WHY DO NEBULAS COME IN DIFFERENT COLORS AND SHAPES
Nebulae or Nebula known to many people is a beautiful array of coloured dust orbiting around some core in space that “we humans” have not yet found. There are actually different types of Nebulae in space and they come in a variety of colours. Here are some of the big types of nebulae, Supernova Remnants, Planetary Nebula, Dark Nebula and Protoplanetary Nebula.
By Adrian
Wall
Info Photos +
DIFFERENT TYPES OF NEBULA
Planetary Nebula are really beautiful nebula, they are recognized as ringed nebula. Planetary nebula originates from a dying sun, usually when the sun is coming to the end of its life its starts to release ionized gasses. These ionized gasses group up into a ring and surround the dying sun and they start to light up from the suns increasing heat and that’s how planetary nebula get their awesome colours.
Image credit: NASA, J. P.
Harrington (U. Maryland) and K. J. Borkowski (NCSU) Cat Eye Nebula
Reflection Nebula can be recognized as a cloud of dust orbiting around some core. They are simply clouds of dust reflecting the light of nearby suns/stars. The energy from the stars is not enough to ionize the gas of the nebulae but its light is sufficient to make the dust shine. The resulting colour of the Reflection Nebulae is usually blue but there are a lot more colours in the sky. “In Astronomy, reflection nebula is clouds of dust which are simply reflecting the light of a nearby stars or stars. The energy from the nearby star, or stars, is insufficient to ionize the gas of the nebula to create an emission nebula, but is enough to give sufficient scattering to make the dust visible.” Says the Wikipedia.
Nebulas are epic wonderful things that have been created and new nebulas are being created every moment. NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team STScI/AURA Eagle Nebula
CREDIT: Gary Stevens SOURCE Witch Head Nebula Supernova Remnants are one of the most beautiful and most destructive nebulas. “A supernova remnant is the structure resulting from the explosion of a star in a supernova. The supernova remnant is bounded by an expanding shock wave, and consists of ejected material expanding from the explosion and the interstellar material it sweeps up and shocks along the way” says the Wikipedia. A way a sun may explode is if a massive sun may run out of fuel, ceasing to generate fusion energy in its core and the entire sun will destabilize. When the explosion happens it is extremely violent. The Ionized gasses after the explosion will group up into one gigantic group and start to shine colours. This is how your common supernova remnants look like, a gigantic group of dust with a lot of colours.
Credit: FORS Team Crab Nebula
“A dark nebula is a type of interstellar cloud that is so dense that it obscures the light from the background of Emission or Reflection nebula.” Says the Wikipedia, the dust that is in the dark nebula is so dense that the light that is being blocked shows the dust as a shadow that why it’s a dark nebula, these nebulas are usually a dark grey colour and in the background colours. If the dark nebula is blocking a reflection nebula the background of the dark nebula is blue or red. These dark nebulas contain a lot of hydrogen. Credit and Copyright: JeanCharles Cuillandre (CFHT), Hawaiian Starlight, CFHT Horse Nebula
4/10/11
Alana
BRANSON’S DREAM FLIGHT Though several other companies are starting to progress in this, Virgin is in the lead. They already have tickets being sold inside their website where you can overview the training, space shuttles and safety measures Though Virgin has made the most progress, and have stated that they will start taking off next year, they have made no move to begin. They seem to be over-confident, and not very safe with their goals. Sir Richard Branson has already made designs for space hotels and such other things. He is hopeful that anyone can soon go into space as he has stated in the Virgin Galactic website. Anyone with enough money and a dream that is. The designs for the space hotel include Velcro suits that stick to the walls and day-trips to the moon! Big hopes, big dreams, they come with problems. Is Virgin Galactic not think properly when having such lax health regulations? Could this be a serious problem? There have been rumors of body problems with space tourists such as not being able to rid their bodies of waste. Space Tourism is also very, very expensive. There have been 7 space tourist so far, the first being Dennis Tito who payed 20 million dollars for an eight day trip on the Russian space shuttle. A year later, South African Mark Shuttleworth, payed the same amount to the same company for an 11 day trip. Anousheh Ansari payed undisclosed amounts for a 12 day tip. The highest payer was Guy Laliberté, who payed 35 million for an 12 day trip. Though Guy payed the highest Charles Simonyi travel twice, once for 15 days and a second time, two years later for 14 days.
Space Tourism is also very, very expensive. There have been 7 space tourist so far, the first being Dennis Tito who payed 20 million dollars for an eight day trip on the Russian space shuttle. A year later, South African Mark Shuttleworth, payed the same amount to the same company for an 11 day trip. Anousheh Ansari payed undisclosed amounts for a 12 day tip. The highest payer was Guy Laliberté, who payed 35 million for an 12 day trip. Though Guy payed the highest Charles Simonyi travel twice, once for 15 days and a second time, two years later for 14 days. Branson has already have two space shuttles built and tested, SpaceShipOne and SpaceShipTwo. Despite their lack of interesting names, they seem like beautiful machines. Beautiful, but not something I would feel safe to travel to space in. Of course to win our trust they have put “employees” inside and taken pictures. This somehow does not comfort me at all, for the plane wasn’t even moving. To put an end to this, we are hit with this fact. No matter how much money we put into this, No matter how hard you dream, you can’t go into space as a tourist. Well, only if you have big bucks, and a strong stomach. Sir Branson maybe close, but so far, he better be happy with sub-orbital flight....
Twinkle Twinkle Little Star Do you ever wonder why stars twinkle? Do you ever wonder why stars twinkle? It would be the same as the relationship between a coin and the pool. When a coin is being put at the bottom of the pool then we look at it from the top of the pool it twinkles. The reason why stars twinkle is similar to that. Stars are huge, hot balls of burning gas that get hold by gravity. Stars make light in the form of bright light rays. Believe it or not the sun is one of the stars on earth! The sun gives us the most energy. At night, stars are spread out all over the sky; sometimes they do not shine because they are blocked by the atmospheric phenomena. Stars have different sizes. Science experts can determine a star’s mass, age, and chemical composition by studying at its brightness level, motion through space and scale. Due to their huge distance from earth, all stars except for the sun appear as shining points in the sky that twinkle only because of the earth’s atmosphere.
Another word to describe the twinkling of stars is ‘Stellar scintillation’. Twinkling is a word to illustrate the fast changes in direction the star’s brightness or color seen through the earth’s atmosphere. The motion of the wind, bad air and changes of the temperature scales in the atmosphere are the main causes of the bending of the light rays causing twinkling. When we look at stars from earth we see them twinkling because they have to go through the earth’s atmosphere. Stars, except for the sun, appear as tiny dots in the sky. As their light travels through the many layers of the earth’s atmosphere, the light is bent many times in different directions. Whenever a star moves a bit, we will see the twinkling from the earth.
CELESTIAL IMAGE CO/ SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/ Universal Images Grouop Star. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 4 Oct 2011.
Stars that are closer to earth twinkle less because they only have to go through shorter distance in the atmosphere but stars that are further from earth twinkle more because they are required to experience longer distance in the atmosphere. So the farthest stars seem to be the stars that twinkle the most because of the bending of the light rays.
CHRISTIAN DARKIN / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Universal Images Group Star. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 4 Oct 2011.
Planets do not twinkle because they are close to us. If we see stars from outer space then we cannot see them twinkled. We only can see stars twinkle when we look at it from the earth. In conclusion, stars do not actually twinkle. They seem to twinkle but that happens only due to certain natural process in the atmosphere, and most of all, humans live on earth thus we want to continue believing that stars “twinkle”.
BY: CATHERINE
Why do shooting stars shoot? What are they? What are shooting stars and why do they shoot? According to universetoday.com a shooting star is another name for a meteoroid that burns up as it passes through the Earth’s atmosphere. So, a shooting star isn’t a star at all. These meteoroids are pulled towards the Earth with the Earth’s gravitation pull. Astronomytoday.com tells us that comets and asteroids are two main sources from where dusts and fragments fall. When a meteor falls it has a build‐up of frictional heat when passes through the Earth’s atmosphere which is what causes the streak of light.
Sizes and Sounds Wikipedia.org informed us that any sound generated by a meteor in the upper atmosphere, such as a sonic boom, should not be heard until many seconds after the meteor disappeared. Many meteors appearing seconds or minutes apart are called a meteor shower. If a meteoroid reaches the ground and survives impact, then it is called a meteorite. Astronomytoday.com also tells us that most meteors typically measure 1m across and 20km long, and consist of a cylinder of excited atoms and molecules. They are normally seen between 120 and 80km above Earth's surface. Around 220,000 tons of space dust enters our atmosphere each year. Most of it is made up of the tiny particles, which produce meteors.
Frank Zullo / Photo Researchers / Universal Images Group
Different Types There are different types of meteorites. Some of these meteorites are made of Iron, Stony iron, Chondrite and Achondrite. Only 6% of meteorites are iron meteorites or a blend of rock and metal, the stony‐iron meteorites. About 86% of the meteorites that fall on Earth are chondrites. Even though shooting stars are not stars and they don’t shoot, they are still wished upon many people. WALTER PACHOLKA / ASTROPICS / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Universal Images Group
Black holes’ effect on reality BY: Charles
Imagine a piece of paper, this is a 2 dimensional “plane”, now place two dots on the paper, if you try to connect them you will quickly find that there is only one shortest way, a straight line. This is the same along as many or as few dimensions as you like, except it isn’t. That piece of paper is only an approximation of the true shape of things. In reality the paper is dented and warped so much that there may be shorter ways than your original straight line, or there may be many ways, each as short as the other. Thankfully this warping is usually too small to notice, except around, you guessed it, black holes. This is because the massive gravity of a black hole bends space around it like a lead bar on a fabric. Gravity, according to Einstein, bends space and time, most objects don’t have enough gravity to have a noticeable effect.
This is your brain on black holes Image credit: youngzones.org
After reading the other articles about black holes you may be thinking “well, these things are headaches incarnate!” well you have NO idea. First let me describe how most people including you view space and time, then let me tell you about how wrong that view is.
Black holes cause the rules of geometry to break, in fact inside the event horizon there are no lines that lead away from the singularity, all lines intersect it. This means that once you’re inside the event horizon there is literally no escape. Around some rotating black holes is a field of space that causes objects in it to start spinning. The disks of matter around a black hole also mess with the nearby universe; as mass moves it causes “gravity waves”, moving “ripples” in space that travel at or quicker than the speed of light; The black hole is the headache that keeps on giving.
BY: CLIONA
Animals in Space
Why did they send animals into space? Animals are the reason that humans can go to space. They sent animals into space so they could prepare humans to go into space. They were not sure if humans could survive the long periods of weight loss. Animals were our test run and some survived and some died.
The history of animals in space Most of the animals sent into space were monkeys, dogs and mice. The nasa.gov informs us the first animals sent into space on purpose were fruit flies. The first living thing accidently sent into space was probably bacteria. The first monkey sent into space was Albert a rhesus monkey but sadly the monkey died of impact. The first dog sent into space was Laika she was also the first animal to orbit the earth. Wikipedia.org tells us that Laika is suspected to of died from overheating. According to nasa.gov French scientist sent the first cat in to space on October 18 1963 the cat was named Felix and survived and came back to earth by parachute. They also sent other animals in to space like tiny swordtail fish, snails, prehistoric-looking oyster toad fish and cricket eggs and larvae.
[Tass News Agency photo via Russian Space
Animals in space now Animals’ going into space is less common now that we know that humans can go into space. They were the reason humans go into space today. If they hadn’t gone into space we wouldn’t have discovered all that we did.
Tom McHugh / Photo Researchers / Universal Images Group
JAKARTA INTERNATIONAL
QUASARS!
SPECIAL POINTS OF INTEREST: •
History of Quasars
•
Amount of light in quasars
•
Accretion disks
•
Early universe.
•
B Y : D A R C Y
Brightess objects in Universe
What are Quasars? Quasars are supposed to be accretion disks full of light which spiral around objects larger than itself such as a black hole, a new star or a white dwarf. When you look at quasars you are looking 10 – 15 billion years in the pass. This is because it is 10 -15 billion light years away, isn’t that amazing? According to kids astronomy they are the furthest distance object in the universe that we can see. There are more than 200,000 quasars to be known in our
universe, according to Wikipedia in the early universe they were supposed to be much more common. This was because there was much more gas like substances. Quasars were first discovered in 1950 by radio telescopes. During this
time many were recorded as radio sources with no visible object. The first proper measurements were achieved in 1962 when a 200 inch telescope got the first proper visual of a quasar. In the 1980’s Quasars were classified as a unknown kind of galaxy.
A quasar with 200 billion times amount of mass than the sun.
Accretion Disks Accretion disks happen when material which is usually gas is being transferred form one object to another. This all happens around one larger object. Because the gas can not
directly fall on the larger object when being transferred it spirals around it causing a accretion disk. Gravity of the planet causes this to happen According to Wikipedia.
An accretion disk in action!
Black Holes: Do They Lead to Different Galaxies?
Picture Below From Galaxy‐Guide.
Black Holes: The Truth By: Dylan Tags; Black Holes, Worm Holes, White Hole , Gravity, Pull, Galaxy, Earth, NASA.
Black Holes: The Truth Black Holes Do Not Lead to other Galaxies, Dimensions, Etc. If you were to actually enter a Black hole you would be torn to atoms and those would be torn to smaller atoms. Nothing can escape a black hole,not even light. They have an infinite density, so anything that goes in isn’t coming out. As of the 29thof September (according to NASA), a black hole was discovered in our own Milky Way! It is known as a “Super‐massive Black Hole” and it is the youngest we know about. Wormholes, on the other hand, do lead to different galaxies. The only way we could travel through these though is if we could travel at the speed of light. These consist of a white hole and a black hole and the chance of us getting through one of these, even at light speed, is slim to none. Black holes have a very big gravitational pull, but compared to white holes are nothing. A normal Schwarzschild Worm Hole has a gravitational 1 hundred million times more than our sun. Worm Holes are rare also, but black holes are not. Some galaxies actually consist of only stars and black holes!
What Are Black Holes? Black Holes are actually the opposite of empty or holes. They have an infinite density and nothing can escape the gravitational pull of a black hole,not even light. When something is sucked in, it is torn to atoms, and those atoms are torn into in to smaller atoms and so forth. They do not lead to anywhere an when something goes in, it doesn’t come out.
What are White Holes? According to the White Hole Wiki, A white hole, in general relativity is a hypothetical region of space time which cannot be entered from the outside, but from which matter and light may escape. In this sense it is the reverse of a black hole, avoid the singularity, and travel into a rotating white hole which allows the traveler to escape into another universe.).
The Mysterious Black Holes Black Holes Black holes are one of the most interesting mysterious matter in the universe. A black hole is a space with tons of gravitational force. In fact the speed of light isn’t fast enough to escape it, that’s why a black hole is black. It is very unlikely to reach the solar system. There are a few types and sizes to classify the black holes. The farthest force is the ergoshpere. It is a layer that looks like an oval. It drags matter towards the center of the black hole”, according to Caroll Sean writer of space time and geometry. The closest to the center is an even horizon. It’s a circle shape that is a “point of no return” based on NASA. The heart of the black hole is the singularity. No life can survive in the singularity. A singularity is created when the planets super nova has no volume
and infinite density. We live in the solar system. Our sun couldn’t possibly turn into a black hole because it is too small! The sun would have to be ten to fifteen times it’s size now. If our sun turned into a black hole, it would need to be
This is a picture from the Britannica image– NASA. This is a picture if a start of a supernova.
in 3km of its radius. A black hole has three main stages of gravitational force.” When a planet dies it creates a supernova. A supernova is
By Kelly
when a planet self destruct because of gravity. Since there is no other force to counter act the gravitational pull the super nova will eventually reach an infinite density and no volume. That’s when a black hole is born. The infinite density is what creates the singularity. Black holes comes in different types and sizes. There is only four types of black holes; Schwarzchild, rotating, charged and virtual. Schwarzchild are non electric and non rotating black hole. A rotating black hole rotates. A charged black hole is when there is an electric charged black hole. The virtual Black hole is a black hole that exist temporarily. According to the Hubble Site, there is a theory with 3 sizes of black holes based on their mass. The smallest of them are from massive stars called “stellar black holes”. “Super massive black holes existing in the center of galaxies”. “The most unproved” is the miniature black hole. “The size of the even horizon is only the size of an atomic particle.”
This an image from NASA. It’s a start of a black Hole (quasar) in a distant galaxy. You can see the singularity, even horizon and the ergosphere also some planets being sucked in from the force of the gravitational pull
e c n a t is d e h t e r u s a How to me . h t r a E e h t o t n u S from
Kyoko
We all know the distance from Sun to the Earth. The answer is149 million kilometers. But how did we measure? There is no ruler that can measure such a long distance. The first person who measured the distance between sun to the earth was Eratosthenes. He was born in He calculated the distance between sun to the Earth by using triangular surveying.
Eratosthenes http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes
The first step in measuring the distance between the Earth and the Sun is to measure the distance between Earth and Venus in terms of the distance between Earth and the Sun. To first approximation, the orbits of Earth and Venus are perfect circles around the Sun. Take a look at the diagram below (not to scale). From the representation of the orbit of Venus, it is clear that there are two places where the Sun‐Venus‐Earth angle is 90 degrees. At these points, the line joining Earth and Venus will be a tangent to the orbit of Venus. These two points indicate the greatest elongation of Venus and is the farthest that Venus will get away from the Sun in the sky. By making observations of Venus in the sky, one can determine the point of greatest elongation. One can also measure the angle between the Sun and Venus in the sky at the point of greatest elongation. In the dia‐ gram, this angle will be the Sun‐Earth‐Venus angle marked as "e" in the right angled triangle. Now, using the trigonometry, one can determine the distance be‐ tween Earth and Venus in terms of the Earth‐Sun dis‐ tance: distance between Earth and Venus = a * cosine (e)(ratio of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse of a right‐angled triangle) curious.astro.cornell.edu The distance to Venus can be measured by radar measurements, where a radio wave is transmitted from Earth and is received when it bounces off Venus and comes back to Earth. By measuring the time taken for the pulse to come back, the distance can be calculated as radar travel at the speed of light. When the distance to Venus is known, the distance from Sun to the Earth can be calculated as 149 million kilometers.
Pluto – The Ex-Ninth Planet By Madeleine
Photo Credit: NASA / Photo Researchers / Universal Images Group
A History of Pluto In January of 1930, some astronomers discovered something odd... Uranus and Neptune were on more of an oval orbit than a circular one. They believed that some other force must be acting upon them, thus creating an odd orbit. According to Dr. Tony Phillips and Amelia Phillips, Astronomer Clyde Tombaugh discovered another celestial being further out than Uranus and Neptune on January 26, 1930. Upon further investigation however, scientists discovered that this new planet’s mass was too small to have an effect on another planet’s orbit. Therefore Neptune and Uranus’ orbits must be regular. This new planet needed a name. Many people submitted various names, but none of them were an eleven-year-old girl named Venetia Burney. And none of them suggested the name Pluto, the name for the Roman god of the Underworld. Venetia Burney (now Mrs. Venetia Phair) lived in Oxford with her grandfather, Falconer Madan. On May 1, 1930, Mr. Madan sat at the breakfast table with Venetia and mentioned something that he saw in the newspaper; something about a newly discovered planet needing a name. Venetia, loving Roman mythology at the time, decided to suggest the name Pluto. Mr. Phair said he’d submit it to an astronomer. In later days to come, the name Pluto was accepted.
The Great Pluto Debate In 2006, a meeting of less than 4% of members of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) was gathered in Prague. They were to vote on a new definition for ‘planet’. Formerly, the definition said that any celestial being that was round due to its own gravity and orbited the sun was a planet. This would have let Pluto and even an asteroid nicknamed ‘Xina’ be a planet. But the vote’s consensus ended up being for the definition stating that a planet was an object that orbits the sun, is round due to its own gravity, and dominates its neighborhood. Compared to other planets, Pluto had not cleared it’s orbital path, making it now one of at least 40 other dwarf planets. The debate still went on, though. In fact, there’s a site (plutopetition.com) where people can vote on whether they think Pluto should still be a planet or not. When they get one million people who say that Pluto is indeed a planet, they will submit the petition to the IAU, asking for reconsideration. In an interview with Venetia Phair in 2006, conducted by Paul Rincon, she says “At my age, I've been largely indifferent to [the debate]; though I suppose I would prefer it to remain a planet.”
Lorem Ipsum Dolor
Issue #, Date
Black Holes
By : Mary
Have you ever wondered what a black hole is? Well black holes are the remnants of old stars. They are so strong that not even light could escape them. Most stars end up as white dwarf stars or neutral stars. Becoming a black hole is the last stage of a star’s life. When huge stars collapse in on them selves it becomes a supernova. According to National Geographic, most stars that become black holes are 3‐4 times bigger then our sun. They would like to believe that black holes appear at the center of galaxies, just like how our sun is in the middle of ours. Black holes are small in size, they are million,‐ solar‐mass holes. Since black holes are so small, and dark that they can’t be directly observed. Did you know that if a planet or comet revolves around a black hole and it touches the event horizon it will always get sucked in? The only way something could escape a black hole would be if it was faster then light. This happens because the gravity is very high due to the fact of the high density of the black hole.
According to Ted Bunn the sun shouldn’t become a black star because the sun is too small and doesn’t weigh enough. Though it won’t become a black hole, in about 5 million years or so the sun should become a red star. This would make life on earth very uncomfortable. This would cause the oceans to boil and the atmosphere to escape. The sun would grow so big it would engulf Mercury and Venus. Ted Bunn also thinks that the sun will not turn into a black hole because it is to small and to light. He says that the most the sun will turn in to is a red star, but this will only happen in about 5 million years. The sun would engulf Mercury and Venus. The most harm it would do is boiling our oceans, evaporate the atmosphere, and make life on earth very hard. If the sun became a black hole, the earth would become very cold and dark. The other planets would still orbit the black hole and not get sucked in. The reason they don’t get sucked in is because the only way to get sucked into a black hole is
if you are near its horizon. Lucky for us the suns event horizon would only be 3 kilometers. Ted Bunn also thinks that even if it did become a black hole the suns gravity wouldn’t be that strong because its gravity is only as strong as its mass.
Bibliography "Black Holes, Black Holes Information, Facts, News, Photos -- National Geographic." Science and Space Facts, Science and Space, Human Body, Health, Earth, Human Disease National Geographic. Web. 03 Oct. 2011. <http://science.nationalgeograp hic.com/science/space/universe/ black-holes-article/>.
Supernovae!
http://quest.eb.com/ media/image.htm? hidJob=&searchKeyword=su pernova&pageNumber=1 5&resultsPerPage=15&su bjectId=0&collectionId=0 &mediaId=132_1295688
“WE EXIST BECAUSE OF SUPERNOVAS”
http://quest.eb.com/media/ image.htm? hidJob=&searchKeyword=supernova& pageNumber=11&resultsPerPage=15&subje
Supernovae are stars that expand greatly and explode, they literally mean “really big new star:”In the past there were three supernovae in the milky way. You can still see expanding gas clouds- remains of the three supernovae. Thankfully, According to Dr. Schuyler D. Van Dyk the brightest supernova was in a nearby galaxy called the Large Magellanic Cloud. According to Andrea Thompson “Supernovae can briefly outshine entire galaxies and can radiate more energy than
By
our sun will in its entire lifetime.” In the Milky Way or galaxies of a similar size a supernova can occur once every 50 years. Another way you could say it is a star explodes each second somewhere in the universe. According to Space.com “Supernovas vibrate like giant speakers and emit an audible hum before exploding.” They found this when last year scientist saw a supernova explode for the first time. A supernova can explode in two types. Type I and Type II. These Types
cores collapsing, but they have lost most of their outer hydrogen envelopes. A Type II supernova explodes like this:
“Eventually the implosion will bounce and expel the stellar material into space, what’s left is an ultra-dense object called a neutron star” says Space.com. A Type II supernova has subFor a star to explode as a categories, that are classified Type II it has to be 8-15 due to their light curves. For solar masses (1 solar example, light of a Type IImass=the size of the sun). Eventually, this star will run L supernova’s light steadily declines after the explosion, out of helium fuel in its core, but this star will have while Type II-P supernova’s enough mass and pressure to light stays steady for a time before fading away. “Both fuse carbon. Then, slowly heavier elements build up at of these types have a hint of hydrogen in their spectra” the center, and it becomes says Space.com. “Stars layered like onions and it will become lighter outside much larger than the sun (20 -30 solar masses) might not the star. Then, the core explode as a supernova, inheats and becomes denser. According to the National Martime Museum, theories are that the Big Bang were caused by supernovae. This is how they predicted how it happened: “Since, the first stars were composed of hydrogen, helium and very small amount of lithium and beryllium and almost nothing else. Some of the star became supernovae and dis-
tributed the “heavy” elements-made in their interiors -into space.” The current star have increased this release of “heavy” elements such as carbon, oxygen, iron etc. Its suprising to think that supernovas-violent explosionsare the reason we exist.
Namya
have many sub-types in them. A Type I supernova explodes like this: A Type I supernova like this lacks oxygen in its light spectra. There are three types 1a, 1b and 1c. Type 1a supernovae originate from white draft stars as there gas absorbs the white dwarf star. Then, it sets off a nuclear reaction which makes the star into a supernova explosion. Type 1b and 1c also goes under the process of its stead they collapse to form black holes” says Space.com. After the explosion the supernova’s removed material continues to get bigger in a shell around where it began. In a Type II supernova, the central neutron star will remain, but the ejected material will continue to expand for many, many years until it clashes with the gas and dust clouds that surrounds it. There, the material will mix with the gas, and will eventually make a new generation of stars says the National Martime Museum.
SPACE INC. Jakarta International School
LIFE ON PLANETS Life on earth. There are no answers. Only theories. Some say that life was created when a large comet, full of ice, seeds, bacteria, and rock crashed into earth. They say that the frozen bacteria thawed out during the atmospheric entry, and started to form in the ocean of water that the comet landed in. The bacteria started to evolve, and in millions of years turn into sea animals. From there, they crawl out of the water and into a new prehistoric forest full of lush greenery and oxygen. New to this type of biome, the organism adapts and evolves again. Reptiles, amphibians, mammals, and even the germs on our hands, probably came from that comet. Now, that's just one of many theories, but it could happen. Maybe on some other planet somewhere in the galaxy. It takes a lot of things to account for the habitability of life. Like the amount of light and the intensity hitting the planet, too much and the surface will burn, too little and it will freeze. Or maybe the amount of gases and water. If there is too little atmosphere, life cannot form
since it will freeze or burn and the water will just freeze up. If the atmosphere is too thick, the surface could turn into a Ve-
zone which varies on the magnitude of the star that the planets orbit. The system is named Gliese 581, which houses multiple
Caption describing picture or graphic.
nus like planet, with acidic weather and boiling temperatures caused by the ash and chemicals spewed from volcanic activity on the planet. That wouldn’t be a hospitable place for bacteria and organisms to live and prosper. Then again, that’s just what we think. Earth is about 150 million miles away from the sun, even if earth is that far away, it still gets hot during the summer and cold during winter, we are a very lucky planet. Recently, scientists have discovered a solar system that contains a planet in the habitable zone of its solar system, a
planets. The fourth planet from the star is named G; people believe this planet could be a second earth for humanity. It orbits in the habitable zone of the solar system and could house liquid water, and if it does, there is a large chance of life. Credits to http:// www.universetoday.com/746 79/could-chance-for-life-ongliese-581g-actually-be-100/
Why can’t we have more Moons and no Moon?
No Moon? Imagine life without a Moon! The moon is important than just coming out in the night and going once its morning. Certain lives depend on the moon! Well first of all life without a moon would have impacts on the seasons. The moon stabilizes the Earth’s axis and because of that we have seasons such as summer, autumn, spring and winter. Without the moon we would have different changes such we could have snow during July or extreme heat during August! The moon also has cause movement of tides which have created certain special environments for a lot of creatures and without tides those creatures won’t exist. Our calendar would be very different, since the months were originally lunar cycles, and that was then cut into weeks The moon is quite more important than coming in the night and leaving at day it supports lives.
Omar
Multiple Moons
We all know that the moon is orbiting around our planet Earth and it creates tides and it comes out in the night, but what would happen if we had two moons! Many, many years ago, “that the moon was formed during the early days of the solar system when another planet collided with Earth, ejecting fragments of rocky material that condensed into Earth's only satellite” said a scientist named Robin Canup. The moon then got pulled by Earth’s gravity and since then has orbited around it. Planets that get further from the Sun have many more
moons such as Jupiter which has 63 or Saturn which has 61 even Mars has 2. But what would happen if we have more moons? Well most of the “Moons” orbiting Saturn or Jupiter are asteroids that got pulled by the planets mass gravity and have revolved around the planets since then. . Well if we had more moons it would mean that there would be more tides depending on the position of the moon, distance from Earth. If there would be two different moons going opposite direction from each other and the second moon would be just a little more further from the first moon, then we would have more tides in two different places. Even though it would be really cool to have multiple moons, it would also affect the tides on Earth.
(All photos are credits Encyclopedia Britannica Image Quest)
Does life exist outside of planet earth? there could be 100 billion Earth like planets By: Rohaan Abrahm in the Milky Way its self (the Milky Way is the In the fifth century Greek scientists said universe our solar system is in). There could there could be life outside of earth. That be an earth like planet for every sun like star theory was based off pure imagination. This says Allan Boss, an astronomer who works theory wasn’t just thought of by the new with the Carnegie institute. With that possibilgeneration of scienity in mind who says tists, scientists in the there can’t be life in past have also wonother planets, if the dered if there could planets getting a good be life in the space amount of heat and other than earth. enough of water like Deeper into our solar substance it could hold system there could be a type of life. I’m not life. NASA (National saying it would be huAeronautic Space man life but it can hold Agency) says there bacteria or organisms. could be 100 billion Earth like planets in the Milky Way its self (the Milky Way is the 5, October 2011
Different scientists are approaching this matter with a different pair of eyes. They say that there could probably be 100.000 of life in the Milky Way says: // articles.cnn.com. That is probably true seeing there over 500 planets in the Milky Way its self. Says: http:// answers.yahoo.com/ question/index? qid=20110707134312A A6mJ1a.
just un-heard of; NASA says the universe consists of around 240 Billion Galaxies. Who’s to say that not at least one of them DON’T HAVE life.
Based on the amount of Galaxies in the universe it’s funny to think that we (the human race) are the only living being in the whole entire universe. That’s
Life could exist on Jupiter’s moon Europa; it has the potential to hold life there. A number of scientists believe there might be life on Earths neighboring planet Mars, it’s a bit more dense and colder and scientists recently discovered water on Mars is too cold so it becomes Ice on Mars. Mars does not have a magnetic field so whatever could or is living there is exposed to harmful space radiation. We are not exposed to space radiation because earth has a magnetic field that pushes away the space radiation. Said http:// www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/home/K4_LifeonMars.html.Life does exist on other planets and in other galaxies but they’re organisms and bacteria. No sign of any other sign of life, a lot of people believe in something called Aliens, but that fact has not been proven. So far there is no other life form, other than humans are Bacteria, Organisms, Fungi and such. So in conclusion there is life on other planets, but that life is only organism’s bacteria and fungi no presence of extra terrestrials or humans like things. Even though many planets and Galaxies are fit to provide and support human life there is no sign of any yet.
By Sam
Jakarta International School
Origins of Oxygen Fun Factoids •
•
Cyanobacteria belong to an animal class called “extremophile”, which means they prosper in what would seem like unbearable conditions At the time that the “boring billion” ended, our atmosphere was still only about 3 or 4 percent oxygen. It is now around 20 percent
A cyanobacteria colony
Ancestral Bacteria, Volcanoes, and the sun Somewhere between 3.5 and 2.7 billion years ago, Earth didn’t have much oxygen, but it did have a lot of carbon dioxide. A new species of bluegreen extremophile bacteria known as cyanobacteria evolved into being, and the conditions for it were perfect. You see, it was supposedly the first species of aerobic life. Before then, all life was anaerobic, meaning it didn’t need to breathe air. So, the cyanobacteria began to breathe in water and exhale oxygen, slowly oxygenating the atmosphere. Some of it escaped into the atmosphere, while some was trapped in rock.
This was a significant source of earth’s early oxygen. It started an era commonly known as “The Boring Billion”, a period in time where there still wasn’t enough oxygen for beings to further evolve, which led to the cambrian period. That is a completely different story though.
That being said, there are multiple other theories. Jim Kasting, a professor at Pennsylvania State University, proposed that Volcanoes released hydrogen, which diffused with pre-existing gases and escaped into space, leaving more space
An active volcano for oxygen to travel without reacting with other chemicals. It’s entirely possible that both events could have occurred at similar times, allowing the cyanobacteria to release oxygen more efficiently. There isn’t much in the way of conclusive evidence for either side of the argument, but they’re both sound in theory. Another, even more recent idea proposed in Science magazine, is that ultraviolet rays split apart methane particles in the upper atmosphere, allowing hydrogen to escape our atmosphere. The same principle of oxygen having more free space applies here as well. An even bigger mystery is why the appearance of multi-celled organisms occurred so (relatively) quickly. There are some wild guesses, but no one knows for sure, and that’s another story.
Jakarta International School
Death of a Star By: Sean
What happens when a star ‘dies’? Our sun has been shining brightly for about 5 billion years and it will be estimated to shine for another 5 billion years. Eventually the sun will have to explode. But it won’t. The sun is too small to create a supernova now. It will eventually turn into a red giant and the temperatures on earth will be uninhabitable. That is when the sun will grow to be a red giant. Red giants can grow to about the size of Mercury’s or Venus's orbit or even the earth’s. According to Dr. Sten Odenwald, red giants can outshine the sun by 1000 times. Stars fuse hydrogen to helium, making the glow we see. According to Blogstronomy, helium is denser than hydrogen so when the hydrogen is fused, the helium replaces the hydrogen and sinks to the core of the star. It then speeds up the fusion and helps compress the star. The larger the mass of the star the shorter its life will be because it will have to burn more hydrogen. A solar unit is equivalent to the mass of our sun. If a star is about 0.5 solar units to about 1.4 solar
units, it turns into a white dwarf when it dies. If a star is about 5 solar units, it would create a supernova then a black hole when it dies. If a star is larger than 1.4 solar units but less than 5 solar units, it would create a neuron star.
Neutron stars are super dense. According to Dr. Dave Goldberg, neutron stars are about 2 or 3 times the mass of our sun but it can fit comfortably inside the borders of Philadelphia. When we take a teaspoon of a neutron star, it will have a mass of 800 million tones. White dwarfs can cool down to make a black dwarf. According to NASA, white dwarfs are the second densest matter in the universe, being 200,000 times denser than earth. It
can stay a white dwarf or, there is a thin layer of hydrogen and it continues to burn and grow into a red giant. Red giants fuse helium to form oxygen and carbon. Large stars (8 or more solar units), when they explode, create black holes. The core collapses against itself creating a black hole. The gravity is so strong not even light can escape. When stars explode they create a supernova. Supernova type 1 is when a star accumulates matter from another star until a nuclear reaction occurs. Supernova type 2 is when the core of the star collapses against itself creating a black hole.
http://quest.eb.com/ media/image.htm?hidJo b=&searchKeyword= supernova&pageNumber= 1&resultsPerPage=1 5&subjectId=1729&c ollectionId=0&mediaI d=132_1300487 http://quest.eb.com/ media/image.htm?hidJo b=&searchKeyword= supernova&pageNumber= 3&resultsPerPage=1 5&subjectId=1729&c ollectionId=0&mediaI d=132_1298215
Death of Stars
SS
October 5th, 2011 By Si Won
After a Star’s Death? Just because the star ended its life, it doesn’t mean that it is disappearing forever. “After it dies, what happens next is determined by the mass of the core of the star.” NASA stated.
When stars that have similar mass to our Sun dies, the star will first expand to a Red Giant like mentioned before, and then shrink back down to a White Dwarf. If the mass of the star that is over 8 solar masses dies, there will be a violent explosion called supernova. This explosion is way destructive than a nova explosion because in a nova, just the surface of the star explodes but in a supernova, the whole thing including the core explodes. However, the supernova explosion happens once in a hundred years on average.
How do Stars Die?
Star’s Lifespan
All stars in the universe have hydrogen inside them. As time passes, the stars will fuse the hydrogen in its core more and more, and finally, the star will have no hydrogen left in the core. According to NASA, the “nuclear reaction” will come to an end and since there isn’t enough energy to support it, the star will begin to collapse. That’s when the star gets extremely hot and bright. The hot core in the middle pushes the outer layer of the star towards the outside, so it slowly expands which makes the star become a red giant.
How long does a normal star live? Well, there is no exact answer to that. Every star is different. Although, we know that their lifespan matters on how massive the stars are. The more massive the star is, the quicker it dies. It is because when the star contains more mass, it uses up more fuel quicker. The lifespan of stars varies from thousands of years to billions of years.
The Day the Earth Stood Still
Sneha
Have you ever wondered what would happen if the earth stood still? As in what if it didn’t revolve the sun. What will happen to the earth? So what if the earth stopped revolving the sun? Revolving isn’t just a motion that the earth does. Gravity holds the earth in the orbital path when it revolves the sun. But if the earth stops revolving the sun, the earth will lose it’s gravitational power and drift towards the sun. Because of that, the temperature in the earth would increase. Also without the gravitational power the earth could collide into any planet or even the sun. This would cause most life on earth to be gone.
Seasons The earth’s revolution impacts the seasons. The place where the earth
Earth, Moon, And Sun. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest.Credits to Micheal Agliolo
is in its path gives the seasons. Imagine life with no seasons. Even though this isn’t possible, just think about it. It would always stay one temperature or season forever. Imagine the world snowing forever. Imagine it sunny forever. Imagine the leaves falling forever. Imagine flowers blooming forever.
Eclipses Eclipses happen when the earth’s shadow reflects on the moon. Things that impact this are the moon’s orbital plane, earth’s position and EARTH’
If the earth just suddenly stopped revolving, the season would stay the way it was when it stopped.
REVOLUTION. The moon’s orbital plane is tilted unlike the earth’s. The earth orbits the sun, while the moon
Earth's Seasons. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest.
orbits the earth. Eclipses happen
Credits to Karsten Schneider.
eclipses ever occur?
when the sun, moon and earth are in line. If the earth stopped revolving the sun, the moon would still orbit the earth. But would
Let’s say the earth stops revolving when an eclipse is occurring. Then an eclipse would occur each month! But if the earth stops revolving when there isn’t an eclipse, there would never ever be an eclipse.
By: Sultana
Why Can’t Earth Have Rings, too? OCTOBER 5, 2011
same with Mercury, Venus, and Mars.
Artwork of Earthlike planet
Did you know, according to the Universe Today website, that Earth may have had rings once? Well, it can’t now, because it’s too close to the sun. The solar wind would blow them away and the sun’s atmosphere would pull in any rings that formed. It’s the
Saturn and it’s rings
The reason Jupiter, and some other planets, have rings, may be because one of their moons got sucked in by gravity and broke up, creating rings. Luckily for them they are far enough from the sun to have their beautiful rings.
Their rings are made up of rocks and ice that can be small as pebbles or as huge as a car. Those planets’ force of gravity is amazingly strong to be able hold all of these pieces.
rings back; at least, we don’t think so. It’s possible that, in quite a few years, we may be far enough from the sun to get the rings back, but by then no humans would be able to live on Earth, because it’s too far away from the sun.
Picture Sources
It’s not possible
Copyright Science Photo Library
for Earth to get its
Copyright Photo Researchers