Universe’s most dangerous The affect of a black hole Did you know that black holes are so powerful that not even light can escape. Do know why because the pull gravity it’s really powerful. Did you know that a black hole’s mass could be millions and millions bigger than sun. According to Wikipedia, black holes were first found in the 18th century. A black hole is a space region which nothing can escape from it, not even light. Nothing can escape from a black hole because there is too much gravity, so everything that goes near it, will be absorbed. According to Wikipedia, Karl Schwarzschild first found black holes in 1963. According to the theory of general relativity, black holes of stellar mass are expected to form when massive stars in a supernova are at the end of their life cycle. After a black hole forms it can become bigger by absorbing more mass. According to “black holes encyclopedia” a black hole forms when any object in space, like stars, reach their maximum critical density and then gravity cause it to collapse into a black hole. Stellar mass black holes form when stars can no longer produce energy. Astronomers also aren’t sure how super massive
black holes form; they think that they may form from the collapse of gases in the space. Another hypothesis is that they form from the mergers of smaller black holes. According to Steven Hawking, he has theorized that black holes will last forever, but it depends if the mass is big or small. He thinks that if the mass is small, then at some point it will evaporate and disappear. Larger black holes, which mass is bigger than the sun, will last for a really long time, for at least 34 billions years, for masses of 1011 Kg. Then there are black holes that can lass one second. That kind of black hole would have to have a really small mass, even smaller than earth’s mass.
By Andrea
Cara Rahasia
Cara Rahasia
Andrew
October 5th 2011 NASA / Photo Researchers / Universal Images Group
Special points of interest: The Inner Rings Outer Rings Shepherding moons Voyager 2 How they were created
Inside this issue:
About The Rings
How they were discovered
How they Stay together
You are probably thinking only Saturn has rings but your are wrong. There are three other planets one of them is Uranus.
The Inner Rings
Uranus rings were Uranus has about thirteen rings they are separated discovered on March into two groups. The first group is called the inner 10, 1977, by James L. rings which are the closest to the planet they are Elliot, Edward W. mostly made of dust. The inner rings are made of dust Dunham, and Douglas and have nothing to catch the sunlight so they are very J. Mink. It’s wasn’t un- hard to see. til the spacecraft What are shepherding Moons named The Voyager 2 was sent out The rings are very narrow and thin to discover so they need to be held together Uranus and by something. The rings stay was able to around the planet because of its take pictures gravitational pull, to but to keep and fully unthem in order takes a little more. derstand the The rings have it shape because of rings system Credit: Lawrence Sromovsky, the moons moving around the University of Wisconsin-Madison/ of Uranus. planet and the gravitational pull of W. M. Keck Observatory
The inner Rings The Outer Rings
Rings of Uranus
The Outer Rings
the moons keeping the rings in place. These moons are called shepherding moons.
The other group is called the outer rings they are the farthest ones away from Uranus. There are 9 outer rings they are made up of frozen rocks and boulders. NASA thinks the rocks and boulders were created by Uranus moons crashing into each other and breaking into thousands of rocks. They are frozen because Uranus is made up mostly of hydrogen. The hydrogen freezes over the rocks and boulders. The outer rings are the brightest because the rocks are able to catch the sunlight.
10/5/2011
By: Brandon
Did you know? Uranus rotates on it’s side! Yes It’s True! Unlike other planets in our solar system Uranus spins like a drum rolling rather than the normal way a planet spins, which is like a top rotating. Uranus rotates along it’s side with it’s poles lying in the same plane as our Solar System. JULIAN BAUM / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Universal Images Group
Uranus’ axis is tilted 97 degrees from the perpendicular. The are two thereories about why Uranus has such an abnormal and peculiar way of spinning. The first theory is Scientists believe that Uranus was hit by a gigantic object a lot bigger than Earth and knocked the planet “off balance” from it’s orginal way of rotating which was more or less like a spinning top. Upon doing so, Uranus began to spin like a bowling ball. However there are a few things that the scientists didn’t consider. First of all Uranus is made out of gas, so how could it do much damage to the planet, let alone make the whole planet spin in a different direction? The second theory is a lot more realistic compared to the first one. According to two French scientists named Gwenael Boue and Jacques Laskar , they believe that the reason for Uranus’ strange tilt is because Uranus once had a very large moon, approximately one percent of the gas giant’s[Uranus] mass. Through the large moon’s gravitational pull, over the course of 2 million years Uranus may have wobbled to such an extent that it was pulled to one side.
Graphic from M. Showalter and M. Gordon, SETI Institute
1. Uranus’ tilt can produce many effects on the planet. On Uranus there are seasons, but the seasons on Uranus are a lot more extreme than ours. For example, each hemisphere on Uranus recieves 42 years of continuous sunlight. 2. Also , did you know? 1 year on Uranus is eighty four Earth years. Which means it takes eighty four earth years for Uranus to orbit around the sun
October 5th 2011
What is a Supernova? By: Dylan VICTOR HABBICK VISIONS / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
Why and how Supernovas happen? “Stars are like people, they are born, they live and they die. A supernova explosion will occur when there is no longer enough fuel for the star to generate. On the outside, the star will swell into a red super giant. On the inside, the core yields to gravity and begins shrinking. As it shrinks, it grows hotter and denser. The core temperature rises to over 100 billion degrees as the iron atoms are crushed together” Quotes German astronomer, Marat Gilfanov. A supernova is when a star blows up. The core of the supernova can reach up to 100 billion degrees. Also, the light speed of the supernova can be as fast as 25000 miles per second, According to National Geographic.
Steve A. Munsinger / Photo Researchers
According to NASA, there are two types of supernova. Type 1a is when the star runs out of nuclear fuel and there’s no more pressure to sustain their weight. Type II is when a sudden collapse or explosion of a massive star creating a white dwarf. According to Astrophysics Science Division (ASD), a supernova has an equivalent power of 10 octillion nuclear warheads. Supernova’s last for at least for a week until a month. And before the star blows up it’s surface reaches to about 50000 degrees Fahrenheit, and it will cause a burst of radiation that light the whole galaxy. The occurrence of a supernova will only happen when a star has a mass of eight times the sun. Supernovas shine as bright as 100 billion ordinary stars. According to www.eclipse.net, supernovas can create Black Holes and Neutron Stars. Black holes and neutron stars from when the heat from the supernova balances the force of gravity. According to Stefano Valenti from www.universetoday.com, supernovas not only release tremendous amounts of radio waves and x-rays but also cosmic rays. Some uncommon supernovas can also release gamma rays. Some astronomers and experts believe that nearby supernovas with gamma radiation rays can end the entire human race.
Steve A. Munsinger / Photo Researchers
By: Gyo Bin
Wonder-”Ring” on Saturn
Jakarta International School Space Station
ASTEZINE Volume 1
Saturn’s Rings Okay, next stop, Saturn, our Ringed Planet. You better buckle your seat belts, cause here we go!
Saturn, our Ringed Planet Saturn, our sixth planet from our solar system was first observed by Galileo in 1610. Later on in 1979, Pioneer was sent to Saturn and was first discovered. Saturn is most known as the “Ringed Planet” but Saturn is not the only planet with rings, Neptune, Jupiter and Uranus are some planets with rings.
Saturn’s Rings But why is Saturn famous for its rings? Well, it is the most impressive and biggest, with a width of the distance from Earth to the moon. According to Whyzz, “Saturn’s rings are mostly made up of pieces of ice and rock [varying from the size of your fingernails to the size of your school!]”
How did these form? Theories are that the rings are made of dusts from the moon surrounding Saturn when it got hit or asteroids that crashed into Saturn it-
self. You would probably be questioning, wouldn’t it just float off? Saturn has 64 moons surrounding it including the second biggest moon in the universe named, the Titan. Moons have gravity and that pulls in the dusts, ice and rocks which creates Saturn’s ring.
So this is Saturn, the magnificent planet that wears a beautiful ring. Now to our next stop.
The Division Saturn’s rings are not just a chunk of rocks and ice floating around, they have divisions. Ring divisions of Saturn are D, C, B, A, F, G, E (in order of discovery). A, B and C are the main rings that can be visible from Earth while F and G are quite difficult to see.
For More Info: http:// www.kidzone.ws/ planets/saturn.htm http:// www.whyzz.com/ why-does-saturnhave-rings
Credits to: MICHAEL DUNNING / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Universal Images Group
Volume 1, Issue 1
Newsletter Date
Till The End of Time... B
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:
J
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Why do planets rotate and why do they orbit around the sun?
our solar system was created by rotating clouds of dust and gas that orbit a forming star. That star is now what we called the sun. After the planet formed from the cloud of dust and gas it was still orbiting around the sun so that’s how the planets came to orbit around the sun. The inner planets which are Mars, Earth, Venus, and Mercury are solid because the planet is mainly rocks. We can stand on rocks but the outer planets Jupiter and Saturn are George Spagna,
mainly gas with a cloudy surface so let’s say you were to step on one of these two planets you would sink right through the surface and die. Uranus, and Neptune are comprised of mainly ice because it’s so far away from the sun it is too cold for humans to live on the that planet. After knowing what the planets are made of you come to the conclusion of what the sun is made of well….. Fraser Cain noted that the sun is a huge, glowing sphere of
hot gas. Most of this gas is about 70% hydrogen and about 28% helium, Carbon, nitrogen and oxygen are 1.5% and the other 0.5% is made up of small amounts of many other elements such as neon, silicon, iron, sulfur and magnesium. The sun shines because it is burning hydrogen into helium in its extremely hot core. This means that as time goes on, the sun has less hydrogen and more helium. What happens when the sun burns out? We die, that’s what.
There is nothing from the solar system that can stop the massive gravity pull coming from the sun. The planets are orbiting around the sun for two things. First is gravity and second is centrifugal force.
Take an ice-skater as an example; you can often see a skater pull in their arms to their chest to make the spin faster it's almost the same as our solar system the The gravity is a strong pull coming from the sun and the centrifugal smaller in diameter the longer it is a force that the planet uses to keep them away from the sun. Jerry takes to rotate. Jerry Coffey also Coffey quoted that the rotation of the planets can be described as noted that every angular momenangular momentum. Jerry Coffey also noted that every angular tum has a fixed point and for momentum has a fixed point and for planets angular momentum the planets angular momentum the fixed point is the sun. fixed point is the sun.
Super suits used in space OCTOBER 5TH 2011
BY:JUN
W h a t i s i t li k e t o we a r a s p a c e s u i t ? An d wh y n e e d e d ? Do you know how many astronauts went to space? The answer was “523” people. These are the people who had passed the hard training and they achieved their goal to reach to space. But to get to space, it was not the astronauts who did the job and one of the most important things that is needed, is a spacesuit. Since space is not an easy place to explore, astronauts needs a spacesuits to come back safe from space. And now I am going to talk about what would be like to wear a spacesuit and why do astronauts need spacesuits to reach to space. Space has many dangers. For example space has radiation which can affect human, the extreme temperature change can cause people to death without a spacesuit and to maintain the body fluids on space without a spacesuit is impossible. As I listed the information, we can see how important spacesuits are. According to a scientist, a spacesuit is made out of 14 layers, which must include fiberglass, metal, synthetic polymers, nylon, spandex, rubber and aluminum. Which is about 300 pounds on earth but on space we
won`t feel anything because there is no gravity. All of us know that space is a place with no oxygen. Which means it would be need to be able to breathe in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. That is only a part of the requirements for a spacesuit. Spacesuits must be able to hold a temperature at 200 degrees on a sun light and negative 200 degrees in a shade of a sun. Since spacesuits have 14 layers, they are really complicated that astronauts will need to learn how to wear them and how to use each part of the suit. However now days, spacesuits are becoming simpler to wear. According to NASA, the most important parts of spacesuits are lower torso, upper torso, glove, helmet and many others. Which depends on the type of spacesuits and these are the type of spacesuits. “Soft suits”, “hard shell suits”, “mixed shell”, “skin-tight suits”. They are many other types of spacesuits for the astronauts to wear and NASA spends 12 million dollars to make just one spacesuit to make sure they are in good quality.
A spacesuit has many other things that help the astronauts. For example on top of the spacesuits it will have a TV camera used to record what the astronauts has done and around their chest, it has a computer screen to watch. Also it has a “life support control” for astronauts to use when emergencies happens.
In our environment, we are able to live because of atmosphere. But in space, that won’t be possible. Also we know that space is a totally different place than earth by its temperatures, environment, air pressure and many other things. To go into space now days, NASA would need: high trained astronauts, space shuttle and a spacesuit. However a scientist from US says that we would be able to go into space for our holidays in about 50 years. In the next future, spacesuits would be lighter than 300 pounds and maybe you might be the person who is going to space with the super high technology spacesuit in the next future.
Can Volcanoes be from Mars? By Kaisei Olympus Mons, is volcano located on the Planet Mars. This volcano was known to humans since the 19th century. But this is not just any volcano, its a gigantic volcano! Its 24 km tall, about 3 times taller than the tallest mountain on Earth, Mt. Everest! Its the tallest volcano/mountain we know, in this whole universe!(Fraser Cain, publisher of Universe Today) The cliff that surrounds Mount Olympus. This can be 6km high in some places.
EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY / DLR / FU BERLIN (G. NEUKUM) / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Universal Images Group
A view of Olympus Mons from the surface of Mars.
DETLEV VAN RAVENSWAAY / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Universal Images Group
Olympus Mons covers 550km across Mars. That’s about the size of the state in Arizona, United States. The volcano is a very flat mountain which slopes from 2-5 degrees. It also has a cliff that surrounds the volcano. The cliff can be up to 6 km high, and above the cliff, the mountain is standing on top. At the top of the whole volcano, there is a caldera/ crater. The crater is 80km wide and 3km deep! Mount Olympus is one of the youngest volcanoes on Mars. There’s also 3 other huge volcanoes on Mars, Arsia Mons, Pavonis Mons, and Ascraeus Mons. They are all at the Tharsis region on Mars, which is filled with volcanic activity.
The Tharsis region on Mars DETLEV VAN RAVENSWAAY / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Universal Images Group
The volcano is so big, that you can’t see the top of the mountain from the ground because Mars is too small and Olympus Mons is so tall and wide. Probably, the only thing you will be able to see is the cliff. But at the top, it would be a amazing view of the crater. You probably wouldn’t be able to see the other side of the crater because its so wide across. The volcano is exactly 2.6 times taller than the biggest volcano on Earth. Mauna Kea, 10km high from below the sea floor. Since Mars doesn’t have tectonic plates like Earth, Olympus Mons was made from a hotspot below its surface (So that proves that there is volcanic activity happening on Mars). Mauna Kea was built the same way, because of lava flowing from the hotspot below the crust which hardened over time and built the volcano. Both of these volcanoes are shield volcanoes. The lava that built up Olympus Mons is a basaltic lava, which can also be found on Earth (Also another similarity between Earth and Mars). Olympus Mons might still be having volcanic eruptions.
The comparison between mountains and volcanoes of Earth to Olympus Mons. JON LOMBERG / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Universal Images Group
The Weapon of the Universe V O L U M E
1
I S S U E
1
Dark and Deadly...Not anymore Black holes. They are the massive destructive weapons of the universe. A weapon so destructive it sucks in everything, even light. But surely there’ s a weakness to this phenomenon and the answer is yes. According to Stephen Hawking who is a scientist, said that a black hole can evaporate or “ radiate ” it ’ s mass. This is called Hawking Radiation after
Stephen
( named
Hawking) .
Hawking Radiation works because of two theories. One theory is called Virtual Particles. Virtual Particles are particleantiparticles that can pop in and out of
Caption describing picture or graphic.
time and space. The mass of the particle and antiparticle combined will relatively equal zero. So when it ’ s in or out of existence, it has a relative mass of zero. The other theory is Quantum Tunneling. Quantum Tunneling is a theory that a parti-
CHRISTIAN DARKIN / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Universal Im-
cle can pass a solid barrier. A way of visualizing this theory is that the universe is like a
So what does this have to do with Black holes evaporating? According to Physicist Stephen Hawking, How a black hole evaporates is that a particle-antiparticle pops up near a black hole. And it has a
faster. But the rate at which it
event horizon. But because of Quantum
etti quotes “ A black hole with the
tunneling the particle may pop into existence,
same mass as our sun, will take 1**66
one particle inside the event horizon, the
years ( 1 with 66 zeros behind it ) to completely evaporate. ”
that is inside of the event horizon get sucked
So there you have it, the
in while the other particle stays out. And now
weakness to the universes most pow-
because the particle is left by itself it ’ s
erful weapon.
mass will not equal to zero. It will have some mass ( positive or negative ) which is supgiant wave. How a human has to travel it we
plied by the black hole. Which is basically
have to travel with it. So we have to go up
saying the particle just stole some mass from
and around. But because of Quantum tunnel-
the black hole.
go through it. So it is like taking a shortcut.
rate at which it evaporates, becomes
loses mass is really slow. John Simon-
what happens is that one particle of the pair
ing, we don ’ t have to go around but we can
Also, as the black hole gets smaller the
relative mass of zero, It can ’ t go pass the
other out. ( this happens fairly often ) . Then
Drawn by Kevin.
the black hole will gradually lose mass.
Now, because this phenomenon, or Hawking Radiation, happens quite often,
Gaps in Space By Laila
Wormholes start with collapsing stars made of hydrogen and helium. They then start sucking in planets, stars and sometimes entire galaxies. According to pBS.org wormholes are shortcuts through space and time. It could take you to a different dimension where there is literally nothing but nothingness. It could take you to a dimension where space and time do not exist. casa.colorado.edu states that, theoretically, what will most likely happen is you will get stretched in many different directions and your will get torn to death. dailynews.com gets Stephen Hawking to comment on wormholes. He states that he does not think wormholes can exist because of natural radiation, the radiation destroys the wormhole. In mathematical theory, they disintegrate immediately after they are created. Humans can create an enhancer to keep the portal open for longer, but it still would not keep the wormhole open for long enough for us to time travel. Wormholes are can exist and are allowed to exist in the math of “General Relativity�. Some scientists believe that subatomic wormholes exists, they predict that they could be used in time travel. There is not a single piece of evidence to support that wormholes exist. Wormholes are actually hypothetical. When our earth gets to the end of its life expectancy, we need to move to another planet. According to signonsandiego.com the closest living planet is 120 trillion miles away from earth, it is called 581c. It could take us 180,000 years to get to it. If wormholes were introduced into space travel, the wormhole would allow you to skip through space and get there quicker. No one really knows whether wormholes could take us to places in the future, nor do we know if they are even real! But with science taking great leaps every day, finding and creating new technology. Nothing is impossible.
LORENZO
Dark and Deadly J A K A R T A
I N T E R N A T I O N A L
S C H O O L
Dark and mysterious… Black Holes are one of the biggest mysteries that confuse many scientist. We aren’t even 100% sure if Black Holes exist! We do have some proof that black holes exist. Some scientists think that there is a huge black hole in the middle of our galaxy! It’s named Sagittarius A; it weighs 3 million times as much as the Sun! Aurore Simonnet/Sonoma State University/NASA.
Black Holes have an extremely strong gravitational force; in fact, they’re called black holes because not even light can escape it! This makes it very dangerous and difficult to spot in space. Black holes form when a star dies. The star then collapses under its own gravity, which then becomes a black hole (the star must have a mass three time’s our Sun’s mass). But a Star that is millions of miles wide can create a black hole just a few miles wide. There a three types of black holes (from biggest to smallest):Super massive black holes, Stellar Black holes, miniature black holes. But what makes black holes so dangerous then? Black Holes have such a strong gravitational force, it will suck in ANYTHING. Of course, it won’t suck in the whole universe, it will only suck in things that enters its Event Horizon. The Event Horizon is an imaginary sphere around the black hole which is the area in which the black hole will suck in things. Anything that is not in the Event Horizon will not be sucked in. Again, nobody can be 100% sure of this. We currently cannot obtain any information on a black hole because the closest black hole is 1600 light years away, and if the satellite comes too close, it will suck in the satellite as well as its signal. As for sending an astronaut, he would die of old age or he would die a gruesome death if he is sucked in, called “Spaghettification.” (According to Neil DeGrasse Tyson.) Time also behaves strangely in space or near black holes, which could create problems for any astronomers. Apropos of gravitational force, a theory is that on the other side of a black hole is a white hole. It spews out light and repels anything that comes near it. It is theoretically a wormhole.
BY MAYA
THAT’S ONE BIG HULA HOOP!
WHAT ARE SATURNS RINGS MADE OF? As you probably know, Saturn is
1,100 miles per hour. Saturn is
the B group. It was discovered by
that planet with the cool rings,
also visibly flattened at its poles.
Giovanni Cassini in 1675, there-
right? Well, did you know that th
fore, named after him. The
Saturn is the 6 planet away
Saturn’s rings are the most fa-
Encke gap splits the A ring. It was
from the sun and the second
mous aspect of the planet. They
named after Johann Encke in
largest in our solar system? That
rest 7,000 to 8,000 kilometers
1837.
it takes it 29.5 earth years to
above its equator and are made
rotate all the way around the
up of many little ringlets. The
The origin of the rings is unsure,
sun? That’s 10,767 and a half
total mass of these rings is 30
but scientists have thought that
earth days! But here’s more to
trillion kilograms. That’s a billion
the rings were formed by mete-
Saturn then what meets the eye,
times a billion! The rings are split
you see. Get it?
into many groups: The A, B and C
oroids and comets breaking apart some of Saturn’s larger moons. The ring composition is
rings. There are many gaps
also uncertain. According to
According to Solarviews.com,
throughout these groups. The
Wikipedia, Saturn’s rings are
Saturn’s atmosphere is mostly
most notable gaps are the Cas-
mostly made of ice and small
made of hydrogen, helium and a
sini division and the Encke gap.
particles that range from 1 centi-
little bit of methane. There are
Both of these gaps can be seen
winds that blow in an eastern
from earth. The Cassini division
direction around it’s equator at
is in between the A group and
meter in diameter to 10 meters in diameter.
By Mtari
Graveyard of Stars October 5th 2011 Red Giant’s Stages of Life 1) Red Giant
2) Planetary Nebulas
3) White Dwarfs
4) Black Dwarfs
Red Super Giant’s Stages of Life
1) Red Super Giants
2) Supernovas
3) Neutron Stars
Red Super Super Giant’s Stages of Life
1) Red Super Super Giants
2) Supernovas
3) Black Holes
What Happens when a Star Dies? When you were a kid, have ever thought that all those gleaming stars in the sky lived forever? As they watched the earth revolve from green lush rain forests to its concrete jungles in New York? Actually like every other human being, each star has a certain life span. Each life span depends on the size of the star, according the official NASA site. The larger the stars mass is compared to the sun, the shorter its life span will sustain. Stars that are smaller or of the same size of the sun will have a longer lifespan
than a star with a mass larger the sun’s. If the star is about 25 to 50 times larger than the sun, it will only live a few million years because they burn larger amounts of nuclear fuel at a faster rate. These stars are named Red Super Super Giants. While stars that are 1.5 to 3 times the mass of the sun are called Red Super Giants and stars that have a mass under 1.5 times the mass of the sun are called Red Giants as stated by the enchantedlearning sites. Despite their difference in their size they share the same
According to NASA.com, the star’s source of energy to shine in the night skies is their core filled with hydrogen and helium. As time passes by, their core runs out of
hydrogen and eventually helium. Causing the core to expand and contact the outer layers making it cooler, larger and less bright. As this aging process continues the star will even-
Why do Star’s Die?
Fiery Death of Two Massive Stars http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/rel_stars.html
fate of ending up to be black dwarfs, neutron stars or even black holes.
tually collapse over it’s over baring mass and explode.
October 5th 2011
By Philip
Special points of interest: Stars
The Rise of Stars
Stars More stars
How are stars formed? We all must have wondered at one point how stars form. You may have believed that when a Papa Star and Mama Star are in love they make a baby star. Stars are much more complicated than that. Nebulae are the beginning of the birth of a star. According to History for Kids some of the earliest Nebulas started just after the Big Bang which was 15 billion years ago. They started out simple as hydrogen and helium atoms. Inside these nebulae, the atoms often mix to create simple molecules like water, sugar and other hydrocarbons. After some time inside the nebulae, the dust thickens inside the nebulae.
ROGER HARRIS / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Universal Images Group
According to this website the first step in making a
nebulae (which will later be formed into a star) is to let all the gases, dust, and other things gather up. Then it must wait for some time, possibly a millennia (1000 years) for a star or some other heavy body to pass through the gases and dust to stir things up. What happens is this causes ripples and swirls in their gravity. Eventually other matter comes along and joins this and soon this matter turns into several piles. The "piles" of matter continue to group together in the nebula until they are gigantic clumps of dust and gas. At this stage we call it a protostar. When the protostar gets larger and larger we begin to see that gravity squeezes it tighter and tighter. As it continues to get tighter, pressure builds up and the heat increases on the star. Then when the core reaches about 18,000,000 degrees Fahrenheit, hydrogen gets added. The protostar then becomes a star that shines with its own light. Let’s put that into a simpler text. Eventually the
dust and gas in these clouds begins to move tight together or get squashed together due to gravity. When things such as clouds get squashed they get hotter. The denser the cloud
Stars
DETLEV VAN RAVENSWAAY / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Universal Images Group
gets, the hotter it gets. Eventually it gets dense enough and hot enough to ignite its hydrogen fuel, beginning its new life as a star. As I described above, stars have a complicated birth cycle. They have to wait for possibly a millennia for something to happen, they get squeezed very tightly, and they need to heat up to 18,000,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Well, looks like we got it pretty easy here on earth.
Inside this issue: Protostars Stars Big Bang theory Atoms Matter Molecules Hydrogen
By: Rebecca Science Blue2
SUPERNOVAE Supernovae (Behind the Scenes)
Behind the Scenes...
Behind the scenes... Supernovae are the death of stars. They form when a star becomes too massive. This only happens with stars that are bigger than the sun. According to Wikipedia, “Because supernovae are relatively rare events within a galaxy, [they occur] about once every 50 years in the Milky Way.” Basically, the core just collapses in on itself.
energy, while electrons and protons merge via electron capture, producing neutrons and electron neutrinos, which escape.” Says Wikipedia.
The supernova remnant of So basically, to make this unCassiopeia A.NASA/Science photo derstandable, the core collapses library/Universal Images Group. in on itself because the star has become too massive and canand then there is an unbearenot take the gravitational pull, “Several types of supernovae exist. Types I and II can be triggered able density snd further colso it breaks and so called in one of two ways, either turning off or suddenly turning on the lapse is stopped immediately production of energy through nuclear fusion. After the core of an „Gamma Rays‟ turn the iro into by “strong force inrteractions” aging massive star ceases generating energy from nuclear fusion, it helium nuclei and random neu- and the pressure of neutrons. may undergo sudden gravitational collapse into a neutron star or trons, these absorb energy, “The infalling matter, suddenly black hole.” Wikipedia says. Basically, the main „death‟ is the core of while electrons and protons halted, rebounds, producing a a star with more mass than the sun is that, the core just collapses on travell by electron capture, shock wave that propagates itself. which produces neutrons and [propells] outward” Wikipedia electron neutrinos, which escape. explains. “[This results] in a rapid increase [of] temperature and density” Says Now, the inner core reaches Wikipedia. “[Then] Through „photodisintegration‟, gamma rays . Previously, the last known decompose iron into helium nuclei and free neutrons, absorbing about 30km in diameter and supernova in our galaxy Supernovae are sometimes one occurred. Now you know Helpful Websites: seen in the sky every 50 years what happens behind the http:// Crab Nebula. NASA / CXC / in the Milky Way. “[A] superscenes. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ ESA / ASU / SCIENCE nova explosion occurred about PHOTO LIBRARY / Universal Super140 years ago, making it the Images Group nova#Core_collapse most recent in the Milky Way. Previously, the last known http://quest.eb.com/ home/index.htm supernova in our galaxy occurred around 1680, an esti http:// mate based on the expansion www.google.co.id/ of its remnant, Cassiopeia A.” http:// Tell us JD Harrington, Jennifer www.youtube.com Morcone, and Megan Watzke from NASA.Not all superno http:// vae are detectable, only the www.brainpop.com found remnants tell ous that „Nova‟ means new in Latin. Now, we can all guess why the „Super‟ is there. Originally, An austrian scientist called Fritz Zwicky was the first to use the name „Super-Nova‟ in print in 1926 that he had “invented”.
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Astronomy Today
Life is OUT OF THIS WORLD!!! By: Rinzin
October 5, 2011
Finding life somewhere other than earth would be incredible, astonishing, amazing, astounding, stunning (and believe me, I have many more synonyms) on it’s own. And if you believe that something is out there for whatever reasons you have, you probably have your best bet where they or it could be, I know I have mine. My absolutely best bet for life off earth would be Europa… as in the planet. Europa is the smallest moon of Jupiter at just about 3100 km (1900 miles) in diameter, but what makes Europa so unique is the fact that it almost definitely has an underwater ocean. Scientists working on the Galileo spacecraft project at NASA believe they have concluded that the surface of a mixture of ice and a little bit of rock. They don’t yet know how thick the ice surface is but they do think that there is an underwater ocean below it near the core of Europa. Fascinating enough that a planet could have water but an entire ocean can mean thousands of possibilities! You have to remember that on earth, all life evolved from and because of water and the oceans. I don’t know how long Europa has existed but by guess is that for millions of years, life has probably devel-
oped down there in the cold underground, outer space ocean. All of the information above was obtained by the Galileo space craft. Named after Galileo Galilei (the moon’s discoverer), the spacecraft was launched October 19, 1989 and reached Europa a little more than six years later. The space craft’s project was terminated in 2003 after many successful years. Galileo was
The image above shows the different layers of Jupiter’s moon Europa. Including the pure silver core (grey), rock (beige), underground ocean (blue) and the ice surface. Of course there’s doubts. People would say that it’s too cold, oxygen deprived, or even that if we haven’t seen it; why should we believe it?
left in space.
Well that doesn’t discourage me. Even if there isn’t life on Europa. I like to think of it as there isn’t life on Europa yet. Europa has enormous potential to hold life. In fact, I think we could give it life.
The Galileo space craft being prepared for launch in 1989 at the Kennedy space station in Florida, USA. The image on the left is artwork of Europa’s surface with Jupiter on the horizon. Image Credit: John R. Foster / Photo Researchers / Universal Images Group
Image Credit: Z. GORJIAN & E. DEJONG / JPL / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Universal Images
Europa and Life!
My Money’s On Europa
What to do after Earth by Ruchit At some point of life the human race will have to leave Earth due to global warming or expanding sun burning up our oceans or an asteroid colliding with our planet. Our first challenge is to escape earth’s gravity. After that we would need to get 6 billion people into space .Then we would need to build a livable structure in space. According to Popular Science Article we could be living in space in 20-30 years.
After we get into space we could go to Mars because Mars has a lot of things such A Massive ship that could have thousands of people living as ice, and soil to can Image from popsci.com grow plants. A possibility is that we could terraform (modify) a planet or moon to be like earth. Our first challenge is to escape Earth’s gravity. “If you can get your ship into orbit, you’re halfway to anywhere,” writer Robert Heinlein said. Humanity may have millennia to find a new home in the universe--or just a few years. Popsci.com The Universe , much less the Solar System is huge. If humans were ever to explore it we would take a very long time to get to mars or any other place. Chang Díaz believes that speed is the key to getting to mars alive. He himself is currently building his 123,000 mph rocket that could get us to Mars in just 39 days. He hopes that his rocket will one day travel to Jupiter and beyond. So maybe there might come a day in your life where you’ll start living in space .
The design of the 123,00 mph rocket Popsci.com
SAMNANG
Is Phobos Just Another Rock? What in the Universe is Phobos? For those of you who are new to this subject Phobos is a satellite of mars but not the manmade type no it's a moon. Phobos is named after the Greek god “Phobos” son of Ares or in this case Mars (the roman version). According to Wikipedia Phobos was discovered on August 18, 1877 by an astronomer named Asaph Hall.
Phobos Hollow theory Phobos is supposed to be a captured asteroid that came to close to Mars and got caught in its gravitational pull that’s according to William Sheehan author of The Planet Mars. Around 1958 a Russian astronomer named Iosof Samuilovich Shklovsky predicted that Phobos rotational pattern indicates that Phobos is actually made of not rock but a thin sheet of metal about 6cm thick. The Russian astronomer also predicted that Phobos will crash into mars over the course of 5000 years but these claims were dismissed when Fred Singer science advisor to President Eisenhower said that the measurements could be false since they were taken so far apart and with different tools so they’re may be error in solution and after further examination they found that the errors were correct.
Photo obtained by Mars Reconnaissance orbiter
Phobos monolith The Mars reconnaissance orbiter found a strange object on the surface of Phobos in 1998. Upon further examination the anomaly turned out to be a monolith a massive slab that could have been possibly a result of nature although these have also been found on the surface of Mars this could be a common coincidence or something more Alien.
JISSS
Planet No More By: Sarah H October 5th, 2011
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worsleyschool.net
There were nine known planets in our Solar System. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. For about 76 years, this was our known Solar System. With information from Dr. Robert Hurt, in 2006, that all changed when Pluto was demoted from it’s name as a planet. Instead, it was now recognized as a dwarf planet. This raised the question; why? How could a planet of 76 years, all of a sudden be robbed of its title? But it wasn’t Pluto that didn’t become a planet anymore, it was the requirements of being a planet. There are three rules in order to be a planet in our solar system. The first rule is that is has to be round, which Pluto is. The second rule is that it has to orbit around a star, in our case the
sun, which Pluto also meets. The third and final rule, which Pluto does not meet, is that it has to have a cleared neighborhood. Having a cleared neighborhood means that no other planets cross its orbit or it doesn’t hare its space with any other Planets. Moons do not count as being part of a planets ‘’neighborhood’’, because they don’t intersect with a planets orbit. According to EmilyRaeProductions on Youtube, Pluto fails to meet this requirement because its neighborhood is shared with other planets. In 2006, when this was made final, Pluto and the other planets were categorized as dwarf planets. Some of these other dwarf planets are Ceres, Makemake, and Eris. Only one of those planets, Eris, is bigger
than Pluto. Astronomers began thinking Pluto wasn’t a planet in 1997, the year after Clyde Tombough, the person who discovered Pluto, died. Their suspicions began when they realized Pluto was in fact, very small but also when they realized how odd its orbit was. Pluto’s orbit almost crossed into Neptune’s orbit, and even extended into the ‘Kuiper Belt’. None of the other planet’s crossed into the Kuiper Belt, which is made out of chunks of ice and other smaller planets. This leaves Pluto no longer a planet, but rather a dwarf planet.
Is There Life on Other Planets? By Tobin Wednesday, October 05, 2011
Scientists and researchers have been wondering if life exists on other planets. In 2008, using a big telescope, scientists discovered a star with colors blue and green. Could the blue color possibly be water or oceans? Could the green colors be plant life?
JULIAN BAUM/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Universal Images Group
Science Source / Photo Researchers / Universal Images Group
People around the world have reported they have seen UFOs. According to Colin Wilson, author of “UFOs and Aliens”, many believe UFOs have already come to our planet. In ancient Egypt, about 1500BC, people reported seeing a “circle of fire” flying through the sky. In Medieval times, in 1561AD, people in Germany reported seeing in the sky black and blood-red balls that seemed to battle with giant red crosses. Today, the many people continues believe UFO and alien. Scientists
In 2004, a team of scientists went to the Hawaii near Hilo. They had found living bacteria more than four thousand feet deep in volcanic rock. Because Mars is made of volcanic rock, they thought bacteria maybe could live in Mars because bacteria could live in rock says scientist Martin R. Fisk, a professor at Oregon State University. NASA official scientists found more evidence of this in bacteria fossils from meteorites in 1996. Meteorites that crashed on our earth had fossils that could be smaller than bacteria called microbes. The best evidence of life in outer space was found when a NASA rocket came back to
are not sure if aliens are real or fake. Area 51, in the United States, is a top secret military center. People think that Area 51 is a secret place for studying UFOs and aliens, but no one knows for sure, because it is secret for government only.
NASA officials on Earth with a satellite. The scientists noticed the terrains on Mars; the terrains have many channels. The channels looked as if they had been carved by water. Maybe Mars had water in the past.
According to the NASA website, scientists are studying if life might exist on other planets. A team of scientists from NASA sent a robotic rocket to Mars. Cameras took photographs on Mars and photographs were sent back to
earth. On the rocket was a discovered bacterium from outer space. The scientists were amazed because the outside temperatures were 380 degrees. How could the bacteria live? Scientists think that a bacterium lives other planets. If a bacterium lives on other planets, maybe there are other forms of life as well. Are there aliens? No one knows for sure yet.
JOE TUCCIARONE / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Universal Images Group
EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Universal Images Group
To begin let’s get down some of the basic theories and tings in our universe that are related to wormholes. First is matter such as planets and stars. Next and probably most importantly would be the space-time continuum. this is a fairly abstract topic to understand, and to explain it I will use an analogy.Imagine that there is a bed sheet pulled completely flat. Now if you were to put different types of objects on it they would each create an impression in the sheet relative to their size. The larger the object, the larger the impression that it makes. This is a basic outline of spacetime except that in real life the “objects” are actually planets and stars. Now a wormhole is fairly simple. Imagine if the sheet was folded over so that there was some space between both sides of the folded sheet. Now if you but a basket ball on the sheet this would probably creat an indentation that goes about halfway through the space that was left. If there was equal pressure applied to the other half of the sheet the two planets or stars would meet, breaking through and creating a wormhole. (See picture)
By: Valmiki
Teleportation, time travel and much more…
It now seems that time travel is no longer just the inhabitant of a science fiction novel, it could potentially be real, all because of wormholes.
Seeing as this is an anomaly in the normal working of the universe, there are many things that it could potentially be used for, but there are also some major drawbacks. One of the largest and most common theories pertaining to wormholes is that they could be used for teleportation, or at least moving much faster than the speed of light, and ultimately time travel. this would be possible because wormholes are literally the corner cutters
of the universe. While even if you are travelling at the speed of light for an entire year, if the conditions were optimal you could do the exact same trip in less than a second in a wormhole. This is because you can go straight across instead of having to go the long way around. (see image) Gott, the Princeton scientist, envisions the wormhole effect as being like that of a mirrored garden ball. When looking through the wormhole, however, one would not see a reflection of that same garden, but instead a garden on, say, Alpha Centauri, the star closest to our solar system. Sadly as with most unbelievable and wonderful things there are major obstacles that you have to surmount for this to be possible. for one, to make aor to fine-tune a wormhole for travel would take years. This is if you were to start with a pre-existing worm hole and all you wanted to fit through was one proton. "We aren't saying you can't build a wormhole. But the ones you
would like to build - the predictable ones where you can say Mr Spock will land in New York at 2pm on this day - those look like they will fall apart," Dr Hsu said. Another large problem with wormholes is that they would be highly unstable, and would have to be held open by exotic matter. Exotic matter is matter with a mass of less then 0, these are also called Casimir particles. Kip Thorne, a gravitational theorist at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, showed in 1988 that these tunnels could be kept open by an exotic form of matter known as Casimir energy. Then there is the problem that, according to Gott, a wormholes mouth would 100,000,000 solar masses. This is equivalent to the weight of our sun. So possibly far in Earth’s future, or maybe even now in a different galaxy, advanced technology could help us create and sustain wormholes for use. Oh, they also might be one way.
Image from the Encyclopedia of Science
YOO JEONG
How Massive can Black Holes Be?
OCTOBER 2011
What Black Holes Are Before we find out how massive Black Holes can be, what are they? To understand clearly, think of a vacuum cleaner. They suck up everything that is near them. The same goes for Black Holes, but Black Hole’s gravity is way, way, WAY stronger than the vacuum. Black Holes are so strong and dense, nothing can get out, even light. When referring to Black Holes, lots of people think about the size of the Black Hole, at least I did. Later, I found out that Black Holes are measured by their mass, how much stuff is in them. The mass of Black
Holes are larger than the Sun, maybe even a million times more!!
How Black Holes Form Now you found what Black Holes are, how are they formed? Believe it or not, Black Holes are formed when stars runs out of its nuclear fuel. There is a limit to what kind of stars can become a Black Hole. The Star have to be HUGE, way bigger than our Sun. In space, the more massive an object it, the more gravity it has.
Even if the star ran out of its nuclear fuel, the gravity is still left behind. So Computer artwork of a black hole and a surrounding accretion disc (red and blue) of if the star material spiralling into the black hole. Pichas ture by: Chris Butler enough gravity, the strong gravity with start to suck up everything, and the star Extra Information into itself. The reason About Black why a star needs cerHoles : tain amount of mass to become a Black Hole is that if there is not enough gravity, then the gravity wont have the enough pull to collapse on itself.
How Massive Black Holes Can Be How massive can a Black Hole be? There actually is no limit to how massive a Black Hole can be, but the only limit is the material that can be sucked in to the Black Hole. So if a Black Hole sucked in everything in
the universe, then there won’t be anything left that can be pulled into the Black Hole. When an extremely massive star, maybe a billion times massive than our Sun, turns into a Black Hole, they will become really
massive. Or if a Black Hole gained a lot of mass because they sucked in lots of mass, then that Black Hole would become massive too.
There are three types of Black Holes—They are ‘Super Massive Black Holes’, ‘Steller Mass Black Holes’, and ‘Micro Black Holes’. If the Black Hole has a really, really huge mass, then it would be called a ‘Super Massive Black Hole’. Scientists believes that there is one ‘Super Massive Black Holes in the core of every galaxies. Black Holes are black so you can’t see them in space. But scientists can find where they are because the stars that is around the Black Holes act different from normal stars.