January 2020 Outcrop by The Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists

OUTCROP Newsletter of the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists

Volume 69 • No. 1 • January 2020

The Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists

2019 Summit Sponsors PLATINUM SPONSOR

GOLD SPONSORS

SILVER SPONSORS

OUTCROP | January 2020

Vol. 69, No. 1 | www.rmag.org

OUTCROP The Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists

1999 Broadway • Suite 730 • Denver, CO 80202 • 800-970-7624 The Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists (RMAG) is a nonprofit organization whose purposes are to promote interest in geology and allied sciences and their practical application, to foster scientific research and to encourage fellowship and cooperation among its members. The Outcrop is a monthly publication of the RMAG.

2020 OFFICERS AND BOARD OF DIRECTORS PRESIDENT

2nd VICE PRESIDENT-ELECT

Jane Estes-Jackson janeestesjackson@gmail.com

Peter Kubik pkubik@mallardexploration.com

PRESIDENT-ELECT

SECRETARY

Cat Campbell ccampbell@caminoresources.com

Jessica Davey jessica.davey@sproule.com

1st VICE PRESIDENT

TREASURER

Ben Burke bburke@hpres.com

Chris Eisinger chris.eisinger@state.co.us

1st VICE PRESIDENT-ELECT

TREASURER ELECT

Nathan Rogers nathantrogers@gmail.com

Rebecca Johnson Scrable rebecca.johnson@bpx.com

2nd VICE PRESIDENT

COUNSELOR

Dan Bassett dbassett@sm-energy.com

Donna Anderson danderso@rmi.net

RMAG STAFF DIRECTOR OF OPERATIONS

Kathy Mitchell-Garton kmitchellgarton@rmag.org DIRECTOR OF MEMBER SERVICES

Debby Watkins dwatkins@rmag.org CO-EDITORS

Courtney Beck Courtney.Beck@halliburton.com Jesse Melick jesse.melick@bpx.com Wylie Walker wylie.walker@gmail.com DESIGN/LAYOUT

Nate Silva nate@nate-silva.com

ADVERTISING INFORMATION

Rates and sizes can be found on page 36. Advertising rates apply to either black and white or color ads. Submit color ads in RGB color to be compatible with web format. Borders are recommended for advertisements that comprise less than one half page. Digital files must be PC compatible submitted in png, jpg, tif, pdf or eps formats at a minimum of 300 dpi. If you have any questions, please call the RMAG office at 800-970-7624. Ad copy, signed contract and payment must be received before advertising insertion. Contact the RMAG office for details. DEADLINES: Ad submissions are the 1st of every month for the following month’s publication.

WEDNESDAY NOON LUNCHEON RESERVATIONS

RMAG Office: 800-970-7624 Fax: 323-352-0046 staff@rmag.org or www.rmag.org

The Outcrop is a monthly publication of the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists

Vol. 69, No. 1 | www.rmag.org

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Outcrop | January 2020 OUTCROP

RMAG/Mines Partnership Short Course

Practical Python for Earth Scientists Date: February 13, 2020 Location: Catalyst Health Tech Center (3513 Brighton Blvd, Denver, CO 80216) Instructors: Matthew Bauer, P.G., with breakout sessions from Zane Jobe & Thomas Martin Registration: csmspace.com/events/ practicalpython/registration.cpes Please note: Registration will be handled by Colorado School of Mines’ Continuing Education & Professional Development Department. Contact Learn@mines.edu with questions. Who is this course for? This course is tailored for geologists, geophysicists, petrophysicists, petroleum engineers, production engineers, landmen, and anyone else that would like to gain skills in practical python programming, data mining, and machine learning. While this course will use examples from the petroleum industry, any earth scientist will benefit from learning about geospatial and subsurface data analysis. Course Goals: •

Introduce the python programing language for the geoscientist.

•

Introduce python libraries that allow integration into other software programs through reading, manipulating, and writing LAS well logs and shapefiles.

•

Provide hands on examples of the application of Data Mining, Machine Learning, and Data Analytics to solve problems faced by a petroleum geologist.

•

By the end of the course students should be able to adapt the provided examples for use with their own data.

Price:

Course registration fee includes Continuing Education Credits through Colorado School of Mines.

email: staff@rmag.org | phone: 800.970.7624 OUTCROP | January 2020

1999 Broadway, Suite 730, Denver CO 80202

$300 thru 1/28/2020 $325 after 1/28/2020

Regist- https://csmspace.com/ events/practicalpython/ ration: Closes Feb. 11, 2020 fax: 323.352.0046 | web: www.rmag.org Vol. 69, No. 1 | www.rmag.org

follow: @rmagdenver

OUTCROP Newsletter of the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists

CONTENTS FEATURES

DEPARTMENTS

6 RMAG 2020 Summit Sponsorship

10 RMAG December 2019 Board of Directors Meeting

16 Lead Story: From Poles to Publication

14 President’s Letter

28 Mineral Of The Quarter: Stibnite

ASSOCIATION NEWS 2 RMAG Summit Sponsors

22 RMAG Luncheon Programs: Rick Fritz 26 RMAG Luncheon Programs: Stephen A. Sonnenberg 34 In The Pipeline

4 RMAG February Short Course

36 Welcome New RMAG Members!

11 RMAG Data Science Symposium Call for Papers

36 Outcrop Advertising Rates

34 Publish with The Mountain Geologist

Vol. 69, No. 1 | www.rmag.org

COVER PHOTO Arapahoe Glacier, Indian Peaks Wilderness. Glacier supplies about one third of Boulder’s water supply. Photo credit: Stephen Sturm

37 Advertiser Index 37 Calendar

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RMAG Summit Sponsorship

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2 0 2 0

Vol. 69, No. 1 | www.rmag.org

Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists 1999 Broadway, Suite 730 Denver, CO 80202 Phone: 800.970.7624 | email: staff@rmag.org

December 15, 2019 Ladies and gentlemen, First, we’d like to thank the companies that participated as a Summit Sponsor in 2019. And thank you for the in-kind donations of employee time and meeting space for RMAG meetings and events. Without the support of the Summit Sponsors RMAG could not exist. In 2019 RMAG put on eight continuing educations classes and seven field trips. Your dollars also support our excellent publications including the monthly Outcrop newsletter, the quarterly Mountain Geologist and our special publications such as Subsurface Cross Sections of Southern Rocky Mountain Basins. Our monthly luncheon talks are a continued success and are often sold out. For 2020, we have already planned several excellent events including a Data Science Symposium in April, several geologic ‘basics’ classes, and a full slate of field trips. As in the past, our social schedule will include the golf tournament, clay shoot and the Rockbuster’s Ball. If you are already a Summit Sponsor, we look forward to your continued support in 2020, and you might consider upping your contribution. If you are not already a sponsor, look closely at the many free benefits included with sponsorship. Please feel free to contact our staff with questions about sponsorship by email: staff@ rmag.org or by phone at 800-970-7624. We and the staff of RMAG wish you all a successful and prosperous 2020 and look forward to seeing you at our events. Tom Sperr

Jane Estes-Jackson

2019 RMAG President

2020 RMAG President

Vol. 69, No. 1 | www.rmag.org

OUTCROP | January 2020

2020 RMAG Summit Sponsorship Platinum, Gold, & Silver Sponsors

Sponsorship Level Contribution Level

Platinum

Gold

Silver

$10,000

$5,000

$2,500

$9500 for returning 2019 $4500 for returning 2019 sponsors sponsors

RMAG Website Benefits

üLarge Logo & Link

Company logo on 2020 Summit Sponsor page on www.rmag.org

üMedium Logo

ü4 articles & 4 large ads ü2 articlesads& 2 medium

Articles and Ads on special Advertisers’ web page

üMedium Logo

ü4 small ads

Publication Advertising The Outcrop (receive benefits for 12 issues, monthly online publication)* Company logo listed as a 2020 annual sponsor in The Outcrop

ü full page ad

ü 2/3 page ad

ü1/2 page ad

üLarge Logo

üMedium Logo

üSmall Logo

üLarge Logo

üMedium Logo

Gold

Student Sponsor

Silver

ü2

ü1

ü4

ü2

ü1

ü4

ü2

ü1

ü2

ü1

Platinum

Gold

Silver

ü 3 tickets

ü 2 tickets

ü 1 ticket

Event Advertising (included for all events except where noted) Company logo looping in PowerPoint presentation Company logo on 2020 Summit Sponsor signage at all events** Opportunity to offer RMAG approved promotional materials RMAG 2020 Events

Fall Symposium Event Tickets

Core Workshop Event Tickets

Short Courses Event Tickets (may be used for any short course offered during 2020)

On The Rocks Field Trips Event Tickets (may be used for any 1-day field trip during 2020)

RMAG 2020 Events RMAG Luncheons Luncheon Tickets

Golf Tournament Player tickets Regular hole sponsorship, including sponsor sign and booth opportunity

ü 1 team of 4 players ü1

ü 1 team of 4 players ü 2 individual players

ü 1 team of 5 players ü1

ü 1 team of 5 players ü 2 individual players

Sporting Clay Tournament Player tickets Station sponsor sign

ü2

Rockbusters Ball

ü4

Event tickets

OUTCROP | January 2020

Vol. 69, No. 1 | www.rmag.org

2020 RMAG Summit Sponsorship All sponsor bene�it event tickets must meet RMAG event registration deadlines. All bene�its end 12 months after registration. Discount for Platinum and Gold Sponsorships offered to returning 2019 Summit Sponsors only.

RMAG 2020 Summit Sponsorship Opportunities Platinum Sponsor Gold Sponsor Silver Sponsor

Deadline for sponsorship: January 31, 2020. Specify type of payment on signed form, and send logo to staﬀ@rmag.org by 1/31/2020. No beneﬁts will be provided without payment. Company: Company Representative: Address: City/State/Zip: Phone:

Email:

Payment by Credit Card Select a card: Amex M/C VISA Discover Name as it appears on Credit Card:____________________________________________________ Credit Card #: Exp. Date: _________________ Security #: Signature: Payment by Check Mail checks payable to RMAG: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists (RMAG) 1999 Broadway, Suite 730 Denver, CO, 80202

RMAG events are subject to change. Cancellation or rescheduling of events does not give sponsor right to refund. Summit Sponsors will receive bene�its at any new events added into the RMAG schedule for 2020.

Thank you for your generous support!

*12 months of Outcrop advertising: In order to receive 12 full months, company logos and ad art must be received no later than the 20th of the month in which you register. If received after the 20th of the month, ad will start in the month following the month after you register, and you will receive 11 total months (e.g., ads received March 25th will appear in the May issue). **All logos and advertising information must be received no later than March 31, 2020, to be included in Summit Sponsor signage. Previous Summit Sponsors need to submit only advertising information.

email: staﬀ@rmag.org

phone: 800.970.7624

Vol. 69,Broadway, No. 1 | www.rmag.org 1999 Suite 730 Denver, CO, 80202

fax: 323.352.0046 web: www.rmag.org OUTCROP | January 2020 follow: @rmagdenver

RMAG DECEMBER 2019 BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETING By Anna Phelps, Secretary aphelps@sm-energy.com

OUTCROP | January 2020

in full swing and, alongside dues, is what keeps RMAG running. Please consider becoming a Summit Sponsor this year. Eryn presented the final budget which the Board voted to approve. The Continuing Education Committee is getting set to run a Python for Geologists course this winter. The Committee is furiously planning the Data Science Symposium on April 7. Please submit abstracts ASAP! The Membership Committee sent out a Membership Survey in December. Please fill it out electronically by January 15. This survey is a great way for the Committee to understand membership demographics and help RMAG plan events, workshops, and fieldtrips that you will love! The Mentorship Program is open

Happy New Year fellow rock buffs! I hope you had a wonderful holiday season! The longest days of the year are behind us, which means we have sunlight and outcrop adventures waiting for us in 2020. 2019 was a good year for RMAG. We gained new members, ran an impressive number of technical short courses, hosted stimulating monthly luncheons, led many well-attended fieldtrips, and hosted several other social events for our members. Thank you for your continued participation and involvement in RMAG! The December meeting of the RMAG Board of Directors was a festive holiday lunch held on December 18, 2019 at 11:30 AM. All board members were present. Treasurer Eryn Bergin reported that recent events went well and netted money. Summit Sponsorship is

ÂťÂťCONTINUED ON PAGE 12

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RMAG Data Science Symposium ‘Digital Workflows in Oil and Gas’

The RMAG is hosting a 1 day symposium featuring data science and software development in the oil and gas industry

April 7, 2020 at the Denver Athletic Club The RMAG is excited to host a 1 day symposium entitled ‘Digital Workflows in Oil and Gas’. Data analytics is leading companies to new ways of thinking and faster insights. Come share a workflow or case study which demonstrates how you’re incorporating analytics or software development. Talks will be 20-25 min with additional time for Q&A

Possible presentation topics: • Key play performance indicators • Applications to petrophysics/geophysics/stratigraphy • Showcase the analytical tools that you have built to enhance your workflows • Synthesis of production, completion, and geologic data

Abstract submissions due Jan 17, 2020 Acceptances sent Jan 31st Send abstracts to staff@rmag.org Questions? Contact Sophie Berglund, Dan Bassett, or Kurt Rucker

Vol. 69, No. 1 | www.rmag.org

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BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETING

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for applications and mentors and mentees will be paired early in 2020. The Publications Committee had a great year, with many new members, editors, and publications. The Mountain Geologist has great lead articles lined up for January and February and keep an eye out for a special Niobrara edition in 2020. On the Rocks already has 6 to 8 field trips in the works for 2020 so don’t distress when your favorite outcrops are covered in snow this winter, but daydream of summer field trips! The Educational Outreach Committee has a great group of volunteers and they are gathering a lot of steam giving presentations in middle schools and high schools across the Front Range. Well all, this has been a blast! I’m sad to say this was my last Board meeting as Secretary, and as such, my last Outcrop summary of the meetings. I’ve really enjoyed serving on the Board of Directors. I learned so much about the organization and everything involved in keeping the wheels in motion. I really enjoyed getting to work with and getting to know my fellow Board members and I was constantly impressed by their commitment to RMAG and the greater geologic community. Thanks to all past and present Board members for your service in keeping this organization running smoothly. As I leave, please join me in welcoming Jessica Davey as Secretary to the RMAG Board of Directors. Jessica will be a great addition to the Board and I am very grateful for her service. See you all around at luncheons, symposia, networking events, and field trips. I’m off on vacation to see what the volcanics of Costa Rica have to offer! Adios!

OUTCROP | January 2020

Vol. 69, No. 1 | www.rmag.org

Integrated Geologic, Seismic, Geomechanics, and Reservoir Engineering Characterization and Flow Simulation: Fractured Conventional and Unconventional Reservoirs

Tuesday - Wednesday, February 11-12, 2020 Location: Colorado School of Mines Fee: $500, includes snacks, class notes, and PDH certificate Instructors: James Gilman, Reinaldo Michelena (iReservoir) and Chris Zahm (BEG) Natural fractures may be conductive in conventional reservoirs or may become conductive after hydraulic stimulation in unconventional reservoirs. This course addresses these concepts by examining datasets from both conventional and unconventional systems and presenting workflows to construct naturally-fractured reservoir models. Particular attention is given to the use and calibration of 3D seismic attributes, sound stratigraphic and structural frameworks, and geomechanical information. Models and concepts are examined in the context of how they impact fluid flow, reservoir simulation results, field production, and forecast. This 2-day course will present the workflows that have been developed along with spreadsheet-based exercises to solidify concepts. The course provides in-depth presentations and discussions of the models presented. Course Outline Day 1  Natural fractured reservoirs: overview and concepts  Impact of natural fractures on reservoir performance: Overview  Reservoir engineering data for of naturally fractured reservoirs: Overview  Tight unconventional reservoirs: outcrop analogs for subsurface characterization  Tight unconventional reservoirs: mechanical stratigraphy in core and well logs  Tight unconventional reservoirs: seismic properties for fracture characterization  Tight unconventional reservoirs: geomechanics review  Integrated characterization and multi-well flow simulation of tight oil shale resources Day 2  DFN vs Continuum Natural Fracture Descriptions for Simulation in Fractured Reservoirs  Conventional fractured reservoirs: overview and concepts  Value of outcrop analogs in fracture modeling  Conventional fractured reservoirs: facies, rock properties in core and well logs  Conventional fractured reservoirs: rock properties from 3D seismic  Calibration of effective fracture permeabilities  Special Considerations for NFR Simulation (e.g., gridding, vertical perm, relative perm, non-fractured cells)  Putting it all together: Integration of outcrop, core, well logs, and seismic for improved reservoir models

Learner Outcomes    

Highlight geologic concepts (e.g., mechanical stratigraphy, rock properties, faults, folds, etc.) that control natural fracture development in conventional and unconventional reservoirs Demonstrate characterization methods that incorporate the use of 3D seismic data for improved mapping of mechanical facies and fracture properties (i.e., increased value of information) Discuss workflows that combine geologic and geomechanics concepts, petrophysical properties, and seismic attributes within geological models in preparation for reservoir simulation Quantify the combined effect of fracture properties (intensity, orientation, width) and local stresses in effective flow properties of simple fracture scenarios Class Descriptions and Register Online: www.pttcrockies.org For more information, contact Mary Carr, 303.273.3107, mcarr@mines.edu

Vol. 69, No. 1 | www.rmag.org

OUTCROP | January 2020

PRESIDENT’S LETTER By Jane Estes-Jackson

What does RMAG mean to you?

OUTCROP | January 2020

In 1993, I was a young, eager, bright-eyed geologist in my first real job right out of graduate school. I considered myself very lucky to have landed a position with a small independent oil company in Denver. All the geologists that I worked with and looked up to were RMAG members, and I wanted to be like them. I also thought it was important as a young professional to join my local geological association, so I joined RMAG. Subsequently I learned firsthand about the instability of the oil business when I lost my job three times within the first six years of my career. During that time RMAG provided some much needed continuity for me that my employers did not. Now, after yet another layoff, RMAG is supplying me with abundant networking opportunities as well as a way to stay actively involved in the local geoscience community while I try to figure out what’s next. My personality type is way over on the introvert side of the spectrum, and social situations can be somewhat stressful for me. Being active in RMAG has been an excellent way to force myself to get out of my comfort zone and meet new people. In addition to serving on several Boards, I also spent many years on the Publications Committee, which has enabled me to not only make numerous meaningful connections but also many lifelong friends. One of the RMAG’s greatest strengths is its active and engaged membership, and there are a number of ways to get involved. Much of the work done by the organization gets accomplished in various

committees, and they are always looking for volunteers. The Continuing Education Committee plans all of the luncheon speakers as well as short courses and symposia. The Publications Committee generates all of our publications, including the Outcrop, the Mountain Geologist, and topical guidebooks. The On the Rocks committee plans the field trips, and the Educational Outreach committee visits schools. If your interests are more on the social side of things, the newly reinstated Social Event Committee could use help planning the golf tournament, sporting clays, and Rockbusters Bash. If any of these pique your interest, please contact me or the other Board members and we’ll connect you with the appropriate committee chair. All organizations must be relevant to their membership to not only survive but also to thrive. The RMAG exists to serve its members, and it doesn’t matter how much effort goes into an event if it isn’t something the members want. With that in mind, I strongly encourage you to respond to the membership survey that was sent out via email recently. It will help us plan events for this year and the future. I personally welcome any feedback that can help this organization be more useful for its members. RMAG has been invaluable to my career as a geologist in innumerable ways. Over the many years that I have been involved in this auspicious organization I have gotten much more out of it than I have ever put into it, and I am both honored and humbled to serve as your President for the coming year.

Vol. 69, No. 1 | www.rmag.org

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Vol. 69, No. 1 | www.rmag.org

OUTCROP | January 2020

LEAD STORY

FROM POLES TO PUBLICATION BY CHLOE BRASHEAR Student Technician, National Science Foundation Ice Core Facility Student, Masters of Geology, University of Colorado

It seems impossible - that is, peering back into time and conceiving how this big floating rock operated before our very existence. But thanks to this little thing we call H2O and a few properties of thermochemistry, Earth’s history is being unveiled. This is why I like to think as Loren Eiseley said: “If there is magic on this planet, it is contained in water”. Not even one century ago came the wild idea to reach for the ends of this planet in search of, at best, pieces of the paleoclimate puzzle. In the mid-1950s, scientists began drilling into the Greenland ice sheet with a hunch that unchanging frozen water molecules held secrets of the past. If this were true, then there needed to be a way to extract and decipher these samples of ice. Discoveries of this project would confirm such intuitions and eventually spark an entire movement to answer climate’s most challenging questions at the poles. Thus, ice core science was born. You may wonder what is so special about polar ice sheets. Well, these sprawling landscapes form layer by layer through continuous accumulation and compression of snowfall into glacial ice, effectively trapping and stratifying anything from dust particles to air pockets. Due

OUTCROP | January 2020

to low surface melt, interior areas can grow to be several kilometers thick, creating multithousand-year archives of past atmospheric composition, molecular snowfall structure, tephra accumulation and more. Collectively, these variables and their behavior through time help illustrate a relatively complete representation of global climate before modern humans came along. Extracting and maintaining these archives for analysis requires the time-intensive, yet all-important process of deep ice core drilling. Before a drilling project begins, many years are dedicated to site selection and logistics. These are typically international decisions, as multiple research institutes around the globe hold a stake in the science that will be done on a core. Site selection is highly dependent on the desired timescale and level of detail. For example, sites in western Antarctica experience high snowfall accumulation and will therefore provide high resolution data but won’t extend especially far back into time. Sites in eastern Antarctica experience low levels of snowfall, so while data extends back much further, resolution is not nearly as high. Once a site has been

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FIGURE 1: Flying over the edge of the Greenland ice sheet. Credit: Abby Thayer

FIGURE 2: LC-130 aircraft preparing for departure. Credit: Chloe Brashear

LEAD STORY

FIGURE 3:

(left) Drill head and barrel. Credit: Steven Profaizer FIGURE 4:

(below) Standard electromechanical drill system. Credit: Joseph Souney

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agreed upon and logistics have been sorted, it’s expedition time. Multiple days are required to travel to these remote locations, and only military aircrafts outfitted with oversized skis can safely land on ungroomed snow. Once all staff and science teams have arrived, life in camp becomes fairly simple: eat, sleep, work, and of course, dance on Saturday evenings. The drilling season can only last while conditions are safe and light is plentiful; specifically, May to August in Greenland, and November through February in Antarctica. If all is going well, drilling occurs nearly around the clock. Because core is typically brought up in three-meter-long sections, many hundred drill runs over several drilling seasons are required to bring an entire multi-kilometer long ice core to the surface. For each run, the process is identical. Rotating teeth at the tip of a drill head carve through ice until the drill barrel is filled to capacity. Next, spring loaded lever arms engage as the cable winch is reversed to create a clean break at the end of the core and hold ice within the barrel. The sample is then ready to bring up for processing. Processing includes cleaning, measuring and

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LEAD STORY

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dating ice as it comes up from the bore hole. Of these steps, dating is arguably the most important. Without it, there would be no way to contextualize scientific findings in real, temporal space. The simplest method consists of physically counting the seasonal layers - cloudy, lighter bands indicate summer while translucent, darker bands indicate winter. As this physical signal eventually becomes thinned and obscured below certain depths, other methods must then be used. In areas where seasonal dust patterns are well understood, electrical conductivity measurements are used to identify annual layers. Peaks in this signal represent increased atmospheric particulates, such as dust and ash, while troughs represent the contrary. Additionally, geochronological dating of Beryllium, Uranium, and volcanic tephra present in an ice core are used to confirm the above methods. Once an ice core is properly extracted and processed, it’s time for scientific analysis. If ice is not being analyzed right away in camp, it will be shipped back to one of multiple storage facilities, depending on which country leads the drilling project, and eventually distributed for analysis. FIGURE 5: Unprocessed ice cores from the East Greenland Ice Core Project (EGRIP). Here, at the National Science Foundation Credit: Chloe Brashear Ice Core Facility (NSF-ICF) in Lakewood, Colorado, we house and allocate the sole Ice cores have provided a huge breakthrough in collection of United States funded ice cores. Ice is modern climate studies due to the unmatched detail brought to us from all over the world to reside at a of various factors recorded within this archive. For comfortable -38 degrees Celsius before being samexample, we now know exact atmospheric composipled out to various research labs and academic intions up to 800,000 years ago and we can use wastitutions. Much of the work done here includes orter isotope ratios to suggest past temperatures along ganizing and maintaining our 20,000-meter-long this timeline. Ice cores have even provided evidence collection. This includes keeping the database up for past volcanic events, microbial existence, and to date and forever making sure there are no ismore. Multitudes of people dedicated to these subsues with the freezer (ironically, it always likes to tleties are building the best possible model of past act up over holiday breaks). Once a sample proposal climate with the overarching aim of better predicting is approved by the NSF, we cut and package various shapes of ice depending on the needs of the scientist. future climate change. When I’m not working at the FedEx then takes these samples to their final destiNSF-ICF, I too am researching a distinct sector of ice nation for analysis and voila, science! CONTINUED ON PAGE 20

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LEAD STORY

FIGURE 6: Concentrations of 2H and CO2 from the EPICA Dome C (Antarctica) Ice Core (Jouzel et al., 2007; Luthi et al., 2008).

core science in hopes of contributing to this effort. The very base of my research is water isotope analysis of the WAIS Divide and South Pole ice cores - both obtained within the last decade from the Antarctic ice sheet. A variety of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes occur abundantly within the natural water cycle: 1H, 2H, 16O, and 18O. Of these, 2H and 18O are known as “heavy” isotopes due to the presence of additional neutrons within their nuclei. Using laser absorption spectroscopy, we are able to record the ratio of heavy to light isotopes throughout the entirety of an ice core and compare these values to a predetermined water standard. Sections of an ice core will be more depleted of heavy isotopes during periods of colder temperatures, and vice versa. Why? As a cloud is transported from the tropics to the poles, heavier water molecules are preferentially precipitated out first due to a temperature dependent process known as isotopic fractionation. During glacial periods, atmospheric conditions cause clouds to cool quicker and precipitate more often on their way poleward, resulting in ice core samples that are more depleted of heavy isotopes. We can therefore interpret the water isotope record as a relative temperature timeseries. Ice core water isotope records have been monumental in understanding climate variability,

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specifically how polar regions react to internal and external climate forcing. Unfortunately, a process known as diffusion establishes many hurdles in investigating this data. Diffusion takes place predominantly within the firn layer, the loosely packed top layer of a glacier or ice sheet where air can move freely through interconnected pathways. Within these pathways, frozen water molecules and water vapor can mix and exchange between phases, effectively smoothing details of a water isotope signal. Diffusion is eventually slowed once snow is compressed into ice and the pathways are closed off, but prior mixing is irreversible. My research aims to correct diffusional smoothing present in the water isotope records of the WAIS Divide and South Pole ice cores, revealing accurate proxy data and providing a precedent for future cores. Most importantly, these corrections will likely uncover high-frequency climate cycles previously unavailable due to analytical limitations. While I only deal with a tiny portion of the picture, ice core science has unlocked a myriad of secrets - secrets that have pushed climate science closer to the truth and caused us to ask better questions about our future. Specifically, ice cores have shown us that this planet’s climate has previously relied on a delicate balance between the greenhouse effect

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FIGURE 7: Sun dog above the Greenland ice sheet. Credit: Chloe Brashear

and incoming solar radiation. Historic 100,000-year cycles of warming and cooling, controlled by Earth’s relative position to the sun, have kept carbon dioxide levels oscillating between about 180 and 280 ppm with temperatures following suit. Today, anthropogenic activities have raised atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations to above 400 ppm at a rate faster than anything seen in the natural record. This perturbation could have compounding effects on Earth’s climate system and we may be just now seeing the tip of the iceberg, apparent through warming global temperatures, ocean acidification, ice melt and more. If we are to fully understand how this home of

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ours is wired and how it will react in coming years, a

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window into the past is our best bet. So, if ice sheets

hold the answers we need moving forward, then yes, I’m convinced there’s magic in there somewhere.

REFERENCES

Jouzel et al., Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability over the last 800,000 years, Science, 317, 793-796, 2007 Lüthi et al., High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000-800,000 years before present, Nature, 453, 379-382, 2008 21

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RMAG LUNCHEON PROGRAMS Speaker: Rick Fritz | January 8, 2020

State of Oil: Musings of a Pessimistic Optimist By Rick Fritz, AAPG President-Elect

RICHARD (RICK) FRITZ is a native Oklahoman who spent much of his youth around the oil patch in Osage County, Oklahoma. His dad, granddad, great-granddad and many of his uncles worked as pumpers or roughnecks. Currently, Rick is the President of Fritz Energy Partners. The goal of Fritz Energy Partners is to develop new resource play ideas using advanced geoscience, engineering and analytical methods. Rick is also the 2020 AAPG President. Rick started his career in 1977 by working for Exxon (before +Mobil) in development geology in South Texas and later as an exploration geologist in the Mid-continent.

OUTCROP | January 2020

U.S? It spells the end of the net asset value (NAV) model that supported the quick and high returns for the private-equity programs. The A&D market is lousy. Cash-flow is king! Public and private companies must live within their means. So what do we do? There is always hope that drilling, completion and production technologies will improve. This often is the case during a major downturn in the industry. The “haves” will continue to develop their inventory and improve cash flow. The “have-nots” need to find another way. All need

The petroleum industry is in the low-end of another cycle. Global political and economic uncertainty, commodity vs. production pressures, and climate related anti-fossil fuel concerns question the value of investing in petroleum. The reality is most unconventional plays are not economical at $55 per barrel oil. Only the best sweet spots in the major plays continue to shine; however, these plays are plagued by reserve issues with parent-child relationships. Do moderately low oil prices along with low gas and NGL prices spell the end of most exploration in the

»»CONTINUED ON PAGE 24

Post Exxon, Rick became president of Masera Corporation and supervised major exploration research projects in the U.S., and in the Middle East and Africa. From 1999 to 2011, Rick was the Executive Director of AAPG. He was responsible for the management of AAPG headquarters in Tulsa, Oklahoma and the oversight of numerous programs for AAPG’s 34,000+ members. In 2011 Rick was hired to work in SM Energy Company’s new venture exploration team in Tulsa. Rick studied active resource plays to understand the parameters that made some successful and others marginal. From 2015-18 Fritz was the CEO of Council Oak Resources, 22

an EnCap private equity start-up focused on the Midcontinent. Rick bleeds orange having graduated from Oklahoma State University in Stillwater in 1978. He is an active member of the OSU Geoscience Alumni Advisory Board and has working with Boone Pickens to improve the School of Geology at OSU through fundraising and oversight. One of Rick’s favorite Oklahomans is Will Rogers. Like Will, Rick is a “people person” and enjoys working with and managing professionals, especially young professionals. In his roles at AAPG and OSU Rick has enjoyed working on numerous programs for students.

Vol. 69, No. 1 | www.rmag.org

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RMAG LUNCHEON PROGRAMS doors for their younger colleagues. Professionals will need to know more about geo-analytics and big data as AI and machine learning becomes a prerequisite. Mid-career geologists will need management training and the knowledge to integrate new technologies. Senior geologists will have the opportunity to take many paths including mentorship, entrepreneurship and exploration. Yes, I said “exploration.” We are in a depletion industry and we will need oil and gas exploration for future supply demands. As the Halbouty Lecturer at the last ACE in San Antonio, Stephen Greenlee, ExxonMobil’s President gave a great talk on “Making the Case for Exploration”.* He stated that, “The whole idea that we are in a sunset industry, that lower investment is going to destroy the industry, couldn’t be further from the truth,” he said. “There is a tremendous and exciting future for those who make a decision to study geoscience.”

»»CONTINUED FROM PAGE 22

to find investment. All need people with new ideas. In a professional society like AAPG, the most important issue facing our members are job security and jobs in general. This is not just true in the US it is also a factor outside the US as oil prices are too low to start key projects. Nonetheless it is a fact that the “great crew change” is already happening as baby boomers gradually decide to retire opening

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OUTCROP | January 2020

RMAG LUNCHEON PROGRAMS Speaker: Stephen A. Sonnenberg | February 5, 2020

Geology of the Turner Sandstone, Finn-Shurley Field Powder River Basin, Wyoming By Stephen A. Sonnenberg, Colorado School of Mines

DR. STEVE SONNENBERG is a Professor of Geology and holds the Charles Boettcher Distinguished Chair in Petroleum Geology at the Colorado School of Mines. He specializes in unconventional reservoirs, sequence stratigraphy, tectonic influence on sedimentation, and petroleum

across the field is roughly east-west. Trapping occurs where sandstone beds get shalier up-dip. The field is located along the shallow east margin of the Powder River Basin south of the Clareton lineament. Three to four coarsening upward cycles are present in the Turner in the field. Most of the production comes from the lower two cycles. Each cycle consists

The Finn-Shurley field produces petroleum from the Upper Cretaceous Turner Sandstone of the Powder River Basin. The Turner is a member of the Carlile and is overlain by the Sage Breaks and underlain by the Pool Creek members of the Carlile. The Turner is interpreted to be a shallow marine shelf sandstone deposited along the eastern side of the Western Interior Cretaceous Seaway. Sand-shelf-bar orientation

»»CONTINUED ON PAGE 27

geology. A native of Billings, Montana, Sonnenberg received BS and MS degrees in geology from Texas A&M University and a Ph.D. degree in geology from the Colorado School of Mines. Steve began teaching at Colorado School of Mines in 2007 after working in the petroleum

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RMAG LUNCHEON PROGRAMS

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of burrowed to bioturbated, heterolithic mudstones and sandstones coarsening upwards into fine-grained laminated to burrowed sandstones. Trace fossil present fall into the shelf Cruziana ichnofacies. The sandstones are largely litharenites. Porosities range from 11-17% and permeabilities range from 0.06 to 0.5 md. Source rock analysis of the Turner shales indicate Ro values averaging 0.63 and Tmax values of 433oC. Source beds for the oil and gas in the Turner is thought to be the Mowry Formation. The low thermal maturity suggests lateral migration of oil into the stratigraphic trap. The field extends over an area roughly circular in shape of ~65 square miles. Productive depths across the field are 4450 to 5700 ft. First production is reported as 1974 and cumulative production from ~750 vertical wells is 22.5 MMBO and 38 BCFG. Cumulative gas oil ratio is 1688 cu ft gas per barrel oil. Average production per well is approximately 30 MBO and 50 MMCFG. Horizontal drilling activity in the field area has recently commenced. Although the production is fair to marginal, the field provides an excellent example of trapping style as well as a depositional model for Turner Sandstone elsewhere in the deeper parts of the Powder River Basin. Recent drilling in the deeper overpressured parts of the Powder River Basin has encountered excellent production from the Turner (> 1,000 bbls oil equivalent per well). Finn-Shurley Field is part of a continuous accumulation within the Turner Sandstone in the Powder River Basin. Distinct oil-water contacts are not present in the field area. The accumulation is underpressured and regarded as unconventional. Vol. 69, No. 1 | www.rmag.org

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MINERAL OF THE QUARTER By Ronald L. Parker Senior Geologist, Borehole Image Specialists, 5650 Greenwood Plaza Boulevard, Suite 103 Greenwood Village, CO 80111 | ron@bhigeo.com

STIBNITE The Metallic Explosion

»»CONTINUED ON PAGE 29 BELOW: Stibnite is sometimes discovered as a finely-reticulated mesh of radiating acicular sprays. This specimen is from the Herja Mine, Baia Mare Maramures, Romania. The mass is 3.3 cm across the base. Photo used with permission from John Betts Fine Minerals, http:// www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com/

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Vol. 69, No. 1 | www.rmag.org

MINERAL OF THE QUARTER: STIBNITE

Large stibnite blade from the Wuling Antimony Mine, Jiangxi Province, China. Photo by Albert S. Wylie.

»»CONTINUED FROM PAGE 28

Stibnite, antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3), is an attractive orthorhombic mineral with an often splendent metallic luster that highlights radiating clusters of bladed or acicular striated crystals. Sometimes these clusters are stubby and finger-like. Other times, they are delicate, needle-like sprays of interwoven crystals. It is this propensity for appearing as glitzy, handsome crystal displays that make stibnite a favorite of mineral vwcollectors. Although stibnite is widespread, it does not commonly occur in large deposits. Stibnite forms in low-temperature hydrothermal veins and hot spring deposits and it is the most common antimony mineral. Stibnite also keeps very fine company, being a frequent associate of silver and gold. This association is so close, in fact, that stibnite is often found to have taken some silver and gold into its crystal structure. A fanciful description of stibnite is found in Dana’s Textbook of Mineralogy, Fourth Edition, quoted here. “Crystals prismatic; striated or furrowed vertically; often curved or twisted…. The better crystals are frequently very rich in faces. Common in confused aggregates or radiating groups of acicular crystals; massive,

High aspect ratio single crystal of striated stibnite with a welldeveloped termination on one end. From the Wuling Mine, Qingjiang, Jiangxi, China. 6.5 cm long. Photo used with permission from John Betts Fine Minerals http://www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com

»»CONTINUED ON PAGE 30

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MINERAL OF THE QUARTER: STIBNITE

An aesthetic spray of sharp, striated and flattened iridescent metallic stibnite blades. They throw off amazing flashes of blue and purple colors as the piece is turned in the light. From Baiut, Maramures County, Romania. https://www. mindat.org/photo-21985. html Photo by Rob Lavinsky. Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com – CC-BY-SA-3.0 [CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)]

coarse or fine columnar, commonly bladed, less often granular to impalpable. (Ford, 1957, p 410). “Confused aggregates”…”impalpable”…Stibnite, I can relate to you - I feel like that sometimes. Stibnite is mostly a pure substance comprised of 71.4% antimony (Sb) and 28.6% sulfur (S). The mineral may contain small amounts of gold (Au), silver (Ag), iron (Fe), lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) (Klein, 2002). Stibnite is orthorhombic, belonging to the rhombic-dipyramidal (2/m2/m2/m) crystal class (Johnson, 2002). Although stibnite is often seen in crystalline form, it is often difficult to quickly determine that stibnite is orthorhombic. This is not always the case, however, as illustrated by the included photograph from Baiut, Romania. Stibnite is typified by a steely lead-gray color and a soft black streak. The lead color is subject to tarnishing to a darker hue and this tarnish may sometimes display an iridescent bright indigo-blue (Farndon and Parker, 2011). With a hardness of 2, stibnite is readily powdered, a fact that led the OUTCROP | January 2020

ancient Egyptians to use crushed stibnite as mascara, known as kohl, ~1,600 years ago (Still, 2018). Stibnite has a specific gravity of 4.52 to 4.62. It displays one perfect cleavage parallel to the c-crystallographic axis and cutting across the b-axis (010) with several other less perfect cleavages (001), 101), (110) and (100). Striations are also aligned with the c-axis. The perfect cleavage plane (010) is perpendicular to the orientation of glide planes that allow molecular slip without separation (as with cleavage, Ford, 1957). Because of glide planes, stibnite crystals are easily bent or twisted about their length and bent crystals are a common sight at gem and mineral shows. One unusual property of stibnite is that it burns when struck against a hard surface. The tips of modern matches contain stibnite powder because of this property (Wenk and Bulakh, 2004). Stibnite typically occurs as a constituent of low temperature hydrothermal veins and in hot spring and low-temperature replacement deposits. Stibnite mineralizes at the final stages of a polymetallic

»»CONTINUED FROM PAGE 29

»»CONTINUED ON PAGE 31

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MINERAL OF THE QUARTER: STIBNITE

»»CONTINUED FROM PAGE 30

paragenetic sequence when a rapid decrease in temperature of antimony-bearing solutions precipitates nucleation. Fluid inclusion studies of stibnite indicates homogenization temperatures in the range of 270° to 140°C (Munoz et. al., 1992; Bailly, 2000). When exposed to oxidizing surficial conditions, stibnite is readily weathered. Decomposition often results in formation of white or yellow stibiconite (Johnsen, 2002). Other mineral associations of stibnite include other antimony-bearing minerals and quartz, gold, orpiment, realgar, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, calcite, barite, tetrahedrite, cinnabar and silver ores (Ford, 1957). Bismuthinite (Bi2S3) is a rare mineral related to stibnite that has similar mineral properties (Johnsen, 2002). Antimony is released from stibnite ores by roasting and smelting. Much of the world’s antimony is produced as a by-product of lead-zinc (Pb-Zn) processing, not stibnite mining (Kesler, 1994). Antimony is notable as an alloying agent that hardens lead (Pb), increasing its strength and durability. These alloys are used in lead-acid storage batteries and as the material for bullets (Gray, 2009). Antimony is used in lead-free solders, which are much safer than leaded solder. Antimony finds application in the electronics industry, where it is used extensively as a component of semi-conductors. Antimony compounds find wide application as fire-retardants in plastics, paints, textiles and rubber. Antimony is a colorful agent and isused as a pigment in glassmaking and as an important contributor to pyrotechnics, lending an intense blue color to fireworks (Bonewitz, 2008). Although stibnite is widespread, large accumulations are rare. Notable localities include the Harz Mountains of Germany, Nerchinsk, Russia, Potosi, Bolivia, Pribram, the Czech Republic, New Brunswick, Canada and Oaxaca, Mexico (Bonewitz, 2008). Romania is known for providing several different habits: long prismatic crystals are found in Baia Sprie, radiating clusters of thin needles are found in Herja and thick prismatic crystals from Baiut (Korbel and Novak, 1999). Extraordinarily fine stibnite crystals are noted from the Ichinokawa Mine, Shikoku Island,

Striated stibnite crystal with prominent S-shaped deformation. From the Ichinokawa Mine, Skikoku Island, Ehime Prefecture, Japan. The crystal is 2.8 cm tall. Photo with permission from John Betts Fine Minerals, http://www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com

»»CONTINUED ON PAGE 32

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MINERAL OF THE QUARTER: STIBNITE

Sprays of highly lustrous, metallic stibnite. Wuling Antimony Mine, Qingjiang, Jiangxi, China. The long crystal is 15 cm in length. Photo used with permission from John Betts Fine Minerals http://www. johnbetts-fineminerals.com

»»CONTINUED FROM PAGE 31

Japan, from Xikuangshan, Hunan Province, China and the Wuling Antimony Mine, Jiangxi Province, China (Behling et. al., 2002). Stibnite crystals are known from just a handful of localities in the United States. Notable among them is Manhattan, Nevada (Klein, 2002). One additional note: Wash your hands after handling stibnite – antimony is poisonous (Farndon and Parker, 2011).

REFERENCES: Bailly, Laurent, Vincent Bouchot, Claire Beny and Jean-Pierre Milesi, 2000, Fluid Inclusion Study of Stibnite Using Infared Microscopy: An Example from the Brouzils Antimony Deposit (Vendee, Amorican Massif, France), Economic Geology, 95(1):221-226. Behling, Steven C., Guanghua Liu and Wendell E. Wilson, 2002, Stibnite from the Wuling Antimony Mine, Jiangxi Province, China, The Mineralogical Record, 33(3-4):139-147. Bonewitz, Ronald Louis, 2008, Rock and Gem: The Definitive Guide to Rocks, Minerals, Gems and Fossils, New York, New York: Dorling-Kindersley Limited, 360 pp. Dana, Edward Salisbury, 1922, A Text-Book of

WEBLINKS:

• https://www.minerals.net/mineral/stibnite.aspx • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stibnite • https://www.mindat.org/min-3782.html • http://www.webmineral.com/data/Stibnite.shtml#. XfmwPEdKiHs • https://www.google.com/ search?q=Stibnite&imgsafe=on&tbm=isch OUTCROP | January 2020

• http://www.handbookofmineralogy.com/pdfs/stibnite.pdf

»»CONTINUED ON PAGE 33

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MINERAL OF THE QUARTER: STIBNITE

Magnificent confused aggregate of stilbite on display at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA. From China. Photo is in the public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stibnite.jpg

»»CONTINUED FROM PAGE 32

Mineralogy, with an Extended Treatise on Crystallography and Physical Mineralogy, 4th Edition, Revised and Enlarged by William E. Ford, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.720 pp. Farndon, John and Steve Parker, 2011, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Minerals, Rocks & Fossils of the World, Leicestershire, U.K.: Anness Publishing, Ltd, 512 pp. Gray, Theodore, 2009, The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe, New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, Inc., 240 pp. Johnsen, Ole, 2002, Minerals of the World: Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. 439 pp. Kesler, Stephen A., 1994, Mineral Resources, Economics and the Environment, New York: MacMillan College Publishing Company, Inc., 391 pp. Klein, Cornelis, 2002, The 22nd Edition of the Vol. 69, No. 1 | www.rmag.org

Manual of Mineral Science: New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 641 pp.

Korbel, Petr and Milan Novak, 1999, Minerals Encyclopaedia, Lisse, the Netherlands: Rebo International, 296 pp. Munoz, Marguerite, Pierre Courjault-Rade and Francis Tollon, 1992, the Massive Stibnite Veins of the French Palaeozoic Basement: A Metallogenic Marker of Late Variscan Brittle Extension, Terra Nova, 4(2):171-177. Still, Ben, 2018, The Secret Life of the Periodic Table: Unlocking the Mysteries of all 118 Elements, Buffalo, N.Y.: Firefly Books, 192 pp. Wenk, Hans-Rudolf and Bulakh, Andrei, 2004, Minerals – Their Constitution and Origin: New York: Cambridge University Press, 646 pp. 33

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IN THE PIPELINE JANUARY 8, 2020 RMAG Luncheon. Speaker Rick Fritz. “State of Oil--Musings of a Pessimistic Optimist”. Maggiano’s Downtown Denver. JANUARY 10, 2020 DIPS Luncheon. Members $25 and Non-

members $30. For more information, visit www. dipsdenver.org or RSVP to Tim Rathmann, current President, tim@rivunc.com. JANUARY 16, 2020 COGA Oil and Gas Day at the Capitol.

JANUARY 21, 2020 DWLS Luncheon. Speaker Ridvan Akkurt. “Machine Learning for Well Log Normalization.” Wynkoop Brewing Company, 1634 18th Street at Wynkoop, Denver.

Well Log Digitizing • Petrophysics Petra® Projects • Mud Log Evaluation Bill Donovan

Geologist • Petroleum Engineer • PE

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Publish with… Why contribute? • Reach a broad industry and academic audience • Quarterly peer-reviewed journal • Permanent archiving includes AAPG Datapages • Quick turn-around time • Every subdiscipline in the geosciences Expanded geologic focus: • Entire greater Rocky Mountain area of North America • West Texas and New Mexico to northern British Columbia • Great Plains and Mid-Continent region

Email: mgeditor@rmag.org https://www.rmag.org/publications/the-mountain-geologist/

COLORADO BORN. COLORADO BUILT. Colorado Committed. WE ARE GREAT WESTERN. WE ARE

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WELCOME NEW RMAG MEMBERS!

Michael Boubin

is a Geologist at Quartzite3 in Denver, Colorado.

Andrew Clift

is a Geologist at Chesapeake Energy in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

Eric Dillenbeck

lives in Houston, Texas.

Barbara Ganong

is Prinicpal with Zena Consulting, LLC in Golden, Colorado.

Chad Hartman

is a Chief Technical Advisor at Stratum Reservoir in Golden, Colorado.

Curtis Haverkamp

is an Account Representative at Halliburton in Denver, Colorado.

Andrew Johnson

Chris Steinhoff

works at OXY in Denver, Colorado.

Sean Taylor

is Director of Geoscience Rockies at Black Mountain Oil and Gas in Evergreen, Colorado.

lives in Denver, Colorado.

Ray Moore

Steve Whitney

lives in Littleton, Colorado.

works at Whitney Seismic Consulting.

Caroline O’Keefe

lives in Denver, Colorado.

Melanie Peterson

is a Geologist at Willow Branch Resources, LLC in Mills, Wyoming.

Lee Wilson

lives in Basalt, Colorado.

Charlie Redmond

works with InGrain Services at Halliburton in Denver, Colorado.

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CALENDAR – JANUARY 2020 SUNDAY

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RMAG Luncheon. Speaker Rick Fritz.

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