'BIANLIAN' MARKET
• THE CHANGING FACES OF CHINA • LU HAN
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01
THE EVOLUTION OF CHINESE VILLAGE, HOUSING, COMMUNITY, AND IDENTITY
02
THE EVOLUTION OF THE MARKET
03
ISSUES OF CONTEMPORARY MARKET IN CHINA UNDER COVID-19
04 05
EXPERIMENTS ON THE MARKET FOR COVID
SITE
Contents |3
• 01
THE EVOLUTION OF CHINESE VILLAGE, HOUSING, COMMUNITY, AND IDENTITY
• 02
THE EVOLUTION OF THE MARKET
• 03
ISSUES OF CONTEMPORARY MARKET IN CHINA UNDER COVID-19
• 04 • 05
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EXPERIMENTS ON THE MARKET FOR COVID
SITE
The idea of community has been weakened by the population explosion and the movement of population, the expansion of contemporary cities, the popularization of the internet. Local differences have been gradually diminishing. What had been lost in the city in China due to the quick evolution period since 1949? It seems like local identity has been lost because of the development. Has the contemporary city lost the local identity which still remains in the traditional village or even collective housing project?
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1900 6|
Before the People's Republic of China was established in 1949, most of city area are surrounded by villiages and agricultural lands. Most of the houses in the village are old, dangerous and unrepaired. These buildings were going to be fixed in the next few decades.
Community Housing and market were disrepaired
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Most of the living spaces were distributed by the government and the basic community unit has consisted of one or several working-unit courtyards. It means both people’s works and living areas are determined by the government. While the government was aimed at economic targets and the public ownership of residential buildings, people had no choice but to live with their colleagues and limited space. From 1949, Most of the living spaces were distributed by the government and the basic community unit has consisted of one or several working-unit courtyards. It means both people’s works and living areas are determined by the government.
1949
The First five-year policy
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1978
The Second five-year policy
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The Third five-year policy The Fourth five-year policy The Fifth five-year policy
Establish of PRC Great leap forward
Great Chinese Famine
The Great Cultural Revolution
Community Collective housing The advantages of the Collective housing are that this type of building provides public space in the building which is similar to the original villages, and another public space is the central area in the middle. The advantage of it is that while the public is getting more and more, people still had a sense of belonging because they are more familiar.
K
K
K
K T
T T
Housing
K Public
K
T
T
B
B B T
K
Collective housing master plan
Public & Private mixed in living area
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The quality of buildings and the environment in the housing estate has been improved a lot. The improvement of the economy also allows individuals to have their own apartments. But the quick expansion of the city and amount of residential projects were copied throughout the country. Normally, the basic COMMUNITY MODEL consisted of residential buildings, 1-2 playgrounds, and greenspace. Since the real estate market is dominated by developers, maximizing benefits is their ultimate goal. Therefore, they design unused spaces for use by people of different classes, thereby intensifying classification differentiation. Also, in China, the economic value of houses is more than living value. The sense of belonging to the local community is losing. 1978 10 |
After the announcement of reform and opening-up policy, the main model of residential buildings is determined by developers, and the later community administration and management authorities belong to the property management companies.
Community Contemporary housing project
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• 01
THE EVOLUTION OF CHINESE VILLAGE, HOUSING, COMMUNITY, AND IDENTITY
• 02
THE EVOLUTION OF THE MARKET
• 03
ISSUES OF CONTEMPORARY MARKET IN CHINA UNDER COVID-19
• 04 • 05
12 |
EXPERIMENTS ON THE MARKET FOR COVID
SITE
While the chinese city has experienced a large amount of demolition and rebuidling, the market has remain as a unclear, chaotic area where lack of management and regulation. Within the ecosystem of the vegetable market, nearby residents, individual vendors, and the operation and management of the market have formed an interdependent relationship with each other. It leads to the question'What is the future market in china'? And more research are made on the history of market to rethink about the relationship between the market and community.
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5th century BC-221 BC
In 'Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji', the concept of market first appeared in the book, illustrating the marketplace in the imperial city.
匠人营国，方九里，旁三门。国中九经九纬，经涂九轨，左祖右社，面 朝后市，市朝一夫。 -《周礼考工记》
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CHINESE MARKET
Market place Warehouse Residential area
Imperial area Minister living area
The location of the market in traditional city
In ‘zhou li kao gong ji’, The concept of the market first appeared in the book. The green area is the marketplace for the residents in the city area. But the area of market was quite limited and it mainlly provides foods for imperial city.
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5th century BC-221 BC
In the same period, another form of community was forming naturally. Village community & Market place out of the imperial city - The traditional village in China. In the beginning, human beings set their accommodation around water and the mountain. the natural villages are the settlement influenced by local geography and climate. when the commodity exchange appeared, the market becomes a place for people to gather, exchange, and socialize. The main street in front of the village is the area for the open-air market place and also some festivals and events.
er
M
et
tre
S ain
Riv
Central playgro
Agricultural land (Mountain)
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l ound
CHINESE MARKET Playground for public event
Car Park
Central Central playground playground
Agricultural land
The market is located along river in the main street place | 17
960-1279
Abolishing the Lifang System encouraged more commercial activities in Song. Except the village marketplace, there were a lot of specific are for marketplace in the imperial city, such as daily market, night market, seasonal market. The main form of marketplace was exposed to open air space. This phenomenon were recorded by River on the Qingming Festival.
Daily market Night market and Seasonal market in song city 18 |
| 19 CHINESE MARKET
1900
The village is the most traditional way to build local communities. In the beginning, human beings set their accommodation around water and the mountain. the natural villages are the settlement influenced by local geography and climate. when the commodity exchange appeared, the market becomes a place for people to gather, exchange, and socialize. Gradually, this area came into the main street in the central area and the other residential buildings were located on the side roads. The main road is used as a combination of local public facilities, including market, retail stores, haircuts, pharmacy, government offices, restaurants, and so on. This main street could be used for some kirmess or temple fairs annually.
Main street - Public facilities
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CHINESE MARKET
Lane way socializing
Annual festival
Annual festival
Lane way socializing
Public Building Main Street
Agricultural land
Village in Nanjing area
Main street - Market
The satellite image below shows the distribution of villages on the outskirts of Nanjing. It shows the main street structure continued until now.
Main street in rural village around Nanjing
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= FOOD
Public Market
1949 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1978 22 |
In small concentrated vegetable farms, the government distributes food to individuals according to the amount of family menber. In this period, the market worked more like the government office for policy. The political value is more than community value.
CHINESE MARKET
Blue corrugated material
Steel Structure
Stands on the ground
Typical model of market place in China since 1978
Most of food market were shifted from public to private and managed by local communities, and street administrators. The vendors buy vegetables in wholesale market and sale in local food market. Some food markets were shifted into supermarket.
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Between 550 and 350 BCE, In the Ancient Greece marketplace, Agora is located in an open-air space, clustered stallholders according to types of goods.
Ancient Greece
Fish-sellers were in one place, clothing in another, and sellers of more expensive goods such as perfumes, bottles, and jars were located in a separate building. The Greeks organized trade into separate zones, all located near the city center and known as stoa. A freestanding colonnade with a covered walkway, the stoa was both a place of commerce and a public promenade, situated within or adjacent to the agora.
In Ancient Rome, Rome had two forums, Forum Romanum and Trajan’s Forum.
Ancient Rome
Ancient Rome, Rome had two forums, Forum Romanum and Trajan’s Forum. Trajan’s market built around 100-110CE, was a vast expanse, comprising multiple buildings with shops on four levels. The Roman forum was arguably the earliest example of a permanent retail shopfront.
At Pompeii, multiple markets served a population of approximately 12,000. Produce markets were located in the vicinity of the Forum, while livestock markets were situated on the city's perimeter, near the amphitheater.
Pompeii 24 |
At Pompeii, multiple markets served a population of approximately 12,000. Produce markets were located in the vicinity of the Forum, while livestock markets were situated on the city's perimeter, near the amphitheater. A long narrow building at the north-west corner of the Forum was some type of market, possibly a cereal market. On the opposite corner stood the macellum, thought to have been a meat and fish market. The presence of an official commercial calendar suggests something of the market's importance to community life and trade. Markets were also important centers of social life.
| 25 WESTERN MARKET
11 Century
From around the 11th-century, the number and variety of imported goods sold at beach markets began to increase.
From around the 11th-century, the number and variety of imported goods sold at beach markets began to increase. giving consumers access to a broader range of exotic and luxury goods. , following the European age of discovery, goods were imported from afar - calico cloth from India, porcelain, silk and tea from China, spices from India and South-East Asia, and tobacco, sugar, rum, and coffee from the New World.
12 Century
From the 12th century, English monarchs awarded a charter to local Lords to create markets and fairs for a town or village.
1200-1516
In England, some 2,000 new markets were established between 1200 and 1349. By 1516, England had some 2,464 markets and 2,767 fairs while Wales had 138 markets and 166 fairs.
A pattern of market trading using mobile stalls under covered arcades was probably established in Italy with the open loggias of Mercato Nuovo (1547) designed and constructed by Giovanni Battista del Tasso (and funded by the Medici family)
1200-1516 13-15 Century 26 |
Braudel and Reynold have made a systematic study of European market towns between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries. Their investigation shows that in regional districts markets were held once or twice a week while daily markets were common in larger cities. Over time, permanent shops began opening daily and gradually supplanted the periodic markets, while peddlers or itinerant sellers continued to fill in any gaps in distribution.
| 27 WESTERN MARKET
3000 BCE 10 Century 1455 28 |
In the Middle-East, documentary sources suggest that a form of bazaar first developed around 3,000 BCE. Early bazaars occupied a series of alleys along the length of the city, typically stretching from one city gate to a different gate on the other side of the city. The bazaar at Tabriz, for example, stretches along 1.5 kilometers of the street and is the longest vaulted bazaar in the world.
In the Middle East, prior to the 10th century, market places were situated on the perimeter of the city. Along established trade routes, markets were most often associated with the caravanserai typically situated just outside the city walls. When the marketplace began to become integrated into city structures, it was transformed into a covered area where traders could buy and sell with some protection from the elements.
The Grand Bazaar in Istanbul is often cited as the world's oldest continuously-operating, purposebuilt market; its construction began in 1455.
| 29 MIDDLE-EAST MARKET
• 01
THE EVOLUTION OF CHINESE VILLAGE, HOUSING, COMMUNITY, AND IDENTITY
• 02
THE EVOLUTION OF THE MARKET
• 03
ISSUES OF CONTEMPORARY MARKET IN CHINA UNDER COVID-19
• 04 • 05
30 |
EXPERIMENTS ON THE MARKET FOR COVID
SITE
They shouldn't eat the wildlife! It's necessary to clean up the market! 2019.12 WuHan The first Chinese COVID-19 case was found In the South China Seafood Market in Wuhan.There were more than 500 positive samples on the stands or garbage trucks.
Market is unfor tunately where the coronavirus began and spread CORONAVIRUS.
2020.06 Beijing S i n c e t h e re h a v e b e e n n o COVID-19 cases in Beijing, a new case of Covid-19 was found having gone through with XinFaDi Market. There were more than 45 positive samples in this market.
Why is the market one of the most dangerous public area in this situation?
How can architects design the market in a different way?
https://m.chinanews.com/wap/detail/zwsp/gn/2020/01-26/9070504.shtml
http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2020-06/19/c_1126135352.htm
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Different circulations of people who shopping in the market
Why the market is one of the most dangerous public area in this situation?
01
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Dense Crowds of people and disorder of Circulation - Out of Order & Cross Infection
Crowded in the market
Mix of different vehicles in the vegetable zone
Mix of different vehicles in the seafood zone
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Blue Corrugated Board Blue corrugated material
Steel Structure
Stands on the ground
More than 80% of roof are composed of blue corrugated material, which is cheap, light, easy and quick to construct.
Why the market is one of the most dangerous public area in this situation?
02
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Poor Condition of Shopping Environment - Dangerous Steel Structure&Boof , Informal Stands and Blue Roof
Dangerous Steel Structure and Roof
Informal Camps & Roof as Stands in the Market
Boxes & Tricycle on the Nearby Road
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Why “wet” markets? One explanation has to do with the liquid in these places: live fish splashing in tubs of water, melting ice keeping meat cold, the blood and innards of slaughtered animals. Another is simply that they deal in perishable goods (thus wet) instead of dry, durable goods. Somewhat akin to farmer’s markets and found around the world, wet markets are typically large collections of openair stalls selling fresh seafood, meat, fruits, and vegetables. Some wet markets sell and slaughter live animals on site, including chickens, fish, and shellfish. In China, they’re a staple of daily life for many.
Why the market is one of the most dangerous public area in this situation?
03
36 | https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/04/coronavirus-linked-to-chinese-wet-markets/
Seafood+Vegetable+Meat are Sold in One Room - Mixed of Dry market and Wet market, Easy to Get and Spread Virus.
Live fish splashing in tubs of water
Slaughter live animals on site
Slaughter live animals on site | 37
While people do shopping but still felt crowded, how can we design a place where they won't feel crowded?
Manage the speed
Safe crossing -Better Circulations
What people did residents use more frequently during covid-19?
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Move stores to open space like the street
What if the market can provide safe place based on social distance?
https://app.conceptboard.com/__/exit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgehlpeople.com%2Fblog%2Fpublic-space-plays-vital-role-in-pandemic%2F&signature=p9TcjJcKlT9GXAnxXKiIQ1IVGMjM_ySaT4mIcHl1es%3D
While people would like to walk and bike more and drive less, what can we design for better mobility?
Slow Street
Expand the sidewalk
What people experienced during covid-19? What are the impacts covid-19 on the public space?
Changing the car path into other functions
What if the market can also function as a park or a street?
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While people showing have more mental health issues, what kind of space should be provided?
More public space
More landscape and parks
What people experienced during covid-19? What are the impacts covid-19 on the public space?
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Expand sidewalk for pedestrians
What if the market is a public space with both l a n d sc a p e , m a r ke t , square...
https://app.conceptboard.com/__/exit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgehlpeople.com%2Fblog%2Fpublic-space-plays-vital-role-in-pandemic%2F&signature=p9TcjJcKlT9GXAnxXKiIQ1IVGMjM_ySaT4mIcHl1es%3D
Main customer: Market are always surrounded by residential area and most of the residents are the big family with both the elderly, adults and children. And the elderly take on the buying food task.
A common sense in china: They can get cheaper and fresher food in the market, especially in the informal stands. That's also the reson why more retailers setting their stands outside the shop.
Community in china: More socializing activities between people always happened in the market or other opensapce. The openspace in the market have been used as socializing area.
Why people would like to go to the market place while it has poor condition and environment during coronavirus?
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• 01
THE EVOLUTION OF CHINESE VILLAGE, HOUSING, COMMUNITY, AND IDENTITY
• 02
THE EVOLUTION OF THE MARKET
• 03
ISSUES OF CONTEMPORARY MARKET IN CHINA UNDER COVID-19
• 04 • 05
42 |
EXPERIMENTS ON THE MARKET FOR COVID
SITE
Waiting zone slow path
Fast path
Fast path
stall
slow path
Transparent wall or Soft Isolation
1.5M
1.5M
Waiting zone
3000
1500
1500
1500
1.5M
1500
1500
1500
3000
Grass
Wooden Rubber
Concrete
Design strategy: According to shopping behaviours, sperate the circulation into 3 parts, waiting zone, slow path and fast path. By using materials on the ground to lead people walking through the site in a right way. Some materials like concrete would allow people walking fast. the other materials like rubber or timber can limit their speed.
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44 | https://www.dezeen.com/2020/04/16/studio-precht-parc-de-la-distance-social-distancing-coronavirus/
TEST 01: Single direction circulation & dividing one linear path with one types of goods. To keep the exercise area in the city, they use trees to isolate people and design the routine longer than before to avoid gathering
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46 | https://www.dezeen.com/2020/04/03/shift-architecture-urbanism-designs-social-distancing-into-the-food-market/
TEST 02: Twist the linear circulation and seperate into more types. The twisted area gives more display window to customer.
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TEST 03: The third one is learning from IKEA model, where all customers need to go through in one direction. The uneven area can be the wandering zone and waiting zone for different speeds of movement.
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Meats Meats
seasoners
cooked food
staple food
staple food
vegetables
Meats
staple food
TOFU
vegetables
TOFU
50 | https://www.archdaily.com/940244/domino-park-introduces-social-distancing-circles-to-adapt-to-the-covid-19-crisis?ad_source=sea
TEST 04: The fourth one is trying to develop the stores into a circle with 4 types of products to provide quick access to each stores. The purple area can be used as a waiting zone for shopping activities, the green area can be used as a slow path.
arch&ad_medium=search_result_all
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TEST 05: The fifth one is based on the single circulation idea to reduce cross infection while doing shopping. But the disadvantage of this one is that the whole circulation cannot stop until the customer finished the whole routine.
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• 01
ISSUES OF CONTEMPORARY MARKET IN CHINA UNDER COVID-19
• 02
TESTS ON CIRCULATION
• 03
THE EVOLUTION OF MARKET
• 04
THE EVOLUTION OF CHINESE COMMUNITY
• 05
Site
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My market is located in Pukou distinct, Nanjing. It is surrounded by residential area, one temple and one heritage village opposite the river. The landscapes in the temple are not accessible for the public. It normally provides praying services to people and has a traditional temple fair in April. And the heritage village is under repair construction. The market is composed of both retails and 3 big markets as we mentioned before. It mainly provide services to local residents, especially the elderly and family. While the market was expanded since 2006 due to the increasing residents, the heritage village experienced huge shrinkage at the same period. The local identity was also losing.
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Location: Pukou Distinct, Nanjing, China Population: Residents 8,500,000(Nanjing) Weather: Four distinct seasons (-13.1Degree-39.7Degree) Area: 6587.02km2(Nanjing) Main group of residents: Middle class family with the elderly, the adults and the children.
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CommunityA
Temple Area
CommunityB
CommunityD
CommunityC
Heritage village -Dongmen village
The site is located in Nanjing, with more than 8 million, having 4 distinct seasons, the main group of residents here is middle class families with both children and elderly. The original market place is surrounded by residential area, composed of both retails and 3 big markets as we mentioned before. There is also a temple in the north of the market, but the other landscapes in the temple are not accessible for the public. It normally provides praying services to people and has a traditional temple fair in April.
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Original market type - Big structure market & Retail shops
ROAD GREENSPACE RETAIL SHOPS INFORMAL AREA FOR VENDORS MARKET RETAIL SHOPS IN THE MARKET STANDS IN THE MARKET ORIGINAL CIRCULATION
In this area, each community has their clear boundary with walls to protect their community, so the public space or openspace are quite less. So the red line is set to arrange different landscapes in different communities, trying to break the wall.
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leisure time in public area
Paying
Resturant buying food for dishes
Gossiping Wandering, looking for fresh vegetables
Socializing
Occupy the in front street of the temple to celebrate annual temple fair
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Comparing price Children who walk on the ground play with each others
Kid sitting on the bicycle and being in a daze
Night food market & temporary market in annual temple fair
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THE EVOLUTION OF MARKET - Expansion
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Since 2006, this market experienced marvelous evolution. It can be seen in the picture, while the original market has only 2 buildings and several retail shops. In the next 10 years, the blue roof occupied the empty area and trying to expand the market land. The main reason for that is the highrise residential building built which might attract more residents here.
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EVOLUTION OF HERITAGE VILLAGE (Dongmen village)- Shrinkage
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EVOLUTION OF HERITAGE VILLAGE (Dongmen village)- Shrinkage
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Since 2006, the 'DONGMEN' village experienced a quick shrinkage due to the quick expansion of real estate project.
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DONGMEN VILLAGE
Heritage village -Dongmen village
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Dongmen Village was an ancient town, built in 1900-1949, part of it is a historical and cultural preservation group. Most of buildings in this area are used as both retail shops and residential buildings. In 1880, it was an area with endless cargo ships, banks, hospitals, restaurants, primary and secondary schools, etc. Currently, the government started to renovate this area into a tourist site and design more landscape for local people.
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Memory of Scale
Nanjing Village
Nanjing Village
Heritage Village
Remained buildings & Road
70 | covid-19 Grid System
covid-19 Single Circulation
d
Collective housing
Contemporary apartments block
Road system in MIAO Village
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LAYERS of HISTORIAL MOMENTS
Geographic
Nanjing Village
Heritage Village
Remained buildings & Road
covid-19 Grid System
covid-19 Single Circulation
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Collective housing
Contemporary apartments block
Road system in MIAO Village | 73
What if overlapping all the type
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es in different periods into one?
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