林 礼 Rite of Lin
林
民 间 礼 制
礼
坛
T YP E S
O F
FO L K
RIT U A L
ALTAR
原
封土为坛 ,即用土石堆砌成一个高出地面的祭坛 因祭祀对象不同,坛有不同的形状 祭天用圆坛, 古称 圆丘 ;祭地用方坛,古称 方丘。
The earth and stone piled into an altar high above the ground because of different sacrificial objects, altar has different shapes for the worship of heaven with a round altar; square, for Earth.
译
林
民 间 礼 制
礼
坑
T YP E S
O F
FO L K
RIT U A L
PIT
原
平坑就是在地上挖一个大平坑作祭坛，古人 称“坎”。《礼记·祭法》说：“掘地为坎”。 《礼记·祭义》称：“祭日于坛，祭月于坎。
Dug a large flat pit square altar, the ancients called “ kan “. Offer the sun on alter, the moon on pit.
译
林
民 间 礼 制
礼
祠
T YP E S
O F
FO L K
RIT U A L
A NCESTRAL TEMPL E
原
三开间、中门、外门、两阶和周垣（四周围 墙）为祠堂的主要元素， 在《明会典》的家庙 图中，可以看到“中堂”建筑被明确化，
Main elements are the premeter, three division characteristic for function of worship and place offering, and the threshold of each division. Highest standard is always worship ancestral room.
译
林
礼
七 月 大 L U N A R J
U
L
Y
C
A
L
-
E N D E R 0 7 - 2 6 0 8 - 2 4
林
礼
2 0 0 1
七 月
J U L
R A I S I N G
L A N T E R N P O L E
Raw Bamboo
Light Pole 灯篙
初 辛
酉
年
一 七
月
大
竖 灯 篙
在要村口前竖起高高的灯篙或招魂幡，俗称“
原
起灯脚”或“竖旗”，以此向四方的孤魂野鬼 昭告，在整个七月，阳间将逐日有人供奉食 品与用品。
0 7 2 6 T
U
E
On the first day of Lunar July, 12-20 meter high bamboo structure is raised at the gate way of the village, spirit calling banner are hang above, to announce to the spirits day to day offerings are available in the village
S
D
A
Y
译
林
2 0 0 1
七 月 W E L C O M I N G
礼
J U L T H E
Memorial Tablet Hall
A N C E S T O R S
Three incence represent, sky, earth, ancestor.
Incense table
初 辛
酉
年
一 七
月
大
迎 祖
手持点燃的三柱香，代表天地人， 走出家门一
原
段，朝祖坟方位鞠三个躬。点燃的香烛能够引 领祖先回家的神物。 祖灵一般在家里停留到十 五日期间准备三餐供养祖灵
0 7 2 6 T
U
E
S
D
A
Y
Ancestor worship remains a key part of the Ritual of July. The burning of the incense candle can lead the ancestors to return home. Ancestral spirits usually stays until the 15th, three meals and provide for their ancestors
译
林
礼
2 0 0 1
七 月 L A N T E R N
J U L
Bamboo Sticks black sesame stalks
五福临门
Bamboo Hat
The Lantern
Front Door
初 辛
原
酉
年
Pole of Money
一 七
月
大
起 路 灯
午后于门口祭点路灯, 一直长明到三十才熄 ,意 让游入人间的阴魂夜夜提着灯笼到处观赏普度 戏，享吃普度祭品.
0 7 2 6 T
U
E
S
Every door in every street is hung with a Lantern for the spirit, to light the way for the spirits. The lantern is woven with bamboo , tied with talisman like bamboo stalks, telling the wondering sprit do not distrub the family in this house.
D
A
Y
译
R A I S I N G
林
礼
2 0 0 1
七 月
J U L
G A T E
O P E N
Front Door
Stone Step 石砱
Alley Ground
初 辛
酉
年
一 七
月
大
开 鬼 门
入黑后的时候在门口祭祀，以供无主的孤魂野
原
鬼享受。主人家会焚香祝告，敬请“好兄弟”在 此处食用，勿打扰家人，保佑家人阖家平安。
0 7 2 6 T
U
E
S
After entering dark, burn incense and joss paper at the front door of the house, on the ground of the alley.The performance must be out side the private property, to avoid unknown wandering ghosts entering the house to avoid being harmed or cursed.
D
A
Y
译
林
礼
2 0 0 1
七 月 E N T E R T A I N I N G
J U L D E T I E S
Back Stage Stage Entrance
Viewing Corridor
Stage Exit
Band
Performance space
Courtyard
初 辛
酉
年
二 七
月
大
Spectating Hall
酬 神 戏
0 7 2 7 T
U
E
S
D
A
Y
Plays were performed as tribute to the spirits
原
戏剧作为贡品以酬鬼魂， 演到直到十五日止。
until the 15th. height of the stage is higher than people’s line of sight, and tight visual distance, layout of the stage set for the god is directly opposite the shrine/temple/alterplace where gods live.
译
林
礼
2 0 0 1
七 月 F L O A T
J U L W A T E R
Lantern Row
L A N T E R N
Water Lantern
初 辛
原
酉
五
年
七
月
大
放 河 灯
举行普度前一夜, 这一天若是孤魂野鬼能托着一 盏河灯，可照亮九幽黑暗地狱，为他引路，以解 脱其痛苦， 就得托生。
0 7 3 0 T
U
E
S
On the evening, at the river bank, people light their lanterns, and set them in rivers. There is two type of lantern, one for the water, shape in box or simple boat. one is lantern row. Made of wood, use bamboo to divided into cells, each hang a lantern. It is to draw the water spirts and hungry ghosts to the land to enjoy offerings, and guide the lost spirits.
D
A
Y
译
林
2 0 0 1
七 月 R E L E A S E
礼
J U L S O U L S
High table offering for Three Great Emperor Officials
Low table offering for Wondering spirits Cleaning items for the wonderings
Offering towers
Street
初 辛
原
酉
六
年
七
月
大
普 渡 日
闽南地区将公祭放在每个地区的”普渡日“ 七 月无定日 进行。 祭四方无主鬼， 以丰盛的菜肴 酒食施舍给无主古魂散鬼，有僧道做法事超度 他们出苦海。
0 7 3 1 T
U
E
S
on the chosen day of each July, the official day of se Release Day. To comfort the wondering and hope for the safety and health of the family. Each family perpares worship table at own’s front door for private rites. Public rites includes have offering tables erected along roadsides with the burning of paper effgies and joss sticks.
D
A
Y
译
林
礼
2 0 0 1
七 月 B U I L D I N G
J U L G R A P P L I N G
Bamboo strips
S H E D
初 辛
原
酉
年
六 七
月
大
搭 孤 棚
当举行普度时，搭一极大之彩台， 近中午 时，家家户户都挑起三牲、面粿、水果等来 祭祀，都置于孤棚
0 7 3 1 T
U
E
S
on the day at noon time, a large timber and bamboo structure is erected for the climbing event at the end of the month. Through weaving the bamboo strips and Bamboo rattan to tie at joinery.
D
A
Y
译
林
礼
Lonly stacks
孤棚建为上下两层，下层是许多几层楼高的柱
原
子—“孤柱”，用来支撑“孤棚”，高约一丈 二，以木板铺成为的木台， 则是十多座扎满祭品 的“孤栈”，每个“孤栈”也有十多米高。
The structure is two levels, and the lower level is many columns with several stories high to support the top. The platform paved with wood with more than ten lonely stacks filled with sacrifices, and each lonely stack is more than ten meters high.
译
林
礼
2 0 0 1
七 月
J U L
D I N N E R
F E A S T
初 辛
酉
年
六 七
月
大
吃 普 渡
0 7 3 1 T
U
E
S
D
A
Y
After the sacrificial ceremony, afraid that spirits
原
仪式结束后，邀请亲戚朋友来吃饭喝酒, 庆祝，
would not leave after the sacrifice, that the dinner
社交，吓走逗留的鬼魂。
summons people to have food together to take courage and scare him away.
译
林
礼
2 0 0 1
八 月 B U I L D I N G
A U G G R A P P L I N G
Tablet Memorial Altar
S H E D
Incense table
Eight God Table
Worship Mat
十 辛
原
五 酉
年
七
日 月
大
七 月 半
主要祭祀对象是祖先、上午在家祠烧香、供奉酒 菜、“烧金”送祖。下午在家门口供酒菜、烧冥 币，银纸，服纸祭普度公。
0 8 0 9 T
U
E
S
D
Ancestor worship remains a key part of the month. Family members offer sacrifices to their deceased ancestors and relatives, preparing offerings of food and drink and burning incense in their own hall at the front of the ancestral memorial
A
Y
译
林
礼
2 0 0 1
八 月
A U G
G R A P P L I N G
G A M E
Goods are tied to the lonely stacks
Participant needs to climb up the supporting poles
二 十 九 辛
原
酉
年
七
月
大
抢 孤
到普度结束时, 即抢夺孤棚上的祭品，其寓意是乘 众鬼进食之际以迅雷不及掩耳之势将众鬼吓跑， 以求和境平安.
0 8 2 3 T
U
E
S
Seizing sacrificial goods at the end of the month It is to scare away lingering spirits. Participating members must climb from the ground to reach the top of the trestlework and pillars.
D
A
Y
译
林
礼
七 月 大 L U N A R J U L Y 0 7 - 2 6 0 8 - 2 4
林
礼
2 1 0 1
七 月
J U L
R A I S I N G
L A N T E R N P O L E
初 辛
酉
年
一 七
月
大
竖 灯 篙
在要村口前竖起高高的灯篙或招魂幡，俗称“
原
起灯脚”或“竖旗”，以此向四方的孤魂野鬼 昭告，在整个七月，阳间将逐日有人供奉食 品与用品。
0 7 2 6 T
U
E
On the first day of Lunar July, 12-20 meter high bamboo structure is raised at the gate way of the village, spirit calling banner are hang above, to announce to the spirits day to day offerings are available in the village
S
D
A
Y
译
林
礼
2 1 0 1
七 月
J U L
W E L C O M I N G
T H E A N C E S T O R S
Three incence represent, sky, earth, ancestor.
Incense table
初 辛
酉
年
一 七
月
大
迎 祖
手持点燃的三柱香，代表天地人， 走出家门一
原
段，朝祖坟方位鞠三个躬。点燃的香烛能够引 领祖先回家的神物。 祖灵一般在家里停留到十 五日期间准备三餐供养祖灵
0 7 2 6 T
U
E
S
D
A
Y
Ancestor worship remains a key part of the Ritual of July. The burning of the incense candle can lead the ancestors to return home. Ancestral spirits usually stays until the 15th, three meals and provide for their ancestors
译
林
礼
2 1 0 1
七 月
J U L
L A N T E R N
R A I S I N G
Front Door
初 辛
原
酉
年
一 七
月
大
起 路 灯
午后于门口祭点路灯, 一直长明到三十才熄 ,意 让游入人间的阴魂夜夜提着灯笼到处观赏普度 戏，享吃普度祭品.
0 7 2 6 T
U
E
S
Every door in every street is hung with a Lantern for the spirit, to light the way for the spirits. The lantern is woven with bamboo , tied with talisman like bamboo stalks, telling the wondering sprit do not distrub the family in this house.
D
A
Y
译
林
礼
2 1 0 1
七 月
J U L
G A T E
O P E N
Front Door
初 辛
酉
年
一 七
月
大
开 鬼 门
入黑后的时候在门口祭祀，以供无主的孤魂野
原
鬼享受。主人家会焚香祝告，敬请“好兄弟”在 此处食用，勿打扰家人，保佑家人阖家平安。
0 7 2 6 T
U
E
S
After entering dark, burn incense and joss paper at the front door of the house, on the ground of the alley.The performance must be out side the private property, to avoid unknown wandering ghosts entering the house to avoid being harmed or cursed.
D
A
Y
译
林
礼
2 1 0 1
七 月
J U L
E N T E R T A I N I N G
D E T I E S
Courtyard
初 辛
酉
年
二 七
月
大
Spectating Hall
酬 神 戏
0 7 2 7 T
U
E
S
D
A
Y
Plays were performed as tribute to the spirits
原
戏剧作为贡品以酬鬼魂， 演到直到十五日止。
until the 15th. height of the stage is higher than people’s line of sight, and tight visual distance, layout of the stage set for the god is directly opposite the shrine/temple/alterplace where gods live.
译
林
礼
2 1 0 1
七 月 F L O A T
J U L W A T E R
Lantern Row
L A N T E R N
Water Lantern
初 辛
原
酉
五
年
七
月
大
放 河 灯
举行普度前一夜, 这一天若是孤魂野鬼能托着一 盏河灯，可照亮九幽黑暗地狱，为他引路，以解 脱其痛苦， 就得托生。
0 7 3 0 T
U
E
S
On the evening, at the river bank, people light their lanterns, and set them in rivers. There is two type of lantern, one for the water, shape in box or simple boat. one is lantern row. Made of wood, use bamboo to divided into cells, each hang a lantern. It is to draw the water spirts and hungry ghosts to the land to enjoy offerings, and guide the lost spirits.
D
A
Y
译
林
礼
2 1 0 1
七 月
J U L
R E L E A S E
S O U L S
初 辛
原
酉
六
年
七
月
大
普 渡 日
闽南地区将公祭放在每个地区的”普渡日“ 七 月无定日 进行。 祭四方无主鬼， 以丰盛的菜肴 酒食施舍给无主古魂散鬼，有僧道做法事超度 他们出苦海。
0 7 3 1 T
U
E
S
on the chosen day of each July, the official day of se Release Day. To comfort the wondering and hope for the safety and health of the family. Each family perpares worship table at own’s front door for private rites. Public rites includes have offering tables erected along roadsides with the burning of paper effgies and joss sticks.
D
A
Y
译
林
礼
2 1 0 1
七 月
J U L
B U I L D I N G
G R A P P L I N G S H E D
初 辛
原
酉
年
六 七
月
大
搭 孤 棚
孤棚建为上下两层，下层是许多几层楼高的柱 当举行普度时，搭一极大之彩台， 近中午 子—“孤柱”，用来支撑“孤棚”，高约一丈 时，家家户户都挑起三牲、面粿、水果等来 二，以木板铺成为的木台， 则是十多座扎满祭品 祭祀，都置于孤棚 的“孤栈”，每个“孤栈”也有十多米高。
0 7 3 1 T
U
E
S
The structure is two levels, and the lower level many stories high onis the daycolumns at noonwith time,several a large timber andto supportstructure the top. is The platform with wood bamboo erected for paved the climbing event moreofthan ten lonely stacks filled withthe atwith the end the month. Through weaving sacrifices, andand each lonely stack more ten bamboo strips Bamboo rattanisto tie atthan joinery. meters high.
D
A
Y
译
林
礼
2 1 0 1
七 月
J U L
D I N N E R
F E A S T
初 辛
酉
年
六 七
月
大
吃 普 渡
0 7 3 1 T
U
E
S
D
A
Y
After the sacrificial ceremony, afraid that spirits
原
仪式结束后，邀请亲戚朋友来吃饭喝酒, 庆祝，
would not leave after the sacrifice, that the dinner
社交，吓走逗留的鬼魂。
summons people to have food together to take courage and scare him away.
译
林
礼
2 1 0 1
八 月
A U G
B U I L D I N G
G R A P P L I N G S H E D
Worship Mat
十 辛
原
五 酉
年
七
日 月
大
七 月 半
主要祭祀对象是祖先、上午在家祠烧香、供奉酒 菜、“烧金”送祖。下午在家门口供酒菜、烧冥 币，银纸，服纸祭普度公。
0 8 0 9 T
U
E
S
D
Ancestor worship remains a key part of the month. Family members offer sacrifices to their deceased ancestors and relatives, preparing offerings of food and drink and burning incense in their own hall at the front of the ancestral memorial
A
Y
译
林
礼
八 月
2 1 0 1
A U G
二 十 九
抢 孤
0 8 2 3
G R A P P L I N G
辛
原
酉
年
七
月
大
到普度结束时, 即抢夺孤棚上的祭品，其寓意是乘 众鬼进食之际以迅雷不及掩耳之势将众鬼吓跑， 以求和境平安.
T
U
E
S
Seizing sacrificial goods at the end of the month It is to scare away lingering spirits. Participating members must climb from the ground to reach the top of the trestlework and pillars.
D
A
Y
译