The Adaptable City Anne Ebery
The Temporal City
CONTENTS PART 1: RESEARCH 4 PART 2: PROPOSITION 82 BIBLIOGRAPHY 112
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WHAT IS THE CITY? The above series of collages sets out an idea of the city as a place of radical, surprising possibilities that confounds attempts to pin it down. It’s an accumulation of events and information over time; constantly evolving, a radical heterarchy of bits that holds together somehow. The inculsion of the still shot and poster from The Rocky Horror picture show and its sequel bring to mind how the city and its culture churn up the intentions of creators; the cultural product we end up with is authored as much by its context as by any ‘creator’. The flop became the cult object, which spawned a commissioned, intentional ‘cult object’, which in turn flopped thanks to that intention (perceived as a fake), which finally became a (smaller) cult object after a couple of cycles through the cultural wash. So time and context play a part in authorship of the built environment. Time has transformed Abbotsford’s Skipping Girl Vinegar sign from an advert into a beloved piece of ‘heritage’ - despite being a reconstruction of the original.
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LAYERING Cities develop around water sources. Information and events accumulate. We use maps as a narrative tool to try to make sense of the city. se Harold Fisk’s cartography of the Mississippi River is carefully heirarchical, but the lasting impression is of a radical heterarchy of possibilities over time. Cities confound our tendency to think in dualities.
RE VISION INTENT
People who have intentions toward the city; architects, planners, designers, legislators, find their intentions metabolized by the city in unexpected ways. It was a flop when it was released. Then TRHPS organically grew a cult following, in part because of that original failure. So the studio ordered another one. Shock Treatment aimed to recreate the cult formula but flopped, in part because of that intention.
FORMULA
We want to find a formula for what works to solve the city’s problems but the results are complex and unpredictable.
REVISION
What was reviled is loved and vice versa. Intentions are churned up and everything is taken out of context and put into new contexts. The city’s relationship with time is uneasy.
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NEGOTIATION hybridization
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NEGOTIATION
HEIGHT LAYERING
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BLOCK 2 CLUE BLOCK 74/84 BLOCK 2, WHICH CORRESPONDS TO MELBOURNE’S CENSUS OF LAND USE AND EMPLOYMENT (CLUE) DATA BLOCK 74/84, SITS ON THE NORTHERN EDGE OF THE CBD CORE. The Temporal City
THE BLOCK - LOOKING NORTH LOW RISE OLDER BUILDINGS MIX WITH NEW CONSTRUCTION AND THE TALL NEEDLES OF NEW RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS.
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2003
2006
2010
2013
2015
2018
A GENTLE DECLINE TOTAL EMPLOYMENT NUMBERS FALLING OVER 15 YEARS The Temporal City
7 6 8
5 7
6
5
4 4
3
3 2
1
2
CLUE Blocks
EMPLOYMENT COMPARISON 2018 CLUE DATA SHOWS DIFFERENCES IN TOTAL EMPLOYMENT NUMBERS BETWEEN BLOCKS ALONG THE NORTHERN CBD EDGE. LARGER TOTAL EMPLOYMENT NUMBERS HAVE TENDED TO FOSTER BLOCK MONOCULTURES. (ΔT)
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Block 72/82
Block 73/83
Block 74/84
EMPLOYMENT DNA 2018 CLUE DATA SHOWS DIFFERENCES IN TOTAL EMPLOYMENT NUMBERS BETWEEN BLOCKS ALONG THE NORTHERN CBD EDGE. LARGER TOTAL EMPLOYMENT NUMBERS HAVE TENDED TO FOSTER BLOCK MONOCULTURES. The Temporal City
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Block 76/86
Block 85
Block 77/87
EDUCATION
OFFICE
HOTEL
RETAIL
OTHER
ENTERTAINMENT/RECREATION (ΔT)
2003
2008
2013
2018
A CHANGING COMPLEXION SPACE USE OVER TIME - OFFICE (BLUE) AND RETAIL (PINK) HAVE DECLINED, RESIDENTIAL (NAVY) HAS RISEN SHARPLY. The Temporal City
IMMINENT DEVELOPMENT - a dormitory block for melbourne central? BUILDINGS APPROVED OR UNDER CONSTRUCTION WILL INJECT MORE RESIDENTIAL SPACE USE INTO THE BLOCK. (ΔT)
APARTMENT BEDROOMS
1 BED - 22% 2 BED - 60% 3 BED 18%
APARTMENT WITH INTERIOR BEDROOM/S
1 BED - 80% 2 BED - 42% 3 BED 33%
APARTMENTS WITH ACCESS TO OUTDOOR SPACE
1 BED - 57% 2 BED - 55% 3 BED 50%
APARTMENT QUALITIES MOST APARTMENTS IN BLOCK TWO HAVE AT LEAST ONE INTERIOR BEDROOM. ABOUT HALF HAVE ACCESS TO PRIVATE OUTDOOR SPACE. The Temporal City
TALL AND SHORT BLOCK 2’S OLDER BUILDINGS ARE USUALLY BETWEEN 2 AND 4 LEVELS.
GLASS AND CURTAINS
MONOLITHIC GLASS FACADES REQUIRE CURTAINS AND SCREENING TO BE HABITABLE IMAGES: http://maps.au.nearmap.com/ (ΔT)
BLOCK STUDY
Block 74/84, as designated by CLUE, sits on the northern edge of the Hoddle grid. Flanked by Elizabeth and Queen Street with Lonsdale and La Trobe to north and south - it’s just to the West of Melbourne Central Station. It’s a block with a lot of older low-rise buildings, until quite recently passed over for intensive development. But development in the block has taken off in the past 2 or 3 years, leading to a “Tall trees among the low-lying shrubbery” effect. So it’s a block of old and new, extra tall and short. Melbourne’s CLUE data shows more development planned for the near future, most in the form of needle-like skyscrapers. Rewind to the near past, and we can see that total employment in the block has in fact been in gentle decline for the past 20 years, up until about 2018. Adding a layer of data showing the programmatic DNA of jobs in each block shows that intensively developed blocks tend to develop programmatic monocultures – they become all about one or two uses, heterogeneity is swept away.
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A Light Problem
Trawling through the listings and floorplans available on realestate.com.au and domain.com reveals a dataset comprised of every apartment sold in this block through those sites in the last five years, the number of bedrooms they have, whether they provide access to outdoor space, and whether they have interior bedrooms i.e. bedrooms without exterior windows. 80% of 1 bed apartments have a bedroom with no exterior window, and 42% of two-bedroom apartments do. Legislation has recently passed to prohibit this practice. However too many people aren’t given the option to live in a city apartment with acceptable natural light and ventilation. The block’s new-build apartment towers, clad in neverending Miesian glass curtain walls, also foster harsh living environments. Glass curtain walls on north and west facades increase indoor temperatures and heating and cooling costs. There is a dichotomy of dysfunction in relation to light – too much or too little. Both waste resources and tax human health.
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TYPOLOGIES
RESIDENTIAL
DARLINGHURST APARTMENT / SYDNEY / BRAD SCHWARTZ ARCHITECT CHALLENGES ACCEPTED AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS FOR RESIDENTIAL MINIMUM SQUARE METERAGE. SOURCE: ARCHDAILY.COM The Temporal City
PHOTO CREDIT: KATHARINE LU
AGGLOMERATE
WHAT IF WELL-LIT AND -VENTILATED SMALL STUDIOS FORMED A VERTICALLY STACKED AGGLOMERATION IN THE BLOCK, CONNECTED BY BRIDGE ELEMENTS AND SITTING ON AND UNDER COMMUNAL INDOOR/OUTDOOR SPACE? HOW SELF CONTAINED COULD AND SHOULD THIS AGGLOMERATION BE?
GLAZING SITE MINIMUM SQM
FLEXIBLE
CABINETRY
SPECIFIC
CEILING HEIGHTS MATERIALITY
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TYPOLOGIES
RESIDENTIAL
NOIE COOPERATIVE HOUSING / TOKYO / YUUA ARCHITECTS AND ASSOCIATES THIS HOUSING FORMS COURTYARDS FOR RESIDENT USE, PROVIDING SEMI-PRIVATE SPACE. DWELLINGS TEND TO BE TALL WITH A SMALL FOOTPRINT. SHELL WITH FLEXIBLE INTERIOR: RESIDENTS CHOSE THEIR OWN INTERIOR LAYOUTS. SOURCE: ARCHDAILY.COM The Temporal City
PHOTO CREDIT: SOBAJIMA Toshihiro
AGGLOMERATE
COULD DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS OF HOUSING UNITS WITH SEMI PRIVATE INTERIOR COURYARDS MASS TOGETHER, PIERCED BY PUBLIC SPACE?
INTERIOR COURTYARD CEILING HEIGHTS POROSITY IINDIVIDUAL FIINISHES
FLEXIBLE
BUILDING MASSING
SPECIFIC
SITE MATERIALITY INTERIOR PLAN
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TYPOLOGIES
COMMERCIAL
OVER THE LAYERS OFFICE / GANGNAM-GU / A * DUS THE ARCHITECTS DESIGNED THIS FLEXIBLE OFFICE SPACE TO FILL A ‘LEFTOVER’ SPACE. PLAN IS SIMPLE. SOLAR ORIENTATION IS KEY TO THE DESIIGN. NO ‘GLASS TOWER OFFICE - GLAZING IS RATIONALIZED. SOURCE: ARCHDAILY.COM The Temporal City
PHOTO CREDIT: Kyung Roh
AGGLOMERATE
COULD OFFICES WITH ONLY ONE OR TWO GLAZED FACADES, CAREFULLY ORIENTED, BE GRAFTED INTO THE SIDES OF LARGER AGGLOMERATIONS? COULD THEY BE SERVIED BY AN ELEVATED GROUND PLANE OF SHOPS, PUBLIC SPACES, GARDENS, GYMS AND CAFES?
SOLAR ORIENTATION NATURAL LIGHT SIZE
FLEXIBLE
SPECIFIC
PLAN SITE
MATERIALITY
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TYPOLOGIES
RETAIL
INVISIBLE COFFEE SHOP / BANGKOK / I LIKE DESIGN STUDIO SMALL, SINGLE ORIENTATION WITH SINGLE PROGRAM THAT NEVERTHELESS PROVIDES SOME PUBLIC SPACE AND ADDRESS THE STREET GENEROUSLY.
SOURCE: ARCHDAILY.COM
PHOTO CREDIT: Soopakorn Srisakul
LOJA FERNANDA YAMAMOTO STORE / SAO PAULO / ATELIER DANIER CORSI ECHOES OF MELBOURNE TERRACE HOUSING TYPOLOGIES. NARROW PLAN, DOUBLE FRONTAGE, FLEXIBLE INTERIOR SPACE.
SOURCE: ARCHDAILY.COM The Temporal City
PHOTO CREDIT: Guilherme Pucci
AGGLOMERATE
COULD RETAIL CORRIDORS, VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL, CONNECT OFFICE, RESIDENTIAL AND PUBLIC SPACES? COULD THESE CORRIDORS PROVIDE ‘EXTRA’ PUBLIC SPACES, AND MAINTAIN LEGIBILITY AND FLEXIBILITY?
SITE SIZE
FLEXIBLE
CEILING HIGHT
SPECIFIC
FLOORPLAN MATERIALITY
PUBLIC ENTRANCES (ΔT)
TYPOLOGIES
MIXED-USE
99 JUTA / JOHANNESBURG / LOCAL STUDIO FORMAL ANCHOR FOR THE STREET. THE ARCHITECTS SOURCE: ARCHDAILY.COM bottom right - Annalize Nel
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PHOTO CREDIT: top - Earl Abrahams; bottom left - Dave Southwood;
AGGLOMERATE
WHAT IF MIXED USED SPACES FORMALLY DFFERENTIATED FROM OTHER PROGRAMS. COULD THEY ANCHOR THE AGGLOMERATION’S CHARACTER, IMPROVE LEGIBILITY, PROVIDE ORGANIZING LOGIC?
OPERABILITY SIZE
FLEXIBLE
SPECIFIC
COLOUR SITE MATERIALITY AESTHETIC CHARACTER
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TYPOLOGIES
PUBLIC SPACE
VERTICAL STRUCTURE / OBERHAUSEN / KUEHN MALVEZZI CIRCULATION, VIEIWING PLATFORM, CONNECTING ELEMENT, POTENTIAL GATHERING SPOT. ELEMENTS COULD BE REPEATED TO MAKE UBRAN WALKING TRAILS, PARKS, COURTS, GARDENS. SOURCE: ARCHDAILY.COM
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PHOTO CREDIT: Hiepler Brunier
AGGLOMERATE
COULD EXOSKELETON STRUCUTRES BE USED TO INTRODUCE POROSITY AND GAPS INTO DENSE URBAN BLOCKS TO ALLOW SOLAR ACCESS? COULD THESE ELEMENTS DEMOCRATIZE ACCESS TO ELEVATED BLOCK LEVELS AND PROGRAMS?
SIZE
ORIENTATION
FLEXIBLE
CIRCULATION SCHEME
SPECIFIC
FRAMING SITE
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PUBLIC SPACE
GREEN GROWN UP ROOF GARDEN / MELBOURNE / BENT ARCHITECTS THE SUCCESSFUL SECTION PROFILE OF THE GARDEN BEDS MAKE THEM A KIND OF DIVIDING URBAN FURNITURE THAT DIRECTS CIRCULATION AND GATHERING. THE PLANT SPECIES ARE CHOSEN CAREFULLY TO SURVIVE MELBOURNE CONDITIONS, AT SOME ALTITUDE. SIZE AND SITE ARE MORE ADAPTABLE ELEMENTS. SOURCE: https://www.bentarchitecture.com.au PHOTO CREDIT: BENT ARCHITECTURE The Temporal City
AGGLOMERATE
HOW TO AVOID GREENWASHING WHILE MAXIMISING AVAILABLE URBAN RESOURCE OF ROOFS? WHAT MIXTURE OF STAKEHOLDER BUY-IN, PLANT RESILIENCE, AND DESIGN SIMPLICITY IS NEEDED TO MAKE THEM VIABLE
PLANT SPECIES SIZE
FLEXIBLE
SECTION PROFILE
SPECIFIC
SITE MATERIALITY
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Types An examination of various program types - housing, commercial, public, mixed use and retail - using a rubric of ‘plug-in’ units resulted in a group of case studies, each dealing with specificity and flexiblity to mediate successfully with their surrounds. For example Brad Schwartz Architects’ tiny apartment works at that size because certain factors have been specifically controlled, while others are afforded flexibility. Change one of these factors and the proposition doesn’t work: for example a much bigger size defeats the purpose of trying to live in the inner city affordably, lower the ceiling much and the small space closes in dramatically, lose the quality of natural light and the space is Dickensian. Yet in terms of position within a building, in terms of the exact design of the partition/storage module, or the interior layout, there is considerable scope for flexibility. Conceptualizing this as qualities along a slider between Flexible and Specific allowed the use of Rhino Grasshopper to create iterations, remaking the city as agglomerations of these flexible/specific modules. Each agglomeration is made of units, themselves iterations based on the characteristics identified as important for particular space use.
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ITERATION 1 ROTATED PUBLIC USE CORE
ROTATING A CIRCULATION AND PUBLIC-USE CORE, AND FURTHER ROTATING PROGRAMME BLOCKS TO CREATE OPPORTUNISTIC INTERSTITIAL SPACES. A MIXTURE OF 35% RESIDENTIAL, 30% OFFICE, 15% RETAIL, 10% ENTERTAINMENT, 10% HOTEL.
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ITERATION 2 U-SHAPE CONFIGURATION WITH PUBLIC USE BRIDGE
ALLOWING LIGHT AND VIEWS TO GET INTO AND OUT OF THE MIDDLE OF THE BLOCK. A MIXTURE OF 35% RESIDENTIAL, 30% OFFICE, 15% RETAIL, 10% ENTERTAINMENT, 10% HOTEL. The Temporal City
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DIURNAL - OR THE 24 HOUR PEAK PRESENT The Temporal City
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DIURNAL - OR THE 24 HOUR PEAK IMMINENT The Temporal City
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DIURNAL - OR THE 24 HOUR PEAK OPPORTUNITY The Temporal City
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URBAN RULES The Temporal City
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PUBLIC SPACE RATIO - ITERATIONS
NORTH-FACING PUBLIC SPACE; BRIDGES
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SEPARATE REALMS [OFFICE, DIAGONAL CONNEC
COMMUNITY SPACE 12%
, RESIDENTIAL]; CTOR
RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL 88%
0
10
20
VERTICAL STACKING; LESS POROSITY
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ELASTICITY - SPECULATIONS 2025-2050 The Temporal City
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HEIGHT LIMIT
HOW USEFUL IS THIS BLANKET RULE? ITERATIVE TEST REVEAL IT DOES NOT NECESSARILY ALLOW BETTER SOLAR ACCESS, AND MAY IMPEDE THE OTHER RULES BY PROHIBITING TALLER CONNECTING ELEMENTS. The Temporal City
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DOTTED LINES SPECULATION (ΔT)
Citywide Speculation Modelling was made up of units based on the parameters set by the quality sliders, for exmple small agglomerations of housing units of specific size configured around a courtyard, or public space elements used as bridges across the block. The classic OMA 24hr Yokohama chart was used as a jumping off point to speculate on space use throughout the day. The values identified as important through the study of unit typologies were used to write a set of 5 concise Urban Rules, which were tested over multiple iterations. Although placement, ratios of space use, height, growth rates and some qualitie of space could be controlled, these were blunt instruments. In practice, the leap to a temporal 24hr city was hard to evidence, True flexibility was difficult to infer from the iterations - diurnal space use charts would simply show the lights switching on or off as different spaces went used or unused. In effect the new cities were locked in by replicating extant programatic construction and were inflexible.
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PRELIMINARY PROPOSAL 2020’s Covid-19 pandemic has emptied the city of its pedestrians - for now. The major structural forces of our lives seem to be in a state of dynamic conservatism: in flux but fighting to stay the same. This may change, become more progressive; or it may not. This proposition acknowledges the possibility of urban expansion or contraction, fostering adaptive re-use and interrogating the assumption of requiring constant growth to be considered viable. This project will explore how a building can be a good city neighbour, can be grafted onto existing buildings and in turn invite grafting. Structural exoskeletons can bridge buildings, creating aerial laneways to be filled in and embroidered on as economic opportunity or population growth demands. The proposal will suggest an alternative to monolithic glass curtain wall facades, often uninhabitable without curtains and airconditioning. Hard-working, multipurpose public spaces will bridge different domains within the block and invite public access to the elevated ground planes that the block offers, in a way that marble lobbies don’t.
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SPECULATION - CITY VIEW The Temporal City
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SPECULATION SPECULATION 1- BLOCK - BLOCK VIEW VIEW The Temporal City
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SPECULATION PERSPECTIVE VIEW The Temporal City
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Collage 2 - What is the City?
A seccond collage description of the city. To Melbournians in lockdown for the better part of 2020, subject to travel restrictions and a curfew, the city fragments and is reconstructed on screens and in thoughts and conversations. Sense of scale is bent or broken, small signifiers assume huge importance; the whole city is shrunk to a few clicks on Googlemaps. Time becomes about press conferences; behaviour- and therefore life-altering safety information evolves faster than it can normalize. The urgency for the adaptable city is shown in relief. Will urbanites clear out and go rural? Will people hesitate to come back into the centre? Will hurt businesses recuperate or go away and be replaced by...what? Will students come back or study from home?
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THE AVERAGE AUSTRALIAN PRODUCES ABOUT 15 TONNES OF CARBON PER YEAR
CO2E EMISSIONS BY FINAL DEMAND SHOW THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR MAKES UP 18.1% OF AUSTRALIA’S CARBON FOOTPRINT.
We can start with the dictum: Growth is good and growth is inevitable. Prosperity’s been linked with population growth for a long time – people fear a shrinking tax base. Moreover, we’ve all seen versions of the above graphs published everywhere – the world will continue to urbanize rapidly and Melbourne better be ready for it. Yet…the picture is so much more complicated. Global population is expected to peak in 2100; in Australia the birth rate is lower than replacement, Covid-19 has fueled a downward trend in fertility, climate migration is expected to be a major driver in where we live in the rest of the 21st century, researchers have said that much of coastal Australia will be too hot to live in soon, a line has been drawn linking climate change and the occurrence of pandemics…and on and on and on.
The point is that it’s unknown. Part of the reason so many of these conflicting articles and headlines catastrophize is that’s what we tend to do with the unknown. Locking us in with the kind of urban growth that’s imminent for Block 74-84 won’t allow us the flexibility and adaptability to respond to the unknowns. We’re locked in by cities that only assume growth, but don’t countenance flexibility, stagnation, mutability, change, decline, disruption and adaptation….Which are all A] possible, and B] things we can live well with.
How do humans want to live well (heterogeneously, flexibly, comfortably) and sustainably (i.e. we can keep doing it)? The Temporal City
THE AVERAGE AUSTRALIAN HOUSEHOLD KEEPS 6 CUBIC METRES OF UNUSED STUFF. HOUSING THAT STUFF LOCKS US IN TO INTENSE CONSUMPTION PATTERNS
IF EVERY PERSON LIVED LIKE THE AVERAGE AUSTRALIAN WE WOULD NEED FOUR EARTH’S WRTH OF RESOURCES TO SUSTAIN US
PROBLEM: CONSTRUCTION’S CARBON FOOTPRINT
OUR PERCEIVED ABLITY TO DO ANYTHING ABOUT CONSTRUCTION’S CARBON FOOTPRINT
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The Good Bits - Northern orientation, optimal ventilation, lighting
Utility - Shared between agglomerations of 4-8 units
Personal storage - storag spines to form backbone for habitable modules to graft onto
What if we re-tool the sliders that control the flexibility and specificity of the spaces we make? What if, instead of being specific about programme, space use or total building height, we’re specific about the quality of each built space. We tend to have a lot of stuff we don’t use, and we tend to build a lot of space we don’t use. Could we design spaces to just accommodate what we effectively use most of the time and no more? What if spaces were no longer designated residential, office, retail, but instead people could adapt them to their needs, either over the course of a day or over years.
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new day, new program
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New Urban Parameters
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URBAN PARAMETERS
TO LIVE WELL [FLEXIBLY, HETEROGENEOUSLY, COMFORTABLY], AND
PARAMETER 1
GRAFTING NEW BUILDS MUST BE GRAFTED ONTO EXISTING BUILDINGS. GRAFTE ALLOW FOR BEING GRAFTED ONTO IN TURN. PARAMETER 2
GOOD NEIGHBOURS NEW BUILDS MUST NOT NEGATIVELY IMPACT THE LIGHT OR AIR QUAL RONMENTAL AMENITY, OF EXISTING BUILDINGS.
PARAMETER 3
GOOD ENVIRONMENT NEW BUILDS MUST PASSIVELY PROVIDE NATURAL LIGHT, NATURAL VE ABLE INTERIOR AIR TEMPERATURE PARAMETER 4
PUBLIC SPACE ONE FIFTH OF NEW BUILT SPACE WILL BE GENERALLY ACCESSIBLE PU
PARAMETER 5
TEMPORANEOUS [LATIN -HAPPENING AT THE RIGHT TIME-] NEW BUILDS WILL ALLOW FOR DIS-ASSEMBLY AND RE-ASSEMBLY.
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D SUSTAINABLY [IN A WAY WE CAN KEEP DOING], IN OUR CITIES RHINO/GRASSHOPPER ACTIONS
ED NEW BUILDS MUST
ISOLATE EXISTING UN-GLAZED FACADES IN THE CITY FOR GRAFTING.
LITY, OR OTHER ENVI-
ISOLATED UN-GLAZED FACADES TO ACT AS ATTRACTORS FOR GRAFTING ELEMENTS. GLAZED FACADES TO ACT AS REPELLERS.
ENTILATION, COMFORT-
UBLIC USE SPACE.
HABITABLE SPACE GLAZED FOR OPTIMAL DAYLIGHTING. HABITABLE SPACE TO OCCUPY THE NORTHERN FACE OF ALL AGGLOMERATIONS.
RATIO OF PUBLIC SPACE SET AT 20% FOR ALL ITERATIONS.
A MODULAR CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM USED THROUGHOUT BASED ON SIMPLE 1X1m PANELS. HABITABLE SPACE MADE UP OF THESE PANELS, TO OM LRGER AGGLOMERATIONS, CONNECTED WITH LARGER PUBLIC SPACE UNITS MADE OF THE SAME PANELS. (ΔT)
GOOD ENVIRONMENT
30%-45% GLAZED
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45%-55% GLAZED
The northern facades of habitable space will be glazed according to optimal daylighting requirements, depending on height and placement within the city ‘strata’.
30%-45% GLAZED. Top build stratum.
45%-55% GLAZED. High build stratum.
55%-65% GLAZED. Low build stratum 65%-80% GLAZED. Lowest build stratum.
A modular 3 x 6 facade allows multiple iterations, which create a distinct patterning accross each agglomeration.
55%-65% GLAZED
65%-80% GLAZED
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Bent Architecture. Growing Up Green Roof. https://www.bentarchitecture.com.au/growing-up-green-roof (last accessed 29 September 2020) Blau, Annika What Australians really think about climate action. https://www.abc.net. au/news/2020-02-05/australia-attitudes-climate-change-action-morrison-government/11878510?nw=0 (Published 05 February, 2020. Last accessed 22 October, 2020) Charles-Edwards, Elin; Bernard, Aude; Wohland, Pia; Wilson, Tom. 1.4 million less than projected: how coronavirus could hit Australia’s population in the next 20 years. in the Conversation. https://theconversation.com/1-4-million-less-than-projected-howcoronavirus-could-hit-australias-population-in-the-next-20-years-143544 (Published August 6th 2020, Last Accessed 12th September 2020) Cty of Melbourne. CENSUS OF LAND USE AND EMPLOYMENT; Definitions. https://www. melbourne.vic.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/clue-definitions.pdf (Last accessed 15 August 2020) City of Melbourne - Open Data. Employment by block by Space Use - 2019. https://data. melbourne.vic.gov.au/Business/Employment-by-block-by-Space-Use-2019/nug6-empf (last accessed 14 October 2020) Department of Transport, Planning and Local Infrastructure - State of Victoria. 374-380 Lonsdale Street, Melbourne Planning Permit Application No. 2011/013331A https:// www.planning.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/95002/03-2011013331A-380-Lonsdale-Street,-Melbourne.pdf (Last accessed 14 September, 2020) Dunne, Daisy. Q&A: Could climate change and biodiversity loss raise the risk of pandemics? Climate Brief: Clear on Climate. https://www.carbonbrief.org/q-and-a-couldclimate-change-and-biodiversity-loss-raise-the-risk-of-pandemics.(Published 15th May 2020. Last accessed 20 September 2020) Global Footprint Network; Advancing the science of Sustainability. Earth Overshoot Day https://www.overshootday.org/about/ (last accessed 17 October 2020) Heglar, Mary Annaise. I work in the environmental movement. I don’t care if you recycle. Vox. https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/2019/5/28/18629833/climate-change-2019green-new-deal (Updated Jun 4, 2019. Last accessed 25 October 2020)
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Pownall, Augusta.“We don’t have the power to stop our extinction” says Paola Antonelli, Dezeen, August 2020. https://www.dezeen.com/2019/02/22/paola-antonelli-extinction-milan-triennale-broken-nature-exhibition/ (Published 22 February 2019. Last accessed 22 August 2020) SBS News 15th January 2020 Australians ‘may become climate refugees’ as global temperatures soar: US expert https://www.sbs.com.au/news/australians-may-become-climate-refugees-as-global-temperatures-soar-us-expert (Last accessed 17 October 2020) Waldman, Steve Randy. Predatory precarity,Interfluidity. https://www.interfluidity.com/ v2/7263.html (Published August 20, 2019. Last accessed 29 August 2020)
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The Temporal City Ian Nazareth RMIT Architecture Semester 2 2020