: NORTH EAST ----VIEW: ELDER STRUCTURE ---->_

Wenjie Cao, Wenjie Cao, Rizal Rizal A Ambotang, mbotang, A Adam dam R Roggero oggero

SPHERE COUNT: 105,667,512 VERTICES: 199,273 MESH FACES: 317,215 ----SHADER: RADIANCE SCALING SAMPLER: MONTE CARLO ----CAMERA ORIENTATION: SOUTH WEST WIND DIRECTION: NORTH EAST ----VIEW: ARENA ---->_

SPHERE COUNT: 94,880,524 VERTICES: 174,827 MESH FACES: 285,166 ----SHADER: RADIANCE SCALING SAMPLER: MONTE CARLO ----CAMERA ORIENTATION: SOUTH EAST WIND DIRECTION: NORTH EAST ----VIEW: HABITATION ENTRANCES ---->_

SPHERE COUNT: 74,685,499 VERTICES: 84,538 MESH FACES: 182,603 ----SHADER: RADIANCE SCALING SAMPLER: MONTE CARLO ----CAMERA ORIENTATION: NORTH EAST WIND DIRECTION: NORTH EAST ----VIEW: HABITATION INTERIOR ---->_

A AMAL.GAM MAL.GAM

Wenjie Cao, Rizal Ambotang, Adam Roggero

AMAL.GAM

GRANULARITY ~ FABRICATION TESTING ~

MODEL NUMBER: 5 LAYERS: 47 LAYER THICKNESS: 4MM CAMERA ORIENTATION: EAST WIND DIRECTION: NORTH EAST VIEW: HEADWAY

MODEL NUMBER: 5 LAYERS: 47 LAYER THICKNESS: 4MM CAMERA ORIENTATION: WEST WIND DIRECTION: NORTH EAST VIEW: ARENA SIDE

MODEL NUMBER: 5 LAYERS: 47 LAYER THICKNESS: 4MM

MODEL NUMBER: 4 LAYERS: 21 LAYER THICKNESS: 8MM

MODEL NUMBER: 5 LAYERS: 47 LAYER THICKNESS: 4MM

MODEL NUMBER: 5 LAYERS: 47 LAYER THICKNESS: 4MM

CAMERA ORIENTATION: EAST WIND DIRECTION: NORTH EAST

CAMERA ORIENTATION: NORTH WIND DIRECTION: NORTH

CAMERA ORIENTATION: SOUTH WIND DIRECTION: NORTH EAST

CAMERA ORIENTATION: WEST WIND DIRECTION: EAST

VIEW: LAYER DETAIL

VIEW: HABITATION ENTRANCE 1

VIEW: ARENA ENTRANCE

VIEW: HABITATION ENTRANCE 2

Wenjie Cao, Rizal Ambotang, Adam Roggero

AMAL.GAM

Wenjie Cao, Rizal Ambotang, Adam Roggero

AMAL.GAM